EHETMYHM IPOLECM.

PENTMKALMA

12.TEHETMYHM NPOLEC.
PEUIMKALMA (CUHTE3A HA HK)
EHETMYHM NPOYECM OB NPWHLYMN HA CMHTE3ATA
BCAKa KIeTKa HMa HacieICTBOHa mporpaMa, HA HYKEWHOBM KUCENMHM
OATO OIpeAeIA yCTpoHCTBOTO H GþyHkuHHTen. HykienHOBHTe KHceIHHH H6eITbUHTe ce cHH-
Hac.ieicTBeHaTa porpaMa Ha kieTKaTa e Te3npar Ha Mampuven npunyun: nodpedóama na Mo-
anHcaHa B MOJIeKYJIHTe AHR, OCbIYeCTBABa ce upe3 HOMepume 6 Ho6ama MakpoMONeKyna ce onpedena om
K H OenTbIIH H Ce npejaBa B
re3a Ha PHK
nodpedoama na MoHOMepume 6be Beve cbujecmeyea-
RHETO 9pe3 CHHTe3a Ha HOBa IHK.
HOKOJIe
ua MakpoMONeKyna, Hapeuena Mampuya.
ETo 3amo cHHTe3HTe Ha AHK, PHK n 6eITb-
HykiennOBHTe KHCeiHHH yuacTBaT BCHHTe3H-
IH OnpeieisAMe He camO KATO aHa6onnTHH KIeTbTHH Te H KaTO MaTpHiun, H KaTo upoAyKTH, IOKATO OeITb
npouecH, a CbMo H KaTO 2eHemuunu npoyecu.
HTe ca caMo ipoAyKTH IpH
MaTpHIma HyKJeHHOBa
KHCeIHHa. ToBa e T.Hap. ,ueHTpaIHa 1orma" Ha MO-
TenemuuHu HapnvaMe npouecume, KOHTO IeKyHara ononorus: reHeTHYHara Hndopmauna ce
oCHrypaBaT CbXpaHABaHeTO u peanu3aunaTa npeHaca oT HyKIeHHOBHTe KHceIHHH KbM oeTBka,
Ha HacieNCTBEHATa MHdopMauua H IpexaBa- HO He MB 0ÑpaTHa nocoKa (pnr. 1).
HeTO M B HOKOIeHHATa. ToBa ca uponecHre: VHukanHara cnoco6HoCT Ha AHK n PHK aa
pennukauus - eHHTe3a Ha AHK;
CiyaT KaTo MarpHun, ce oCHOBaBa Ha npaeunomo
mpanckpunsus -cHHTe3a ua PHK; 3a KOMneMeHmapuOCm. CbrnacHo TOBa upaBn1o
mpancnauuA - CHHTe3a Ha GeJiT7»AH. a30THHTe Ña3H ce pa3io3HaBaT H cBbp3BaT c BO10-
pOAH Bpb3KH CHeudHYHO: adenun - c mumun unu
PemiukaunATa H TpaHCKpHIILLMATa p i 1 payun, yumosuH-c eyanun.
B 3ApOTO Ha Koraro eAHOBePHKEH yyacTbk
eykapnorHHTe KIIeTKH H B RyEOUZa OT HyKICHHO-
Ba
upokapnoTHATe KJeTKH. Tpaicinauuara nporHya Ba KHcenHHa e 3aoÑukoneH Or CB060AHu HyKIeOTH-
B
pMOo3OMHTe, HaMHpamn ce B UHTOIia3Mara kakTO AM, TeXHHTe õa3n HaMupaT KOMIIIeMeHTapHH 0a3H
Ba
eykapnoTHHTe, Taka cblmo H Ha npokapnOTHUTe OT HyKIeHHOBaTa kuceiHa n ce CBbp3BaT C TAX
KIeTKH. TpuTe npoieca npoTH1aT C yyacTHeTO Ha (Hr. 2a). TIpouecbT e cHOHraHeH - 0ópa3yBaHeTO Ha
CneundAHH EH3MMH. BOAOpOAHH BpB3KH He H3HCKBa eneprua, HHTO eH3HM.
TeHeTHYHHTe npouecH HMaT cJHeAHWTe xapak- CieABa cBbp3BaHe Ha cBO6OAHHTe HyKIeOTHIH
TepHH õene3n: OMeKAy HM C KOBaJieHTHH Bpb3KH, KOeTO Bee H3HC-
OCbIIecTBABaT ce Ha Mampuven npunyun; KBa n eHeprHA, H eH3MM. 3a ga ce ocHrypH EHeprHA-
CIia3BaT 1paBnJlOTO 3a KOMnIeMeHmaphocm Ta, ce n3noI3BaT HyKIeOTHAH B'BB BHA Ha Tpn¢OcHa-
Ha a3omuume basu.
TH, Makap ue caMo ennH or docdarHHTe ocraTbuH

AHK

TpaHcKpnnynA TTTTTTTT
TTTITTm
PHK T

PHK
TTU
MPHK

TpaHcnauua

benTbK CWHTe3wpaus ce Pnoo3OMa

nonuienTA

Duzypa 1. Ilocoxa na npenoc na Hacnedcmoenama unpopMayua

77
CTPYKTYPA WNPOLECH B KIETKATA

a) 6)
HyxneoTnAM
OH
D OH

lonmmepasa

(D
D HO
HO
MaTpmya
HoBa Bepnra
3)
H
(D OH
NonMmepasa

(D
Q
HO
HO
kucenuna
Ha cuHmeza Ha HyKNeUHO6a
Dueypa 2. Havano
BCeKH 3amoyBa OT onpeAeieH yuacTbK OT AHR, HapeveH Ha-
me oCTaHe B rOTOBaTa BepHra. KaKTo 3HaeM,
Bpb3KH. uano Ha pennukayua.
HOCH ABe MakpoepriYHH
OT TpH¢HocHaTHTe ABOHOcnHpaieH
06MyañHHA CH
Pa3KbCBa ce Ta3M, KOATO e no-6JIH3O AO IeHTO3aTa, AoKaTo e B

AHR He e roAHa 3a MaTpnlua. ABeTe

HC eHeprHATa Å ce oópa3yBa docdoAHeCTepHa Bpb3- BMA, MOJIeKyJHaTa
6a-
BepArH Tp4ÓBa na ce pa3eiAT, 3a Aa OTkpHAT
ce
Ka cbC CbceAHHI HyKJeOTHA (HHr. 26). ApyrHTe ABa
Ma CTaHaT AOCTbIIHH 3a KOMIIIEMeHTapHH
dochaTHH OCTATbka ce oTAeiAT. SRT M

Pa3KbCBaneTo Ha MakpoepriYHaTa Bpb3Ka OACTBHK C'BC CBO60AHH HYkIeOTHIH. 3arOBa

0opasyBaHeTO Ha HocdoAneCTepHa Bp%3Ka ce kaTa T Ce CBBp3Ba cmeaneH 6enmbK, pa3denzy
nonuMepasa. EH3AMET
Td , 3 Rupana. H3non3BañkH eHeprua OT AT9,
JIM3Hpar OT eH3HM, HapeueH
He noJóHpa HyKIeOTHAHTe, KOHTO CBbp3Ba
T e ce
i 1O HR, karo pa3KbCBa BOIOpOAHHTe
c MEKAY KOMIIeMeHTapHHTe
6a3H. ABoHaTa
TOAÓHpaT caMH 4pes kOMIIJTeMeHTapHO CBBp3BaHe Bpb3K
TO CDIUHA HaYHH ce pa3TBapi kaTO LMI.
MaTpHIaTa. 1lpouecbT IpoAbIKABa CITHpai
CmpHCbeIHHABAHe Ha HOBH HyKIeOTHAH (HHr. 2B, r). oroieHHTe Bepura kOMILIeMeHTapHO ce
TlonMepa3aTa ru AO0aBA BHHarH KbM OH Kpas Ha CBbp3BaT CBO0OAHH Ae3OKCHpuQOHyKIeOTHAH. IipH=
H 3a+OBa
BepHrara, Taka ye cHHTe3aTa Ha BCAKa moiHYKJIe- CbeAMHABa ce eH3MMBT ZHK-nonumepasa
oTHAHa Bepura 3ano9Ba or d kpas H npoabIKaBa B Aa CBbp3Ba HykieOTHAHTe BBB Bepura upes Hocpo
nocoka d>OH. AHeCTepHH BPb3Km.
Ce CH#=
yyacTbKBT, KBAeTo B AaeH MOMeHT

Te3npar HOBM AHK BepHru, AMa Y-o6pa3Ha dopMa

PENIMKAYUA HA AHK M 3aTOBa ce Hapuua peniuKayuoHna 6uIka (PHi 3).
BuIKATa HanpeABa no AbIXHHaTa Ha crapaTa Ar
EAHa or oCHOBHHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH Ha *u-
a 3an Hea oCTaBar ABe ABoüHH cIupain.
BOTa camOBb3npo3BEKAaHETO, ce oCHOBaBa Ha
llocokaTa Ha cHHTe3aTa c'b34aBa npo01eM.
>a

cHOcoÓHOCTTa Ha AHR za Ch31aBa TOYHH KOTHA Ha

CBOHTe MOnekyiM upe3 MaTpnyHa cHHTe3a. IIpouecBT
a ce yABOH H3XOAHara AHK MOJIeKy1a, rpaÓBa BC
Te H BepHrH Aa ce KomHpaT no UAnaTa HM X6lA
ce Hapya pennukyua.
AHR-ToIHMepa3aTa o6aue MO*e Aa yAbIKABa
OH Kpas).
Pennurauuama e reHeTHYeH Ipouec, npM raTa caMO B (oT D Kpa
kbM
EAHaTa nocoka
ca
KoÄTO Ce cuHTe3npa AHK. 1OHeKe ABETe Bepurn Ha BCAKa Moneky1a A Hara

caMo e
aHTHInaparenHH, npn penIHkaunATa OkaTa,
.
CHHTe3aTa Ha HR ce HapHva oume yo6os8a- HOBa MoKe Aa ce cHHTe3Hpa
B
Bepura yrara
He, 3amoTo OT CTapara MOJneKyna AHK ce nonyyaBar KOATO HanpeABa pemiHkauHOHHaTa BHIKa. AP
yAbT-

ABe HeOTIHYAMH 0T HeA HOBH MOJIeKyIM. IIpouecbT BepHra ce cHHTe3npa Ha omdenHu napuemu,

78
 TEHETUYHh FAPOLIECU. PERRVKALMA

atlH Ce oT BMJIKaTa Ha3an

(Hr. 3). Hakpas
aDe4eH AHK-uea3a (OT maT. nu2o
eH-
Hayano
CBbp3. raTa B UAJIOCTHA BepHra. CBBp3BaM), -

HO
OH
HauaioTo Ha
peniHKaunA Ha nHHeHHaTa IHK
aMMpa
ce HaMHpa HAKBJE
HAKBAe B
CpegaTa n Kpaar Ha -

HO
He e ipHrOAEH 3a Ta3n
Moieky-
MaTa dyHKIHA. 3aroBa ciea OH
nROHauaJTHOTO pa3TBapAHe Ha ABoHHaTa cnupana
OaBaT ABe perUIHkaAOHHH BHJIKH, HacoveHHB
Ce
THBOTOIOKHH TOcOKH. Te ce OTAaneuaBaT eAHa OT
HO
T. 1OKaTo oóXBaHaT LAnara MOIEKy1a (¢ur. 4). C
ApyT OH
TOBa periIHKaMHITa 3aBbpIBa.
Ilopann HayHHa Ha oôpa3yBaHe Ha HOBTe MO-
HO
KVIH
neky AHR Te BCBIIHOCT ca HOBH caMo
HanonoBH OH
ua-ChCTOAT CE OT eJHa HOBOCHHTe3HpaHa H eAHa HoBu MOnexynn AHK
HO
erapa BepHra. CBueTaHHeTO OT HOBa H CTapa Bepu-
OH
ra HarienHO IOKa3Ba dyHKUMATa Ha peniAkaynsTa:
Duzypa 4. Ilocnedo6amennu emanu e yd6o26aHemo
1a CHa6AH HOBHTe KiETKH IpH KIIETBYHOTO IeIEHe c
Ha uneina Moexyna HK, Yepeenume cmpeiKu covam
HacHeACTBeHaTa HHpopMainA Ha H3xOAHaTa KIeTKa. nocokama Ha deucenue Ha penuxayuonnume eunku.

OH posepeme
unpunoMemeHayyeHomo
1. No Kon 6ene3n reHeTnYHTe npouecn ce oTnnua-

an a an a no ano ag n0 04pA 8 HyneuTna

BaT OT APyrute aHaÑonTHW npouecn?
2. OnnueTe npoueca penivkayna. 3a Hero ce ka3-
Ba, e e nonyKOHCepBaTMBEH. peanonoxeTe 3auo.
3. HapucyBaiTe BapnaHT Ha pur. 4 3a npbcTEHHa
MOnekyna AHK, KaKBaTO e HK B npokapnoTHITe KnETKM.

omeka Ha 3ðpasemo
HK-nonnmepaza MOHM3Mpaute n ynrpaBnoneToBTe nbun n Ha-
HO AHK-nurasa KOM BeuecTBa MOraT Aa HapyuaT CTpyKTypara Ha AHK.
BenTbK, pa3penau TA e ocoóeHO nogaTnMBa Ha yapempaHnA no BpeMe Ha
ABOMHaTa cnnpana pennukayuATa. ETo 3auo BpeqHTe 3a AHK þaKTopn Ha
cpepara 3acaraT Hañ-HanpeA genauMTe ce KneTKn.
Pueypa 3. PennukayuoHa 6UIKa Cneg aToMEH B3pMB wnn TeKKa aBapua Ha aapeH
peaKTop xopata, n3nOKEHW Ha BMcOKa Ao3a paauasUA,
pa3BMBaT T.Hap. nbuesa 6onect. Te cTpanaT OT AMapna
Haü-eamHomO n onagaHe Ha Kocara nopaau 3acaraHe cbOTBeTHO Ha

peBHA enTen m KoCMeHWTe ¢donMKynn TbkaHM, 8

-

EHeTHHHNTe nposecn ocurypABaT cbxpaHABaHe-

KOTO KneTKWTe ycwneHo ce penAT. Yapexpa ce n uep-
O peanu3asuATa Ha HacnegCTBEHaTa nHOopMaunA
BeHWAT KOCTeH MO3bK, B KoÄTO Ype3 geneHe Ha KneTKM
npepaBaHeTo n B noKoneHnATa. OcbuiyecTBABaT
ce

Ha npaBnnOTO 3a npeqwecTBEHMYM Ce oópaayBar dopMeHUTe enEMeHT

MaTpnyeH npMHYMn, kaTo ce cna3Ba
Ha KpbeTa. 3aToBa npu mbueBa 6onecT ce Ha6nIOgaBa
KOMnneMeHTapHOCT Ha a3oTHWTe 6a3n. aHeMWA, KpbBOn3/iMBM noparnnBoCT KDM MH¢EKynn
Ta 3a-
CMHTe3aTa Ha AHK ce Hapnua perinnkayna. - pe3ynTar OT HamaneHna 6poi cbOTBETHO Ha epTpo-
cpa3genAHe Ha ABeTe Bepurn MoneKyna
B 4HK.
B KOM- yUTWTE, TpOM6ouUTWTE W nEBKOsUTHTe.
nbM 6a3n ce npucbeaMHABaT
,OCBO6opeHNTe" acT OT OnncaHNTe cMnTOMn MOKe qa ce npoaBsAT
eMeHTapHH CBO6oAHW HyKneOTHAM 4pe3 BOAopoA Ha xnMuO- nnM nbue-
unpn paKOBO 6onHW, nognoKeHM
1 Bpb3Ku. EH3UMbT AHK-nonuMepa3a cBbp3Ba HyKne neueHneTO Aa e Haco-
Bpb3Kn. Tepanua. lpnnHata e, ue Makap
Te BbB Bepura upe3 ¢oc¢oAneCTepHn KneTKn, ce 3acaraT n
HOBa n egHa cTapa yeHO KDM yónBaHe Ha TyMopHUTe
AHK MmaT egHa
BMTe MOnekynn HopManHMTe KNETKn, KOUTO Ce AenAT.

Bepra.

79
CTPYKTYPA H NPOLECM B KIETKATA

23. TPAHCKPMILA (CUHTE3A HA PHK)

HEO5XOAMMOCT CTBKYIHOCTTa oT BCHYKH MOTeKyIH AHK a
OT TPAHCKPMNLrUA eAna kiierKa ce o3HayaBa karo 2eHoM, a yuacTbKBT 0T
AHK, Bbpxy KoHro ce cHHTe3upa enHa MoneKyna PHK.
3a na cBXpaHABa HagemAHO HacIenCTBEHaTa
ce Hapya 2en (pur. 1). TeHwre oriperenaT 6enesHTe
nporpama, MOJIeKyiaTa Ha JHR e MHOro A06pe 3aun- Ha
opraHu3Ma, karo 3apaBaT TbpBHYHaTa CTpyKTypa Ha
TeHa OT BBHIHH BJIHAHHA H XHMHUHO AOCTa HHepTHa.
PHK MOJIeKyJIHTe, OT KOHTO 3aBHCH CTpoEKbT Ha 6eJ-
Te3n ocoÑeHOCTH A upaBAT HenoAxoAAma 3a ocBIIeCT-
BABAHeTO Ha nporpamaTa. HK HanoMHA apxuBeH 10- ThUHTe.

KyMeHT, TBBpJe IeHeH H TpyAHOZOCTbIeH 3a BceoÓuma

MEXAHM3bM HA TPAHCKPMNyMATA
ynorpeõa. B *HBoTa oT TaKHBa JOKyMeHTH npaBHM
npenucn, C KOHTO pa6oTuM. Ilo nonoóeH HaynH KIET- TpaHckpHIIAATa, IOAOOHO Ha peuiHkaunsTa,
KaTa npesamnCBa Te3H YacTH Ha HacieiCTBeHara mpo- poTHYa no MaTpHyeH npMHIuI H npu cia3BaHe Ha

rpaMa, KOMTO TPAÓBa Ha ce H3IOJT3BaT B 1aIeH MOMEHT.
IIpouecbT Ha cHHTe3upane Ha PHK ce Hapnua
mpanckpunuua (upesauncBane). H3vbpuuBa
ce BbpXy MaTpHua AHK.
TpaHckpHmIAATa e nbpBHAT eTan OT oCBIIeCT-
BABaHeTO (peaiu3upaHeTo) Ha HacnencTBeHara upo-
rpama. Ipn eykapHOTHHTe KJIETKH IIP0THYa B AApOTo,
a B IIpokapHOTHHTe- B HyKIeOHZa.
XHMHYHHAT C'LCTaB Ha HK e MiO CXONEH
mpaBHTOTO 3a KOMTIIEMEHTapHoCT Ha a30THHTe 6a3
MarepnaI 3a CHHTe3ara oTHOBO ca CBoÑoAHH HyKie-
oTHAH BbB BMA Ha TpndocHaTH. Te ce cBbp3BaT KOM-
ieMeHTapHO C HYKJIeOTHAH B OTBopeH (pa3UIeTeH)
yyacTbK OT HK, cay*et 3a MarpHna. Cnea ToBa
eH3AM (PHR-nonuMepasa) KaTaiH3npa oópasyBaHeTo
Ha HochoAHeCTePHn BPb3KH MeKAY TAx H rH CEBp3-
Ba B HOBa noaHaykneOTHAHa BepHra (þur. 2). Tpa-
CKpunLHATa periiMKannATa He 3anoyBa oT
cbu1O Karo
cayuaHno MaCTO. PHK-nonuMepa3ara pa3io3Haba n ce
CBBp3Ba c JHR yyacTbK, pa3nonokeH TOYHO npean

c TO3H Ha HK. Pa3iinKHTe C3, yaT28 vo03a reHa.

BMeCTO Ie3OKCHpHÓ03a H ypaupi GTK TH1H. Mo- Mexay TpanckpHuunATa n penTMKaLnATa AMa
1HR, 00ave H BaKHH pa3iHYHA. CBO6OAHHTe HyKJIeoTHIH
JIeKYJIHTe PHR cLOTBETCTBaT cal H
{}CBCHA ca pHôoHYKJIEOTHAM, a He Ae3OKCpuõOHyKIeOTHIH.
3aTOBa ca MHOTo I10-MaJiKH H JIeCHO IOLNXK.
Ha
TOBa ca 3a B3anMOIeñcTBMS, TbM KaTO ca PHK ce H3rpaxia Bbpxy eAHa OT BepHrHTe
camo
no-OTKPHTH
ca H IBeTe
HyHKUAATa CH, AHR, zokaro npH peiiHkauWATa MaTpHuM
eJHOBepHKHH. CreA kaTo H3ITBJIHAT
PHK 1a upoTH-
Ha
BepHrH. ToBa no3BOJIABa
cHHTe3aTa
OMBaT pa3rpaxiaHn, õe3 Aa ce 3acara HK.

TeH
PHK
nonMmepasa

DDOODDI HykneoTAM

AHK

TpaHCKpnua

OH AHK

PHK T
PHK

dueypa 1. Edun 2en (yuacmbr om HKconpedene-

Ha nocnedo6ameHOcm omn uyKAeonmuou) > edHa MoueKyna
PHK Duzypa 2. Tpancxpiunyua

80
 TPAHCKP AA
nocoHO (D> OH) n 6e3 npeKbcBaHe OT Ha
Kpas Ha reHa. OcBeH TOBa ABeTe Bepuru Ha 3PEEHE HA PHK
4a1OTO

e Ce pa31eiAT TpaHHO 1O UAJTara cu AbJIKAHa, a He BCHYKn PHK ca roToBH na

a KDaTKO BpeMe B HeronAM yuacTbK. 3aroBa npu LMATa cH B'bB
BHIa, B KOTO ,,CIIM3ar"
n3ITbIHA BaT ¢HyHK
oT
Ca UILLMATa He e HykeH õeJITbK, pa3neiauu ABon- IloBeueTO IIpeTBpiHBar Marpnuara.
AoNTbJIHATeJIHa eH3MMHa o6pa
6OTKa, HapeueHa 3peene, 3a na craHar
r p a H c

uDaJla. CamaTa PHR-nonuMepa3a, cBbp3BaiK

HaTa

ce AHK, Kapa 1BeTe À BepurH Aa ce pa3ienaT. Apyra roAHM. 3peeHeTO BKJIIOYBa

pyHKunOHasTHOo
w3ps3BaHe Ha
raCTH OT Be-
pa3nHka e, e mpH 1cKpHnIUHATa ce KoIHpa He us- pHrara Ha HPHR /MIM JJO0aBiHe Ha
HyKJIeOTHIM K'bM
IHK-Bepura, a caMo eAHH reH. B Kpaa Ha BCeKH Kpanjara n. B
eykapnoTHHTe KIETKM, IOKaTO Tpae
nara
yacTbK, KOHTO NpeKpaTABa npOIeca. ToTOBa- 3peeHeTo, PHK ce
3axbpKa B AApOTO. E1Ba KoraTo e
DHK He oCTaBa cBbp3aHaC MaTpHIYaTa, a a Hanycka. HambIHO rOTOBa, TA
ipeMMHaBa ripe3 aipeHHTe iopH
B LUHTOIJia3MaTa.

PErYTALUA HA TPAHCKPWnsuATA
TeHHTe Ha KiieTKATa He paboTAT BCHYKH eAHO0 Hau-6aKHomO
eHHO. IIpesamHCBaT ce caMo Te3H, YHATO npo- TpaHcKpunyuAta e npouec Ha cuHTe3MpaHe Ha
Heoóx B PHK.Mpn Hero ce npe3annCBa MH¢opMaynATa Ha Aa-
IyKTH Ca MOMeHTa, T.e. CbIIIeCTByBa
nerynau4s Ha TpaHcKpHITIMSTa. Ta3u perynauna e AeH rEH (yuacTbK oT HK). TpaHcKpununATa e nbpBnAT
ETan OT OCbyEcTBABaHeTO (peann3npaHeTo) Ha
QcoÑeHO BaxHa 3a AndepeHmHpaHeTo Ha KieTKHTe B Hac
nencTBeHaTa nporpama.
MHOTOKIeTbHHHI OpraHn3bM. K.ieTKHTe Ha ennaep-
MIHCa, HeBpOHHTe, MacTHHTe, MyCKyTHHTe n BcYKH
OCTaHain KICTKH B enHH opraHM3bM HMaT enHaKBa Npoeepeme
HacnenCTBeHa iporpaMa. BceKH THII KJIETKH 06aue H3- unpunomeme Hayyenomo
nO13Ba pasMYHH YaCTH OT Ta3H nporpama. Hanpmep
1. HanpaBeTe cxema c o3HayeHua Ha npoeca
reHBT 3a MHOrnOÓHH e akTHBeH (7pezanHCBa ce) camo
TpaHCKpnuna.
B MyCKyTHHTe KJeTKH, a r e H b T 3 a HHCyJIHH - B KJIeTKH 2. CpaBHETe TpaHCKpunsATa B eyKapnoTHMTe n B
Ha naHkpeaca. npokapnOTHWTe KneTKn.
TpaHCKpHILAATa ce peryIMpa TiaBHO pe3 pe- 3.
CpaBHeTe npoyecHTe pennukayuA n TpaHCK
rynaropHH õeITbUH, CBBp3Bauin e CueunDHTHO B pnyna. Cnopen Bac KoH OT ABaTa npoyeca npoTW4a
no-4eCTo?
Ba9a.noTo Ha reHa. B mpokapnoTHTe kbiu peryna-
TopHHTe õeNTbIH OPHKHOBCHO nOTNCKAT RKpHE-
ASTa, a B eykapHoTHHTe A axTABT t 3
Moue..
Np eyKapnoTHTe 3a pa3nWka OT npokapnoTWTe ro-
Puypa 3. Pezynayus na mpancKpunyusma: nAMa 4acT OT AHK He KoAupa PHK. OyHKYnTe Ha Te3n
a) 8 nporapuomna knemra yyacTbn ce npoyyBaT. MHTepecHO e, ue HaH-ronAM OT
(DeimbKbm nomuCKa mpaHCKPunyuAma); HOCWTeneH AAn HeKoAwpaua AHK maT BnCIWTe eyka-
)6 eykapuomua KIemka pnOTM npn yoBeka nouTW 99% OT reHOma. Aann TOBa
(oeambkbm akmueupa mpaHCKpunyuAma) He e pe3epBeH nOTeHynan?

a PHK PHK
nonMmepa3a 6)
nonMmepasa

reHbTe aKTMBEH TeHbT e HeaKTMBeH.

PerynaropeH
6eNTbK

PerynaTopeH
6enTbK

reHbTe HeakTmBeH. TEHbTe aKTMBeH.

A.bnoonorn 3ApaBHO o6pa30BaHue 3a 9. Knac - M. MapkoBa n AP. 81

CTPYKTYPA M NPOLECW B KETKATA

24. TPAHCJALMA (CIHTE3A HA BEJITbyW)

HEOBXOAMMOCT OT TPAHCJALMA HAAT (aneHwH-ajeHHH-ryaHHH). IpH OT
KOIOHWTe He
KOIHpaT aMMHOKHceJIMHM, a ciyKaT kaTo cHr HanH 3a
BcnykH KH3HeHH npouecH H3HCKBAT yyacTHeTro
Kpan Ha cHHTe3aTa. Te ce HapyaT CToM-KOIOHu,.
Ha 6eTBIn. 3aToBa cHHTe3aTa Ha oe1TbUn e enuH oT
KoAOHWTe npn BCHYKH opraHn3MM ca eAHak-
Han-Ba*HHTe npouecH B KJeTKara. Hapnva ce TpaH-
reHETHYHHAT KOA E yHHBepCaieH (BMK
cnauus (peBe*1aHe), TbÅ Karo HaciencTeeHaTa HH-
BH
npH10-|
PKEHHe 4). To3n HaKT e eAHO OT AOKa3aTeicTBaTa 3a
bopMaiHA ce ipeBeKAa OT,e3HKa" Ha HyKIeHHOBHTe
eaHHHnA npon3xoA Ha *uBOTa Ha Hauara mnaHeTa.
KHCeIHHH Ha ,,e3HKa" Ha õeITbUHTE.
MEXAHM3bM HA TPAHCJAL;WATA
IIpouecbT Ha cHHTe3mpaHe Ha 6eiTbun ce Ha- AMMHOKHCeIHHHTe He MOrarT caMH Ia pa3no3
puua mpancnauua (npeBe*1ane). H3BbpuuBa HaBaT H Aa ce cBbp3BaTC KOAOHHTe - HAMaT Mpoc-
ce Bbpxy MaTpHua MPHK.
TpaHcTBeHo cponcCTBO C TAx. Hy*Ha e MoieKyna,

TpaHcnanaTa e BTopuAT eTan or ocbleCTB-

KOSTO Aa rn cbioCTaBu. Tasn poIs H3IbIHABa TPHK.
BaHeTO Ha HacieACTBEHATa uporpama. IIpoTH9a B pH- AMHHOKnceinnara ce upHKaTBa kOBaneHTHO KbM

Kpaa Ha Bephrara M, a eAHa OT ópHMKHTe H HOCH

6030MHTe.
aHmuxodoH TpumIeT, KOMIIreMeHTapeH Ha kOI0-
Ha (hHr. 1). CBBp3BaHeTO Ha aMHHOKHceIHHNTe cbc
TEHETMYEH KOA CbOTBeTHHTe HM TPHR ce ocbIMeCTBABa OT eH3HMM,
BeITbHHaTa cHHTe3a ce oCBIIIECTBABa Ha MaTpH-
HaMHpamA ce B IHTO3OJIa.
yeH npmHUMII, KaKTo peiAKaIIMITa H TpaHCKpHIIIM- cH TpaHciaUAITa H3Hc-
Tlopaan cJIOKHOCTTa

ATa, HO e jaiey TO-CJIOHa, T%Ë ATO IpOAYKTBT (1o- KBa cieLnaiHa ,,pa6OTHa IIOIaIka". TOBa e puó50-
JIAIIeIITHAHATa BepHra} HOo pa3iayeH 30Mama. MankaTa cyóeaHHHIa Ha puÑ030Mara ce
HopMauHA, IpacTHraT
OT MaTpHnaTa(MPHR). Han CBBp3Ba c HavanoTo (D Kpas) Ha MPHK.

3amHcaHaupe3 TOCIIEAOBE F%OTHIH, Ce HOCH ,CBOATa" aMHHOKHceIHHa.

TPHK, kaTo BCAKa

Ipeoopa3yBa B Apyr 3K 3ET 3 aMEHOKHCeiH-

Pa3mepbT Ha puõ030MaTa mo3BOJIABa B Hes eAHOBpe
OT MPHR
H. HaYHHBT, no KOHro H2 yK.C IEAYTe MeHHO Aa ce HacTaHAT ABe TPHK cbc
CBOHTe aMIHO-

aMHHOKHceJiMHKie B beJiTbUHHTe MO- TPHK Ban3aT Te3H, YHHTO aH-

ce cbIIOCTaBAT KHCeJIHHH. OT BCHYKH
oT
ce Hapya 2enemuueH KOd. CbOTBETCTBaT Ha nbpBHTe ABa kOJOHa
JIeKyJIH, THKOJOHH
Ha eAHH
Tlpn penJIHKaUHATa H TpaHCKPHmYAATa MPHK. AHTHkonOHHTe ce CBbp3BaT KOMILIEMeHTap
eIHH MOHOMep OT OCTaHa.ia-
MOHOMep OT MaTpHyara oTrOBapa HO C KOAOHHTe B MaikaTa cyõenMHALNa.
HeBb3MOKH0, ieKH B ro.IAMaTa
MOJIeKynn TPHK
ToBa e
ipoAyKTa. llpa TpaHciaIHATa Ta uacT OT ABeTe

3auOTO HyKIeOTHAHTe ca
caMo uETHPH BHAa, a aM CyoeanHHUa. TaM AOHeceHHTe OT TAX
aMHHOKHCeTH=
O0-
HOKHCeAHHTe- 20. He MOKe H ABa HyKJIeOTHAa ga cH c nenTHAHa Bpb3Kka.
HH Ce CBbp3BaT nOMeKAy
Bb3MOKHMAT
KOAHpaT eJHa aMHHOKHCEIHHa, 3amOTO pa3yBa ce AHmenTHA.
CBHeTaHHA OT IBa HyKJIeOTHJa e 4 =
16. Cbye-
opon AMMHOKncenMHa
4" 64 ca cbB-
TpH HyKJIeOTHAa oõave
=
ca
TaHHATa OT

ceM AOCTaTbUHH. Tpa nocJIeJOBaTeIHO pa3IOJIOKEHH

Ha eHa
HyKIeOTHAa B MPHK onpegeiaT MICTOTO

aMHHOKHceiHHa B 1oJIHNeNTHAHATa BepHra. 3aroBa

ka3BaMe, ue reHeTHYHHAT KoA e mpunnemen. Bcaka

rpyma OT TpH HyKJIeoTHAa ce Hapuua TpHnier. Tpun- TPHK

JIeTHTe, KOHTO yyacTBaT B reHeTHYHHA KOA, HapHuaMe AHTHKOAOH

KOdOHu.
MPHK
OT 64-Te koJOHa 6l koAupar aMHHOKHCeIHHH,
kaTo 3a mOBeYeTO aMHHOKHCeJIHHH HMa o ABa HIM
KogoHn
nOBeue koAOHa. Hanpumep 3a aMuHOKceIMHaTa Jin-
mPHK
3HH MMaABa KOnOHa: AAA (u TpHre 6a3n ca aneHHH) Dueypa 1. Pona na

82
 TPAHCIALUA

MPHK

TTITTTTT

OH

TPHK

aMHOKMCeNMHa NenTWAHa AunenTnA

Bpb3ka
Dueypa 2. Tpancaayua

Pu6030MaTa 3aioyBa Ja ,IibJ13H" no IbIXHHa-

ua MPHK, KaTO OOxBama TpeTH KOAOH, nocJe
Ha
Ta

BbpTH, H T.H. IIpn TOBa HOBH TPHK c noaxOAAUH AHK

auTHKOAOHH HOCAT HOBH aMHHOKHCEJIMHA, KOHTO ce

106aBATKBM IIeNTHAa BepHraTa My ce yIbIKaBa

(onr. 2).,PasTOBapeHNTe" TPHK Hanyckar puÑo30-
MQTa. IIpouecbT 3aBbpiIBa, Koraro pnÑ030MaTa cTHr-
He IO CTOTT-KOAOH - HAKOH OT TpHTe KOAOHa, 3 a k o n T o

HAMa aHTHKOJOH.
PHK-nonWmepa3a
ToTOBHAT õeiTbk Cce OTJeIA OT
pHÑ030MaTa. Pn6o30Ma
Bs3 OCHOBa Ha ibpBHYHaTa cH CTpyKTypa ce HarbBa
MPHK
B mpocTpaHCTBOTO H 3amouBa Aa u3TbJIHSBa chyHk-
HATa CH. loiunenITWA
Duzypa 4. VcnopeOHa mpancKpunyua u mpancaa-
nonn3OMM yua npu 6akmepuume
EAHa MoJIeKyna MPHK Mo*e Ka ce 7panciupa
MHOTOKpaTH0, Oe3 JopH za ce yaK? K1peSTa pafo30-
Mana npHkTIOYM. LOM CHHTE3ar? e2wt a npe- Hau-eaKHomo
HWAT KpaHHa MPHIK ce ocBOO: P t cEsp3Ba npouecbT Ha cUHTe3paHe Ha 6enTbyn ce Hapnya
BTOpa puõ030Ma, cJIen TOBa --T . i 3y TpaHcnaUA (npeBeKaaHe) Ha HacneacTBEHaTa WH
BaHMATKOMIIIeKC OT MPHK i AB: : po0- opMayna. M3sbpwsa ce B pn6o3OMUTe Bbpxy MaTpn-
3OMH Ce Haphva nonupubo3ama (nuu iaA} A . 3). ua MPHK Mc noMouTa Ha TPHK.

loH3OMMTe, npon3BeKAaI 6eJITBUI 3a KeTxaTa,

Ay BaT" CBO6OAHO UHTO3ona, a Te3H, KOMTO cHH-
B

1E3HpaTbenTbUH 3a,H3HOC", ce npHkpeIIAT KbM 3bp- Mposepeme

HeCrara eHJOILna3MeHa Mpe*a. unpunOKeme HayyeHomo
BipokapnOTHHTe KIETKH TpaHCKpHIiUMATa H 1. Ako nonunenTHAHaTa Bepura Ha AageH 6en-
paHcnauATa upoTHyaT ycnopeAHo (Þur. 4). ToBa eB TbK e Abnra 70 amnHOKMcenMHM, KOnKo HyKneOTWAa
OCHOBaTa Ha 6bp3HA pacTe* Ha Te3H KIeTKH. Han-manko Tpa6Ba ^a cbAbpka MPHK, KOATo ro KoAn
pa? A cbOTBETHMAT reH?
2. TpaHcnauuata BUHarn 3anoyBa oT eAMH W Cby
PacTALn
nonnnenTWAHN KOgOH. BKTe KOM e TOM, B npnnomeHue 5.
OnAMa Bepurn 3. CpaBHeTe npoyecUTe pennnKauua, TpaHCKpMn-
ybepuHua UA TpaHcnayna, kaTo HanpaBUTe nogxOAAUYa Tao
nnya B TeTpaAkaTa cM.

Pu6o3oMa
MPHK M ouje...
Manka cyóepuHnya YueHNTe qbiro ca Tbpcnnn cpeA pnóo3OMHUTe
o6pa3ysaHeTO Ha nen-
6enTbyn eH3UMa, KaTanu3npas
ueypa 3. Hacm om nousoma (useneð omKbM Mal- ce OKa3an puóo3uM
TWAHaTa Bpb3Ka. Katann3aTopbT
-

cyoedunuyu). Bu»cda ce xak pacmam nonunenmuonu-

ne
p2u, cuHmesupauju ce eb6 6cAKa pubo3soMa. Han-ronAMata pPHK.

83
NPnoKEHME 4

EHETWYEH KOA
1. 3Hak 2.3HaK 3.3Hak

yyy YLIY YAY yry

TWpo3MH LMCTeMH
dEHwna cepMH
naHMH

Yy YA yru

CTON-
yYA YA YAA YTA KOgOH A
neByMH CTOM-
KOOHU TpunTO-
Yyr Yur YAT YTT paH

yy LUy LYAY yry

neByUH nponMH XWCTM
AMH
LYLL LAL

aprMHMH
IYA LA LIA A TA A
rnyta-
*
MUH

AYy AAY ATY y

M301a acnapa cepWH
B H rMH

AY AAL ArL 4
A
wreeusan vuava

aprHMH
AYA ALA AAA ATA A
u3WH

MeTMOHMH
AV W HayaneH ALUT AAT ArT
KOAOH

Tyy TAY acnapa- Ty

BanMH anaHMH rMHOBa
KUCenMHa

ry TAL

A
TYA rnyTaMn-
TLYA TAA TA
HOBa
KMcenUHa

Tyr rur TAr

106