MEM09002B - Unit 4 Orthogonal Projection and Dimension v4

Fitting & Machining
INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

MEM09002B
(4 POINTS)
UNIT 4 - ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION & DIMENSIONING

THEORY
Contents
ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION AND DIMENSIONING
Learning Outcomes/Assessment & Resources 3

Orthogonal Projection 4
• Principles of projection 5
• Relationship between first and third angle views 6
• International standards 7
Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection 8-10

• Selection of Views 11
• Procedure for Drawing Views 12-13
Drawing Layout and Dimensions
Drawing Layout and Features 14-16

• Types of Lines 17-18
Standard Letters and Numerals 19-20
• Dimensioning 21-30
First Angle Projection
First Angle Projection 31-33

• Projection Symbols 34-35
Unit 4 – Orthographic Projection and Dimensioning © New South Wales Technical and Further
Education Commission, 2017 (TAFE NSW – WSI) 2
Orthographic Projection and Dimensioning
Learning Outcome
Interpret the practical implications of information specified on technical drawings as
appropriate to the mechanical fabrication and electrical/electronic industries..
On completion of this unit you will be able to correctly use the following techniques
when interpreting / executing an engineering drawing:
• Orthographic projection systems

• Drawing layout
• Types of lines
• Dimensioning
• Lettering
Assessment
Competency will be assessed by an open book test involving short answer
questions, simple freehand sketching exercises and orthogonal projection tasks
using drawing instruments.
Instruments you will need:

Compass
Eraser soft pencil type
Masking tape
Pencils F.2H
Rule
Drawing board
Tee square
Set squares 45º and 60º30º (300mm approximately)
Resources:
Student workbook and college developed material
AS 1100
AS 1101
Orthogonal Projection
Orthogonal projection is a method of viewing an object so that a number of plane

views may be obtained. Each plane shows two of the three dimensions, length,
height or depth.
It is used for illustrating the shape and dimensions of many types of engineering
features.
Orthogonal projection is a multi-view system in which the principal views are ninety
degrees apart in the horizontal and vertical planes giving a total of six possible
views i.e. front, top, bottom, back and both ends.
Orthogonal projects are always shown in two dimensional representations. That

simply means showing either length, height or length and width or width and height
as shown below.
The object when drawn pictorially is illustrated in Figure 1. This shows a three
dimensional representation of height, length and width.
Figure 1 – Pictorial Projection
Engineering drawings are normally intended to indicate the shape and size of an
object. All objects have three dimensions, length, height and depth representing
information to convey an impression of shape. Figure 2 shows a ‘Pictorial’
representation which can limit the accuracy and quantity of information presented.
Pictorial drawing
Figure 2 – Pictorial Drawing (left) to Orthogonal Drawings (right)
Advantages of Orthogonal Projection
1. All sides can be seen independently.

2. Dimensioning is made easier and clearer.
3. All features are drawn in true proportion.
Principles of Projection
Orthogonal projection is a method of viewing an object so that a number of plane
views may be obtained. Each view includes two of the object’s three dimensions of
length, height and depth.
When horizontal and vertical planes intersect at right angles, four angles are
formed. These are known as dihedral angles and are numbered as shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3 – The Dihedral Angles

Relationship between First and Third Angle Views
When shown in the designation of views in both first and third angle projection they
are identical.
However a comparison between the two methods of unfolding the dihedral box will
show that the relative positions of the view are different.
A view in third angle projection is placed so that it represents the side of the object
nearest to it on the adjacent view (Figure 4).
A view in first angle projection is placed so that it represents the side of the object
farthest from it on the adjacent view (Figure 4).
In all other respects the rules of projection for the two methods are identical.
Figure 4 – Relationship between 1st & 3rd Angle Projection
International drawing standards
Australian Standards for orthographic drawings dictate the 3rd dihedral Angle be
used for projected views, while international standards may enable the use of the 1st
dihedral angle for projections.
In order to read engineering drawings sourced from an increasingly global market,

you should be aware of both the methods used to create three view engineering
drawings.
Figure 5 (a) and (b) show the meaning of the terms first and third angle projection.
Figure 5 – a) First Angle Projection b) Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
With third angle projection the 3rd dihedral angle is used.
This third dihedral angle forms the basic of a six sided transparent box in which the
object is imagined to be placed. Two of its three principal dimensions (length, width
and depth) are contained in six possible views reflected onto the sides of the box.
(Note: Only four views are shown for clarity)
Figure 6 – Four view of the 3rd Dihedral Angle
Step 1
The box is unfolded as shown by the arrows. This way the views are positioned in a
unique manner with respect to each other.
Step 2
When the box is laid out flat only four sides are shown. This is illustrated below.
Step 3
When the box is fully opened all six possible views are shown.
Summary
Figure 7 – Summary of 3rd Angle Projection
Selection of Views
Visualise the object, mentally picturing the orthogonal views one at a time to decide
on the best combination. In Figure below the arrows show the direction of
observation for the six principal views of an object.
1. The front view should be drawn for the horizontal hole.

2. The top view to show width and height of the piece and show the radii on the
back corners.
3. Side elevation is required to show the shape of the cut corner.
NOTE: The right side view is chosen as it shows the cut in full line
(the left side view is not used as the cut out would be hidden).
Procedure for Drawing Views
Measure height, width and length on the pictorial drawing.
Step 1
Draw the front elevation which shows height and length.
Step 2
From the front elevation project lines to obtain the plan view. This shows length and
width. The top view (plan) is directly above the front elevation.
Allow room between the views but do not dimension.
Step 3
The side view is in line horizontally with the front elevation. This shows width and
height. Allow room between the views but do not dimension.
Figure 8 – Example: Freehand sketching to pictorial to orthogonal
Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook
Training Task 1.
Drawing Sheets and Layout Features.
To make drawings easier to understand, copy and file we have used a standard way
of presenting them.
Sizes of drawing sheets are listed below. See Australia Standards AS1100.
Nominal Width of Dimensions of

Standard Cut Sheet
Borders Drawing Frame (mm)
Designation Dimensions
A B C D E
AO 841 x 1189 20 40 16 801 1133
A1 594 x 841 14 28 12 566 801
A2 420 x 594 10 20 8 400 566
A3 297 x 420 7 20 6 283 394
A4 210 x 297 7 20 6 196 271
Figure 9 – Tabled dimensions of drawing frame with filing margin

Most drawing sheets have:
• A margin or border
• A title block
• A list of parts and materials
• An amendment section for design or drawing change
Drawings by themselves are not enough to tell you everything you need to know.
Drawings may require information about materials:
• Joining methods
• Tolerances
• Instructions for the manufacturer
Line thickness and type of line must conform to national and international
standards.
Lines on drawings are different in thickness and the way you make them depends
on the size of the paper.
Standard lettering is always used for written information. The standard regulates the
size and shape of the letters and numerals. Symbols are used for items such as:
a) Dimensions
b) Radius
c) Diameters
d) Tolerancing
e) Type of Projection
f) Welding Details
g) Surface Texture.
All symbols should conform to Australian Standards.

.
.
Varying Line Type & Thickness
If lines on a drawing are equally thick, the drawing is confusing and difficult to
interpret. You will notice that the outlines do not stand out from the dimension lines
and the illustrated item is not clearly seen.
Figure 10 – All lines shown same thickness Figure 11 – All lines shown vary in thickness
By varying the thickness and construction of lines on a drawing, you can express
meaning which is otherwise difficult to express. The use of each type and thickness
of lines is defined in Australian Standard AS1100 drawing practice.
When you are sketching and doing a detail drawing follow the same basic principles
by using pencils with soft leads to draw dark and thick lines. When drawing light thin
lines use a harder lead.
Guide to pencil selection for hand Drafting & Sketching
Line Thickness Pencil grade
Thick HB
Medium 2H
Thin 4H
Construction 4H (very light pressure)
Standard Letters and Numerals
You need to be able to make clear, distinct, uniform letters and numerals for your
technical drawings. As far as possible all lettering is freehand and in a style that is
perfectly legible.
Two styles of lettering you can use are upright capitals or sloping capitals. The
only time you use small letters (lower case) is for standard abbreviations such as
mm, kg, kPa.
Sizes and Heights for Lettering

For titles and drawing numbers, use large letters, 5mm high. For subtitles, headings,
view and section designations etc, use medium sized letters, 3.5mm high.
For general notes, materials lists, dimensions, etc, use small capitals, 2.5mm high.
Don’t underline unless you are required to.
Spacing
Letters in a word should be approximately twice the thickness of the line. This space
is called dimension dimensions as illustrated.
Fractions
When you have values which are not whole numbers, write them in decimal form.
Use a full stop for a decimal point, making it firm and clear. It should be 1mm in
diameter and should be given a whole letter space.
If the number you are writing is less than unity, write a zero before the decimal point,
eg. 0.75.
Lettering
You make vertical strokes entirely by You make horizontal strokes by pivoting the
finger movement whole hand at the wrist, fingers move slightly
to keep the stroke perfectly horizontal

Training Task 2.

Training Task 3.
Dimensioning
The recommended method to use when you are dimensioning a drawing is shown
in Figure 4, so that they conform to the Australian Standards AS110.
• The shape of the object is shown by the outline.

• The size of the object is indicated by dimension.
• Only dimensions necessary to make the object should be shown on the drawing.
• Show dimensions only once on a drawing.
• Dimensions should be shown on the view where the detail is seen clearest as an
outline.
Figure 12 – Dimensioning on an orthogonal drawing
Figure 13 – Dimensioning on a pictorial drawing
Projection Lines, Dimensions Lines and Leaders
Projection Lines
Projection lines are thin continuous lines projected from points, lines or surfaces of
the object to enable the dimensions to be placed outside the outline wherever
possible.
Dimension Lines
Dimension lines are thin continuous lines and whenever possible are placed outside
of the object.
Leaders
Leaders are thin continuous lines ending in arrowheads or dots listed to show where
dimensions or notes apply.

Training Task 4.
Dimensioning Methods
Horizontal dimensions are placed above and in the centre of the dimension line.
Vertical dimensions are placed above and in the centre of the dimension line when
seen from the right hand side of the sheet.
Angular dimensions are shown.
Dimensioning small places, Dimension lines on the outside.
Dimensioning radii. The leader line must be in line with the centre of the arc.
Dimensioning diameters.
Dimensions relating to a datum line or surface.
Auxiliary Dimensions are shown in brackets. They are guide only and are often
overall sizes to help in ordering materials.
Dimensions Not to Scale. These dimensions are shown as underlined. They

display the size required.
This often occurs when a design change has been made.
Linear Pitches
When holes are spaced (pitched) along a straight line it is called a pitch line and
drawn as a centre line. Various methods are in use to dimension the pitch.
When dimensioning you should use method 3, 4 or 5 as these overcome cumulative

error.
Circular Pitches
Holes can be spaced (pitched) around a circle called a pitch circle which is scribed
as circular or part circular centre. The diameter of the circle is designated as the
Pitch Circle Diameter or PCD as shown in Figures a, b, c and d.
Position of Dimension and Projection Lines
Rule Incorrect Correct
1. Dimensions should
be kept outside
the drawing.
2. On drawings do not
repeat dimensions.
Dimension on the
view that you see
the dimension best.
3.a. Do not use centre

lines as dimension
lines.
b. Dimension lines
should not be
extensions of a
surface.
4. Do not use outlines

as dimension lines.
Position of Dimension and Projection Lines
Rule Incorrect Correct
5.a. Dimension lines
and extension
lines should not
cross one
another.
Note: Smallest dimension should
be placed nearest the outline
progressing to largest dimension
on the outside.
Centre lines can be extended to act
as extension lines when
dimensioning.
5. b. Extension lines
can cross one
another.
6. Only dimension
features shown by
outlines.
Do not dimension
features shown by
hidden outlines.
7. When the note

‘dimensions are in
millimetres’
appears on a
drawing it is not
necessary to show
the millimetre sign
with the
dimension.
Training Task 5.
Dimensioning Practice
When dimensioning an orthogonal drawing observe the following:
• Each dimension should appear on one view only.

• All horizontal dimensions should be readable from the bottom of the sheet.
• All vertical dimensions should be readable from the right side of the sheet.
• All dimensions should be outside the views wherever possible.

Training Task 6.
Datums
Datums are used:
• To prevent tolerance growth during marking out and manufacturing.
• To keep important dimensions relative to a certain position.
Datums may be edges (Figure 14) or centre lines as in Figure 15.
The symbol for a Datum is a filled triangle ▲ This is placed on the datum line as
shown.
Figure 14
Figure 15

Training Task 7.
First Angle Projection
The second method of projecting plane views is known as first angle projection.
See the following drawings (Figure 16) for the correct projection of views.
The preferred method by the standards Association of Australia is third angle

projection.
However first angle projection is still used sometimes and it is essential for you to
understand both methods.
Refer to the information on third angle projection to explain about the transparent
box.
Compare the unfolding of the box and the different positions of the views.
Figure 16 – First Angle Projection
Number of Views
Although six possible views may be drawn, all six are very rarely required. The
number used should be just sufficient to indicate the shape of the object and to
enable a clear definition of size of all features. For most drawings three views are
adequate.
The front view is always provided and whatever number and combination is then
decided on. This is called Front Elevation.
The front elevation is normally drawn first and from it details may be projected
horizontally to the side and rear elevations or vertically to the top and bottom
elevations.
Figure 17 – Position of Elevations
Projection Symbols
It is essential that drawings made by third angle or first angle projection be
identified.
Preferably by the use of the standard symbol or by the words third angle projection.
A symbol is the preferred method.
The symbol goes either in the title block at the top or bottom of the sheet.
The projection symbol is a solid cone with the point cut off.
First angle projection symbol
Third angle projection symbol
Figure 18 – As 1100 sizes used for projection symbols
Training Task 8.

Review Questions.

MEM09002B - Unit 4 Orthogonal Projection and Dimension v4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MEM09002B - Unit 4 Orthogonal Projection and Dimension v4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fitting & Machining

INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

UNIT 4 - ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION & DIMENSIONING

Learning Outcomes/Assessment & Resources 3

Third Angle Projection

Third Angle Projection 8-10

Drawing Layout and Dimensions

Drawing Layout and Features 14-16

First Angle Projection

First Angle Projection 31-33

• Orthographic projection systems

Instruments you will need:

Orthogonal projection is a method of viewing an object so that a number of plane

Orthogonal projects are always shown in two dimensional representations. That

Figure 1 – Pictorial Projection

Figure 2 – Pictorial Drawing (left) to Orthogonal Drawings (right)

Advantages of Orthogonal Projection

1. All sides can be seen independently.

Figure 3 – The Dihedral Angles

Figure 4 – Relationship between 1st & 3rd Angle Projection

In order to read engineering drawings sourced from an increasingly global market,

Figure 5 – a) First Angle Projection b) Third Angle Projection

(Note: Only four views are shown for clarity)

Figure 6 – Four view of the 3rd Dihedral Angle

Figure 7 – Summary of 3rd Angle Projection

1. The front view should be drawn for the horizontal hole.

Drawing Sheets and Layout Features.

Nominal Width of Dimensions of

Figure 9 – Tabled dimensions of drawing frame with filing margin

All symbols should conform to Australian Standards.

Guide to pencil selection for hand Drafting & Sketching

Line Thickness Pencil grade

Construction 4H (very light pressure)

Sizes and Heights for Lettering

Don’t underline unless you are required to.

Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook

Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook

• The shape of the object is shown by the outline.

Figure 12 – Dimensioning on an orthogonal drawing

Figure 13 – Dimensioning on a pictorial drawing

Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook

Angular dimensions are shown.

Dimensioning small places, Dimension lines on the outside.

Dimensions relating to a datum line or surface.

Dimensions Not to Scale. These dimensions are shown as underlined. They

When dimensioning you should use method 3, 4 or 5 as these overcome cumulative

3.a. Do not use centre

4. Do not use outlines

7. When the note

• Each dimension should appear on one view only.

Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook

Datums may be edges (Figure 14) or centre lines as in Figure 15.

Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook

The preferred method by the standards Association of Australia is third angle

Figure 17 – Position of Elevations

Third angle projection symbol

Figure 18 – As 1100 sizes used for projection symbols

Complete Answers & Exercises Workbook

You might also like