EBC 113: INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED SCIENCE

Lesson Title: FORCES 2

cont.

Facilitator: Ruth Asiamah

Venue: LT Ampadu-Daaduam
2
CONTINUATION OF FORCES 2
CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES

• Centripetal force is defined as, "the force that is necessary to keep an object moving in a
curved path and that is directed inward toward the center of rotation.
• Centrifugal force is defined as the force that pulls or pushes an object toward the centre of
a circle.
 CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
• The acceleration of an object moving in a circle points toward the center of the circle.
• This is called a centripetal (center pointing) acceleration.
• Newton’s Second Law says that if an object is accelerating, there must be a net force on it.
• For an object moving in a circle, this is called the centripetal force.
• The centripetal force points toward the center of the circle.

a
 CENTRIPETAL FORCE

• Centripetal force on an object depends on:

• The object’s mass - more mass means more force.
• The object’s speed - more speed means more force.
• Distance-----
CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES
CENTRIPETAL FORCE EXAMPLES

• Some examples of Centripetal Force are given below

CENTRIPETAL FORCE EXAMPLES

• Spinning a ball on a string or twirling a lasso: Here the centripetal

force is provided by the force of tension on the rope pulls the object in
toward the centre.
• Turning a car: Here the centripetal force is provided by the frictional
force between the ground and the wheels.
• Going through a loop on a roller coaster: The force is provided by the
Normal Force as the seat or wall pushes you toward the centre.
• Planets orbiting around the Sun: Centripetal Force is provided by
Gravity.
• What is Centrifugal Force?
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
• If an object moving in a circle and experiences an outward force.
• However, the force also depends on the mass of the object, the distance from the centre of
the circle and also the speed of rotation.
•
• The Centrifugal Force is defined as: The apparent force, which is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the centripetal force, drawing a rotating object away from the
center of rotation, caused by the inertia of the object.
•
• it drives the object away from the centre. It is a fictitious force.
 “CENTRIFUGAL FORCE”
• “Centrifugal force” is a fictitious force - it is not an interaction between 2 objects, and
therefore not a real force.
•Nothing pulls an object away from the center of the circle.
• What is erroneously attributed to “centrifugal force” is actually the action of the
object’s inertia - whatever velocity it has (speed + direction) it wants to keep.
EXAMPLES OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

• Centrifugal Force acts on every object moving in a circular path

when viewed from a rotating frame of reference.
• Examples
• Weight of an object at the poles and on the equator
• A bike making a turn.
• Vehicle driving around a curve
• Equatorial railway
EXAMPLES OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
• Q1: What is Centripetal force?
Ans: Centripetal force is defined as the force required to keep a body moving in a circular path and direct towards the centre of a circle.

• Q2: Give examples of Centripetal force.

Ans: Following are the examples of centripetal force:

• The revolution of the moon around the earth.

• The spinning of the top.

• Rides in a roller coaster.

• Q3: What is the formula of centrifugal force?

Ans: Fc=−mv2r Where,

• Fc is the centrifugal force

• m is the mass

• v is the speed

• r is the radius

• Q4: What is the formula of centripetal force?

Ans: F=mv2r Where,

• F is the centripetal force

• m is the mass

• v is the speed

• r is the radius

• Q5: Compare Centrifugal force and centripetal force.

Ans: Centrifugal force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the centripetal force.

• Stay tuned with BYJU’S to learn more interesting physics topics with the help of interactive video lessons.
UP THRUST

•Up thrust is the force acting vertically

upwards upon a body when it is immersed
in a fluid.
EFFECT OF FORCES ON OBJECTS
• A force acting on an object causes the object to;
• change its shape or size
• to stop moving
• to accelerate
• decelerate
• to start moving

• Solved Example
• 1.When a football is kicked, its shape changes for a fraction of a second. This is because:
• a. force changes the shape of an object
• b. force does not change the shape of an object
• c. momentum changes the shape of an object
• d. motion changes the shape of an object
• Sol: a. force changes the shape of an object
EFFECT OF FORCES ON OBJECTS
• Force can make a stationary object move or make a moving object move
faster.
• A toy car can be made to move by giving it a little push (i.e. by kicking it). If
we have an already moving car or ball, we can make it move faster by
giving it a push in the direction which it is moving.
• Thus, a force can make a stationary object move, and it make an already
moving object move faster.
EFFECT OF FORCES ON OBJECTS
• Force can slow down or completely stop a moving object.
• A moving toy car can be made to stop by applying a force. A bicycle can be
stopped or slowed down by applying the brakes. In football, the force applied
by the goalkeeper stops the ball from entering the goalpost. In order to stop
or slow down a moving body, we need to apply a force in a direction opposite
to the direction of motion of the moving body.
• Force can change the direction of a moving object. In cricket, when a
batsman hits the ball that is bowled at him, the direction in which the ball is
moving changes. In football, the players can change the directions of the
moving ball by kicking it in a different direction. In these examples, force
changes the directions of moving objects.
EFFECT OF FORCES ON OBJECTS
• Force can change the shape or size of an object (this is called deformation).
• While making chapattis(a round flat unleavened bread similar to pancake), we change the
shape of the dough by applying force with our hands.
• The shape of a rubber band changes when it is pulled. You can also break things by
applying force.
• Materials that break easily when we apply force are termed brittle. For example, objects
made of glass and clay break easily when we apply force on them.
ADVANTAGES OF FORCES
• We cannot fix nail in the wood or wall if there is no friction.
• Friction helps us to write on a paper or on board.
• It becomes difficult to walk on a slippery road due to low friction of ice

• We cannot fix nail in wood or wall if there is no friction.

• A horse cannot pull a cart unless friction furnishes him a secure foothold.

• We can write on a paper or on a board because of friction.

• Friction helps in applying the brakes .
•
•

•
DISADVANTAGES OF FORCES
• Due to friction we have to exert more power in machines.
• A force can change direction of a moving object such as a car and may cause an accident.
• The main advantage of friction is that it produces heat in various parts of machines. In this way
some useful energy is wasted as heat energy.
• Due to friction we have to exert more power in machines to move them or to change directions of
machines.
• It opposes motion.
• Due to friction, noise is also produce in machine.
• Due to friction, engines of automobiles consume more fuel which brings about high cost to the
owners of these vehicles.
• A force can change the shape and size of an object or can even deform some objects permanently.
• A force can change the speed of moving objects.
TRY WORK
• Concept Map
•Complete the concept map to summarise what you
have learnt about forces in this chapter.
•You can also use the space around the concept maps
to add some of your own notes on these to help
form more comprehensive summaries.