AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SAN FRANCISCO, AGUSAN DEL SUR

PHYSICAL EDUCATION & HEALTH

PROJECT

Submitted by:

Julieta Bulagao

Submitted to:

Mrs. Gerry Llana

April 17, 2024

 BASKETBALL

BRIEF HISTORY

Basketball, a globally beloved sport, traces its roots to the inventive

mind of Dr. James Naismith, who created the game in December 1891 as

a way to keep his students active during the winter months. From its

humble beginnings at the International YMCA Training School in

Springfield, Massachusetts, basketball quickly gained traction and spread

across the United States and beyond. The sport’s popularity surged with

the formation of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1946,

solidifying its status as a major professional sport. Over the years,

basketball underwent significant evolution, including the introduction of

innovations like the shot clock in 1954, which revolutionized gameplay.

The integration of African American players in the 1950s and 1960s, such

as Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain, further transformed the sport and
contributed to its cultural significance. Today, basketball is a global

phenomenon, with the NBA leading the way as the premier professional

league. International competitions like the FIBA Basketball World Cup and

the Olympics showcase the sport’s universal appeal and enduring legacy.

From grassroots to professional levels, basketball continues to thrive,

bringing people together and transcending barriers of culture, geography,

and social status.

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITY

- Equipment: Basketball, basketball hoop, basketball shoes, jerseys,

shorts.

- Facility: Basketball court with marked lines, hoops, scoreboard,

seating for spectators, lighting.

SCORING SYSTEM

In basketball, points are scored by shooting the ball through the

opponent’s hoop. A field goal is worth two points unless the shooter is

behind the three-point line, in which case it’s worth three points. Free

throws are worth one point each.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

- The game is played between two teams of five players each.

- The objective is to score points by shooting the ball through the

opponent’s hoop.

- Players can dribble the ball while moving, but cannot run with it.

- Fouls are called for illegal physical contact, and free throws are

awarded to the opposing team.

MECHANICS OF THE GAME

- Players aim to score points by shooting the basketball through the

opponent’s hoop.

- Dribbling: Players move the ball by bouncing it on the floor while

running.

- Passing: Players can pass the ball to teammates to advance towards

the basket.

- Shooting: Players attempt to score by shooting the ball into the

opponent’s hoop.

- Rebounding: Players attempt to retrieve the ball after a missed shot.

- Defense: Players aim to prevent the opposing team from scoring by

blocking shots, stealing the ball, and contesting passes.

OFFICASTING OFFICIAL

The main official is the referee, who is responsible for enforcing the

rules of the game, making calls, and ensuring fair play. There are also

usually one or two umpires who assist the referee in making calls.

TERMINOLOGY

1. Layup: A shot taken close to the basket by jumping and laying the

ball directly into the hoop.

2. Dribble: Bouncing the ball with one hand while moving around the

court.

3. Rebound: Retrieving the ball after a missed shot.

4. Assist: Passing the ball to a teammate who then scores.

5. Block: Deflecting or stopping a shot by jumping in front of the

shooter.
 VOLLEYBALL

BRIEF HISTORY

Volleyball, a dynamic and exhilarating sport, has a fascinating history

that traces back to its invention in 1895 by William G. Morgan, a YMCA

physical education director in Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA. Originally

called “mintonette,” volleyball was created as an indoor alternative to

basketball, designed to be less physical and more suitable for older adults.

The game was played with a softer ball and involved volleying the ball

back and forth over a net.

As volleyball gained popularity, particularly among YMCA clubs and

schools, the rules were refined and the game evolved. The name was

changed to “volleyball” to better describe the nature of the game, where

players volleyed the ball over the net. Formalized rules were established,
and the sport began to spread beyond the United States to other parts of

the world.

In 1920, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) was founded

to govern and promote volleyball on an international scale. This marked a

significant milestone in the sport’s history, leading to the standardization

of rules and the organization of international competitions.

Volleyball made its Olympic debut as a demonstration sport at the 1924

Olympic Games in Paris, France, before becoming an official Olympic

sport in 1964 for men and in 1964 for women. Since then, it has become

a staple of the Olympic Games, attracting top athletes from around the

world to compete on the global stage.

Today, volleyball is played by millions of people of all ages and skill levels,

both recreationally and competitively. It is known for its fast-paced rallies,

strategic gameplay, and emphasis on teamwork and communication.

From local community leagues to professional tournaments, volleyball

continues to captivate players and fans alike with its thrilling action and

dynamic athleticism.
As volleyball continues to evolve and grow, it remains a testament to the

enduring appeal of sportsmanship, camaraderie, and competition.

Whether played casually on a beach or contested in a packed arena,

volleyball exemplifies the spirit of athleticism and fair play.

EQUIPMENT AND REGULATIONS

- Equipment: Volleyball, volleyball net, volleyball shoes, knee pads

(optional), jerseys, shorts.

- Facility: Volleyball court with marked lines, net, antennas, poles,

referee stand, scoreboard, seating for spectators, lighting.

SCORING SYSTEM

In volleyball, points are scored when a team successfully grounds

the ball on the opponent’s court or when the opponent commits a fault

(such as hitting the ball out of bounds or failing to return the ball properly).

A point is scored on every rally, regardless of which team served.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

- Played between two teams separated by a net.

- The objective is to hit the ball over the net and ground it on the

opponent’s side of the court.

- Each team is allowed three touches to return the ball.

- Points are scored when the ball hits the ground in the opponent’s

court or if they commit a fault.

MECHANICS OF THE GAME

- Players aim to score points by hitting the ball over the net and onto

the opponent’s court.

- Serving: A player initiates the point by hitting the ball over the net to

the opponent’s side.

- Passing: Players use various techniques, such as bumping, setting,

and spiking, to pass the ball to teammates and return it over the net.

- Blocking: Players jump at the net to intercept the opponent’s attack.

- Digging: Players defend against hard-hit balls by diving to prevent

them from touching the ground.

- Rotation: Players rotate positions after winning a point to ensure fair

play.
OFFICIATING OFFICIAL

Volleyball matches are typically officiated by one referee, who is

responsible for overseeing the game, enforcing the rules, and making

decisions. There are also line judges positioned around the court to assist

with calls regarding ball placement and line violations.

TERMINOLOGY

1. Serve: Starting a point by hitting the ball over the net to the

opponent’s side.

2. Spike: A powerful, downward hit of the ball with one hand above

the net.

3. Dig: Passing the ball after a hard hit from the opponent.

4. Block: Jumping near the net to stop an opponent’s spike or block

a shot.

5. Set: Using fingertips to redirect the ball to a teammate for an

attack.
 BADMINTON

BRIEF HISTORY

Badminton, a sport with a rich and vibrant history, traces its roots

back over 2,000 years to ancient civilizations across Asia, particularly

India and China. Originally played as a leisurely pastime, badminton

evolved over time into the competitive sport we know today. The modern

version of the game began to take shape in British India in the mid-19th

century, where it was known as “Poona” or “Poonah.” British Army officers

stationed in India were introduced to the game and brought it back to

England, where it gained popularity among the upper class.

Formalized rules and regulations for badminton were established in the

late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading to the sport’s rapid growth and

widespread adoption. Badminton quickly became popular in England and

eventually spread to other parts of the world, including Asia, Europe, and
North America. The Badminton Association of England was formed in

1893 to govern the sport and oversee its development.

In 1934, the International Badminton Federation (now known as the

Badminton World Federation) was founded to promote and regulate

badminton on a global scale. This marked a significant milestone in the

sport’s history, paving the way for international competitions and the

standardization of rules and equipment.

Badminton made its debut as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Olympic

Games in Munich, Germany, before becoming an official Olympic sport in

1992. Since then, it has grown in popularity and stature, attracting top

athletes from around the world to compete on the Olympic stage.

Today, badminton is enjoyed by millions of people of all ages and skill

levels, both recreationally and competitively. It is known for its fast-paced

rallies, quick reflexes, and strategic gameplay. From local community

centers to international tournaments, badminton continues to captivate

players and fans alike with its thrilling action and dynamic athleticism.

As badminton continues to evolve and grow, it remains a testament to the

enduring appeal of sportsmanship, camaraderie, and competition.

Whether played casually among friends or contested at the highest levels

of international competition, badminton exemplifies the spirit of athleticism

and fair play..

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITY

- Equipment: Badminton racket, shuttlecock (birdie), badminton

shoes, jerseys, shorts.

- Facility: Badminton court with net, court markings, lighting, seating

for spectators (optional).

SCORING SYSTEM

In badminton, points are scored when a player or team wins a rally.

A rally ends when the shuttlecock hits the ground within the boundaries of

the court or when a fault is committed. A point is scored on every rally,

and matches are typically played to 21 points (rally scoring).

RULES AND REGULATIONS

- Played with a shuttlecock and racquets.

- Players or teams aim to hit the shuttlecock over the net and into the

opponent’s court.

- Each side is allowed only one consecutive hit of the shuttlecock

before it must cross the net.

 - Points are scored when the shuttlecock lands in the opponent’s court

or if they commit a fault.

MECHANICS OF THE GAME

- Players aim to score points by hitting the shuttlecock over the net and

into the opponent’s court.

- Serving: A player initiates the point by serving the shuttlecock over

the net to the opponent’s side.

- Rally: Players hit the shuttlecock back and forth over the net using

various strokes, such as clears, smashes, drops, and drives.

- Footwork: Players move quickly around the court to reach the

shuttlecock and maintain proper positioning.

- Net play: Players can engage in net play by performing net shots, net

kills, and net lifts to gain an advantage

OFFICIATING OFFICIAL

In badminton, matches are officiated by a referee who oversees the

game and makes decisions regarding rules and calls. There are also line

judges positioned around the court to assist with line calls.

TERMINOLOGY

1. Smash: A powerful overhead shot aimed downward to hit the

shuttlecock forcefully.

2. Drop shot: A softly hit shot that barely clears the net and lands

close to the opponent’s side.

3. Clear: Hitting the shuttlecock high and deep into the opponent’s

court to gain time.

4. Doubles: A game with two players on each side.

5. Shuttlecock: The feathered or plastic projectile used in the game.

 TABLE TENNIS

BRIEF HISTORY

Table tennis, also known as ping pong, is a dynamic and fast-paced sport

that originated in England during the late 19th century. Developed as a

parlour game, table tennis quickly gained popularity for its accessibility

and exciting gameplay. The game evolved from earlier adaptations of

lawn tennis, with players using small paddles to hit a lightweight ball back

and forth across a table divided by a net.

In the early 20th century, table tennis saw a surge in interest, with

organized competitions and formalized rules emerging to govern

gameplay. The sport’s popularity spread rapidly across Europe and

beyond, captivating players and spectators alike with its fast-paced rallies

and strategic maneuvers. By the mid-20th century, table tennis had

become a global phenomenon, enjoyed by millions in homes, schools,

and sports clubs around the world.

Table tennis made its debut as an Olympic sport in 1988, marking a

significant milestone in its journey to mainstream recognition. Since then,

it has grown into one of the most widely played indoor sports globally,

known for its accessibility, skill, and excitement. The sport’s inclusion in

the Olympic Games has further elevated its status, providing a platform

for athletes to showcase their talents on the world stage.

One of the most captivating aspects of table tennis is its ability to appeal

to players of all ages and skill levels. Whether played casually among

friends or competitively in professional tournaments, table tennis offers a

thrilling experience that combines athleticism, strategy, and precision. The

sport’s fast-paced nature and dynamic gameplay make it an exhilarating

spectacle for both participants and spectators alike.

Today, table tennis continues to thrive as a beloved pastime and

competitive sport, with millions of enthusiasts around the world honing

their skills and competing at all levels of play. From recreational players

enjoying friendly matches in their homes to elite athletes vying for Olympic

gold, table tennis remains a testament to the enduring appeal of

sportsmanship, camaraderie, and competition.

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITY

- Equipment: Table tennis racket, table tennis ball, table tennis table,

table tennis net, comfortable shoes, jerseys, shorts.

- Facility: Table tennis tables with proper markings, net, flooring

suitable for quick movements, lighting, seating for spectators.

SCORING SYSTEM

In table tennis, points are scored when a player or team wins a rally.

A rally ends when the ball hits the playing surface within the boundaries

of the table, and points are scored regardless of which player served.

Matches are typically played to 11 points (rally scoring), although there

may be variations depending on the level of play and competition rules.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

- Played on a table divided by a net.

- Players use small paddles to hit a lightweight ball back and forth over

the net.

- Points are scored when the opponent fails to return the ball over the

net or commits a fault.

- Service alternates every two points and must be diagonal across the

table.
MECHANICS OF THE GAME

- Players aim to score points by hitting the ball over the net and onto

the opponent’s side of the table.

- Serving: A player initiates the point by serving the ball over the net to

the opponent’s side.

- Rally: Players hit the ball back and forth over the net using various

strokes, including topspin, backspin, and sidespin shots.

- Footwork: Players move quickly around the table to reach the ball and

maintain proper positioning.

- Spin: Players can apply spin to the ball to make it curve or dip, making

it more challenging for opponents to return.

- Control: Players must have precise control over their shots to place

the ball strategically and exploit their opponent’s weaknesses.

OFFICIATING OFFICIAL

Table tennis matches are officiated by an umpire who sits at a raised

table overlooking the playing area. The umpire is responsible for enforcing

the rules, making calls, and ensuring fair play. There may also be assistant

umpires to help with line calls and other duties.

TERMINOLOGY

1. Serve: Starting a point by hitting the ball over the net to the

opponent’s side.

2. Forehand: A shot played on the dominant side of the body, using

the racket to hit the ball.

3. Backhand: A shot played on the non-dominant side of the body,

using the racket to hit the ball.

4. Rally: A sequence of shots exchanged between players.

5. Spin: Adding rotation to the ball to make it curve or dip

unpredictably.