U@@GPAIU BI @GPAIAKÑM @M JFUCI U@QTFMQIEB@

G@JKMKAKFM

Bi mfakñm g` r``guaiakñm s` isfaki ib v`ref r``guair. Afcf `b tërckmf bf sunk`r`, afmskst`

`m `guair f `ms`ùir mu`vic`mt` ibnf.
Tiri r``guair bi `guaiakñm, g`sg` um r`ibkscf fptkcksti, afmvk`m` `cp`zir pfr r`afmfa`r
bfs prfeb`cis qu` tk`m` y mu`stri r`spfmsiekbkgig `m bfs ckscfs piri ipbkair sfbuakfm`s
`jkaia`s.
AIUIAW@UKQWKAIQ G@ U@@GPAIU
Afcf airiat`rãstkais g` bi r``guaiakñm pfg`cfs g`akr qu` `s um g`r`alf g` tfgfs `b pfg`r
r``guairmfs. ßmkaic`mt` bi U``guaiakñm, kmabusf g` bi prfpki @guaiakñm, mfs pu`g`
nirimtkzir gãis g` prfsp`rkgig y ircfmãi.
G@JKMKAKÑM G@ @GPAIU
Bi pibieri `guair `s g` frkn`m bitãm gua`r` qu` sknmkjkai‒nukir f afmguakr– `m `b
afmfakck`mtf.

@guair afmskst` `m `ms`ùir i t`cprimi `gig vibfr`s, afmfakck`mtfs, afstucer`s y jfrcis g`

iatuir, qu` p`rckt`m i um kmgkvkguf vkvkr `m sfak`gig.

Wicekëm, `guair afmskst` `m `stkcubir, g`s`mvfbv`r y frk`mtir iptktug`s g`b kmgkvkguf, g`

iau`rgf afm bis kg`is g` umi sfak`gig g`t`rckmigi.

Bi `guaiakñm s` bb`vi i aief prkmakpibc`mt` `m bfs lfnir`s, bu`nf `m bis `sau`bis, bis
umkv`rskgig`s, `mtr` ftris kmstktuakfm`s. Iskckscf, bis kmstktuakfm`s g`e`m g` afmtir afm um
pbim g` `stugkfs `m `b auib afmt`cpb` bbii frk`mtiakñm g`b kkmgkvkguf
mgkvkguf i su g`sirrfbbf ` kkmt`nriakñm
mt`nriakñm
pb`mi `m bi sfak`gig.

BI @MQ@ÙIM_I
G`jkmkakñm? Bi `ms`ùimzi `s umi iatkvkgig r`ibkzigi afmoumtic`mt` c`gkimt` bi kmt`riaakñm
g` `b`c`mtfs? umf f virkfs prfj`sfr`s, gfa`mt`s f jiakbktigfr`s, umf f virkfs ibucmfs f
`stugkimt`s, `b feo`tf g` afmfakck`mtf, y `b `mtfrmf `guaitkvf f cumgf `guaitkvf gfmg` s`
pfm`m `m afmtiatf i prfj`sfr`s, gfa`mt`s
g fa`mt`s y ibucmfs.
Bi `ms`ùimzi `s bi iaakñm y `j`atf g` `ms`ùir (kmstrukr, igfatrkmir y ici`strir afm r`nbis f
pr`a`ptfs). Q` triti g`b skst`ci y cëtfgf g` gir kmstruaakñm, jfrcigf pfr `b afmoumtf g`
afmfakck`mtfs, prkmakpkfs ` kg`is qu` s` `ms`ùim i ibnuk`m.
AIUIAW@UKQWKAIQ G@ @MQ@ÙIM_I?
Bi `ms`ùimzi `s `b prfa`sf g` trimsckskñm g` umi s`rk` g` afmfakck`mtfs, tëamkais, mfrcis,
y liekbkgig`s.
@mtr` sus airiat`rãstkais pfg`cfs mfcerir? bi r`biakñm g` gfs p`rsfmis (s` trimsckt` umi i
ftri) `b gfa`mt` (qu` `s `b pumtf g` pirtkgi) `b ibucmf(qu` `s `b qu` ipr`mg`).
Gfmg` `b gfa`mt` prfcu`v` `b ipr`mgkzio`, g`sirrfbbi8 liekbkgig`s, léektfs,
afcpfrtick`mtfs y vibfr`s,
@b `stugkimt` pirtkakpi afmstimt` y gkméckaic`mt` y utkbkzi bi kmjfrciakñm.
WKTFQ G@ @MQ@ÙIM_IQ
@xkst`m tr`s tkpfs f jfrcis g` @ms`ùir?
• bi jfrcib
• bi mf jfrcib
• bi kmjfrcib.

Bi jfrcib? lia` r`j`r`maki i bfs écektfs g` bis `sau`bis, kmstktutfs, umkv`rskgig`s, cñgubfs
gfmg` s` r`afmfa` bi pirtkakpiakñm pfr c`gkf g` a`rtkjkaigfs g` `stugkfs.
Bi mf jfrcib? s` r`jk`r` i bfs aursfs, iaig`ckis, ` kmstktuakfm`s, qu` mf s` rkn`m pfr um
pirtkaubir aurrãaubf g` `stugkfs, `stfs tk`m`m bi kmt`makñm g` `guair p`rf mf s` r`afmfa` pfr
c`gkf g` a`rtkjkaigfs.

B i kmjfrcib?
`guaiakñm qu``ss`iqu`bbi qu` prfnr`skvic`mt`
igquk`r` jumgic`mtibc`mt` s` birnf
i bf r`ake`g`
`m tfgi
bfs écektfs
bi vkgi,sfakib`s,
s` gi skmpu`s `s bi
mkmnumi
kmt`makñm `guaitkvi.9
Bi c`tfgfbfnãi g` bi `ms`ùimzi `s kcpfrtimt` piri `b gfa`mt`.
W@AMKAIQ G@ @MQ@ÙIM_I?
Pm cëtfgf g` `ms`ùimzi afcpr`mg` bfs prkmakpkfs g` bi jksaibkziakñm y cëtfgfs utkbkzigfs
piri bi kmstruaakñm kcpirtkgi pfr bfs ci`strfs piri bfnrir `b ipr`mgkzio` g`s`igf pfr bfs
`stugkimt`s. @stis `strit`nkis s` g`t`rckmim `m pirt` sfer` `b t`ci i `ms`ùir y `m pirt` pfr bi
miturib`zi g`b ibucmf.
Iutfipr`mgkzio`
Bi aurkfskgig `s `b cftfr g`b ipr`mgkzio` y afcf prkmakpkf
p rkmakpkf eéskaf, mf skrv` g` cualf febknir
f ebknir
i um ibucmf i ipr`mg`r um t`xtf g` c`cfrki sfbf piri qu` bf r`au`rg` gurimt` `b `xic`m y
s` b` fbvkg` `m bfs prñxkcfs gfs gãis.
Tfr `sf,
piri qu`bibiabiv` `s g`oir
`xpbfr`m qu` bfs ibucmfs
y ipr`mgim sfer ` `bbis`g`
sfer` `mjfqu`m
cim`ri `m `b ér`i qu` cés b`s bbici bi it`makñm
iatkvi.
Jbkpp`g abissrffc f iubi kmv`rtkgi
@sti tëamkai afmskst` `m qu` bfs ibucmfs `stugk`m y pr`pir`m afm imt`rkfrkgig bi b`aakñm qu`
bu`nf s`ré gksautkgi `m abis`. G` `si cim`ri, bfs `stugkimt`s vk`m`m g`sg` aisi afm bfs
afma`ptfs eéskafs iskckbigfs y bi abis` pu`g` `mjfairs` `m r`sfbv`r bis gugis qu` t`mnim
sfer` `b t`ci f bf qu` b`s liyi n`m`rigf ciyfr aurkfskgig.
Nickjkaiakñm f bugkjkaiakñm (ou`nfs)
Trfeieb`c`mt` s`i bi tëamkai cés gkv`rtkgi, yi qu` `sté eisigi
eis igi `m `b ipr`mgkzio` i trivës g`b
ou`nf. C`gkimt` `bbi, `b ibucmf ipr`mg` aisk skm girs` au`mti.
@b feo`tkvf prkmakpib g` bi r`gkjkaiakñm `s pft`makir bi cftkviakñm y r`jfrzir bi afmguati g`
bfs `stugkimt`s piri qu` bfnr`m r`sfbv`r prfeb`cis g` cim`ri gkméckai. [ `s qu` ipr`mg`r
ounimgf `s umi tëamkai `j`atkvi i auibquk`r `gig.
G`sknm tlkmhkmn (`b cëtfgf g`b aisf)

Q` eisi `m usir aisfs r`ib`s y r`sfbv`rbfs i trivës g`b imébksks nrupib, kg`is ar`itkvis `
kmmfviakñm.
@sti tëamkai `m pirtkaubir pr`piri i bfs ibucmfs piri `b cumgf r`ib, g`sp`rtimgf
g`sp`rtim gf su aipiakgig
g` imébksks, ar`itkvkgig y aurkfskgig. U`nubirc`mt` s` ipbkai `m cést`rs piri imibkzir aisfs
r`ib`s vkvkgfs `m `b pisigf pfr bis `cpr`sis i `stugkir.

U`trfibkc`mtiakñm

Wk`m` afcf eis` jumgic`mtib c`ofrir bi afcumkaiakñm y `b r`biakfmick`mtf `m `b iubi. Afm

`sti tëamkai, `b prfj`sfr pu`g` prfpfrakfmir i sus ibucmfs kmjfrciakñm sfer` `b g`s`cp`ùf
g` aigi umf y lia`rb`s sie`r sk vim g` iau`rgf afm bis b`aakfm`s y añcf pu`g`m c`ofrir.
Afm `sti l`rrick`mti, bfs ibucmfs ticekëm pu`g`m girb` um j``geiah ib prfj`sfr sfer` su
cëtfgf g` trieiof y g` kmstruaakñm piri qu` pu`gi ioustir f cfgkjkair bf qu` s`i m`a`sirkf.

G`eit`s

Ig`cés g` s`r `mtr`t`mkgfs, bfs prfj`sfr`s pu`g`m prfpfm`r g`eit`s `mtr` sus ibucmfs y isã
t`m`r umi `xa`b`mt` fpfrtumkgig piri `vibuir añcf lim igiptigf bfs afmfakck`mtfs
igqukrkgfs y añcf pu`g`m g`j`mg`rbfs i trivës g` bi aipiakgig g` irnuc`mtiakñm.

@QWUIW@NKIQ G@ @MQ@ÙIM_I

U`afmfa`cfs, afcf yi s` c`makfmñ imt`rkfrc`mt`, qu` bi `guaiakñm g`e` iefairs` ib

g`sirrfbbf g` bi kmt`bkn`maki y mf i bi skcpb` trimsckskñm g` bi kmjfrciakñm. @bbf `xkn` um
aicekf rigkaib `m bfs pbim`s aurrkaubir`s `m gfmg` bis `strit`nkis g` ipr`mgkzio` g`e`m
faupir um bunir g` prkvkb`nkf. T`rf i su v`z, gkalis `strit`nkis r`quk`r`m g` umi `ms`ùimzi
kmt`makfmigi, g` ilã bi m`a`skgig g` gks`ùir y `cpb`ir prfa`gkck`mtfs qu` jiakbkt`m su
igqukskakñm,
ticekëm, mfs g`
i mkv`b r`j`rkcfs i bis `strit`nkis
bfs prfa`sfs g` `ms`ùimzi.
kmstruaakfmib`s. Qfm `stfsTfr timtf,bfs
ÿbtkcfs tibqu`
aicekf g`e` girs`,
afmstktukrém, bis
l`rrick`mtis eéskais g` trieiof g` bfs gfa`mt`s piri bi afms`auakñm g` su feo`tkvf prkmakpib?
`b g`sirrfbbf kmt`b`atuib g`b `guaimgf.

Ilfri ek`m, bis `strit`nkis g` `ms`ùimzi s` g`jkm`m afcf r`aursfs f prfa`gkck`mtfs

utkbkzigfs pfr bfs qu` tk`m`m i su airnf bi `ms`ùimzi afm `b jkm g` prfcfv`r ipr`mgkzio`s
sknmkjkaitkvfs (Ciy`r, 9;<78 Qlu`bb, 9;<<8 ^`st, Jirc`r & ^fbj, 9;;9, aktigfs pfr Gãiz &
L`rmémg`z, 9;;;). @s g`akr, s` prfpfrakfmim "iyugis" ib ipr`mgkz afm
af m bi kmt`makñm g` jiakbktir
um prfa`sick`mtf cés prfjumgf g` bi kmjfrciakñm mu`vi. Qfm pbim`igis pfr `b gfa`mt`, `b
pbimkjkaigfr, `b gks`ùigfr
gks`ù igfr g` cit`rkib`s f `b prfnricigfr g` sfjtwir` `guaitkvf, pfr bf qu`
afmstktuy`m `strit`nkis g` `ms`ùimzi (Gãiz & L`rmémg`z, 9;;;).

Qfm gkv`rsisafcf
`cpb`igis bis `strit`nkis
ipfyf timtfqu``mlim g`cfstrigf,
t`xtfs `m kmv`stkniakfm`s,
iaigëckafs su `j`atkvkgig
afcf `m bi gkméckai ib s`r
g` `ms`ùimzi
faurrkgi `m abis`. Q`nÿm bfs prfa`sfs afnmktkvfs qu` `bkaktim piri prfcfv`r ipr`mgkzio`s,
ëstis s` pu`g`m frnimkzir g` bi sknuk`mt` cim`ri (Gãiz & L`rmémg`z, 9;;;)?

9. @strit`nkis piri iatkvir f ar`ir afmfakck`mtfs pr`vkfs y piri `stieb`a`r `xp`atitkvis

ig`auigis `m bfs ibucmfs. Bi iatkviakñm g`b afmfakck`mtf pr`vkf aucpb` umi gfeb`
jumakñm, pfr um bigf, p`rckt` afmfa`r bf qu` sie`m sus ibucmfs y, pfr ftrf, p`rckt` utkbkzir
gkalf afmfakck`mtf afcf eis` piri prfcfv`r mu`vfs ipr`mgkzio`s. Isã ckscf, `b `sabir`a`r
bis kmt`makfm`s `guaitkvis u feo`tkvfs g`sirrfbbi bis `xp`atitkvis ig`auigis sfer` `b aursf,
isã afcf gi s`mtkgf y/f vibfr jumakfmib i bfs ipr`mgkzio`s kmvfbuarigfs `m `b aursf. @st`
nrupf g` `strit`nkis s` r`afck`mgi utkbkzirbis ib kmkakf g` bi abis` y `mtr` `bbis g`stiaim? bis
pr` kmt`rrfnimt`s, bi iatkvkgig n`m`rigfri g` kmjfrciakñm pr`vki (pfr `o`cpbf? bbuvki g`
kg`is), bi `mumakiakñm g` feo`tkvfs, `mtr` ftrfs.

5. @strit`nkis piri frk`mtir bi it`makñm g` bfs ibucmfs . Qkrv`m piri jfaibkzir y cimt`m`r
bi it`makñm g` bfs ipr`mgka`s gurimt` um gksaursf f t`xtf. Q` g`e`m `cpb`ir g` cim`ri
afmtkmui gurimt` `b g`sirrfbbf g` bi abis`, kmstruy`mgf i bfs ibucmfs sfer` qu` pumtfs,
afma`ptfs f kg`is g`e`m a`mtrir sus prfa`sfs g` it`makñm, afgkjkaiakñm y ipr`mgkzio`. @mtr`
`stis s` pu`g`m kmabukr? bis pr`numtis kms`rtigis, `b usf g` pkstis f abiv`s piri `xpbfrir bi
`struaturi g`b gksaursf y `b usf g` kbustriakfm`s.

1. @strit`nkis piri frnimkzir bi kmjfrciakñm qu` s` li g` ipr`mg`r . Trfpfrakfmi umi

frnimkziakñm ig`auigi g` bfs gitfs g`b cit`rkib (afm`xkfm`s kmt`rmis) qu` s` li g` ipr`mg`r
ib r`pr`s`mtirbi `m jfrci nréjkai f `sarkti, c`ofrimgf su sknmkjkaitkvkgig bñnkai y pfr `mg`,
`b ipr`mgkzio` sknmkjkaitkvf. @st` nrupf g` `strit`nkis s` pu`g`m `cpb`ir `m bfs gkstkmtfs
cfc`mtfs g` bi `ms`ùimzi. G`stiaim? bis r`pr`s`mtiakfm`s vksf `spiakib`s, afcf bfs cipis
f r`g`s s`cémtkais, y bis r`pr`s`mtiakfm`s bkmnòãstkais, afcf bfs r`sÿc`m`s f auigrfs
skmñptkafs.

7. @strit`nkis piri prfcfv`r `b `mbia` `mtr` bfs afmfakck`mtfs pr`vkfs y bi mu`vi

kmjfrciakñm qu` s` li g` ipr`mg`r , i bf qu` s` b` afmfa` afm `b mfcer` g` afm`xkfm`s
`xt`rmis. @st` prfa`sf g` kmt`nriakñm is`nuri umi ciyfr sknmkjkaitkvkgig g` bfs ipr`mgkzio`s
bfnrigfs. Q` r`afck`mgi usirbis imt`s f gurimt` bi kmstruaakñm. Q` `mau`mtrim iqu`bbis g`
kmspkriakñm iuse`bkimi afcf bf sfm bfs frnimkzigfr`s pr`vkfs (afcpiritkvfs y `xpfsktkvfs)
y bis imibfnãis.

Pmis ÿbtkcis afmskg`riakfm`s r`sp`atf i bis `strit`nkis g` `ms`ùimzi `s qu` pu`g`m utkbkzirs`
kmgkvkguib f skcubtém`ic`mt` s`nÿm afmskg`r` m`a`sirkf `b prfj`sfr. Iskckscf, su `cpb`f
g`p`mg`ré g`b afmt`mkgf g` bi abis` f cit`rkib i ipr`mg`r, g` bis tir`is qu` g`e`rém r`ibkzir,
g` bis iatkvkgig`s gkgéatkais `j`atuigis y g` bis airiat`rãstkais g` bfs ibucmfs.

@s g` suci kcpfrtimaki qu` bfs gfa`mt`s rfcpim afm bi trigkakfmib y afcprfeigi km`jkaiaki
g` bi jfrci g` `ms`ùimzi qu`, g`sg` umi p`rsp`atkvi afmguatuib, s` cim`oi listi bi
iatuibkgig y qu` afmfzaim y `cpb``m bis c`makfmigis `strit`nkis g` `ms`ùimzi qu`,
afma`ekgis g`sg` `b cfg`bf afnmktkvf, jiakbktim bi igqukskakñm g` ipr`mgkzio`s sknmkjkaitkvfs
y `b g`sirrfbbf g` bi aipiakgig g` bfs `stugkimt`s.
ITU@MGK_IO@

G`jkmkakñm

Afcf su mfcer` bf kmgkai `b ipr`mgkzio` `s `b l`alf g` ipr`mg`r, `s bi aipiakgig qu` pu`g`

t`m`r um frnimkscf g` igqukrkr afmfakck`mtf mu`vf, `s `b prfa`sf i trivës g`b auib s`
igquk`r`m liekbkgig`s, afmfakck`mtfs, afmguatis, vibfr`s y iptktug`s mu`vis.

AIUIAW@UKQWKAIQ G@ ITU@MGK_IO@Q
@b ipr`mgkzio` s` gi, timtf `m lucimfs afcf `m imkcib`s y i afmtkmuiakñm pr`s`mticfs
ibnumis g` sus airiat`rãstkais.

• Tru`ei y `rrfr

@st` ipr`mgkzio` s` gi afcÿmc`mt` pfr c`gkf g` bis `xp`rk`makis g` pru`ei y `rrfr.

• Fes`rviakñm

Bfs imkcib`s pu`g`m ipr`mg`r ticekëm pfr c`gkf g` bi fes`rviakñm g` ftrfs s`r`s
s`r `s qu` lia`m
umi iaakñm kcktémgfbi y `o`autémgfbi.
@sti jfrci g` ipr`mgkzio` `s ticekëm usigi pfr bfs s`r`s lucimfs.

• Igqukskakñm g` mu`vfs afmfakck`mtfs

C`gkimt` `b prfa`sf g` ipr`mgkzio` s` vim igqukrk`mgf mu`vfs afmfakck`mtfs pfr bi p`rsfmi,

p`rsfm i,
g`sg` `b cfc`mtf `m qu` s` `mau`mtri iÿm `m `b vk`mtr` cit`rmf, (aiptimgf kmjfrciakñm pfr
c`gkf g` bfs s`mtkgfs, afmfakck`mtfs tib`s, afcf bi kg`mtkjkaiakñm g` ibnumis vfa`s
jickbkir`s), listi `b cfc`mtf g` bi cu`rt`, `b a`r`erf mf g`oi g` ia`ptir kmjfrciakñm pfr
c`gkf g` bfs s`mtkgfs.

• Kmjbuy` `m bi afmguati

@b ipr`mgkzio` cirai bis piutis g` bi afmguati, yi qu` ib kr igqukrk`mgf mu`vfs

afmfakck`mtfs, vi aicekimgf
`b aisf g` pr`s`mtirs` bi jfrci
g`t`rckmigi g` afmguakrs`
sktuiakñm, nriakis i`m
bfsgkv`rskgig g` sktuiakfm`s,
afmfakck`mtfs igqukrkgfspu`s `m
y i bis
mfrcis afmguatuib`s igqukrkgis, s` kmakg` `m bi pfskeb` r`spu`sti i bi sktuiakñm afmar`ti qu`
s` `stë tritimgf.

• @s afcpb`of

Bfs gkv`rsfs prfa`sfs qu` afmbb`vim ib ipr`mgkzio` sfm afcpb`ofs, pu`s kcpbkai c`aimkscfs
g` p`msick`mtf afmsk`mt` ` kmafmsak`mt` qu` s` gim gurimt` tfgi bi vkgi.

• @s jfrcitkvf

@b ipr`mgkzio` `s jfrcitkvf yi qu` pfr c`gkf g` ëb s` igquk`r`m bfs vibfr`s y pr`a`ptfs

jickbkir`s,
g` su vkgi. r`bknkfsfs, ëtkafs y sfakib`s, afm bfs qu` s` g`s`mvfbv`ré umi p`rsfmi i bf birnf
• Q` ipr`mg` c`gkimt` `b usf g` bfs s`mtkgfs

Pmi g` bis prkc`ris jfrcis `m qu` s` ipr`mg` ibnf, `s c`gkimt` bfs s`mtkgfs, kmabusf imt`s
g` mia`r, bfs s`mtkgfs afck`mzim i p`rakekr `b `mtfrmf y `m a`r`erf r`nkstri bis `xp`rk`makis
qu` vim sk`mgf igqukrkgis c`gkimt`, `b tiatf, `b fãgf, `b fbjitf, `b nustf, bi vksti, `b s`mtkgf
hkm`stëskaf, `ta., ckscfs afm bfs qu` `b s`r lucimf `mtri `m afmtiatf afm `b `mtfrmf.

• Kmjbu`makis aubturib`s `m `b ipr`mgkzio`

Bi cim`ri g` ipr`mg`r g` bis p`rsfmis `sté kmjbukgi pfr `b `mtfrmf sfakf-aubturib `m `b auib
s` g`s`mvu`bvi, `s g`akr tk`m` citka`s prfpkfs g` bi aubturi `m bi auib vkvi bi p`rsfmi.

WKTFQ G@ ITU@MGK_IO@

Liy qu` s`ùibir qu` `xkst` `b ipr`mgkzio` imkcib y `b ipr`mgkzio` lucimfs.

@b ipr`mgkzio` imkcib mf au`mti afm um mkv`b g` afcpb`okgig cuy ibtf, sk ek`m bfs imkcib`s
ticekëm au`mtim afm bis aipiakgig`s piri ipr`mg`r afsis mu`vis, ticekëm tk`m`m cualis
bkcktiakfm`s g` afcpr`skñm afcpirigfs afm bfs lucimfs.
@b ipr`mgkzio` lucimf `sté r`biakfmigf afm bi `guaiakñm y `b g`sirrfbbf p`rsfmib, afmskst`
`m igqukrkr, prfa`sir, afcpr`mg`r y, jkmibc`mt`, ipbkair umi kmjfrciakñm qu` mfs li skgf
«`ms`ùigi¸
Ftrfs tkpfs g` ipr`mgkzio` pfg`cfs c`makfmir?

• Ipr`mgkzio` r`p`tktkvf? s` prfgua` auimgf `b ibucmf c`cfrkzi afmt`mkgfs skm

afcpr`mg`rbfs f r`biakfmirbfs afm sus afmfakck`mtfs pr`vkfs, mf `mau`mtri sknmkjkaigf i bfs
afmt`mkgfs `stugkigfs.
• Ipr`mgkzio` gkibñnkaf? @b ipr`mgkzio` gkibñnkaf `s `b r`subtigf g`b gkébfnf knuibktirkf s`
pu`g` gir `m auibquk`r sktuiakñm g`b écektf `guaitkvf y afmbb`vi um kcpfrtimt` pft`makib g`
trimsjfrciakñm sfakib.
• Ipr`mgkzio` kcpbãaktf? N`m`ribc`mt` mf `s kmt`makfmib y s` fetk`m` afcf `b r`subtigf g`
bi `o`auakñm g` ak`rtis afmguatis iutfcétkais, afcf ib liebir, cfv`rs`, aickmir.
• Ipr`mgkzio` `xpbãaktf? @sti jfrci mfs p`rckt` igqukrkr mu`vi kmjfrciakñm r`b`vimt` y
r`quk`r` ak`rti it`makñm y s`b`atkvkgig sfer` bf qu` s` `sté ipr`mgk`mgf. @b a`r`erf ss`` `o`rakti
cualf.
• Ipr`mgkzio` isfakitkvf? @stë ipr`mgkzio` `s cuy afcÿm, y s` eisi `m ipr`mg`r pfr c`gkf
g` bi isfakiakñm `mtr` gfs `stãcubfs f kg`is. Mu`stri c`mt` isfaki g`t`rckmigfs afma`ptfs i
ftrfs, afcf ticekëm i ak`rtfs `stãcubfs `xt`rmfs f sua`sfs
• Ipr`mgkzio` mf isfakitkvf? @stë tkpf g` ipr`mgkzio` `s `b qu` s` gi i trivës g` uumm `stãcubf
qu` aiceki mu`stri r`spu`sti pfr s`r r`p`tktkvf y afmtkmuf. Q` r`biakfmi i mu`stri s`ms
s`mskekbkgig
kekbkgig
y bis afstucer`s igqukrkgis.
• Ipr`mgkzio` sknmkjkaitkvf? @s umf g` bfs ipr`mgkzio`s cés `mrkqu`a`gfr`s, s` airiat`rkzi
pfr bi r`afb`aakñm g` kmjfrciakñm, bi s`b`aakñm, frnimkziakñm y `b `stieb`akck`mtf g`
r`biakfm`s g` ak`rtfs afma`ptfs mu`vfs afm ftrfs imt`rkfr`s, afcf umi jfrci g` isfakiakñm.
• Ipr`mgkzio` affp`ritkvf? @st` tkpf g` ipr`mgkzio` p`rckt` ipr`mg`r g` jfrci affp`ritkvi,
ipfyémgfs` timtf `m su afmfakck`mtf, afcf `m `b g` bfs g`cés. Q` n`m`ri `m nrupfs g` mf
cés g` 0 p`rsfmis qu` tfcim gkj`r`mt`s rfb`s y jumakfm`s.
• Ipr`mgkzio` afbiefritkvf? @st` `s skckbir ib imt`rkfr, afm bi gkj`r`maki g`b nrigf g`
bke`rtig qu` tk`m`m bfs ipr`mgka`s `m `b prfa`sf. @m `b ipr`mgkzio` afbiefritkvf `b t`ci `s
gigf pfr umi p`rsfmi i airnf y bfs g`cés `bkn`m su prfpki c`tfgfbfnãi.

•g`Ipr`mgkzio` @sti jfrciT`rckt`

ipr`mgkzio`.`cfakfmib? ipfrti n`stkfmir bis `cfakfm`s
nrimg`s e`m`jkakfs g` cim`ri
pfrqu` n`m`ri`jkak`mt`
ek`m`stir`m`m
`b prfa`sf
`bbfs y
c`ofri su r`biakñm afm bfs g`cés.
• Ipr`mgkzio` fes`rviakfmib? Bi fes`rviakñm ticekëm `s umi jfrci g` ipr`mgkzio`. @st`
tkpf s` eisi `m umi sktuiakñm cfg`bf gfmg` pirtkakpi umi p`rsfmi qu` r`ibkzi umi iaakñm y
gi `b `o`cpbf i ftrf, qu` fes`rvi y ipr`mg` `m `b prfa`sf.
• Ipr`mgkzio` `xp`rk`makib? Afmskg`ri afcf umi g` bis c`ofr`s cim`ris g` ipr`mg`r y s`
eisi `m bi `xp`rk`maki. Bis p`rsfmis vkv`m umi sktuiakñm f sua`sf y ipr`mg`m i trivës g` `bbi.
Qfm nukigis pfr su p`ra`pakñm sfer` bf sua`gkgf y lia`m umi r`jb`xkñm sfer` bi iatktug
tfcigi.

• Ipr`mgkzio` pfr g`sauerkck`mtf? @b suo`tf mf r`ake` bfs afmt`mkgfs g` jfrci piskvi8

g`sauer` bfs afma`ptfs y sus r`biakfm`s y bfs r`frg`mi piri igiptirbfs i su `squ`ci
afnmktkvf.
• Ipr`mgkzio` c`cfrãstkaf? @s `b tkpf g` ipr`mgkzio` qu` jkoi afma`ptfs `m `b a`r`erf. Mf
`s r`afc`mgigf piri ipr`mg`r ak`rtfs t`cis qu` r`quk`r`m r`jb`xkñm, p`rf su`b` utkbkzirs`
piri c`cfrkzir afsis kmvirkieb`s afcf j`alis y mfcer`s, qu` pu`g`m ipr`mg`rs` c`gkimt`
bi r`p`tkakñm.
• Ipr`mgkzio` r`a`ptkvf? @stë tkpf `s `b ipr`mgkzio` qu` s` afcpr`mg`, s` iskckbi y s`
r`prfgua`. Bis p`rsfmis qu` ipr`mg`m sfbf sfm r`a`ptfr`s g` jfrci piskvi y mf pirtkakpim
`m `b prfa`sf cés qu` r`akek`mgf kmjfrciakñm g`sg` `b `xt`rkfr.

W@AMKAIQ G@ ITU@MGK_IO@?
Bis tëamkais g` ipr`mgkzio` sfm cëtfgfs y r`aursfs qu` bfs `stugkimt`s `o`autim piri bfnrir
ipr`mg`rs` f r`afrgir ibnumi kmjfrciakñm kcpfrtimt`.
@stis tëamkais p`rckt`m qu` `b suo`tf pu`gi aiptir abiric`mt` bf qu` g`s`i ipr`mg`r y r`ibka`
um prfa`sf afnmktkvf g` c`cfrkziakñm.
Tfg`cfs c`makfmir Ibnumis tëamkais afcf s`r?
• Queriyir bf kcpfrtimt`? @st` `s umf g` bfs cëtfgfs g` `stugkf cés afmfak
afmfakgfs.
gfs.
• U`ibkzi tus prfpkfs ipumt`s? @stf `s umf g` bfs léektfs g` `stugkf cés af
afmfakgfs.
mfakgfs.
• Cipis c`mtib`s.
• Jkalis g` `stugkf.
• @squ`cis.
• U`suc`m`s.
• U`pisfs.

CËWFGF G@B ITU@MGK_IO@ EIQIGF @M BI IAAKÑM

Ipr`mg`r liak`mgf

Bi c`tfgfbfnãi eisigi `m bi iaakñm pfskekbkti `b g`sirrfbbf liekbkgig`s-g`str`zis pfr pirt`

g` bfs `stugkimt`s. ‒Bf qu` t`m`cfs qu` ipr`mg`r i lia`r, bf ipr`mg`cfs liakëmgfbf–, g`aãi
Irkstñt`b`s. Mf s` ipr`mg`r i migir f i tfair um kmstruc`mtf cuskaib cés qu` `alémgfs` i
bi pksakmi f tfaimgf `b kmstruc`mtf, sknuk`mgf bis kmgkaiakfm`s g` um `xp`rtf `m bi
cit`rki. @s ibnf `vkg`mt`, pfr bf timtf `b ipr`mg`r liak`mgf, `xp`rkc`mtimgf, `ta. mf `s umi
cfgi y umi mfv`gig, `s ibnf imtknuf y qu` p`rvkv` `m `b tk`cpf.
@b p`ginfnf @gnir Gib` bf `xpr`si afm `b Afmf g` ipr`mgkzio`?

Bi pkréckg` g` Gib` `xpbkai auéb`s sfm bfs cëtfgfs cés `j`atkvfs `m `b ipr`mgkzio`.

Q`nÿm s` v` `m bi pkréckg`, bfs cëtfgfs qu` kcpbkaim piskvkgig pfr pirt` g`b
`stugkimt` sfm bfs c`mfs `j`atkvfs `m `b ipr`mgkzio` y bfs qu` kcpbkaim cés bi it`makñm
y iaakñm g`b `stugkimt` sfm bfs cés `j`atkvfs.

Bfs `rrfr`s g` bi `guaiakñm Ufn`r Qalimh, um prfj`sfr

prfj` sfr umkv`rsktirkf g` @@.PP.
kcpubsfr g`b cëtfgf ‒ipr`mg`r liak`mgf–, s` jfrcubi `sti pr`numti?
¶Auémtfs `stugkimt`s s`rãim
s` rãim aipia`s g` iprfeir um `xic`m g`b iùf imt`rkfr skm vfbv`r
i `stugkir su afmt`mkgf6 @st` iutfr s`ùibi ibnumfs `rrfr`s jr`au`mt`s?

Bi ar``maki
bf qu` pfr pirt` quk`r`m
bfs prfj`sfr`s g` bfs prfj`sfr
prfj`sfr`s
`s qu` bfs `stugkimt`s tk`m`m kmt`rës `m ipr`mg`r
`ms`ùirb`s.
 Bi c`cfrkziakñm g` bfs afmt`mkgfs afcf pirt` kcpfrtimt` piri ipr`mg`r
@vibuir `b ipr`mgkzio`
ipr `mgkzio` g` bfs afmt`mkgfs qu` `b prfj`sfr afmskg`ri kcpfrtimt`s, qu`
bfs `stugkimt`s ‒s`pim-r`au`rg`m–, `m bunir g` bf qu` bfs `stugkimt`s ‒s`pim lia`r–. @b
iutfr Ufn`r Qalimh ijkrci qu` sk s` trieioi g` `st` cfgf, umi v`z t`rckmigi bi
`safbirkziakñm?
 Bi ciyfr pirt` g` bf ipr`mgkgf ‑ `xa`ptf bis auitrf fp`riakfm`s, bi b`aturi y
`sarkturi, `ta. ‑ bfs `stugkimt`s mf bf utkbkzim mumai cés `m bi vkgi.

Mf sie`m quë quk`r`m s`r `m bi vkgi, mk `b ér`i f airr`ri qu` b`s nusti trieioir.
 Auimgf iaa`g`m ib c`raigf biefrib afmstitim qu` mf sie`m lia`r bf qu` q u` b`s
pkg` bi prfj`skñm.
Qk g`akg`m afmtkmuir su jfrciakñm umkv`rsktirki afmstitim qu` mf sie`m quë `stugkir.
Tiri `vktir `stf, Ufn`r Qalimh prfpfm` r`ibkzir iatkvkgig`s ‑ skcubiakfm`s -- g`
ipr`mgkzio` `m `b iubi bf cés prñxkcis i iaakfm`s g` bi vkgi r`ib. Bi kg`i `s pr`pirir
i bfs `stugkimt`s piri qu` ipr`mgim i lia`r bf qu` vim i t`m`r qu` lia`r `m bi vkgi,
timtf `m bi préatkai prfj`skfmib afcf `m su pr prfpki
fpki vkgi. @sti kg`i s` jumgic`mti
jum gic`mti `m
O. G`w`y, iutfr `xp`rkc`mtib qu` kmgkai qu` ‒ bf kcpfrtimt` `s bf qu` lini `b
`stugkimt`, cés qu` bf qu` lini `b prfj`sfr–. G`w`y ijkrci qu` bi iatkvkgig susakti
`b kmt`rës g`b `stugkimt` y `stkcubi su aurkfskgig, i bi v`z qu` b` pr`piri piri igqukrkr
g`str`zis y liekbkgig`s qu` b` s`rém cuy ÿtkb`s `m su vkgi gkirki g` igubtf.

BIQ C@WFGFBFNÃIQ YP@ Q@ TUFTFM@M QFM?

@biefrir iatkvkgig`s qu`

qu ` p`rcktim ib `stugkimt` g`sirrfbbir liekbkgig`s qu` s` quk`r`
q uk`r`
qu` igquk`rim, sk`cpr` eiof bi c`gkiakñm g`b prfj`sfr.
Igougkair ib `stugkimt` um rfb g`mtrf g` bi iaiatkvkgig
tkvkgig g` cfgf qu` ss`` r`spfms
r`spfmsiekbka`
iekbka`
ib r`ibkzirbi.
Jfc`mtir `m `b `stugkimt` iatktug`s afcf bi kmkakitkvi, bi ar`itkvkgig, bi afmstimaki,
bi gksakpbkmi, `b afcprfcksf, bi afbiefriakñm, `ta.
Trfpfrakfmir ib `stugkimt` bi iyugi p`rsfmib qu` m`a`skt` piri pft`makir sus jfrtib`zis
y afrr`nkr sus g`ekbkgig`s.
G`s`alir `b ipr`mgkzio` eisigf `m bi c`cfrkziakñm y r`p`tkakñm y r`ibkzir `b ipr`mgkzio`
eisigf `m `b rizfmick`mtf y bi `xp`rkc`mtiakñm.
W`m`r `m au`mti bfs kmt`r`s`s y m`a`skgig`s g` bfs `stugkimt`s.
1. Gkjkaubtig`s g`b prfj`sfr
prf j`sfr piri ipbkair `b cëtfgf Q`nÿm U. Aireibbf aicekir bis
jfrcis g` `ms`ùimzi
`ms`ù imzi g` um prfj`sfr `s cuy
cu y gkjãakb, pfrqu` bf qu` umf li vkstf tk`mg`
i r`prfguakrbf, y bf qu` umf lia` ticekëm. T`rf `m prfa`sfs g` ipr`mgkzio` ipr`mgkz io` bi
afstucer` f bi r`p`tkakñm mf `s bi c`ofr mfrci, `sp `sp`akibc`mt`
`akibc`mt` piri `b
` b qu` bi r`ibkzi,
pfrqu` prfgua` ieurrkck`mtf y g`snimi `m `b prfj`sfr, y `sf s` iaiei trisbigimgf afm
jiakbkgig ib `stugkimt`, qu` jkmibc`mt` ‒r`prfgua`– `si cksci ‒kmsitksjiaakñm– `m sus
iatuiakfm`s. Ipr`mg`r liak`mgf mf `s migi mu`vf8 `s afcf sk`cpr` s` li ipr`mgkgf8
`s cés, `s afcf sk`cpr` s` sknu
sknu`` ipr`mgk`mgf
ipr`mgk `mgf g` jfrci r`bitkvic`mt` kmafmsak`mt`?
‒listi qu` bf lia`cfs, mf bf sie`cfs r`ibc`mt`–, pfrqu` s` aucpb` `b ijfrkscf
p`ginñnkaf? ‒Qie`cfs bf qu` sie`cfs lia`r y sie`cfs lia`r bf qu` sie`cfs–… y
cualis v`a`s, t`m`cfs qu` lia`rbf virkis v`a`s, piri r`ibc`mt` ipr`mg`r bf qu`
qu`r`cfs sie`r. Auimgf umf lia` ibnf, pfr cuy cib qu` bf lini, sk`mt` ak`rti
sitksjiaakñm `m `b lia`r, pfr lie`rbf afms`nukgf, y `sf s` trisbigi ib `stigf g` émkcf
g`b qu` bf lia`. Tfr `sti rizñm `b cëtfgf
c ëtfgf ‒ipr`mg`r liak`mgf–
liak`mgf – sknu` sk`mgf `b cëtfgf
cés `jkaiz y cés sitksjiatfrkf. Wfgf `s g` ss`mtkgf
`mtkgf afcÿm, p`rf auimgf bb`nicfs ib
cumgf iaigëckaf mfs suekcfs `m um p`g`stib, `b p`g`stib g`b supu`stf afmfakck`mtf
y g` bi t`frãi, y g`sg` ibbã ckricfs i umfs s`r`s qu` m`a`sktim ipr`mg`r,
ipr`m g`r, p`rf qu`
lim g`
g ` su
sujrkr
jrkr bf qu
qu`` mfsftrfs
m fsftrfs ticekëm sujrkcfs piri ipr`mg`r bf qu`
q u` sie`cfs.
s ie`cfs. Wfgfs
l`cfs ipr`mgkgf liak`mgf bis afsis. ¡Auémtfs ipr`mgkzio`s kmkakib`s it`sfrigfs pfr
mu`stri c`cfrki! ¶Añcf ipr`mgkcfs i afbucpkirmfs `m ibnumi pbizi g` ou`nfs
kmjimtkb`s, añcf ipr`mgkcfs i g`sakjrir bfs prkc`rfs `sarktfs añcf ipr`mgkcfs i imgir
`m ekakab`ti...6 Bf ipr`mgkcfs liakëmgfbf. @s ak`rtf qu` `m aigi umi g` `sis kmstimakis
`vfaigis s`nuric`mt` `stuvf ibnÿm ci`strf (cicé, pipé, `guaigfri, `ta.), p`rf sk`cpr`
ipr`mgkcfs liak`mgf. 7 Tir `b prfj`sfr bi tir`i afmskst` `m n`m`rir `spiakfs `m bi
kmt`rv`makñm p`ginñnkai `m `b iubi qu` `j`atkvic`mt` p`rcktim um ipr`mgkzio` g`
aibkgig y qu`, i bi v`z, `stkcub`m pfs pfsktkvic`mt`
ktkvic`mt` i mu`strfs `guaimgfs. Bi abiv` `sté
`m bfs icek`mt`s g` ipr`mgkzio` y `b rfb c`gkigfr g`b gfa`mt`. Bf qu` r`sti, -- bf
prkmakpib --, bf lirém mu`strfs `stugkimt`s qu`, afm su tib`mtf ` kcinkmiakñm, n`m`rirém
prfguatfs `m bis cés g` bis v`a`s kmabusf sup`rkfr`s i bf qu` mfsftrfs lieãicfs
prfy`atigf. Mf fbvkg`? ‒`guair `s um iatf g` j` `m bi afmgkakñm
af mgkakñm lucimi, pu`s bi
`guaiakñm `s umi tir`i lucimkzigfri–. @sti fpakñm `sté `m bãm`i afm bis jfrcis cés
ivimzigis g` ipr`mgkzio` `m `b cumgf. N`m`rir `spiakfs piri ipr`mg`r liak`mgf
liak`mg f `m
nrupf afm `b ipr`mgkzio` afbiefritkvf, ipr`mg`r i trivës g` bi iaakñm-kmv`stkniakñm,
iaakñm -kmv`stkniakñm,
ipr`mg`r i trivës g` umf ckscf y `m jfrcitf aisk g` iutfn`stkñm, ipr`mg`r
ipr `mg`r afm ftrfs,
`m nrupf, `ta. sfm isp`atfs liaki `b qu` aickmi bi sfak`gig y bi `ms`ùimzi `m n`m`rib.
@sfs `spiakfs pu`g`m s`r cés rkafs f cés `b`c`mtib`s, p`rf `m tfgf aisf? iaakñm
kmv`stkniakñm-nrupf-afcp`t`makis-kmt`raicekf-vkskñm nbfeib y iaakñm bfaib- `ta. sfm
`spiakfs afcpb`ofs gfmg` cés tirg` f cés t`cprimf mfs kr`cfs sktuimgf, iÿm skm
girmfs cuali au`mti.