Genetic

Engineering
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the process of genetic
engineering.
2. Evaluate the benefits and risks of
using GMOs.
What is the difference between
the mice in these two groups?
Could spiderman be real?
Heredity is the passing on of traits, and
physical characteristics, from one
generation to the next. It is also defined as
the sum of all biological processes by
which particular characteristics are
transmitted from parents to their offspring.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
Acid) is the blueprint for
the organism’s specific
genetic information.
-located in the nucleus
- composed of
nucleotides
- consist of a sugar
molecule attached to a
phosphate group and
nitrogen containing-base.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
 What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the direct
manipulation of an organism’s genes
using
biotechnology. It covers different kinds of
technologies used to alter the genomes
that,
includes the insertion of genes from other
individuals, either the same or from
different
species that aim to produce or improve
products.
Some genetic engineering techniques are
as follows:
1. Artificial selection
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding

2. Cloning
3. Gene splicing
4. Gel electrophoresis: analyzing DNA
• 1.
Artificial selection- breeders choose
which organism to mate to produce offspring
with desirable traits.

They cannot control what genes are passed.

When they get offspring with the desired traits, they
maintain them.
1. Selective breeding is a
process when animals with
desired characteristics are
mated to produce offspring
with those desired traits.
2. Hybridizations:
two individuals with
unlike characteristics
are crossed to
produce the best in
both organisms.
Other examples of
hybridization:
Other examples of
hybridization:
3. Inbreeding of
organisms that are
genetically similar to
maintain desired traits.
Recombinant DNA-
molecules of DNA
from two species
inserted into a host
organism to produce
new genetic
combinations.
Example: How is
gene splicing done?
1. A restriction enzyme cuts
the insulin gene out of the
human DNA.
2. A plasmid is removed from
a bacteria and cut with a
restriction enzyme.
 DNA Code:

TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
3. The human gene is placed into the
bacteria plasmid.
4. The plasmid (genetically engineered) is
placed back into the bacteria.
• The cell now has directions (DNA) to
make insulin.

Plasmid with
insulin gene
1. Transgenic (GMO) animals:
genes inserted into animals, so
they produce what humans
need.
• Why?: A way to improve the
food supply:
Transgenic cows: genes
inserted to increase milk
production.
 B. Glow-in-the-dark
cats
Scientists used a virus to
insert DNA from jellyfish.
The gene made the cat
produce a fluorescent
protein in its fur.
 Venomous
cabbage
Scorpion genes added
to the cabbage prevent
insects from eating it
 Golden rice
that contains beta
carotene from corn.
Benefits of GMOs:

1. Improve the economy by producing

more nutritious food.
2. Improve crop production.
3. Protect crops against damage
caused by insect pests.
4. They enable crops to survive in
harsh environments.
Risks of using GMOs:

1. Beneficial insects like bees and

butterflies maybe at risk for becoming “
unintended targets.”
2. Use of herbicides has increased.
3. Decreased in genetic diversity.
 Bioethics is commonly understood that
refers
to the ethical implications and application of
the health-related life sciences
including biotechnology, such as cloning,
gene therapy, life extension, human
genetic engineering. It promotes critical
reflection about ethical conflicts, which are
caused by progressing in life science and
medicine
What is your
stand?
 Considering the knowledge
gained in genetic engineering,
would you try to patronize
GMO fruits and vegetables?
Why or why not?
 What is your view of creating or
altering genes of an organism in
relation
to natural creation by God? Explain
your answer.
Thanks!
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