2023 3rd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT),
FCIT, University of Tabuk, KSA. 13 and 14/Sep/2023.
Waste Management Detection
Using Deep Learning
Pokkuluri Kiran Sree
Head & Professor, Dept of C.S.E,
2023 3rd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT) | 979-8-3503-2148-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCIT58132.2023.10273898
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A),
Bhimavaram,
drkiransree@gmail.com
SSSN Usha Devi N
Assistant Professor , University College of Engineering,
JNTUK, Kakinada,
ushaucek@gmail.com
Gurujukota Ramesh Babu
Dept of C.S.E, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for
Women(A), Bhimavaram,
Abstract—In the modern world waste pollution is the
challenging environmental issues. To reduce pollution,
we need to recycle the waste. In order to recycle waste,
one must know which category the waste belongs to.
Waste classification is a social issue related to people’s
livelihood, so letting smart systems perform intelligent
waste classification has important significance. So, we
are here with a waste detection system that uses deep
learning and categorizes the waste plastic or non-
recyclable or glass or bio or others. The proposed
system is trained and tested to detect the classify the
waste using the CNN(Convolution Neural Network)
i.e. a deep learning algorithm. The image of the waste
material is fed into a neural network which determines
the class of object. We have considered precision,
recall and F1 Score as performance metrics to evaluate
our model. The proposed model is compared with
existing baseline models like machine learning, basic
neural networks and datamining approach. The
developed deep learning model has outperformed the
existing literature with chosen parameters.
Keywords: Waste Grouping, DL( Deep Learning),
yolov5, Faster- R-CNN.
I. INTRODUCTION
A major concern of the present world is waste
management. Here, the amount of waste in the world
generates at least 5 million tons of waste per day and
this number is still increasing day by day. Recycling
waste is particularly important to reduce pollution[2].
To recycle waste, one must know which category
tells that waste belongs to.
Waste Management in the present time is known
to everyone but unfortunately, it is neglected by
numerous people that are utilized to portray exercises
for waste segregation to take care of issues brought
about by wrong garbage disposal . Illegal dumping
has been a constant issue in numerous urban
communities on the planet[1]. The smells and
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Phaneendra Varma Chintalapati
Dept of C.S.E,
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A),
Bhimavaram,
M. Prasad
Dept of C.S.E,
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A),
Bhimavaram,
P.B.V.Raja Rao
Dept of C.S.E, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for
Women(A), Bhimavaram,
pollutants brought about by deserted household
things and unloaded trash, and construction leftovers
ruin the city as well as threaten the well being of the
citizens. To diminish illegal dumping, a couple of
urban areas have planned network-based voluntary
reporting frameworks and observation camera-based
monitoring frameworks.
But these methodologies require manual
observing and recognition, which are vulnerable and
expensive against false alarms. The techniques of
deep learning are being effectively applied to
different areas, for instance, object identification
problems have been successfully solved in a variety
of industrial settings, including as medical imaging,
autonomous driving, and many others. Applying
these techniques to waste sorting can build the
amount of recycled material and thus, give a simpler
everyday life for the common people as well as
more efficiency for the industry.
Thus, the aim is to plan and develop a framework
with a deep learning approach that can be effectively
used for waste segregation. The image will be
recognized by utilizing the concept of a CNN and
with the help of an image processing method that
identifies wastes from their shape, color, dimension,
and size . This technique automatically will help the
system to learn the pertinent features from the sample
images of the trash and consequently recognize those
features in new images.
By using the strategy of CNN garbage will be
classified into different classes. The strategy utilized
for this characterization[3] is with the assistance of
Tensorflow Object Detection API and Faster R-
CNN technique. Through this technique, bounding
boxes are made on the recyclable waste
demonstrating which class (cardboard, paper, metal,
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 2023 3rd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT),
FCIT, University of Tabuk, KSA. 13 and 14/Sep/2023.
glass, plastic, and trash) the waste falls into. The
main objective of this study is to develop software to
detect types of recyclable materials in trash bins and
check for possible contamination which would
ultimately reduce human effort in waste
segregation[5].
So, we have a trash detection system that classifies
the various waste elements into bio, glass, metal,
plastic, non-recyclable, and paper using deep
learning.
II. RELATED WORKS
Waste management is linked to environmental
contamination, which is a global issue. As a result,
there has been a considerable rise in rubbish
production in recent years, with 5.2 tons of waste
being produced in 2018[4], according to reports
from the household waste collection. By the time it
reaches 2050, it is predicted to have three billion
tons waste every year. World Bank States that 14%
of waste is recycled globally and without any
classification initially 30% of the garbage is
separated from the original waste. This results in the
free separation of different waste kinds in a range
of situations.
We have identified the most spreading and
environmental harm is due to plastic waste. This
spreading is increasing day by day, we need to
prevent this pollution of this environment and them
protect the wild animals and human life.
Since then, the number has been increasing day
by day. According to the most recent WHO report,
466 million individuals, or 5% of the world's
population, had hearing loss in 2019. Of these, 432
million (or 83%) were adults and 34 million (or 17%)
were children. The WHO predicted that by 2050, the
number will double. There is a need to remove the
communication barrier that impacts deaf-mute
people's lives and social interactions in this rapidly
expanding population[7].
III. SYSTEM DESIGN
A. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
The convolutional neural networks (CNN) main
function is to classify or the images/pictures or group
the images or cluster the pictures by the similar
features and it performs the detection of the object by
artificial neural networks. CNN takes the input as
information pertaining to the pictures and then
process the image as a tensor. It can be viewed as the
matrix of numbers with the dimensions also as an
input and then sort the search.
Then CNN reveals 3D objects are a subset of
things that can recognise large-scale images. It is
being uploaded by numerous applications,
including object identification and facial
recognition. This is one of the most challenging
non-trivial projects. In neural networks, CNN is
made up of three different layer types:
convolutional layers, subsampling layers, and fully
connected layers.. Since CNN
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offers more benefits than other techniques, it is
primarily utilized for image recognition.
B. Object Detection
Object Detection is a part of the computer vision
technique where a software framework can detect,
trace, and locate the object from any given video or
image.
One of the special traits of object detection is that
it recognizes the object's class and the coordinates of
the location of the object in the given picture. By
drawing a bounding box around the object, it states
that the region is being pointed out.The bounding box
might or might not precisely find the location of the
object. The capability of locating the object inside a
picture describes the accuracy of the performance of
the algorithm which is being used for detection. Face
identification is one of the instances of object
detection [6][15]. For the most part, the object
detection task is completed in three stages:
The little rectangular portions are being produced
upon the input image.
1. Feature extraction is completed for each
portion of the rectangular region to predict whether
the rectangular shape contains a valid object.
2. Finally, the rectangular boxes which are
overlapped get combined into a single bounding box
showing the detection result of the object.
C. Image Processing
One of the key components of a signal processing
framework where the input takes the form of an image,
such as a picture or video clip, is image processing. An
image or several attributes or parameters connected to
the image may also be the result of an image processing
operation. The basic goal of image preprocessing is to
improve the picture information by removing
unnecessary images and adding the important ones for
further processing[8].
D. Proposed System
Input Convolution Layer Fully Connected Layer Output
Fig. 1 CNN Architecture
In our paper we primarily focus on producing a
CNN model which can detect the images of waste
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 2023 3rd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT),
FCIT, University of Tabuk, KSA. 13 and 14/Sep/2023.
and show the accuracy of that particular image. We
made a system which can detect many types of waste
into categories such as: glass, bio, plastic, paper,
metal, non recyclable and other wastes. In order to
eliminate undesirable distortions and enhance a few
parts of the input image, preprocessing techniques
work to improve the image's details. Image
processing can couple RGB images, convert them
to grayscale, and remove unwanted characteristics.
A sophisticateddigital instrument, such as a camera,
takes a photograph of the image and converts it into
grayscale. Calculating the average estimate of the
three components of the two colours results in the
grayscale transformation (0 and 255 separately). The
colour intensity is determined by a set limit, in this
case 127, which is adjusted to 0 and then to 255[9].
The proposed design is presented in Figure 1. We
have used the basic AlexNet and used the
normalization function. Then we have deactivated
the two convolutional layers consisting of 238 filters.
In the first model we have used the Softmax for the
last fully connected layer as a activation function and
cross entropy categorical loss function. In the later
model ie second we have used a linear function for
the last fully connected layer with hige categorical
loss function. CNN is turned to be better classifier for
handling the multi class classification [10]. Both the
images of waste and capturing of the waste by using
a camera will be shown in our Application. So it will
detect the particular images of waste and then it will
give the accuracy [12].
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
A. Model Building
We start with the dataset, and these divisions
were created based on the images found in each
individual folder. However, these photos'
annotations were expressly required for using the
data in a Faster R- CNN model. A tool called the
LabelIMG tool has been utilized to obtain the
annotations needed for tagging the images.We had
to use the LabelIng tool to assign the appropriate
class to the part of the image that was pertinent,
such as cardboard, metal, rubbish, etc. The method
of drawing boundaries around the waste object in
the photograph is part of this type of labeling.
This particular system's main goal is to teach
the framework how to detect things. The LabelIMG
program saves the data of the annotations of the
images in the XML extension format. The image
annotations include the image size, the coordinates
of the image's position, and names of identified
objects that can be examined in the file[11].
B. Model Training
After model construction it is time for model
training In this phase, the training data is generated
by generating TFrecords and converting the XML
files(annotations of the images labeled by LabelIMG
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tool) to CSV files which contain all the data for the
train and test images.
After the training data is generated, a label map is
created which notifies the system about what each
object is by characterizing a mapping of class ID
numbers to class names. After the label map is
created, finally, the object detection pipeline is
configured which helps in defining what type of
parameters and models is used for training.
C. Model Testing
During this phase a second set of data is loaded.
Testing the trained model is the last part of the
process. After the training gets completed, the frozen
inference graph is exported. This is used for
identifying and classifying the objects in a real-time
feed utilizing webcam, images, and videos[14].
D. Live Detection
In this module, the user can directly turn on their
camera and start showing the images, the images will
start predicting the accuracy of that particular
image[13].
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this segment, the outcomes of the created
model will be examined. The created model works
reasonably on the test data. Out of 500 images, 420
images were accurately predicted by the model
which concludes that the accuracy rate of the model
is near about 90%.
The model precisely classifies the type of waste
materials by detecting the type of objects. The
images of the testing data were utilized for testing the
result of the created model. For the detection of the
waste materials, the images of the test data have been
specifically included in the testing code. The total
detection time taken by the model to predict a single
object from an image is about some seconds.
To find the actual accuracy of the model, the
names of the images were physically given to
observe how exact the functions of the model have
performed in those images. At first, during testing,
multiple boundaries have been observed getting
created in the region of the detection of the objects
and by changing the threshold for the prediction of
the images this error was eliminated.
This aided in invalidating the boundaries of the
object with minimal threshold values. The model is
also being tested on multiple waste objects. Though
in some images it could detect and predict the
multiple objects accurately as the training dataset
does not contain any multiple waste objects that's
why the prediction of the model was not consistent
and sometimes it failed to detect the waste objects
accurately in an image with multiple objects.
The total detection time taken by the model to
predict multiple objects from an image is near about
8.09 seconds. The multiple object images were taken
in a white background for testing as the images of the
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 2023 3rd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT),
FCIT, University of Tabuk, KSA. 13 and 14/Sep/2023.
training dataset were also taken in a white
background. These images do not belong to testing
data and were taken by a mobile camera.
This analysis can be completed by applying the
different classification algorithms of each model to
this framework independently, and then
determining which model is best-suited to be used
to obtain more accurate item identification and
prediction in a short amount of time. Robotic
garbage collection and disposal allows us to select
the hardware component as well.
Fig. 2 Summary of Precision, Recall, F1 Score using Deep
Learning (CNN)
In the above graph, we can see the accuracy of
the images after training and validation of the dataset.
We can see that the results of training and validation
on the above graph So, this graph is for detecting the
percentage of the given dataset images.
The output of the CNN (Deep Learning) classifier
is five classes i.e. dividing the material into waste
plastic, non-recycle content, glass, bio and others.
We have evaluated our classifier using precision,
recall and F1 score. The proposed classifier has
identified the waste plastic with 0.94 precision, non-
recycle waste with 0.79 F1 score, glass class with
0.89 F1 score, bio class with 0.82 F1 score and others
class with 0.78 as shown in the Figure 2.
Fig. 3 Comparison with Base Line Classifiers
The proposed classifier ie CNN (Deep Learning)
has reported a precision for identifying waste plastic
as 0.94, non-recycle content as 0.75, glass content as
0.87, bio class as 0.78 and others class as 0.78.
DM(Data Mining) has reported a precision for
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identifying waste plastic as 0.85, non-recycle content
as 0.74, glass content as 0.80, bio class as 0.72 and
others class as 0.73. The NN( Neural Network)
approach has reported a precision for identifying
waste plastic as 0.84, non-recycle content as 0.69,
glass content as 0.81, bio class as 0.74 and others
class as 0.61. The ML( Machine Learning) approach
has reported a precision for identifying waste plastic
as 0.85, non-recycle content as 0.68, glass content as
0.76, bio class as 0.81 and others class as 0.64 as
shown in Figure 3.
The results show the robustness and versatility of
the developed classifier.
VI. CONCLUSION
With the help of Waste Management
detection, we can recycle a lot of wastage which
helps in reducing pollution. This leads to minimizing
cost and to maintain the surroundings clean. This is
one of the original approaches to waste detection
and waste classification utilizing benchmarked
benchmark datasets. We have made sure to
examine the effectiveness of waste detection in
various conditions. This framework has received
the best remarkable performance in the detection of
waste.
In order to safeguard the environment and
lessen pollution, the future work also seeks to
integrate this technology into a mobile platform so
that it is very simple for the user to classify waste
items and dispose of the waste materials in the
appropriate disposal bin.
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