Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from 2005 to 2018

Trend Analysis
of GHG Emissions of
PUDUCHERRY
GHG Platform India is a civil society initiative providing an independent estimation and analysis of India's Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors.
The Platform seeks to add value to the various ongoing GHG emissions estimation efforts by helping address existing
data gaps and data accessibility issues, extending beyond the scope of national inventories to state inventories, and by
increasing the volume of analytics and policy dialogue on India's GHG emissions sources, profile, and related policies.

The initiative estimates and assesses GHG emissions and removals from the following sectors:

ENERGY IPPU* AFOLU WASTE

* Fuel combusted for captive electricity generation (auto-producers) and direct fuel combustion (industrial energy) has been reported under energy sector.

Puducherry at a Glance (2018)

Net GHG Emissions

0.01% 2.02 0.07%

0.11% Mt CO2e of India’s
of India’s (Puducherry) Emissions
of India’s
Area
Population

Population Density

3000 401.48
Persons/ km 2 Persons/ km2
Per Capita Emissions
(Puducherry) (India)

1.37 2.24
t CO2e/capita t CO2e/ capita
(Puducherry) (India)
Forest Area

10.79% 0.01%
of Puducherry’s of India’s
Total Area Forest Area 0.18%
of India’s GDP
*Mt CO2e – Million Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent | CAGR – Compound Annual Growth Rate
**The map represents the data for 2018. The four regions of Puducherry UT are at different geographical locations as shown in the map above. It may be noted that all the
information given above (and in this document) is for the entire UT and not for a particular region of Puducherry. *
 Economy-wide Emissions Estimates
Figure 1: GHG Emissions Estimates of Puducherry (2005 to 2018)
2.2 2.02
1.92
Emissions Estimates (Mt CO2e)

1.79
1.8 1.53
1.4
1.0
0.6
0.2
-0.2
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Energy AFOLU IPPU Waste Net Emissions

Emissions of Puducherry increased at an estimated CAGR of 2.14%, from 1.53 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 2.02 Mt CO2e in
2018. Energy sector was the major contributor to Puducherry’s GHG emissions, throughout the reference period (see
Figure 1). The economy-wide emissions peaked in 2011 at 1.99 Mt CO2e. This was followed by a slight dip in total GHG
emissions from 2012 to 2014 which was due to decline in emissions from Energy sector, coupled with increase in
removals from Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. Puducherry’s net emissions began to grow
again from 2014 onwards owing to the increased emissions from Energy sector. The AFOLU sector was a net emitter
till 2011 and became a net sink from 2012 onwards.

In 2005, the share of Energy sector in gross economy-wide emissions (excluding Land sub-sector within AFOLU) was
~83%. This was followed by Agriculture sector, Waste sector and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sectors
with shares of ~11%, ~6% and ~0.51%, respectively. In 2018, the share of Energy sector emissions increased to ~87%
of the gross economy-wide emissions (excluding Land sub-sector within AFOLU). Similarly, share of Waste sector
increased to ~7%, whereas share of emissions from Agriculture (excluding the Land sub-sector in AFOLU) declined to
~5% in 2018. In the same year, IPPU sector’s share reduced nominally to ~0.43%.

Figure 2: Sector-wise Contribution (Mt CO2e) and Percentage Share in Gross Economy-wide
GHG Emissions (without Land sub-sector within AFOLU) of Puducherry

0.01
0.51% 0.01
0.43%
0.09 0.16
0.10 7%
0.17 6% 5%
11%

1.30 1.87
83% 87%

2005 2018

Agriculture* Energy IPPU Waste

* For the purpose of this comparison, agriculture emissions do not include removals from lands and forests. For further details,
please see the section on AFOLU emissions below.
 Figure 3: Per Capita Net GHG Emissions of Puducherry and India (2005 to 2018)

2.50
2.24
Emissions Estimates (t CO2e/capita)

1.98
2.00 1.77

1.45
1.50

1.45 1.44
1.31 1.37
1.00

0.50

0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Puducherry India

Per capita emissions of Puducherry were lower as compared to India’s per capita emissions across the reference
years (see Figure 3). The per capita emissions of Puducherry declined at the rate of 0.42% (compounded
annually) from 1.45 tCO2e/capita in 2005 to 1.37 tCO2e/capita in 2018, which was lower than India’s CAGR
(~3.41%).
 Energy Sector
The Energy sector emissions comprise of emissions from Fuel Combustion and Fugitive Emissions. Fuel Combustion
includes emissions from Public Electricity Generation, Transport, Captive Power Plants, Industries, Agriculture,
Commercial, and Residential categories. Fugitive Emissions are due to Fuel Production.

The Energy sector of Puducherry represented nearly ~87% of gross economy-wide emissions (excluding Land sub-
sector within AFOLU) in 2018. Energy sector emissions in the state increased at a CAGR of 2.88%, from 1.30 Mt CO2e
in 2005 to 1.87 Mt CO2e in 2018 (see Figure 4). However, the emissions from the Energy sector decreased between
2012 and 2014, owing to the reduction in emissions from the Transport category, but they began to rise again after
2013.

Figure 4: GHG Emissions Estimates of Energy Sector - Puducherry (2005 to 2018)

1.87
2.00
1.71
1.65

1.60
1.30
Emissions Estimates (Mt CO2e)

1.20

0.80

0.40

0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Transport Industries Public Electricity Generation

Residential Fisheries Agriculture

Captive Power Plants Commercial Total Energy

Within the Energy sector, Transport category was the major contributor to the GHG emissions with a share of ~59% in
2018. This was followed by Industrial Energy (~10%) category, Residential and Public Electricity Generation categories
both with shares of ~7% each, in 2018 (see Figure 5).

Within the Fuel Combustion sub-sector, Liquid Petroleum Fuels were the major contributor to the GHG emissions across
the reference years, with an average share of ~79%. This was followed by Gaseous Petroleum Fuels with an average
share of ~19% between 2005 and 2018. Coal and Other Fuels contributed an average share of ~1% each to Fuel
Combustion, during the reference years (see Figure 6).
 Figure 5: Category-wise Emissions (Mt CO2e) and Percentage Share in Total Energy Sector Emissions
(2018)
Agriculture Commercial
0.09 0.05
5% 3% Fisheries
0.10
5%

Industries
0.18
10%
Captive Power Plants
Transport 0.08
1.11 4%
59%

Public Electricity Generation

0.13
7%
Residential
0.13
7%

Figure 6: Percentage Share of GHG Emissions by Fuel Type due to Fuel Combustion in Energy Sector
(2005 to 2018)

100%

90% 20.39 20.55 18.44

19.45
80%

70%
% Share

60%

50%

40% 77.64 78.36 78.37 80.63

30%

20%

10%

0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Liquid Petroleum Fuels* Gaseous Petroleum Fuels* Coal* Other Fuels*

*Notes -
1. Coke is included in Coal because the bifurcation of pet-coke and coke was not available
2. Liquid Petroleum Fuels - ATF, diesel, kerosene, motor spirit and other liquid fuels.
3. Gaseous Petroleum Fuels - natural gas, LPG and other gaseous fuels
4. Other Fuels comprises of firewood and charcoal
IPPU Sector
Emissions from the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector are largely driven by Chemical, Metal, Mineral
Industries and Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use. In Puducherry, the key contributing industrial sub-
sectors were Mineral and Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use. The IPPU sector represented ~1% of the
gross economy-wide emissions (excluding Land sub-sector within AFOLU) in 2018. The emissions from the IPPU sector
grew at a CAGR of 1.15% from 0.008 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.009 Mt CO2e in 2018 (see Figure 7). Significant emissions
were also registered from Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use sub-sector. Notably, a peak was observed
in 2010 due to the increase in the emissions from the Lubricant Use from the Non-Energy Products from Fuels and
Solvent Use sub-sector, which declined subsequently. Another peak was observed in 2016 due to increase in
emissions from Paraffin Wax Use from the same sub-sector, which also declined subsequently.

Figure 7: GHG Emissions Estimates of IPPU Sector - Puducherry (2005 to 2018)

0.06
0.048
Emissions Estimates (Mt CO2e)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02
0.009 0.009
0.008
0.01

0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Mineral Industry Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use Total IPPU

In 2018, Lubricant Use accounted for ~42% of overall IPPU sector emission, followed by Glass Production (~41%)
and Paraffin Wax Use (~17%) categories. Share of emissions from Lubricant Use increased from ~2% in 2005 to
~42% and that of Glass Production increased from ~14% in 2005 to ~41% in 2018. Whereas, the share of emissions
from Paraffin Wax Use declined from ~59% in 2005 to ~17% in 2018 (see Figures 8 and 9).

Figure 8: Percentage Share of GHG Emissions from IPPU Categories (2005 to 2018)
100%
90% 17.31
80%
70%
60% 40.84
% Share

50%
58.97
40%
30%
20%
10% 14.45
0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Lubricant Use Glass Production Paraffin Wax Use Others*

*Others category includes Ceramics and Other Uses of Soda Ash categories
Figure 9: Sub-Sector Emissions (Mt CO2e) and Percentage Share in Total IPPU Emissions
(2018)

Lubricant Use
0.004
Non-Energy Products
Mineral Industry 42%
from Fuels and
0.004 Solvent Use
41% 0.006
59%

Paraffin Wax Use

0.002
17%
AFOLU Sector
Emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector arise from three main sub-sectors, namely
Livestock, Land and Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land*. In Puducherry, while the Livestock
and Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land sub-sectors were net GHG emitters, the Land sub-
sector was a sink throughout the reference period. Notably, net AFOLU emissions declined at a rate of 6.70%
(compounded annually) from 0.14 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.09 Mt CO2e in 2011. Post 2011, the overall AFOLU sector
became a net sink of emissions, which can be attributed to the increase in the removals from Agricultural Land and
Other Land categories (see Figure 10). Further, there is a noticeable reduction in AFOLU sink between 2016 and 2018.
This dip can be attributed to relatively smaller increase in forest area and overall decline in carbon stock density of
the forests as reported by Forest Survey of India (2021)**. The average annual removals from the Land Sub-Sector in
Puducherry during the reference period were 0.09 Mt CO2e, around ~74.50% of the average annual gross AFOLU
emissions (excluding Land sub-sector) (see Figure 10).

Figure 10: GHG Emissions Estimates of AFOLU Sector - Puducherry (2005 to 2018)

0.20
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.10 0.10
Emissions Estimates (Mt CO2e)

0.14
0.10
0.11
0.05

0.00

-0.05 -0.03

-0.10 -0.08

-0.15

-0.20
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 EmissionsSources
Non-CO2 Emissions Sourceson
onLand
Land
Land
Livestock
Total AFOLU (with Land)
Total AFOLU (without land)

The Livestock sub-sector of Puducherry had the maximum share of ~55% in the gross AFOLU emissions (excluding
Land sub-sector) in 2018. Within Livestock sub-sector, Enteric Fermentation category was the major contributor
to gross AFOLU emissions, throughout the reference period, with an average share of ~41%. Emissions from this
category declined at a rate of 0.52% from 0.06 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.05 Mt CO2e in 2018.

Within the Aggregate Sources sub-sector, Agriculture Soils and Rice Cultivation were major contributors to gross
AFOLU emissions with average shares of ~33% and ~21%, respectively, during the reference period. The share of
emissions from Agriculture Soils reduced from ~45% in 2005 to ~20% in 2018, whereas, the share of emissions
from Rice Cultivation increased from ~19% in 2005 to ~24% in 2018 (see Figures 11 and 12).

* The sub-sector called ‘Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emission Sources on Land’ includes emissions from Rice Cultivation,
Agriculture Soils and Biomass Burning in Cropland and Forestland.
** FSI Report 2021 reports data for 2019
 Figure 11: Category-wise Emissions (Mt CO2e) and Percentage Share in
Gross AFOLU Emissions (excluding Land sub-sector) (2018)

Rice Cultivation
0.025
Biomass Burning in 24%
Cropland Enteric
0.002 Fermentation
2% 0.052
Agriculture Soils
50%
0.020
20%

Manure Management
0.005
4%

Figure 12: Category-wise Share of Gross AFOLU Emissions (excluding Land sub-sector)
(2005 to 2018)

100%

90% 18.87 19.61 22.62 23.81

80%

70%
23.17 19.70
60% 44.85 40.41
% Share

50%

40%

30%
48.18 50.54
20%
32.52 35.42
10%

0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Agriculture Soils Biomass Burning in Cropland Rice Cultivation
Waste Sector
Solid Waste Disposal, Domestic Wastewater and Industrial Wastewater are the key sources of GHG emissions in the
Waste sector. In Puducherry, the Waste sector contributed to almost ~7% of gross economy-wide emissions
(excluding Land sub-sector within AFOLU), in 2018. Emissions from the Waste sector increased at a CAGR of 4.58%
from 0.09 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.16 Mt CO2e in 2018 primarily due to rising emissions from Domestic Wastewater (see
Figure 13).

Figure 13: GHG Emissions Estimates of Waste Sector - Puducherry (2005 to 2018)

0.18
0.16
0.14
0.16
Emissions Estimates (Mt CO2e)

0.14
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Domestic Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Solid Waste Disposal Total Waste Emissions

Discharge of untreated wastewater and use of septic Figure 14: Sub-sector Emissions (Mt CO2e)
tanks are the key drivers of emissions due to Domestic and Percentage Share in Total Waste Sector
Wastewater sub-sector. Domestic Wastewater had a Emissions (2018)
share of ~65% in the total Waste sector emissions of
Puducherry in 2018. Nearly, ~30% of the Waste sector
emissions were from Solid Waste Disposal in 2018 and
these emissions grew at an estimated CAGR of 5.91%
from 0.02 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.05 Mt CO2e in 2018.
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Wastewater accounted for nearly ~5% of 0.05
Waste sector emissions in 2018, which grew at a CAGR 30%
of 5.98% from 0.003 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.007 Mt CO2e
in 2018 (see Figure 14).
Domestic Wastewater
The emissions from Domestic Wastewater of both 0.10
rural and urban areas grew at a CAGR of 3.95% from 65%
0.06 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 0.10 Mt CO2e in 2018. The
majority of the Domestic Wastewater emissions were Industrial Wastewater
observed from the urban areas of Puducherry with a 0.01
share of ~73% in 2018 (see Figure 15). 5%
 Figure 15: Area-wise GHG Emissions Estimates of Domestic Wastewater (2005 to 2018)

0.10
Emissions Estimates (Mt CO2e)

0.08 0.075
0.068
0.06 0.054
0.046
0.04 0.028
0.026
0.016 0.019
0.02

0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Rural Urban

Meat Industry was the major contributor to the Industrial Wastewater emissions with a share of ~41% in 2018. This
was followed by Fish Processing and Other industries, with shares of ~41% and ~10%, respectively, as illustrated in
Figure 16.

Figure 16: Category-wise Emissions (Mt CO2e) and Percentage Share in

Industrial Wastewater Emissions (2018)

Others
0.001
10%

Meat
0.004
Fish processing 49%
0.003
41%
 The GHG Platform India is a civil society initiative providing an independent estimation and analysis of India's
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors, namely- Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste.

The Platform comprises of the following civil society:

The Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) is one of South Asia's leading not-for-profit policy
research institutions. It uses data, integrated analysis and strategic outreach to explain – and change – the
use, reuse, and misuse of resources.

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is the global leader in agricultural
research for development in wheat and maize-based farming systems.

Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP) is a not for profit research organisation incorporated
in 2005 u/s 25 of The Companies Act, 1956.

ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability is a leading global network of over 1,500 cities, towns and regions
committed to building a sustainable future.

Vasudha Foundation, set up in 2010, is a not for profit organisation, working in the clean energy and climate
policy space.

Secretariat Contact
Vasudha Foundation, CISRS House, 14, Jangpura B,
Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110014, India
Phone No. - 011-24372680

This document has been compiled and analysed by Vasudha Foundation. All information mentioned in this document is sourced from GHG Platform India.
To download this document and to know more about the Platform, please visit www.ghgplatform-india.org or write to info@ghgplatform-india.org