Chap.

1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

本章開宗明義說明物理到底是甚麼?物理課到 • 1-1 The Nature of Science
底在教甚麼? 我將之定義為兩個方向: • 1-2 Models, Theories, and Laws
1. 物質的性質
2. 探究物質性質的方法:邏輯
這個理解可能必須等你學完一年物理後,稍微
可以窺探理解這兩個議題. • 1-4 Unit of Standards, and the SI System
這章分為三個部分: • 1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty;
1. 科學的本質: Sec. 1-1 ~ 1-2 Significant Figures
這是科學人文素養,請自己看,放在心中多想 • 1-5 Converting Units
想.我不做任何介紹.
2. 測量單位與誤差
從單位與測量,我們從定性分析進入定量分
析.在這些分析中,誤差是不可避免的真實世 • 1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
界.(請從高中的無限精準概念中清醒.)誤差 • 1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
非常重要,尤其對工程人員而言.
3. 兩個有用的技巧(數值與單位)
3.1 數量級的估計
簡單的數量級計算讓我們很快了解問題在
那裡.
3.2 因次分析(Dimensional analysis)
因次能讓我們檢查公式是否正確.功力高的
人,可以用它推測物理公式中物理量的因次.
 物理是什麼?
物質的性質 及(隱藏的)道理 (logic,理則)

普通物理教什麼?
• 物質性質本身 • 分析方法 (如何思考,觀察)

上學期:
• 牛頓力學:力對物質造成的影響運動改變
• 動量與能量:另一種描述牛頓力學的方法
• 轉動力學:轉動是什麼回事?有類似的牛頓力學嗎?
• 簡諧運動:週期性運動到底是如何形成的?
• 熱力學:熱對物質影響體積膨脹, ---
• 流體
1.5 Some typical lengths in the universe.
(f) is a scanning tunneling microscope image of atoms on a
crystal surface; (g) is an artist’s impression.
 Solving problems in physics
– A problem-solving strategy offers techniques for setting
up and solving problems efficiently and accurately.

高級做法

這是我教物理的解題技巧的架構
 § 1- 4 Units, Standards, and the SI System P. 6

International system (SI, MKS unit) : Meter, Kilogram, Second

(i) Length (長度)﹕meter 公尺 (m)
(a) 鉑銥合金棒上兩點刻痕間的距離
(b) 光在真空中1/299792458秒內經過的距離 (1983)
(ii) Mass (質量) : kilograms 公斤 (kg)
利用一塊穩定的合金
(iii) Time (時間) : second 秒 (sec)
(a)依1900年所算得的平均太陽日﹕太陽上升到最高點至隔日的
最高的時間稱為一個太陽日
1秒 =1/(24×60×60)一平均太陽日
(b)銫133原子經過9,162,631,770次放射震盪的時間(1967年)
(精確度︰10-12秒)
Some Prefixes for power
(10之乘冪表示)
 P. 8
1-5 Conversion of units(單位轉換 )

Example 1a: if we know 1 in = 2.54 cm , 1mile = ?km

5280ft 12in 2.54cm 1m 1km

1mile     
1mile 1ft 1in 100cm 1000m

 1.609km
 P. 3
§ 1- 3 Measurement and Uncertainty
No measurement is exact; there is always some
uncertainty due to limited instrument accuracy
and difficulty reading results.
It would be difficult to
measure the width of
this board more
accurately than ± 1 mm.

D  8.8  0.1cm
Percent uncertainty
0.1
100%  1%
8.8
 Significant Figures (有效位數) P. 4

(+,–) : The smallest number of decimal places in the sum

123.0?
123.0 + 5.35 =128.4 + 5.35
128.4?
1.00012 + 0.0004=1.0005

(×,÷) : The least accurate of the quantities being multiplied

16.3 ×4.5=73.35=73 4.5 ?

x 16.3
45?
P. 5

Percent Uncertainty versus Significant Figures

97
 1.05  1.1
92
The number of 97 and 92 both imply an uncertainty of 1

Percent uncertainty 1/ 92  1%
It is better to give the answer as 1.05 ( 0.01/1.05 ~ 1% )
Use the significant figures rule, but consider the percent
uncertainty too, and add an extra digit if it gives a more
realistic estimate of uncertainty.
PRS 1-1

3.4cm  0.24cm  ?
(a) 3.65cm
(b) 3.6cm
(c) 3.7cm
PRS 1-2

432.0  2.00  ?
(a) 216.00
(b) 216.0
(c) 216
P. 9 CCU Physics 1- 4

1-6 Order of Magnitude : Rapid Estimating*

A rough estimate is made by rounding off all numbers to

one significant figure and its power of 10.
Order of magnitude is sometime used to refer simply
to the power of 10.
Example 1-9 Estimate the total number of beats a typical
human heart makes in a lifetime.
365day 24h 3600s
70 yr ( )( )( )  2 109 s
1yr 1day 1h
80beats 1min
  2 109 s  3 109 beats
min 60s
1-7 Dimensions

Dimension of length :  L
Dimension of mass : M 
Dimension of time : T 
Dimension of velocity : L / T 
Dimension of acceleration :  L / T 2 

Dimension of force :  ML / T 2  F  ma

An equation must be dimensionally consistent

P. 12

Extra: Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis (因次分析)**

L L
v  ,  A  L ,  a   2 ,  M   M
2
etc
T T
An equation must be dimensionally consistent
L n m n m2 n
(i) x  a t n m
L( 2) T  LT
T
 x    a  t 
n m
n  1 , m  2  x  at 2

m
L L nm m
(ii) a  kr v n m
2
Ln
m
L T
T T
2
 a    r  v  v
n m
n  1 , m  2  a  k
r
PRS 1-3
What is the dimension of kinetic energy ?
(a)  ML / T 
(b)  ML2 / T 
(c )  ML / T 2 
(d )  ML2 / T 2 
( e)  ML3 / T 
PRS 1-4
What is the dimension of the force
constant of a spring? F  kx
(a) M / T 
(b)  ML / T 
(c )  M / T 2 
( d )  ML / T 2 
(e)  ML2 / T 
P. 12 CCU Physics 1 - 17

(i) x  a t n m

Use dimensional analysis to determinate n and m.

n
 L
 L   2  T    L T 
m n m2 n

T 

n  1 , m  2n  0  m  2

x  at 2
P. 12 CCU Physics 1 - 18

(ii) a  kr v n m
for uniform circular motion

Use dimensional analysis to determinate n and m.

m
L n L
     
nm m
 T 
2
 L  T   L T

n  m  1 , m  2  n  1
2
v
ak
r
PRS 1-5

c  vt 2 v : velocity
t : time

What is the dimension of c ?

(a) m/s2
(b) ms
(c) ms2
(d) m/s
 CCU Physics 1- 6

Group Problem 1-1

Speed of wave on string
 : mass per unit length
vF  x y
F : tension of the string

Hint:
[ F ]  ?; [  ]  ?; [v]  ?
[v ]  [ F ] [  ]
x y
PRS 解答:
PRS 1-1: (b)
PRS 1-2: (c)
PRS 1-3: (d)
PRS 1-4: (c)
PRS 1-5: (b)