ENGR.

TALHA AHMED
MS Water Resource Engineering and Management
(CUST)
talha.ahmed@cust.edu.pk

© Talha Ahmed
 HYRDOLOGY AND Hydrological
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT c yc l e
Engr. Talha Ahmed
 HYRDOLOGY AND Hydrological
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT c yc l e
Engr. Talha Ahmed

DONE SO FAR…
Hydrology is the science of occurrence, movement, distribution and
circulation of earth`s water.

Hydrologic cycle is the earth`s water circulatory system.

Hydrologic cycle contains Evaporation, Condensation, Clouds formation,

precipitation, Interception, evapotranspiration, Infiltration, Run-off,
Stream flows, Detention Storage, Depression storage.

In this cycle we concluded that water is in mainly two situations.

1. Transportation 2. Storage
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

HYDROLOGY | Watershed | Definition

“A watershed is an extent or an area of land here surface water from rain
and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of
the basin, where the waters join another water body, such as river, lake,
reservoir, wetland, sea, or ocean”

Also known as:

• Catchment
• Catchment area
• Catchment basin
• Drainage area
• River basin
• Water basin
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

HYDROLOGY | Watershed | Definition

“A watershed is an extent or an area of land here surface water from rain
and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of
the basin, where the waters join another water body, such as river, lake,
reservoir, wetland, sea, or ocean”

Also known as:

• Catchment
• Catchment area
• Catchment basin
• Drainage area
• River basin
• Water basin
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

EARTH`S WATER BALANCE

Hydrologic system:
An area or stock of water for which inflows and outflows can be identified.

Principle of conservative of mass:

Water CANNOT be created or destroyed within the area.

Mass Inflow (Vi) = Mass Outflow (Vo)

Mass Inflow (Vi) Mass Outflow (Vo)

Precipitation (P) Evaporation (E) Runoff flow-out(Ro)
Runoff flow-in (Ri) Net groundwater flow-out (Go)
Net groundwater flow-in (Gi) Transpiration (T)
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

EARTH`S WATER BALANCE

If inflows do not equal to outflows, there must be a change in storage (∆ S )
Vi = Vo + ∆S or ∆S = Vi – Vo
Notes:
• The infiltration does not occur explicitly in the water budget equation as the infiltration
which is a loss to the runoff processes is a gain to the groundwater system.
• All terms in the water-budget equation must have consistent units (volume or depth over
the catchment area).
• In hydrologic calculations volumes are often expressed as average depths over the
catchment area.
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Example
What is the correspondence depth for a 10 km2 catchment with an annual
stream flow of 107 m3?

• Depth over a catchment area = 107 / (10 x 106)

=1m
= 100 cm
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Runoff Coefficient
The runoff coefficient is a value used in hydrology to estimate the amount of rainfall that
will actually run off the surface of a particular area during a storm event. It's essentially a
percentage, expressed as a decimal between 0 and 1, that represents the ratio of rainwater
that doesn't get absorbed by the ground and instead flows off as surface runoff.

Runoff coefficient = R/P

Runoff coefficient ↑, Infiltration ↓ Clay

Runoff coefficient ↓, Infiltration ↑ Sand
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Example
A small catchment of area 150 ha received a rainfall (P) of 10.5 cm in 90 mins. At the outlet
of the catchment, the stream draining the catchment was dry before the storm and
experienced a runoff lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge value of 2 m3/s. The
stream was again dry after the runoff event.

What is the amount of water which was not available to runoff due to combined effect
of infiltration (G), evaporation (E) & transpiration (T)?

What is the runoff coefficients (i.e. the ratio of runoff to precipitation)?

Runoff coefficient = R/P 1 Hectare=10000 m2
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Solution
A small catchment of area 150 ha received a rainfall (P) of 10.5 cm in 90 mins. At the
outlet of the catchment, the stream draining the catchment was dry before the storm and
experienced a runoff lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge value of 2 m3/s.
The stream was again dry after the runoff event.

P= 150 x 10000 m2 x 10.5x10-2 m =157,500 m3

R= 10 x 60 x 60 sec x 2 m3/s = 72,000 m3

• Total Losses = P – R = 157,500 – 72,000 = 85,500 m3

• Runoff coefficient = R/P = 0.46
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Example:
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the beginning of a certain
month. In that month the lake received an average inflow (Ri) of 6.0 m3/s from surface
runoff sources. In the same period the outflow (Ro) from the lake had an average value of
6.5 m3/s. Further, in that month, the lake received a rainfall (P) of 145 mm and the
evaporation (E) from the lake surface was estimated as 6.10 cm. The average lake surface
area is 5000 ha. Assume that there is no contribution to or from the ground water storage
(Gi = Go = 0).

(i) Write the water budget equation for the lake surface.
(ii) Calculate the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month.
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Solution:
(i) The water budget equation for the lake surface.
Mass Inflow (Vi):
(Ri ) 6.0 m3/s , (P) 145 mm
Ri = 6 x 30 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 15,552,000 m 3
P = 145 x 10-3 x (5000 x 104) = 7,250,000 m 3
Ri + P = Volume of Inflow = Vi = 22,802,000 m 3

Mass Outflow (Vo):

(Ro) 6.5 m3/s, (E) 6.10 cm
Ro = 6.5 x 30 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 16,848,000 m 3
E = 6.10 x 10-2 x (5000 x 104) = 3,050,000 m 3
Vo = 19,898,000 m 3
Change in storage (∆S)= 22,802,000 - 19,898,000 = 2,904,000 m 3
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Solution:

(ii) Calculate the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month.

Change in Depth = 2,904,000 m3/ (5000 x 104) m 2

= 0.05808m
103.2 m + ∆S = 103.25808 m
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Example:
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Example-Unsolved:
Flow of River Chenab at Marala Barrage varied linearly from 34 cumec (m3/sec) to 283
cumec in 10-hours during a flood. The flow variation at Khanki Barrage, downstream of
Marala was observed to be from 28 to 255 cumec during the above mentioned time.

Assuming no lateral flow in or out of the reach, find out the rate of change of storage of the
river reach between Marala and Khanki. What is the total change in storage of the reach in
this period?
 HYRDOLOGY AND Wa t e r B a l a n c e
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT equation
Engr. Talha Ahmed

Example-Unsolved:
Mangla Lake had a water surface level of 650 m above a datum at the beginning of a
certain month. In that month the lake received an average inflow of 250 cumecs. There was
an outflow of 150 cumecs. In the same month, the lake received a rainfall of 150 mm and
the evaporation from the lake surface was 5 cm.

Using hydrologic equation, estimate the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the
month. Assume the lake surface area as 450 hectares and that there was no contribution
to or from the groundwater storage.