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 NUTRIENTS IN DAIRY AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE
This page intentionally left blank

     
 NUTRIENTS IN
DAIRY AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS FOR
HEALTH AND
DISEASE
Edited by

Ronald Ross Watson

University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and School of Medicine
Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States

Robert J. Collier
William Packer Agricultural Research Complex, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States

Victor R. Preedy
Department of Dietetics, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
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 Contents

List of Contributors xi Immunoglobulin A 52

Acknowledgmentsxiii Bovine Colostrum Supplementation, Immune and
Digestive Systems 52
Lymphocytes53
A C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Cytokines
Potential Benefits of Bovine Colostrum for Bone
54
54
Effect of Bovine Colostrum on Muscle, Strength, and Power 56
DAIRY MILK IN CONTEXT: THE Bovine Colostrum and Anaerobic Performance 56
DAIRY COW, MILK PRODUCTION, Bovine Colostrum and Endurance Performance 57
AND YIELD Summary and Directions for Future Research 58
References58

1. Regulation of Factors Affecting Milk Yield

5. Pathogenic Bacteria in Cheese, Their Implications
ROBERT J. COLLIER, YAO XIAO AND DALE E. BAUMAN
for Human Health and Prevention Strategies
Introduction3 CARLOS AUGUSTO F. DE OLIVEIRA, CARLOS H. CORASSIN,
References15 SARAH H.I. LEE, BRUNA L. GONÇALVES AND GIOVANA V.
BARANCELLI

2. Dairy Cow Breeding and Feeding on the Introduction61

Milk Fatty Acid Pattern Main Pathogenic Bacteria in Cheeses 62
Other Pathogenic Bacteria in Cheeses 66
GIUSEPPE CONTE, ANDREA SERRA AND MARCELLO MELE
Occurrence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Cheese and Associated
Introduction19 Outbreaks66
Composition of Bovine Milk Fat 20 Cheese Processing and Critical Points of Contamination 68
Biosynthesis of Bovine Milk Fat 21 Prevention of Pathogenic Bacteria in Cheeses 71
Strategies to Improve Milk Fatty Acid Composition 24 References72
Future Perspectives 35 Further Reading 75
References35
6. Immune System in Undernourished Host:
3. Milk, Cheese, and Other Food Intake as Probiotics as Strategy to Improve Immunity
Measured by Mobile Apps and How That IVANNA N. NUÑEZ, GABRIELA PERDIGÓN AND CAROLINA
M. GALDEANO
Changes Consumption
ROHIN GALHOTRA Introduction77
Protein-Energy Malnutrition 78
Introduction43 Effect of Probiotics in the Thymus of Malnourished Mice 78
Food Intake and Technology 43 Infection With Salmonella Typhimurium in Malnourished
Smartphone Technology in the Context of Mitigating Mice81
Obesity by Managing Food Intake 46 Role of Probiotics in Intestinal Immunity in an Obese Host 81
Diabetes and Managing Food Intake With Mobile Conclusions83
Technology47 Highlights83
Discussion49 References84
References49 Further Reading 86
Further Reading 50
7. Milk Immunoglobulins and Their Implications for
4. The Health Benefits of Bovine Colostrum Health Promotion
ELIRAN MIZELMAN, WHITNEY DUFF, SAIJA KONTULAINEN MARIA G.B. PAGNONCELLI, GILBERTO V. DE MELO PEREIRA, MAURÍCIO J.
AND PHILIP D. CHILIBECK FERNANDES, VALCINEIDE O.A. TANOBE AND CARLOS R. SOCCOL

Introduction51 Introduction87
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 51 Milk and Colostrum Immunoglobulin Composition 87

v
vi Contents

Transfer of Passive Immunity Mechanism in Different The History of Iodine and Dairy 143
Animal Species 88 Summary145
Immunological Activities in Humans Associated With Milk 90 References146
Potential of the Use of Purified Bovine Immunoglobulins 92
Recuperation and Purification of Immunoglobulins 93 12. Dairy Product (Calcium) Consumption and Iron
Conclusions95
Nutrition
References95
KATHRYN L. BECK AND JANE COAD

8. Milk Production and Composition in Introduction149

Dietary Iron and Its Absorption 149
Ruminants Under Heat Stress
Dairy Products and Iron Absorption 150
HALIT KANCA
Dairy Products and Iron Status 155
References157
Introduction97
Temperature Humidity Index 98
Dairy Cows 98 13. Milk Nutritive Role and Potential Benefits in
Dry Cows and Colostrum 101 Human Health
Buffalo102 PAULA C. PEREIRA AND FILIPA VICENTE
Ewes103
Goats104 Milk Consumption Among Countries 161
Camels105 Milk, A Nutritionally Complex Food 161
References105 Organism Adverse Reactions to Milk Consumption 166
Milk and Health 168
Some Concluding Remarks 170
9. Effects of Direct-Fed Microbials on Feed Intake, References171
Milk Yield, Milk Composition, Feed Conversion, and
Health Condition of Dairy Cows 14. Nutrients in Cheese and Their Effect on Health
CAROLINE C. KALEBICH AND FELIPE C. CARDOSO and Disease
ALI RASHIDINEJAD, PHIL BREMER, JOHN BIRCH AND
Introduction111
INDRAWATI OEY
Classification of Organisms 112
Benefits of Direct-Fed Microbials 113 Introduction177
Conclusion119 Cheese Composition and Classification 179
References120 Cheese Nutrients and Their Effect on Health 180
Diseases Related to Cheese Nutrients 185
10. Flavor Addition in Dairy Products: Health Conclusion189
Benefits and Risks References189
NARESH KUMAR, MIDATHALA RAGHAVENDRA, JAYANTI TOKAS AND
HARI R. SINGAL 15. Increasing B Vitamins in Foods to Prevent
Intestinal Inflammation and Cancer
Introduction123
ROMINA LEVIT, GRACIELA SAVOY DE GIORI, ALEJANDRA DE MORENO DE
References132
LEBLANC AND JEAN GUY LEBLANC
Further Reading 135
Introduction193
Vitamins193
B Lactic Acid Bacteria 194
Vitamin Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria 194
INGESTION: NUTRIENTS IN MILK Riboflavin194
Microbial Synthesis of Riboflavin 195
AND ITS PRODUCTS ON HEALTH Folates196
Microbial Synthesis of Folate 197
11. Dairy’s Inadvertent Contribution to Vitamins on Inflammatory Bowel Disease 199
Sustaining Optimal Iodine Nutrition Dairy Products Containing Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel
Diseases Prevention 199
KATHRYN A. VANCE, AMIR MAKHMUDOV, ROBERT L. JONES AND
KATHLEEN L. CALDWELL B Vitamin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria and Inflammatory
Bowel Diseases 199
The Importance of Iodine and Human Health 139 Conclusion201
Iodine and Dairy 142 References202
 Contents vii

16. Lactose Intolerance Exposure Assessment to Aflatoxin M1 Through Consumption

ALYSSA M. PARKER AND RONALD ROSS WATSON
of Milk and Dairy Products 247
Conclusion247
Introduction205 References248
Types of Lactose Intolerance 205
Treatment and Prevention 206 20. Contribution of Dairy to Nutrient Intake in the
Lactose Intolerance Throughout the Life Span 206 Western Diet
Diagnosis and Treatment of Lactose Intolerance 207 KASPER HETTINGA AND HEIN VAN VALENBERG
Conclusion210
References210 Introduction251
Role of Dairy in Nutrient Intake 251
Nutrient Density 254
C References257

CONTAMINANTS IN DAIRY MILK

AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR D
HEALTH PRECLINICAL STUDIES OF DAIRY
MILK AND DAIRY COMPONENTS ON
17. Milk Adulteration: A Growing Health HEALTH
Hazard in Pakistan
FURHAN IQBAL
21. Overview: “Preclinical Studies of Dairy Milk and
Milk Production in Pakistan 215 Products on Health”
Milk Adulteration in Pakistan 216 ARTURO ANADÓN, MARÍA R. MARTÍNEZ-LARRAÑAGA, IRMA ARES AND
Chemical Adulteration of Milk 216 MARÍA A. MARTÍNEZ
Microbial Adulteration of Milk 219
References221 Introduction261
Biosecurity Practices in Dairy Herds 263
Preclinical Studies of Dairy Milk and Dairy Products 265
18. Effect of Synbiotic-Assisted Modulation of
Safety of Enriched Milk and Dairy Products 274
Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Human Health Conclusion281
CHANDRAPRAKASH D. KHEDKAR, SHRIKANT D. KALYANKAR, Acknowledgments283
AMI R. PATEL AND CHAITALI C. KHEDKAR
References283
Further Reading 285
Introduction223
Gastrointestinal Microbiota: A Dynamic System 224
Modulation of Gastrointestinal Microbiota 224 22. Macro Components in Dairy and Their Effects on
Probiotics225 Inflammation Parameters: Preclinical Studies
Prebiotics226 MARINE S. DA SILVA AND IWONA RUDKOWSKA
Synbiotics227
Effect of Synbiotic-Assisted Modulation of Gastrointestinal Introduction287
Microbiota on Various Ailments 227 An Overview of Inflammation 287
Conclusion232 Dairy Fat and Inflammation 289
References232 Dairy Protein Compounds and Inflammation 292
Further Reading 236 Combinations of Dairy Fats and Dairy Proteins 295
Conclusions295
19. Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Milk and Dairy References296
Products: Implications on Human Health
YASSER SHAHBAZI
23. Efficacy of Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides on
Health by Cellular and Animal Models
Introduction237 RAJEEV KAPILA, SUMAN KAPILA AND RISHIKA VIJ
Aflatoxins: Properties, Producing Fungi, and Mechanisms
of Toxicity 238 Introduction303
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Regarding Cytotoxic Effect Bioactive Peptides 303
of Aflatoxin M1240 Efficacy Study Models 305
International Regulations for Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Conclusion309
Dairy Products 241 References309
Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products 242 Further Reading 311
viii Contents

24. Dairy as a Functional Food in Cardiovascular In Vitro Digestion of Deer Milk 371
Disease Potential Safety Issues of Deer Milk 374
Conclusion374
MARYAM MIRAGHAJANI, MAKAN POURMASOUMI AND
REZA GHIASVAND
References374

Introduction313 29. Bioactive Components in Camel Milk: Their

Discussion319 Nutritive Value and Therapeutic Application
References320
HUMERA KHATOON AND RAHELA NAJAM

25. Effect of the Fat Component of Dairy Products Introduction377

in Cardiovascular Health, Vascular Structure and Camel Milk 377
Function Taxonomy of Camels 378
Composition of Camel Milk 378
IRENE AI-LING GARCÍA YU, NATALIA SÁNCHEZ-AGUADERO
AND JOSÉ I. RECIO-RODRÍGUEZ
Water in Camel Milk 378
Fat in Camel Milk 379
Consumption of Dairy Products and Cardiovascular Risk Protein in Camel Milk 379
Factors325 Casein379
Consumption of Dairy Products, Blood Pressure and Whey Proteins 379
Vascular Function 327 Lactose in Camel Milk 380
Consumption of Dairy Products and Vascular Structure 328 Mineral Contents in Camel Milk 380
References330 Vitamins in Camel Milk 380
Health Benefits and Medicinal Properties of Camel Milk 381
Beneficial Role of Camel Milk in Neurological Disorders 381
26. Beneficial and Toxic Compounds Released by
Antioxidant Activity of Casein Present in Camel Milk 382
Starter and Secondary Microbiota in Dairy Products Anticancer Activity 382
SEBNEM OZTURKOGLU-BUDAK Hepatoprotective Effects of Camel Milk 382
Immunoglobulins in Camel Milk and Autoimmune
Introduction333 Disorders383
Bioactive Peptides 333 Camel Milk in Autism 383
Occurrence of Bioactive Peptides 333 Antidiabetic Activity of Insulin-Like Peptides in
Role of Bioactive Peptides in Human Health 335 Camel Milk 383
Probiotics336 Antimicrobial Properties of Camel Milk Proteins 384
Biogenic Amines 336 Camel Milk in Food-Borne Allergies 384
Mycotoxins338 Antihypertensive Activity of Camel Milk 384
Conclusion340 Antiviral Property of Camel Milk 385
References340 Conclusion385
References385

E 30. Camel Milk as a Potential Nutritional Therapy

MILK AS A FUNCTIONAL FOOD in Autism
FROM NONBOVINE SOURCES LAILA AL-AYADHI AND DOST M. HALEPOTO

Introduction389
27. Minerals in Sheep Milk Medicinal Properties of Camel Milk 394
JADE CHIA, KEEGAN BURROW, ALAN CARNE, MICHELLE MCCONNELL, Acknowledgments400
LINDA SAMUELSSON, LI DAY, WAYNE YOUNG AND ALAA EL-DIN References400
A. BEKHIT

Introduction345 31. Nutritional Value and Potential Health Benefits

Conclusion357 of Donkey Milk
References358 DOMENICO CARMINATI AND FLAVIO TIDONA

28. Nutritional Value of Deer Milk Introduction407

Characteristics of Donkey Milk 407
YE WANG, ALAA EL-DIN A. BEKHIT, JAMES D. MORTON AND
SUE MASON Microbiological Characteristics and Hygienic Aspects 409
Nutritional Value and Digestibility of Donkey Milk 409
Introduction363 Implications on Human Health 410
Nutrients Composition of Milk From Different Deer Practical Applications for Development of Novel Foods 411
Subspecies364 Final Remarks 412
Buffering Capacity of Deer Milk 370 References412
 Contents ix

32. Influence of Goat Milk on Bone and Mineral Milk Protein Fraction: Focusing on the Effects on Childhood
Metabolism During Iron Deficiency Recovery Cow Milk Allergies and Epilepsy 436
Role of Lipid Fraction From Small Ruminant Milk on
JAVIER DIAZ-CASTRO, MARIA J.M. ALFÉREZ,
JORGE MORENO-FERNANDEZ AND INMACULADA LÓPEZ-ALIAGA
Human Health 437
References438
Introduction415
Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Bone Turnover 416 35. The Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of
Goat Milk 419 Goat Milk Components
Conclusion422
NAZLI TURKMEN
References422
Goat Population and Goat Milk Production in the World 441
33. Goat Milk and Oxidative Stress During The Chemical Composition of Goat Milk and Its Nutritional
Iron-Deficiency Anemia Recovery Value and Health Benefits Compared to the Other
JORGE MORENO-FERNANDEZ, MARIA J.M. ALFÉREZ, JAVIER DIAZ-CASTRO
Species of Milk 441
AND INMACULADA LÓPEZ-ALIAGA References448

Introduction427 36. Nutraceutical Properties of Camel Milk

Influence of Iron-Deficiency Anemia on Oxidative/Antioxidant
FARHAD ALAVI, MARYAM SALAMI, ZAHRA EMAM-DJOMEH AND
Status, DNA Stability, and Lipid Peroxidation 428 MEHDI MOHAMMADIAN
Influence of Iron Replenishment on Oxidative Stress During
Iron-Deficiency Anemia Recovery 430 Introduction451
Influence of Goat Milk on Oxidative Stress During Milk Yield and Lactation 451
Iron-Deficiency Anemia Recovery 431 Camel Milk Properties and Composition Milk 452
Conclusion432 Therapeutic Effect of Camel Milk 455
References433 Camel Milk Hydrolysates 464
Conclusion464
34. Role of Milk From Small Ruminant Species on References464
Human Health
MARZIA ALBENZIO, ANTONELLA SANTILLO, MARIANGELA CAROPRESE Index 469

AND ANNA N. POLITO 

Introduction435
Role of Protein Fraction From Small Ruminant Milk
on Human Health 435
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 List of Contributors
Irene Ai-Ling García Yu Complejo Asistencial Universitario
de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Farhad Alavi University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Laila AL-Ayadhi King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
Marzia Albenzio University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Maria J.M. Alférez University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Arturo Anadón Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Irma Ares Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid,
Spain
Giovana V. Barancelli University of São Paulo, Piracicaba,
Brazil
Dale E. Bauman Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United
States
Kathryn L. Beck Massey University, Auckland, New
Zealand
John Birch University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Phil Bremer University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Keegan Burrow University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Kathleen L. Caldwell Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Felipe C. Cardoso University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United
States
Domenico Carminati Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura
e l’analisi dell’economia agraria – Centro di ricerca per le
produzioni foraggere e lattiero-casearie (CREA-FLC), Lodi,
Italy
Alan Carne University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Mariangela Caroprese University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Jade Chia University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Philip D. Chilibeck University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Jane Coad Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
Robert J. Collier University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United
States
Giuseppe Conte University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Carlos H. Corassin University of São Paulo, Pirassununga,
Brazil
Marine S. Da Silva Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
Li Day AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New
Zealand
Gilberto V. de Melo Pereira Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil
xi
Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc Centro de Referencia
para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de
Tucumán, Argentina
Carlos Augusto F. de Oliveira University of São Paulo,
Pirassununga, Brazil
Javier Diaz-Castro University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Whitney Duff University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand
Zahra Emam-Djomeh University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Maurício J. Fernandes Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil
Carolina M. Galdeano Centro de Referencia para
Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de
Tucumán, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de
Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Rohin Galhotra University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United
States
Reza Ghiasvand Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran
Bruna L. Gonçalves University of São Paulo, Pirassununga,
Brazil
Dost M. Halepoto King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
Kasper Hettinga Wageningen University & Research,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Furhan Iqbal Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Pakistan
Robert L. Jones Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Caroline C. Kalebich University of Illinois, Urbana, IL,
United States
Shrikant D. Kalyankar MAFSU, Udgir, Nagpur, India
Halit Kanca Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Rajeev Kapila ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,
Karnal, India
Suman Kapila ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,
Karnal, India
Humera Khatoon Jinnah University for Women, Karachi,
Pakistan
Chaitali C. Khedkar SMBT Medical College and Research
Centre, Maharashtra, India
Chandraprakash D. Khedkar MAFSU, Pusad, Nagpur,
India
xii List of Contributors
Saija Kontulainen University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
SK, Canada
Naresh Kumar CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar, India
Jean Guy LeBlanc Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos
(CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Sarah H.I. Lee University of São Paulo, Pirassununga,
Brazil
Romina Levit Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos
(CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Inmaculada López-Aliaga University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
Amir Makhmudov Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
María R. Martínez-Larrañaga Universidad Complutense de
Madrid, Madrid, Spain
María A. Martínez Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Sue Mason Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
Michelle McConnell University of Otago, Dunedin, New
Zealand
Marcello Mele University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Maryam Miraghajani Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Eliran Mizelman University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
SK, Canada
Mehdi Mohammadian University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Jorge Moreno-Fernandez University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
James D. Morton Lincoln University, Christchurch, New
Zealand
Rahela Najam University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Ivanna N. Nuñez Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
(UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
Indrawati Oey University of Otago, Dunedin, New
Zealand
Sebnem Ozturkoglu-Budak University of Ankara, Ankara,
Turkey
Maria G.B. Pagnoncelli Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil; Federal University of Technology –
Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Brazil
Alyssa M. Parker University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,
United States
Ami R. Patel Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy and Food
Technology (MIDFT), Mehsana, India
Gabriela Perdigón Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos
(CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán,
Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San
Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Paula C. Pereira CiiEM – Egas Moniz Cooperativa de
Ensino Superior CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
Anna N. Polito Complex Structure of Neuropsychiatry
Childhood – Adolescence of Ospedali Riuniti of Foggia,
Foggia, Italy
Makan Pourmasoumi Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Midathala Raghavendra CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar, India
Ali Rashidinejad University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand
José I. Recio-Rodríguez The Alamedilla Health Center,
Castilla y León Health Service (SACYL), Biomedical
Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spanish Network
for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (redIAPP),
University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Iwona Rudkowska Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
Maryam Salami University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Linda Samuelsson AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North,
New Zealand
Natalia Sánchez-Aguadero The Alamedilla Health Center,
Castilla y León Health Service (SACYL), Biomedical
Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spanish Network
for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (redIAPP),
Salamanca, Spain
Antonella Santillo University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Graciela Savoy de Giori Centro de Referencia para
Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de
Tucumán, Argentina
Andrea Serra University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Yasser Shahbazi Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Hari R. Singal CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
India
Carlos R. Soccol Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba,
Brazil
Valcineide O.A. Tanobe Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil
Flavio Tidona Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e
l’analisi dell’economia agraria – Centro di ricerca per le
produzioni foraggere e lattiero-casearie (CREA-FLC), Lodi,
Italy
Jayanti Tokas CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
India
Nazli Turkmen Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Hein van Valenberg Wageningen University & Research,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Kathryn A. Vance Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Filipa Vicente CiiEM – Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino
Superior CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
Rishika Vij ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,
Karnal, India
Ye Wang Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
Ronald Ross Watson University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,
United States
Yao Xiao University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Wayne Young AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North,
New Zealand
 Acknowledgments

The work of Dr. Watson’s editorial assistant, Bethany L. Steven, in communicating with authors, editors, and
working on the manuscripts was critical to the successful completion of the book. It is very much appreciated.
Support for Ms. Stevens’ and Dr. Watson’s editing was graciously provided by the Natural Health Research Institute
(www.naturalhealthresearch.org) and Southwest Scientific Editing and Consulting, LLC. The encouragement and
support of Elwood Richard and Dr. Richard Sharpee was vital. Direction and guidance from Elsevier’s staff, espe-
cially Billie Jean Fernandez, was critical. Finally, the work of the librarian at the University of Arizona Health Sciences
Library, Mari Stoddard, was vital and very helpful in identifying key researchers who participated in the book.

xiii
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 S E C T I O N A

DAIRY MILK IN CONTEXT:

THE DAIRY COW, MILK
PRODUCTION, AND YIELD
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 C H A P T E R

1
Regulation of Factors Affecting Milk Yield
Robert J. Collier1, Yao Xiao1, Dale E. Bauman2
1University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States

INTRODUCTION

The class Mammalia is defined by the presence of a mammary gland (Knight, 1984), and the synthesis and secretion
of milk by specialized mammary epithelial cells predates placental pregnancy since there are egg-laying mammals
that lactate (Knight, 1984). The human population has taken advantage of the ability of certain species to produce
large quantities of milk in excess of the nutrient requirements of their offspring. This provided the basis for one of the
largest agricultural industries in the world, the dairy industry, which includes the production of fluid milk, cheeses,
yogurts, frozen desserts, and fortified liquid diets for humans of all ages from the milk of cattle, goats, sheep, and
horses. Milk fractions also serve as food sources such as the production of butter from milk fat and the use of whey
proteins as protein supplements.

Factors Regulating Milk Yield

Several factors influence the quantity of milk produced during lactation. These include the amount of secretory
tissue; lactation length; seasonal factors such as photoperiod, heat, and cold stress; seasonal changes in feed avail-
ability and quality of feed; persistency of lactation; and background genetics of the cow. In dairy cows, it is well
established that fully 75% of the differences in milk yield is due to the environment the cow is in while only 25% is
due to the genetics of the cow (Mitchell et al., 1961). Environment includes management of the cow, physical environ-
ment, housing conditions, feed management, and stressors such as disease and impact of pests on animal welfare.

Amount of Secretory Tissue

The mammary gland is a secondary sexual characteristic of female mammals, and its growth, development, and
function are tightly regulated by the endocrine system. The number of mammary glands for a given species is related
to the number of offspring produced at a single pregnancy, which dictates that litter-bearing species such as rodents,
swine, cats, and dogs have multiple pairs of glands and species bearing singlets or twins such as sheep, horses, and
cattle have only two or four glands (Knight, 1984). The location of mammary glands for a given species is regulated
during embryo development and can occur anywhere between the axial and inguinal regions in a band of tissue
identified as the mammary band or “milk line” (see Fig. 1.1).
Mammary development is parallel to overall body growth until onset of puberty. At onset of puberty the rate
of growth of the mammary gland exceeds the growth rate of the rest of the body (Schmidt, 1971). The accelerated
growth of the mammary gland at puberty is due to the influence of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovary
(Akers, 2006). However, the majority of mammary gland development takes place during pregnancy under the influ-
ence of hormones from the ovary and placenta (Akers, 2006).
The amount of secretory tissue growth during pregnancy is a major cause of differences between animals in milk yield
and shows up as the genetic gain component as shown in Fig. 1.2. As we have genetically selected cattle for milk yield,
we have selected for more mammary development and therefore higher peak milk yields (Knight, 1984). This figure

Nutrients in Dairy and Their Implications for Health and Disease 3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809762-5.00001-2 © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4 1. REGULATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING MILK YIELD

Placode
Mammary Fat pad Rudimentary
bud precursor gland

Pregnancy
Birth Puberty

Myoepithelial cell
Luminal epithelial cell Cap cell
Body cell
Basement membrane

FIGURE 1.1 Stages of growth and development of the mammary gland (Gjorevski and Nelson, 2011). The mammary gland development
initiates when five lens-shaped placode pairs sequentially form within bilateral milk lines on embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) in mice. Due to cell
invagination, placodes transform into bulb-like mammary buds adjacent to the fat pad precursor (E15.5). The mammary buds elongate and branch
by birth and then stay quiescent. Activated by hormonal signals, the terminal end buds, which comprise myoepithelial cells, luminal epithelial
cells, cap cells, body cells, and basement membrane, develop during puberty. To prepare for lactation, a tree-shaped mammary gland finally forms
during pregnancy.

Metabolic Problems
Early Postpartum
Genetic Gain bST/IGF-I
Nutritional
Management Photoperiod
Management
High
Yield at
Milk
Milk Yield

Stasis
Increased Milking
Frequency

Days in Milk

FIGURE 1.2 Factors affecting yield of milk during lactation in dairy cattle. The dashed line indicates estimated improvement in milk yield
due to genetic gain and application of management practices at different stages of a lactation period. From Annen, E.L., Collier, R.J., McGuire, M.A.,
Vicini, J.L., 2004. Effect of dry period length on milk yield and mammary epithelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (E Suppl.), E66–E76.

also demonstrates that nutritional management is also critical in the transition period from the nonlactating pregnant
state to the lactating state. Proper nutritional management permits cows to achieve their full genetic potential, which
is directly related to the amount of mammary secretory tissue. Failure to do so leads to metabolic problems in early
lactation, which is a common problem in lactating dairy cows (see Fig. 1.2). Enhancing established lactation is referred
to as galactopoiesis (from Greek, “gala”—milk and “poiesis”—production). In dairy production, the capacity for mam-
mary tissue to synthesize and secrete milk components is maximal at peak lactation and declines in a linear manner
thereafter. The slope of the decline in milk yield following peak lactation is referred to as the persistency of lactation.

A. DAIRY MILK IN CONTEXT: THE DAIRY COW, MILK PRODUCTION, AND YIELD
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 “One of our troubles is with smuggled liquor. We try especially to
keep it from the Indians, but nevertheless it gets in. In one instance
bottles of whisky were shipped to the Yukon inside the carcasses of
dressed hogs. In another a woman contrived a rubber sleeve, which
she filled with whisky. All one had to do for a drink was to give her
arm a hard squeeze.”
I asked how it was that the Mounted Police are so feared by bad
characters that this whole territory can be controlled by a handful of
them. The officer replied:
“Every man in frontier Canada knows that if he is wanted by the
Mounted Police, they are sure to get him. A fugitive from justice
could very easily kill one of our men sent after him, but he realizes
that if he does so, another will follow, and as many more as are
necessary until he is brought in. I have seen constables arrest men
of twice their weight and strength, and have had one or two men
round up a mob and bring them all to jail. This is true not only of our
own bad men, but also of those who come across from Alaska. They
may be dangerous on the other side of the border, but they are
always gentle enough when they get here.
“The big thing that helps us,” concluded the head of the police,
“is that the government supports us up to the limit. For example, it
cost us two hundred thousand dollars to convict in one famous
murder case, but it was done and the guilty man hanged. Ottawa
always tells us that it is prepared to spend any amount of money
rather than have a murderer go unpunished. It is that policy that
enables us to keep order here.”
THE END
 SEEING THE WORLD
WITH

Frank G. Carpenter
Doubleday, Page & Company, in response to the demand from
Carpenter readers, are now publishing the complete story of
CARPENTER’S WORLD TRAVELS, of which this book is the tenth
in the series. Those now available are:

1. “The Holy Land and Syria”

2. “From Tangier to Tripoli”
Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, and Tripoli
3. “Alaska, Our Northern Wonderland”
4. “The Tail of the Hemisphere”
Chile and Argentina
5. “From Cairo to Kisumu”
Egypt, the Sudan,
and Kenya Colony
6. “Java and the East Indies”
Java, Sumatra,
the Moluccas, New Guinea,
Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula
7. “France to Scandinavia”
France, Belgium,
Holland, Denmark,
Norway, and Sweden
8. “Mexico”
9. “Australia, New Zealand, and Some Islands of the South
Seas”
Australia, New Zealand,
New Guinea, the Samoas,
 the Fijis, and the Tongas
10. “Canada”
and Newfoundland

Millions of Americans have already found Carpenter their ideal

fellow traveller, and have enjoyed visiting with him all the corners of
the globe. He tells his readers what they want to know, shows them
what they want to see, and makes them feel that they are there.
CARPENTER’S WORLD TRAVELS are the only works of their
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of the earth, with the author on the spot and the reader in his home.
No other one man has visited so much of the globe and written on
the ground, in plain and simple language, the story of what he has
found. CARPENTER’S WORLD TRAVELS are not the casual record
of incidents of the journey, but the painstaking study of a trained
observer, devoting his life to the task of international reporting. Each
book is complete in itself; together they form the most vivid,
interesting, and understandable picture of our modern world ever
published. They are the fruit of more than thirty years of unparalleled
success in writing for the American people, and the capstone of
distinguished services to the teaching of geography in our public
schools, which have used some four million copies of the Carpenter
Geographical Readers.
 INDEX

Abitibi, large production of news-print at, 92.

Agriculture, in Newfoundland, 11;
in Quebec, 47, 48;
possibilities of Manitoba, 154.
Air plant, a polar orchid along the Yukon Trail, 236.
Airplanes, fail in attempt to reach Fort Norman, 205.
Alberta, coal deposits estimated to be one seventh of the world’s
total, 200;
extent of pure bred cattle and dairy industries, 208.
Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company, pioneer in Alberta
irrigationwork, 207.
Alfalfa, largely produced in southwestern Saskatchewan, 176.
American “branch plants” in Canada, 104.
American capital and investments in Canada, 105.
American owned pulp-mills and timber tracts in Canada, 96.
Americans, number of, in Canada, 2, 193.
Anderson, Charlie, his lucky strike in the Klondike, 275.
Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia’s apple-growing district, 34.
Anyox, British Columbia, copper mines at, 223.
Apples, largely grown in Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, 34;
in the Okanagan Valley, 223.
Asbestos, most of world’s supply produced in Thetford district,
Quebec, 47.
Astrophysical Observatory at Victoria, British Columbia, 225.
“Athabaska Trail,” poem by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 205.
Automobiles, American, in Canada, 104.
Banff, finest mountain resort of Canada, 215.
Bank of Montreal, one of the world’s great banks, 73.
Banks and the banking system of Canada, 69, et seq.
Banting, Dr. F. G., discoverer of Insulin, 99.
Barley, production in the Winnipeg district, 149;
large crops at Edmonton, 200;
in Peace River Valley, 202.
Baseball, popular in Nova Scotia, 35;
in Toronto, 101.
Bassano, great irrigation dam at, 206.
Battleford, Saskatchewan, noted for its fur trade and lumber mills,
179.
Beach, Rex, in the Klondike, 278.
Bears, abundant in the Yukon, 234.
Beatty, E. W., first Canadian-born president of the Canadian Pacific,
165.
Beaver, the first fur exported by the Hudson’s Bay Company, 169;
abundant in the Yukon, 234.
Beck, Sir Adam, at the head of Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission,
110.
Bell Island, visit to the Wabana iron mines on, 26.
Belle Isle, Strait of, 4.
Big game of the Yukon region, 253.
Black, George, demonstrates to Ottawa Parliament possibility of
winter automobile travel in the Yukon, 239.
Bonsecours Market, at Montreal, 66.
Boyle, Joseph W., successful gold-dredging operations in the Yukon,
271;
the story of his career, 281.
Branch plants, American, in Canada, 104.
Bras d’Or Lake, an inland sea, 39.
Bright “Dickie,” a character of old-time Calgary, 211.
British American Nickel Company, operators of mines at Sudbury,
130.
British Columbia, timber resources of, 90;
production of silver in, 124;
agricultural and mineral resources, 220 et seq.
Buffalo, last wild herd reported to be near Fort Vermilion, 202;
largest herd in America at Wainwright Park, Alberta, 217.

Cabbage, as raised at Dawson, Yukon, 265.

Cabot, Sebastian, reported that fish obstructed navigation on
Newfoundland coast, 13.
Cabot Tower, commemorating discovery of Newfoundland, 6.
Calgary, Alberta, huge irrigation works of the Canadian Pacific
Railway at, 206, 207;
the city and its industries, 209.
Camping and hunting in Ontario province, 139.
Canadian Bank of Commerce, established in the Klondike, 280.
Canadian Banking Act, provisions of, 72.
Canadian Banking Association, of semi-official status, 73.
Canadian Klondike Mining Company, established by Joe Boyle, 284.
Canadian National Railways, eastern terminus at Halifax, 31;
extent of, 158;
work abroad to induce immigration, 190;
transcontinental route from Prince Rupert to Halifax, 229.
Canadian Northern Railway, growth of, 162.
Canadian Pacific Railway, eastern terminus at St. John, N. B., 41;
extent of its railroad and steamship service, 158, 160;
work abroad to induce immigration, 190;
begins huge irrigation project near Calgary, 206, 207;
leads in exploiting Canada’s scenic wonders, 218.
Canadian relations with the United States, 85.
Canso, Strait of, railroad trains ferried across, 39.
Cantilever bridge, world’s longest at Quebec, 45.
Cape Breton Island, port of province of Nova Scotia, 38.
Cape Race, chief signal station of the North Atlantic, 3.
Cape Spear, most easterly point of North America, 6.
“Card money,” circulation of, 74.
Caribou, abundant in Newfoundland, 11;
in northern Ontario, 140;
in the Yukon, 234, 253;
meat sold at butcher shops in Dawson, 253.
Carmack, George, discoverer of gold in the Klondike, 274.
Carrots, a successful crop at Dawson, Yukon, 261.
Cartier, Jacques, early explorations of, 45.
Catholicism, Quebec the American capital of French, 57.
Cattalo, cross between buffalo and cattle, raised in large numbers at
Wainwright Park, 218.
Cattle, pure bred, in Alberta, 208;
transportation of, on the Yukon River, 242.
Cattle ranches being supplanted by farms in Alberta, 206.
Château Laurier, government railroad hotel at Ottawa, 81.
Chaudière Falls, source of power for Ottawa manufactures, 80.
Chicken Billy and his ten-thousand-dollar potato patch, 259.
Chinese labourers, not admitted to Canada, 190.
Chippewa, immense hydro-electric development at, 113.
Chisana, abandoned town on the Yukon River, 244.
“Circle tour,” the Canadian Rockies, Yellowstone Park, and Grand
Canyon motor route, 215.
Clay Belt, the Great, agricultural possibilities in, 139.
Clergue steel plant, at Sault Ste. Marie, 135.
Climate, at Edmonton, 200;
at Prince Rupert, British Columbia, 228;
at Dawson, Yukon, 256.
Coaker, Sir William, organizer of Newfoundland Fishermen’s
Protective Union, 21.
Coal, great importance of the Sydney mines, 39;
amount saved by development of Canada’s water-power, 108;
 Alberta’s deposits, the greatest in the Dominion, 200;
immense deposits, near Crow’s Nest Pass, 221.
Cobalt, Ontario, world’s richest silver deposits at, 119.
Cobalt, immense production of the mineral at Cobalt, Ontario, 125.
Cochrane, “Billy,” breeder of “wild” cattle at Calgary, 210.
Cochrane, Senator, owner of large cattle ranch in Alberta, 207.
Cod fisheries, of Newfoundland, 13;
of Nova Scotia, 36.
Coffee, George T., lucky miner in the Yukon, 266.
Coke ovens, at the coal deposits near Crow’s Nest Pass, 221.
Columbia River, source of, in the Kootenays, 220.
Conservation of forests in Canada, 89.
Copper, rich deposits in Newfoundland, 12;
in the Kootenay country, 221, 222.
Copper sulphate, by-product of Sudbury mines, 130.
Cornwallis, Lord, city of Halifax, founded by, 32.
“Country banks” of coal, the settler’s recourse, 201.
Creighton Nickel Mine, largest producer in the world, 127.
“Cremation of Sam McGee,” poem by Robert Service, 257.
Crow’s Nest Pass, railway line through, 217, 220;
immense coal deposits near, 221.
Cucumbers, a hot-house crop, at Dawson, Yukon, 261.
Curling, a popular game in Canada, 68.

Dairy cattle and products of Alberta, 208.

Dawson, the capital of the Yukon, 250 et seq.
Deer, plentiful in Nova Scotia, 57.
Divorce, no laws for, in Newfoundland, 9.
Domestic servants, scarcity of, 192.
Dominion Agricultural Department, originates improved wheat
varieties, 183.
Douglas fir, principal timber of British Columbia, 91.
Doukhobors, fanatical colonists from Russia, 194.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, poem, “The Athabasca Trail,” 205.
Dredging for gold in the Yukon, 267, 269.
Dunsmore, Lord, as a pioneer names town of Moose Jaw, 179.

Edmonton, Alberta, the gateway to the northwest, 197 et seq.

Electric current, low cost of in southern Ontario, 106, 108, 111.
Electrically heated water for winter mining in the Klondike, 285.
Elevators, how conducted in the Canadian wheat belt, 186.

Farm labour, how obtained for the Canadian wheat fields, 184.
Farmers, American, movement to the Canadian wheat belt, 193.
Farmhouses, well built in Nova Scotia, 38.
Farming, on the edge of the Arctic, Fisheries, of Newfoundland, 13;
of Nova Scotia, 36.
Fisheries of British Columbia, extent of, 230.
Fishermen, Newfoundland, their hard lives and small incomes, 20.
Fishermen’s Protective Union, activities of, 21.
Flax seed, production in the Winnipeg district, 149.
Fleming, Peter, plans harbour development of Montreal, 62.
Floating dry dock, at Prince Rupert, 229.
Flour industry, location of principal mills, 186.
Football, popular in Toronto, 101.
Forest fires and protective measures, 89.
Forest reserves, set aside by government of Ontario, 139.
Forests, denudation of Canadian, 88.
Fort Garry, present site of Winnipeg, 151.
Fort McMurray, on the route to the new oil fields, 203.
Fort Norman, trading post for the new oil region, 203.
Fort Smith, capital of the Northwest Territories, 203.
Fort Vermillion, last herd of wild wood buffalo reported near, 202.
Fort William, the great wheat centre, 135, 141.
Fox, Black, price of fur declining since advent of fur farming, 173.
Fox farms on Prince Edward Island, 40;
near Indian Lorette, Quebec, 44.
Fraser River, gold discoveries on, the first in British Columbia, 223.
Freighters, Lake Superior, 146.
French, dispute British claims to Newfoundland fisheries, 14;
attempts to hold Nova Scotia, 15;
driven from Cape Breton Island, 39.
French, the language of Quebec, 49.
French Canada—Quebec, 42.
French Catholicism, Quebec the American capital of, 57.
Fruit growing in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, 224.
Fundy, Bay of, the forty-foot tides of, 38.
Fur, and the great organizations concerned in its marketing, 166 et
seq.

Gas, natural, at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, 180;

at Medicine Hat and near Edmonton, 201.
Gates, Swift-Water Bill, his great strike in the Klondike, 277;
partnership with Jack London, 278;
partnership with Joe Boyle, 282.
Glace Bay, first transatlantic cable landed at, 39.
Gold, but little found in Labrador, 11;
production of, in the Porcupine district, 125;
in the Kootenay country, 221;
first discovery in British Columbia, on the Fraser River, 223;
supply being exhausted in the Klondike, 250;
the wonders of the Yukon, 266.
Gouin reservoir, immense water-power development in Quebec, 47.
Government ownership of railroads, how brought about, 162.
Governor-General, the, his position in the Canadian government, 84.
Grain-carrying ships, of the Great Lakes, 146.
Grain elevators, at Port Arthur and Fort William, 141 et seq.
Grain sacks, manufacture of, a leading industry of Montreal, 63.
Granby Company, miners and smelters of copper in British
Columbia, 222.
Grand Banks, the cod fishing grounds, 4, 19.
Grand Forks, British Columbia, smelter closed down after a record
production, 222.
Grand Trunk railway, growth of, in Canada, 162.
Grande Prairie, largest town in the Peace River Valley, 202.
Great Divide, crossing the, 213.
Great Slave Lake, on the route to the new oil fields, 204.
Grenfell, Dr., sailors’ mission of, at St. John’s, 8.
Gulf Stream, its influence on Newfoundland, 4, 5.

Halibut, large production of the British Columbia fisheries, 230.

Halifax, chief city and capital of Nova Scotia, 31.
Halifax explosion, one of the greatest ever known, 33.
Hamilton, Ontario, prosperity due to cheap electric power from
Niagara, 117.
Hayward, Edward, his murder near Lesser Slave Lake, and the
running down of his murderer, 295.
Hematite ore, in the Kootenay country, 221.
Hidden Creek copper mines, largest in British Columbia, 223.
Hill, James J., prediction of Canada’s future population, 189.
Hockey, the great game of Canada, 68.
Hogs, raised at Dawson, Yukon, 260, 262.
Hollinger Mine, largest gold mine in North America, 125.
Holt, Renfrew and Company, great furriers at Quebec, 171.
Homesteads in the Yukon, 265.
Horse raising, in Alberta, 209.
Hot-houses for cucumbers and tomatoes at Dawson, Yukon, 261.
Hudson Bay, railways projected to, 155.
Hudson’s Bay Company, history of, 166 et seq.
Hudson Strait, chief difficulty in navigation of Hudson Bay Route,
156.
Hull, wet suburb of dry Ottawa, 80.
Hunting, in Newfoundland, 11.
Hunting and camping in Ontario province, 139.
Hydraulic mining, in the Yukon, 267.
Hydro-electric Commission, work of, in Ontario, 102, 103, 106, 107.
Hydro-electric development in Quebec, 46;
of Niagara Falls, 106;
of Welland River at Niagara Falls, 113;
at Sault St. Marie, 134.
Hydro-electric development and the paper and pulp industry, 96.
Hydro-electric plant, supplying St. John’s, 15.
Hydro-electric project at Ogdensburg proposed for furnishing power
to United States and Canada, 100.

Ibex Range, as seen from the Yukon trail, 236.

Ice Palace, formerly erected each winter at Montreal, 68.
Icelanders, a colony of, near Winnipeg, 152.
Immigration, Canada’s desire for, 188 et seq.
Indian Head, government forestry experiments at, 178.
Insulin, specific for treatment of diabetes, discovered at University of
Toronto, 99.
International Joint Commission, approves project for improvement of
St. Lawrence waterway, 100.
International Nickel Company of Canada, Ltd., owners of rich
Sudbury mines, 127.
Iron, one of the world’s largest deposits in Newfoundland, 12;
the wonderful Wabana mines, 24;
in the Kootenay country, 221.
Irrigation in Alberta, 206;
in the Okanagan Valley, 224.

Japanese labourers, not admitted to Canada, 190.

Jasper Park, greatest of Canada’s western game and forest reserve,
217.
Keeley Mine, rich silver veins of, at Cobalt, 124.
Keno Hill, new silver district in the Yukon, 124.
Kicking Horse Pass, where the railway crosses the Great Divide,
216.
King, Charles, his capture and conviction of murder by the Mounted
Police, 295.
King Solomon’s Dome, in the centre of the Klondike gold region,
274.
Kirkland Lake gold district, production of, 125.
Klondike, the supply of gold being exhausted, 250;
romances of the, 274.
Kootenay country, resources of, 220, 221.
Kootenay Lake, steamer trip through, 221.

Labrador, cod fisheries of, 19.

Labour, how obtained for the Canadian wheat fields, 184.
Lac Beauvert, a mountain resort of the Canadian National Railways,
217.
La Chine Rapids, so-named by Cartier, 61.
Lachine Canal, near Montreal, 64.
Lacrosse, one of the most popular Canadian games, 67.
Lake of the Woods, a beautiful camping and hunting district, 139.
La Rose, discoverer of silver at Cobalt, 122.
Land grants to the Canadian Pacific Railway, 190.
Laurentian Mountains, oldest rock formation of the continent, 48.
Le Roi Copper Mine at Rossland, British Columbia, 222.
Leacock, Stephen, at McGill University, Montreal, 63.
Lead, in the Kootenay country, 221.
Left-hand driving, the custom in Newfoundland, 25.
Life insurance, amount held by Canadians, 78.
Lignite coal, in Saskatchewan, 180.
Live stock, transportation of on the Yukon River, 242.
Live stock production in Newfoundland, 11.
London, Jack, in the Klondike, 278.
London, Ontario, greatly increased consumption of electricity due to
low price, 112.
Louise, Lake, in the Canadian Rockies, 216.
Lumber, production at Sault Ste. Marie, 135;
production of the Saskatchewan province, 176, 179;
immense quantities shipped from Vancouver, 225.
Lumber industry of Canada, the, 88 et seq.

Manitoba, extent of the province, its topography and resources, 154.

Maritime Provinces, of Canada, the, 31.
Marquette, Father, establishes first Jesuit mission in the new world at
Sault Ste. Marie, 135.
Marquis, valuable variety of wheat originated by Dominion
Agricultural Department, 183.
Matches, manufacture of, at Ottawa, 80, 88.
Medicine Hat, natural gas wells at, 201.
Mennonites, at Winnipeg, 153;
colonies of, from Russia, 194, 195.
McGill University, Montreal, 63.
Miller, Joaquin, in the Klondike, 278.
Mine props, cut in Newfoundland for use in English and Welsh
mines, 11.
Mining wonders of the far North, 266.
Mond Nickel Company, operators of mines at Sudbury, 130.
Monel metal, how produced, 129.
Montreal, Canada’s largest city and financial centre, 60 et seq.
Moose, plentiful in Nova Scotia, 37;
in Ontario province, 140;
in the Yukon, 234, 253;
meat sold at butcher shops at Dawson, 253.
Moose Jaw, an important commercial centre of Saskatchewan, 179.
Mosses, along the Yukon trail, 236.
Mother’s pension, in Ontario, 103.
Motor tourists, welcomed in Quebec, 50.
Mountain goats, abundant in the Yukon, 253.
Mountain sheep, abundant in the Yukon, 253.
Mount Robson, highest peak in Canada, 217.
Mount Royal, from which Montreal is named, 61.
Municipal ownership in Port Arthur and Fort William, 143.
Muskrat, a valuable fur when dyed and prepared, 172.

Names, fanciful, in Newfoundland geography, 12.

National debt of Canada, greatly increased during the World War,
188.
Natural gas, at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, 180;
at Medicine Hat, and near Edmonton, 201.
Nelson, British Columbia, in the heart of the mining country, 221.
New Brunswick, its resources and industries, 40.
New Caledonia, nickel production of, 127.
Newfoundland, size and strategic importance, 4;
population, 7;
education and church activities, 7;
political relation to British Empire, 8;
system of government, 9.
Newspapers in the early Klondike days, 280.
News-print, production of the Sault Ste. Marie mills, 134.
Niagara Falls, hydro-electric development of, 106, 113.
Niagara Falls Railway Arch Bridge, cost of lighting American half
more than double Canadian, 108.
Nickel, largest production in the world at Sudbury, Ontario, 127;
the different uses of the metal, 131.
Nickel-steel, the many uses of, 131.
Nipissing silver mine at Cobalt, 122.
Northcliffe, Lord, built plant in Newfoundland for supply of pulp wood
paper, 11.
Northwest Company, opponent of the Hudson’s Bay Company, finally
absorbed, 170.
Notre Dame, Church of, at Montreal, 65.
Nova Scotia, travels, in, 31 et seq.

Oats, production in the Winnipeg district, 149;

large crops at Edmonton, 200;
in Peace River Valley, 202.
Oats hay, a farm crop at Dawson, Yukon, 261.
Ogdensburg, N. Y., site of proposed hydro-electric plant for supplying
Canada and the United States, 100.
Oil fields, the new operations along the MacKenzie, 203 et seq.
Okanagan Valley, famous as fruit-growing region, 223.
Ontario, Province of, richest in mineral and agricultural wealth and
industrial development, 103;
the frontier of the province, 137.
Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, work of, in Ontario, 102, 103,
106, 107.
Ottawa, capital of the Dominion, 79 et seq.

Paper, Quebec leading producer of, 46;

greatly increased production of, in Canada, 92;
process of manufacture, 93.
Paper mills, at Ottawa, 80, 88.
Parliament buildings, at Ottawa, 82.
Peace River, the town of, 202.
Peace River Valley, agricultural possibilities in, 202.
Petroleum, in Alberta, 201;
the new field along the Mackenzie, 203.
Petty Harbour, typical Newfoundland “outport,” 16.
Phoenix, British Columbia, copper mines at, 222.
Pilgrimages to Ste. Anne de Beaupré, 52.
Porcupine gold district, production of, 125.
Port Arthur, the great wheat centre, 135, 141.
Port Nelson, projected terminus of the Hudson Bay Route, and port
for wheat shipment, 155.
Portage la Prairie, a prosperous farming section, 175.
Potatoes, success with in Dawson, Yukon, 259.
Poultry raising in the Arctic, 260.
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, noted for its fur trade and lumber mills,
179.
Prince Edward Island, smallest but richest province in the Dominion,
40.
Prince Rupert, northern terminus of Canadian National Railways and
nearest port to the Orient, 226 et seq.
Public ownership, in Toronto, 101 et seq.;
success of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, 107.
Pulp wood, chief product of forests in Newfoundland, 11;
great production of Quebec, 46;
Canada’s resources in, of great importance to the United States,
91, 96.
Pulp mills, at Ottawa, 88;
great increase in numbers of, in Canada, 92;
at Sault Ste. Marie, 134.

Quebec, and its history, 42;

population, 46.
Queenston Chippewa hydro-electric plant below Niagara Falls, 113.

Radio, fisheries of Nova Scotia controlled by, 36.

Rabbits, destruction of trees by, 234.
Railways, in Newfoundland, 10;
transcontinental, of Canada, 157;
government-owned in Canada, 162.
Rainfall, excessive, at Prince Rupert, British Columbia, 229.
Regina, the capital of Saskatchewan, 177.
Religious denominations in Newfoundland, 7.
Remittance men, in Calgary, 210.
Revillon Frères, chief competitor to the Hudson’s Bay Company, 170.
Rideau Canal, at Ottawa, 80, 81.
Rideau Hall, residence of the Governor-General, at Ottawa, 84.
Rockies, Canadian, beauty of the, 213.
Rocky Mountain Park, finest mountain resort of Canada, 215.
Royal Bank of Canada, connections abroad, 77.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, training camp at Regina, 177;
district headquarters at Dawson, 251;
the story of the service, 288 et seq.
Russian church, at Winnipeg, 153.
Rye, production in the Winnipeg district, 149.

St. Boniface, old French-Canadian settlement near Winnipeg, 152.

St. Helene Island, once owned by Champlain, 64.
St. James, Cathedral of, at Montreal, 65.
St. John, chief city of New Brunswick, 41.
St. John’s, capital and chief port of Newfoundland, 3, 5;
around about the city, 8.
St. Lawrence River, International plans for improvement of, 99.
St. Mary’s River, hydro-electric development of, 134.
St. Paul’s Church, Halifax, first English house of worship in Canada,
35.
St. Pierre Island, headquarters of bootleggers, 15.
Sainte Anne de Beaupré, the Shrine and its miraculous cures, 52.
Salmon fishing, in Newfoundland, 11.
Salmon fisheries of British Columbia, 231.
Sanderson, John, first homesteader at Portage la Prairie, 175.
Saskatchewan, greatest wheat province of the Dominion, 175 et
seq., 181 et seq.
Saskatoon, second largest city of Saskatchewan, 179.
Sault Ste. Marie, hydro-electric development of, 134;
 one of the oldest settlements in Canada, 135.
Sealing industry, of Newfoundland, 21.
Selkirk, Lord, his colony in Manitoba the first wheat farmers, 182.
Service, Robert, the poet of the Yukon, 249, 257, 279.
Settlers, Canada’s inducements to, 191.
Shawinigan Falls, hydro-electric development of, 46.
Shaughnessy, Lord, an American boy who became president of the
Canadian Pacific, 165.
Sheep, in southern Alberta, 208.
Silver in the Kootenay country, 221.
Silver mines of northern Ontario, 119.
Slavin, Frank, in the Klondike, 278;
partnership with Joe Boyle, 282.
“Soo” Canal, the waterway and its traffic, 136.
Sports, Canadian, 67;
outdoor games promoted by municipal athletic commission at
Toronto, 101.
Spruce, predominant standing timber of Canada, 91.
Steam thawing of the ground in Yukon mining, 266, 271.
Steel industries developed in Sydney district, Nova Scotia, 39.
Stock raising in southwestern Saskatchewan, 176.
Sudbury, rich nickel deposits at, 126, 127.
Sunlight, hours of, at Dawson, Yukon, 264.
Superior, Lake, the grain-carrying trade through, 141 et seq.
Swift Current, an important commercial centre of Saskatchewan,
179.
Sydney coal mines, of immense importance, 39.

Tahkeena River, crossing of, on the Yukon trail, 235.

The Pas, an undeveloped mineral region, 154.
Thomas, C. A., demonstrates possibility of winter automobile travel
in the Yukon, 239.
Thornton, Sir Henry, in charge of the Canadian national railways,
164.
Three Rivers, Quebec, largest production of paper in the world, at,
47, 92.
Threshing, methods in the Canadian wheat belt, 185.
Tides, forty feet high in Bay of Fundy, 38.
Timber, valuable tracts in Newfoundland, 11.
Timothy hay, large crops at Edmonton, 200.
Tomatoes, a hot-house crop at Dawson, Yukon, 261.
Toronto, the city of public ownership, 97 et seq.
Toronto University, largest in the British Empire, 98.
Transcontinental railway systems of Canada, 157.
Trappists, at Winnipeg, 153.
Truro, Nova Scotia, 38.
Turnips, as a crop, at Dawson, Yukon, 264.

University of Saskatchewan, efforts in behalf of agriculture and

ceramics, 179.

Valley of the Ten Peaks, in the Canadian Rockies, 216.

Vancouver, chief city of British Columbia and Canada’s most
important Pacific port, 224.
Vancouver Island, copper workings on, 223.
Van Horne, Wm., strenuous railroad builder, 165.
Veneer, manufacture of, at Sault Ste. Marie, 135.
Victoria, capital of British Columbia, 225.

Wabana iron mines rich under-sea deposits, 24.

Wainwright Park, Alberta, containing largest herd of buffalo extant,
217.
Waterfalls that work for the people, 106 et seq.
Water-power, great developments in Quebec, 46;
its relation to the paper and pulp industry, 96.
Welland Canal, building of deeper and larger locks, 99.