Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

312/1 GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME Paper 1

CHAMPIONS JET EXAMINATION

TERM 1 2024

SECTION A

1. a) Give three evidences which shows that the interior part of the earth is still hot
(3marks)
 After materials broke away from the sun, the planet earth started cooling.
The interior of the earth cooled at a lower rate.
 The weight of the overlying materials exerts great pressure that generates a
lot of heat making the interior hot.
 Radioactivity/Nuclear fission in the interior of the earth releases a lot of
heat which is retained.
b) State three effects of rotation of the earth (3marks)
 It causes occurrence of day and night.
 It causes deflection of winds/ocean currents.
 It causes a difference of one hour between two longitudes 15 apart.
 It causes variation in atmospheric pressure on the earth’s surface.
 It causes the daily rise and fall of tides.
 It causes variation in the speed of air masses.
2. Describe the formation of hotsprings (5marks)

 Rain water enters the crustal rocks through cracks/fissures.

 The water reaches a zone of hot igneous rocks.
 The water is superheated changing into water vapour.
 The vapour is under high pressure and so it forces its way up heating the
ground water.
 The heated water under pressure flows out continuously forming hot springs.

3. a) State two ways in which Savannah grasslands have adapted to climatic conditions
(2marks)

 Some trees have thick stem, scaly bark.

 Grass is tufted/ short.
 Some trees shed their leaves.
 Grass withers during the dry season.
  Grass roots/ seeds remain dormant during the dry season.
 Some trees are umbrella shaped.
 Some trees/ grass have thin, spiky leaves.

b) Give three characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation (3marks)

 Some plants have small/ thick-skinned/ leathery/ spinny leaves.

 Some plants have long roots.
 Grasses dry off during summers and germinates during winter.
 Some trees are deciduous.
 Some plants have freshy leaves.
 Some plants have thick barks.
 Vegetation is adapted to long hot and dry summers.
 Some plants have large fleshy bulbous roots.
 Some plaants are evergreen.
 Some plants have long tap roots.
 Woody scrubs are common in very dry areas.
 Tree species are olive, sweet chestnut, beech, cedar, cypress, eucalyptus e.t.c.
 Many plants are sweet smelling (aromatic) e.g. rosemary, lavender,
oleander, broom and myrtle.

4. a) Name two processes of rapid Mass wasting (2marks)

 Earthflows
 Mudflows
 Landslides
 Avalanche

b) Identify two ways in which materials move down the slope (2marks)

 Creeping
 Flowing
 Sliding
 Falling of rocks
 Slipping

5. a) Give two reasons why there are a few settlements in a karst landscape
(2marks)

 The landscape is rocky/ rugged thus discourages settlement.

 The region experiences inadequate water supply both on the surface and
underground discouraging settlement.
 The surface in most places has thin soils which discourages crop farming.
 There is scarcity of vegetation in most places limiting rearing of livestock.
 The landscape is rugged hindering development of transport network.
 b) State three ways in which limestone landscape influences human activities
(3marks)

 Features like caves attract tourists earning a country foreign exchange.

 Limestone rocks are used for cement manufacture promoting industrial growth.
 Limestone rocks are used in building and construction.
 Limestone areas are used for grazing sheep as soils are thin and dry and have
poor vegetation like scrub, shrubs and grasses.
 Limestone regions are rugged with grikes and clints making development of
infrastructure difficult discouraging settlement.
 Limestone regions have intermittent surface drainage hence shortage of water
thus discouraging settlement.

SECTON B

6. Study the map of Mumias (1: 50,000) sheet 101/2 provided and answer the following
questions.

a) (i) What type of map is Mumias map (1mark)

Topographical map
(ii) Name two districts where River Nzoia passes through (2marks)
 Siaya district
 Kakamega district
(iii) Using the magical information, give the magnetic variation of the area when the
map extract was drawn (2marks)
0
2 19’’
(iv) Give two methods used in representing relief in the area covered by the map
(2marks)
By use of contours
By use of trigonometrical stations
b) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map (5marks)
 The area has many permanent rivers
 The main rivers are Nzoia and Lusimu
 River Nzoia has tributaries forming dendritic pattern
 River Nzoia flows towards south west
 The area has seasonal swamps
 The area has dams
 c) Citing evidence from the area covered by the map, explain three factors that favour
trading in the area covered by the map (6marks)
 Dense settlements which provide market for goods
 Availability of transport as evidenced by roads which ferry goods to the
market
 Availability of markets which provide conducive environment for trade
 Productivity of the area as shown by various economic activities
d) Students from Indangalasia School conducted a field study of the course of river
Nzoia.
(i) State three findings they are likely to have come up with (3marks)
 The river has many meanders/bends
 The river has tributaries/confluence
 The river has a wide flood plain
 The river is at its old stage
 It drains water into a swamp

c) Give four advantages of studying rivers though fieldwork (4marks)

 It enables students to relate what they have learnt in classroom.

 Students are able to count the number of tributaries.
 Students are able to gauge the impact of the river on the areas.
 They are able to find out for themselves the uses of the river.
 It allows students to use their observation skills to make conclusions
 It enables students to acquire appropriate attitudes towards the environment.\
 It breaks the classroom monotony for the students and the teachers.
 7. a) (i) Name three examples of hyperbyssal igneous rocks (3marks)

 Dolerite
 Porphyry
 Diabase
 Lamprophyre
 Porphyrite
 Granophyre

(ii) State three characteristics of volcanic igneous rocks (3marks)

 Form from cooling and solidification of lava.

 Form on the earth surface.
 Cools rapidly
 Form small crystals
 They are fine textured.

(iii) Describe three ways in which sedimentary rocks are formed (9marks)

Formation of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks

 Sediments used to form the rocks are derived from weathering of existing rocks.
 The weathered materials are transported by wind/water/moving ice.
 The weathered materials are deposited in layers on land or in sea.
 They are then compacted and cemented into mechanically formed sedimentary rocks
e.g. sandstone, mudstone, shale, claystone, breccia, grit e.t.c.

Formation of organically formed sedimentary Rocks

 These rocks are formed from the remains of dead plants and animals/fossils.
 These remains accumulate in the oceans/basins/land in layers.
 The accumulated materials are compressed/compacted/cemented into organically
formed sedimentary rocks e.g. limestone, chalk, ironstone, diatomite, coal
Formation of Chemically formed sedimentary rocks
 Some minerals of some pre-existing rocks are dissolved when it rains.
 Dissolved minerals are transported into water bodies.
 They are then precipitated/evaporated over a long period of time.
 The evaporates/precipitates are then compacted to form chemically formed sedimentary
rocks e.g. Trona, dolomite, gypsum, rock salt, chert and flint

b) Describe the following characteristics of minerals

 Tenacity (2marks)

- This is the ability of a mineral to resist/to withstand tearing, crushing or breaking.

Minerals differ in the ability to resist tearing or breaking hence they are brittle, ductile,
elastic, malleable or flexible.
  Colour (2marks)
Different minerals display different colours for example gold is yellow, Copper is
brown and gypsum is white

c) You are planning to carry out a field study on rocks within local environment.

(i) State three reasons for seeking permission from the school principal (3marks)

 It is an official requirement.
 For aadministration to arrange for transport, lunch, meals, upkeep and entry fee.
 For administration to provide essential tools for use.
 For the authorities to arrange for a tour guide to take them around.
 For the principal to alert other teachers on the disruption of the routine.
 To be allowed by the principal to be away from the school.
 To be permitted to enter the facility/area of study.

(ii) Name two secondary sources of information you are likely to use before the

Actual field work.

 Geography notes
 Internet/electronic media
 Journals/magazines
 Maps
 Newspapers
 Photographs/video tapes
 Professionals/botanists/forest officers
 Relevant text books

(iii) Give two advantages of dividing the class into groups (2marks)

 It facilitates more interactions among the group members.

 It saves on time.
 It enables field study to be carried out in an orderly way.
 It encourages participation of all members of the class.
 To collect wide variety of data, in case of a large area of study.
 It enables students to study the entire area.
 8. a) (i) Give three reasons why it is necessary to study the plate tectonic theory
(3marks)

 It explains the current position of continents (theory of continental drift).

 It enables one to understand the creation of the structural landforms.
 It explains the destruction of structural landforms.
 It helps one understand how the earth maintains balance/isostacy.
 It explains the cause of earthquakes/volcanicity.

(ii) In your answer booklet draw a diagram to show a simple fold and on it mark and name
 An anticline (1mark)
 A limb (1mark)
 A syncline (1mark)

(iii) With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe the formation of an overthrust

Fold (7marks)

- Rock layers are subjected to compressional forces.

- Intense folding leads to the formation of an over fold.
- Increased pressure on the over folds results in the formation of a recumbent fold.
- When pressure is very great, a fracture occurs along the axis in the recumbent fold
producing a thrust-plane.
 - The upper part of the recumbent fold slides forward over the lower part along the plane
forming an overthrust/nappe fold.

b) (i) Name fold mountains found in the following countries

 Algeria Atlas mt. (1mark)

 France Alps mt (1mark)
 Equador Andes mt (1mark)
 India Himalayas mt (1mark)

9. a) Differentiate between a drainage basin and a watershed (2marks)

- Drainage basin/ water catchment area is a unit area of land which is drained by
a river and its tributaries while a watershed/ a river divide is a line/ boundary of dry
land separating two drainage basins

b) The diagram below shows a type of delta, use it to answer the questions below
(i) What type of delta is represented by the diagram (1mark)
Arcuate delta.
(ii) Name the features marked E,F, and G. (3marks)
E Lagoon
F Distributary
G Spit/ Sandspit
(iii) State three conditions necessary for the formation of a delta (3marks)

 The river must have a larger load of sediments to be deposited at the mouth.
  The river velocity must be low at its mouth to allow deposition of the load to take
place.
 The river’s load should be deposited faster than it can be removed by currents and
tides.
 The river course should not have obstacles like vegetation that would act as filters
reducing the quantity of sediments.
 A shallow continental shelf/ shore around the river mouth hence depositing its load.
 The area experiencing a low tidal range.

c) i) Describe how the following processes of river erosion occurs

 Attrition (2marks)
- As rock materials are transported by a river downstream, they constantly collide
against each other.
- The materials gradually wear down or reduce in size. This process is attrition.

 Abrasion (4marks)
 The materials are used by the river as tools for scouring.
 The load is hurled by the water against the banks and dragged along the river bed.
 The load chips off the rocks on the bank and river bed.
 The load being dragged smoothens the river bed.
 The eddy currents rotate the load in the hollows on the river bed widening into
potholes. This process is Abrasion/ corrosion.

ii) Describe how an ex-bow lake is formed (4marks)

- An ox-bow lake forms when a river starts to meander on a flood plain.

- Lateral erosion dominates on the outer side of the bend.
- Deposition takes place on the inner bank.
- Lateral erosion results in the reduction of the neck of land between adjacent bends.
- The neck of land is eventually worn away.
- Deposition on the meander side, especially during floods blocks off the meander cut
that was the neck of land.
- The abandoned meander with its water forms an ox-bow lake.

d) Explain three positive effects of rivers to human activities (6marks)

 Rivers supply water for domestic and industrial use.

 Some rivers provide water for irrigation e.g. Rivers Thiba and Nyamindi to Mwea-
Tebere irrigation scheme.
 Some rivers provide port facilities e.g. Kilindini harbour on river mwachi
(Mombasa)
 Navigable rivers provide route-ways for transportation e.g. river congo, River
Rhine.
  Some rivers provide sites for generation of H.E.P e.g. seven forks dams on River
Tana and owen falls on river Nile.
 Some rivers are sources of building materials like sand.
 Some rivers are sources of alluvial minerals like gold and diamond which are
mined and sold earning income.
 Some rivers deposit alluvial soils along their flood plains hence supporting
agriculture.
 Some rivers form natural boundaries between countries e.g. River Ruvuma between
Tanzania and Mozambique.
 Some rivers provide rich fishing grounds which provide fish as a source of protein
for people e.g. rivers Tana and Nile.
 Some rivers provide spectacular features like waterfalls/ rapids attracting tourists
earning a country foreign exchange e.g. fourteen falls on River Athi.
 Rivers add to the aesthetic value of the landscape.

10. a) (i) Give three causes of ocean currents (3marks)

 Winds blowing over the ocean causing a mass of surface ocean water to move in its
direction forming drift currents.
 Rotation of the earth by causing deflection of ocean currents.
 Shape of the coastal land mass by influencing current direction and causing it to flow
following the coastal outline.
 Differences in ocean water temperature by causing cold polar water which is dense due
to low temp moves towards the equator passing on the ocean floor and warm water of
the tropics to move towards the poles passing on the surface.
 Difference in ocean water density/salinity.

(ii) List three types of ocean tides (3marks)

 Perigean tides
 Apogean tides
 Spring tides
 Neap tides

b)(i) State three factors influencing wave deposition (3marks)

 Nature of the materials transported by the waves. The waves will deposit heavier materials
first while lighter materials will be deposited further and closer to the land.
 The strength of the waves. Deposition occurs where the swash is stronger than the
backwash. A strong backwash will remove the materials hampering deposition.
 Gradient of the shore. A gentle shore reduces the velocity of backwash causing deposition
of materials on the shore-2008
 Depth of the water. Deposition occurs in shallow waters where waves break, lose energy
and drop the materials-2008
 Configuration of the coast. Deposition occurs more where the coastline does change
direction inland since longshore drift is hampered.
(ii) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe the formation of the following coastal
features.
 Spit (5marks)
 A spit forms on a shallow shore at a point where there is a sudden change in the
angle of the coastline.
 The longshore drift deposits materials such as sand, shingles and pebbles at such a
point.
 The deposition continues extending into a bay/mouth of a river with one end
attached to the land.
 Eventually, a low-lying ridge with one end attached to the coast and the other end
projecting into the sea is formed. This is a spit.

 Bay bar (5marks)

 Longshore drift deposits materials at the entrance of the bay.
 The deposits accumulate forming a spit/sand bar/ridge.
 Continued deposition elongate the spit, eventually blocking the mouth of the bay
forming a bay bar.
c) Explain three significance of coastal features to human activities. (6marks)

 Submerged coasts like fiords and rias favour the development of ports and harbours.
 Sheltered waters of the fiords provide favourable breeding grounds for fish which are
harvested for commercial/domestic purposes.
 Coastal features like sand beaches, caves, fiords attract tourists earning a country foreign
exchange.
 Raised coral reefs are a source of coral limestone used in the manufacture of cement for
building and construction.
 Coastal features like lagoons, fiords, coral reefs, continental shelf provide suitable grounds
for marine life breeding e.g. Malindi marine national park.
 Mudflats support the growth of mangrove trees which provide strong building poles.
Mangrove trees also provide sites for research purposes in biogeography.
 Coasts form good sites for development of urban centres like New York, Tokyo, Mumbai,
Sao Paulo and Rio de Jeneiro.
 Depositional features like sand dunes/coral reefs inhibits water transport and development
of ports. Tankers will hit coral reefs causing oil spills.
 Emerged coasts have poor sandy soils unsuitable for growing of a variety of crops.