Geography Summer Vacation (VIII) 2023 (Solved)

Chapter 1: -
Short Questions: -
1. what is geography
Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features, climate, and human populations,
as well as their interactions and relationships with each other. It examines the spatial
distribution of various phenomena on the Earth's surface and seeks to understand the
patterns, processes, and interconnectedness of the natural and human-made
environments.
2. Compare Physical and Human Geography?

Physical Geography Human Geography

i) Physical geography examines i) Human geography examines

the natural features and the relationships between
processes of the Earth humans and their
ii) Physical geography investigates environments.
the physical elements of the ii) Human geography
Earth's surface, such as investigates the activities,
mountains, rivers, deserts, behaviors, and impacts of
oceans, forests, and glaciers. human populations on the
iii) Physical geography studies the Earth.
processes that shape the Earth's iii) Human geography
physical environment, such as emphasizes cultural
erosion, plate tectonics, diversity, social structures,
weathering, glaciation, and the spatial distribution
atmospheric circulation, and the of human activities.
water cycle

3. Identify different types of earth?

In the field of geology, Earth can be classified into different types based on various
criteria. Here are a few types of Earth that are commonly recognized:
i) Crust.
 ii) Mantle.
iii) Core.
iv) Lithosphere
v) Hydrosphere
vi) Atmosphere
4. Which are the major Tectonic plates in the world?
The Earth's lithosphere is divided into several major tectonic plates. Here are some of the
major tectonic plates: -
i) African Plate
ii) Antarctic Plate
iii) Eurasian Plate
iv) Indo-Australian Plate
v) North American Plate
vi) Pacific Plate
vii) South American Plate
viii) Nazca Plate
ix) Caribbean Plate
x) Arabian Plate
5. What are the main types of the Rocks?
There are three main types of rocks
I) Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification and crystallization of molten
rock material called magma.
II) Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition, compaction, and cementation
of sediments derived from the erosion of pre-existing rocks, organic materials, or
chemical precipitates.
III) Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocksthat have been subjected
to high temperatures, pressures, or both, causing changes in their mineralogy,
texture, and structure.
6. Why do geographers use GIS?
Geographers use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a powerful tool for capturing,
analyzing, interpreting, and visualizing spatial data. GIS combines geography, data, and
technology to provide insights into spatial patterns, relationships, and processes.
 7. Draw and label the internal structure of the Earth?

Long Questions
1. Explain the theory of Plate tectonic in detail?

The theory of plate tectonics is a scientific concept that explains the movement and
interaction of Earth's lithospheric plates. It provides a framework for understanding
various geological phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation
of mountains and oceanic features.

There are three primary types of plate boundaries:

1. Divergent Boundaries: At these boundaries, plates move apart from each other.
This movement creates a gap that allows molten rock from the asthenosphere to
rise to the surface, forming new crust. This process is known as seafloor
spreading.
2. Convergent Boundaries: Convergent boundaries occur when two plates collide.
There are three main types of convergent boundaries:
a. Oceanic-Continental Convergence:
When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the denser
oceanic plate subducts the less dense continental plate. This process leads
to the formation of subduction zones, where the subducted plate sinks
into the mantle. The subduction process generates intense volcanic activity
and the formation of mountain ranges. The Pacific Ring of Fire, which
encircles the Pacific Ocean, is a prime example of oceanic-continental
convergence, with the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath various
continental plates.
b. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence:
When two oceanic plates collide, one of them subducts beneath the
other. This subduction results in the formation of deep-sea trenches and
volcanic island arcs. The Aleutian Islands in Alaska and the Mariana Islands
in the western Pacific Ocean are examples of oceanic-oceanic
convergence.
c. Continental-Continental Convergence:
When two continental plates collide, neither plate subducts due to their
low density. Instead, the collision leads to the uplift and compression of
the crust, forming massive mountain ranges. The Himalayas, created by
the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, are a notable
example of continental-continental convergence.
3. Transform Boundaries: Transform boundaries occur where two plates slide
horizontally past each other. There is no creation or destruction of crust at
transform boundaries. The most famous transform boundary is the San Andreas
Fault in California, where the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate are
sliding past each other.
 2. Classify different layers of Earth and draw labeled diagram?

The Earth is composed of several distinct layers, each with its own unique properties and
characteristics. From the innermost to the outermost, these layers can be classified into
the following:

1. Inner Core: The innermost layer of the Earth is the inner core. It is primarily
composed of solid iron and nickel and has a radius of approximately 1,220
kilometers (758 miles). The temperature in the inner core is estimated to be
around 5,500 to 6,000 degrees Celsius (9,932 to 10,832 degrees Fahrenheit). The
immense pressure at this depth keeps the inner core in a solid state.
2. Outer Core: Surrounding the inner core is the outer core, which is a layer of liquid
iron and nickel. It is approximately 2,300 kilometers (1,429 miles) thick. The outer
core is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field through a process called
 geodynamo. The temperature in the outer core ranges from about 4,000 to 5,000
degrees Celsius (7,232 to 9,032 degrees Fahrenheit).
3. Mantle: The mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth, extending from the bottom
of the crust to the outer core. It is composed of solid rock, rich in silicate
minerals, and is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick. The uppermost part of
the mantle is known as the asthenosphere, which is partially molten and flows in
a plastic-like manner over geological timescales. The mantle plays a crucial role in
the movement of tectonic plates.
4. Crust: The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust, which is the thinnest layer,
ranging from about 5 to 70 kilometers (3 to 43 miles) in thickness. The crust can
be classified into two types: continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust,
found beneath the continents, is primarily composed of granite and has a lower
density. Oceanic crust, on the other hand, is found beneath the ocean basins and
is mainly composed of basalt, which is denser than granite. The crust is divided
into numerous tectonic plates that interact with each other at plate boundaries.

3. Explain the importance of Rocks in the economy of a Region?

Rocks play a vital role in the economy of a region due to their diverse uses and
economic value. Here are some key reasons why rocks are important:

1. Construction Materials: Rocks are essential for construction purposes. Various

types of rocks, such as granite, limestone, sandstone, and basalt, are used as
building materials.
2. Mining and Mineral Resources: Rocks are a significant source of valuable minerals
and ores, which are crucial for various industries. Mining operations extract
minerals like coal, iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminum, and rare earth elements
from rocks.
3. Energy Production: Certain rocks and minerals are utilized for energy production.
Coal, a sedimentary rock, is a major source of thermal energy, primarily used for
electricity generation. Uranium, a mineral found in certain rocks, is used as fuel in
nuclear power plants.
4. Gemstones and Jewelry: Precious and semi-precious gemstones, found in rocks,
hold both aesthetic and economic value. Diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires,
and other gemstones are used in the production of jewelry, luxury items, and
ornaments.
5. Industrial Minerals: Rocks contain various industrial minerals that are used in
manufacturing and industrial processes. For example, limestone is used in cement
production, as a flux in the metallurgical industry, and in the production of lime
and quicklime.
 6. Tourism and Recreation: Unique geological formations and landscapes attract
tourists and outdoor enthusiasts. Natural features like mountains, canyons, caves,
waterfalls, and coastal formations offer opportunities for hiking, rock climbing,
camping, and recreational activities.
Flow Chart/Map

Make the flow chart of the types of the Rocks:

Chapter 1: -
Short Questions: -
1. What do you mean by Fold-Mountains?
Fold mountains are large mountain ranges that are formed when two tectonic plates
collide, causing the Earth's crust to buckle and fold. These mountains are characterized
by long, linear ridges and valleys.
2. What are Block-Mountains?
Block mountains, also known as fault-block mountains, are formed when large blocks of
the Earth's crust are uplifted along fault lines. The movement along the faults can result
in the formation of steep cliffs.
3. What are Volcanic-Mountains?
Volcanic mountains are formed by the accumulation of volcanic materials such as lava,
ash, and pyroclastic debris. They are created when molten rock, known as magma,
erupts onto the Earth's surface through volcanic vents.

4.What is difference between mountains and plateaus?

Mountains are elevated landforms that typically feature steep slopes and peaks, formed
through tectonic processes such as folding, faulting, or volcanic activity. Plateaus, on the
other hand, are flat or gently sloping elevated areas that are characterized by a relatively
even and uniform surface, often formed through the uplift of large blocks of crust or by
the accumulation of sedimentary deposits.
5.What is a map?
A map is a visual representation or depiction of an area or a geographical space. It
provides a scaled-down and simplified view of the features, boundaries, and spatial
relationships of the depicted area, using symbols, colors, and labels to convey
information about the physical or political characteristics of the region.
6. Write the names of the mountain ranges in Pakistan?
Some of the prominent mountain ranges in Pakistan include:

i) Karakoram Range
ii) Himalayas
iii) Hindu Kush Range
iv) Sulaiman Range
v) Salt Range
Long Questions
1. Write the importance of the mountains in Pakistan?
The mountains in Pakistan hold great importance for several reasons:

1. Biodiversity: Pakistan's mountains, particularly the Himalayas and Karakoram

ranges, are home to a wide array of plant and animal species. These regions serve
as crucial habitats for various endangered and endemic species.
2. Water Resources: The mountains in Pakistan act as the source of many rivers,
including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, and Swat rivers.
3. Tourism and Recreation: Pakistan's mountains attract a large number of tourists
and adventure enthusiasts. The scenic beauty, trekking routes, climbing
opportunities, and winter sports activities in places like Gilgit-Baltistan, Swat
Valley, and Kaghan Valley contribute to the country's tourism industry.
 4. Cultural Significance: The mountains in Pakistan have immense cultural
significance. The mountainous regions are inhabited by diverse ethnic groups,
each with its distinct traditions, languages, and way of life.
5. Climate Regulation: Mountains play a vital role in regulating the climate. They
influence local weather patterns, precipitation, and temperature. The forests and
glaciers in the mountains act as natural reservoirs, storing water and releasing it
gradually.
6. Geological and Scientific Importance: Pakistan's mountains have geological
significance due to their unique formation.
7. National Identity: The mountains in Pakistan are an integral part of the country's
national identity. The iconic peaks, such as K2, Nanga Parbat, and Rakaposhi, are
symbols of national pride
2. Explain the types of valleys?
Valleys can vary in shape, size, and formation, giving rise to different types of valleys.
Here are some common types:

1. V-Shaped Valleys: V-shaped valleys are narrow and have steep sides. They are
primarily formed by the erosive action of rivers or streams over long periods. The
flowing water erodes the land, cutting down into the rock and creating a V-
shaped cross-section.
2. U-Shaped Valleys: U-shaped valleys, also known as glacial valleys, are
characterized by a wide, flat floor and steep sides. They are formed by the
movement of glaciers over thousands of years
3. Hanging Valleys: Hanging valleys are smaller valleys that join a larger, main valley
at an elevation above the valley floor. They are formed when smaller glaciers,
tributary streams, or rivers erode and carve their own valleys.
4. Rift Valleys: Rift valleys are created by tectonic activity, particularly through the
process of continental rifting. They are long, narrow valleys with steep sides and a
flat floor
5. Alluvial Valleys: Alluvial valleys are formed by the deposition of sediment carried
by rivers or streams. Over time, the flowing water deposits sediment, such as
sand, silt, and clay, creating flat or gently sloping valley floors.
6. Box Canyons: Box canyons are narrow, deep valleys with high vertical walls on all
sides. They are typically formed through erosion by water or by tectonic activity,
where faulting creates steep-sided canyons.
3. Write the life styles of the Mountainous people of Pakistan?
The mountainous regions of Pakistan are home to diverse ethnic groups, each with its
unique lifestyle and cultural practices. Here are some general aspects of the lifestyles of
the mountainous people of Pakistan:

1. Agriculture and Livestock: Agriculture forms a significant part of the mountainous

people's livelihoods. They cultivate crops such as wheat, maize, barley, potatoes,
and fruits in terraced fields and small plots. Livestock farming, including raising
goats, sheep, cows, and yaks, is also prevalent.
2. Traditional Housing: The mountainous people typically live in traditional houses
made of local materials such as stone, wood, and mud. These houses are
designed to withstand the harsh mountain climates.
3. Handicrafts and Artisanal Skills: Mountainous communities have a rich tradition
of handicrafts and artisanal skills. They produce intricate handwoven textiles,
carpets, rugs, and embroidered garments that are renowned for their beauty and
craftsmanship.
4. Traditional Festivals and Celebrations: The mountainous people celebrate various
traditional festivals and events that are deeply rooted in their culture and
religious beliefs.
5. Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Lifestyles: In some mountainous regions, nomadic
or semi-nomadic lifestyles are prevalent. These communities, such as the Gujjars
and Bakarwals, migrate seasonally.
6. Sustainable Resource Management: Mountainous people have a deep
understanding of their environment and practice sustainable resource
management.
7. Strong Sense of Community: Mountainous communities often have close-knit
social structures and a strong sense of community. They rely on mutual
cooperation and support to overcome the challenges of living in remote areas.