Unit 1 Sets

Problems Including Three Sets.

U
A

𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
n0(A)

𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨)
𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑨)
𝒏𝟎 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

n0(C) C
n0(B) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
B

𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

Formulae:
1. 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑩) + 𝒏(𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

2. 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

3(a) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) = 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) (b) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) = 𝒏(𝑨) − 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) − 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

(c) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) = 𝒏(𝑨) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

4(a) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∪ 𝑨) (b) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑩) − 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) − 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

(c) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

5(a) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) (b) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑪) − 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

(c) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

6.𝒏𝟎 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

7.𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

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8.𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) = 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

Exercise:1.2
2. 𝐈𝐟 𝐧(𝐔) = 𝟔𝟓, 𝐧(𝑨) = 𝟑𝟐, 𝐧(𝑩) = 𝟐𝟎, 𝐧(𝑪) = 𝟐𝟐, 𝐧(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟖, 𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟔, 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) = 𝟕

𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟒, draw a Venn-diagram and calculate:

(a) 𝒏[(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪] (b) 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) (c) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) (d) exactly two of A or B or C (e) exactly one
of three (f) neither of A or B or C.

Solution,

𝐧(𝐔) = 𝟔𝟓, 𝐧(𝑨) = 𝟑𝟐, 𝐧(𝑩) = 𝟐𝟎, 𝐧(𝑪) = 𝟐𝟐, 𝐧(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟖, 𝒏(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟔, 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑨) = 𝟕

𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟒 U 65

Now showing the information in the Venn-diagram, A 21 8

From the Venn-diagram,

4 3
(a) 𝒏[(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪]= 𝟑 + 𝟒 + 𝟐 = 𝟗 4

(b) 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = 𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟓𝟕. C

10 2 13
B
(c) 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟐

(d) n(exactly two of A or B or C) = 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑨)

= 𝟒+𝟐+𝟑

= 𝟗

(e) n(exactly one of three) = 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑩) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪)

= 𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟑

= 𝟒𝟒

(f) n(neither of A or B or C) =𝒏( 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = 8

4(b) In a survey of 100 students, 60 like to play football, 48 like to play volleyball and 40 like to play cricket.
Similarly 32 of them like to play football and volleyball, 22 like to play football and cricket and 20 like to
play both volleyball and cricket. If 5 students like to play all the three games, represent the above
information in a venn-diagram and find the number of students who like (i) non of the games. (ii) exactly
two of the given games. (iii) only of the given games.

Solution,

Let F, V and C be sets of students who like to play football, volleyball and cricket respectively.

Prepared by Indra Prasad Maharjan

Then, n(U) = 100, n(F) = 60, n(V) = 48, n(C) = 40, 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) = 32, 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑪) = 22, 𝒏(𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 20, 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 5

Now representing the above information in the venn-diagram, U 100

F ?
Now, 11

(i) non of the games. 17

27
n(non of the games) = ? 5

1 3
15 C
V

𝒏(𝑭 ∪ 𝑽 ∪ 𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑭) + 𝒏(𝑽) + 𝒏(𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) − 𝒏(𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑭) + 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪)

= 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟖 + 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓

= 𝟕𝟗

𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, n(non of the games) = 𝒏( 𝑭 ∪ 𝑽 ∪ 𝑪)

= 𝒏(𝑼) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∪ 𝑽 ∪ 𝑪)

= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕𝟗

= 𝟐𝟏 Ans.

(ii) exactly two of the given games.

𝒏𝟎 (𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) = 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟕

𝒏𝟎 (𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓

𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑭) = 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑭) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟕

So, n(exactly two of the given games) = 𝒏𝟎 (𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪 ∩ 𝑭)

= 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟕

= 59 Ans.

(iii) only one of the given games.

𝒏𝟎 (𝑭) = 𝒏(𝑭) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑭) + 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏

𝒏𝟎 (𝑽) = 𝒏(𝑽) − 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽) − 𝒏(𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) + 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟏

𝒏𝟎 (𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑪) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑽) − 𝒏(𝑪 ∩ 𝑭) + 𝒏(𝑭 ∩ 𝑽 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓 = 𝟑

n(only one of the given games) = 𝒏𝟎 (𝑭) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑽) + 𝒏𝟎 (𝑪)

=𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟑

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 = 𝟏𝟓 Ans.

5(c) For a vacation, some students were asked whether they like to go picnic, hiking or tour. The
result was 60% like to go picnic, 45% hiking, 20% tour, 15% picnic and hiking, 12% hiking and
tour,10% tour and picnic and7% non of them. If 15 students like all three programs;

(i) represent the above information in a Venn diagram.

(ii) how many students are taking part in the program?

(iii) how many students like to go picnic only?

Solution,

Let P, H and T be sets of students who like to go picnic, hiking and tour respectively. Then
from the above question,

n(U) = 100%, n(P) = 60%, n(H) = 45%, n(T) = 30%, 𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯) = 𝟏𝟓%, 𝒏(𝑯 ∩ 𝑻) = 𝟏𝟐%, 𝒏(𝑻 ∩ 𝑷) =
𝟏𝟎%, 𝒏( 𝑷 ∪ 𝑯 ∪ 𝑻) = 𝟕% and 𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯 ∩ 𝑻) = 𝟏𝟓 = 𝒙% (𝒔𝒂𝒚)

Now, U 100%

(i) showing the above information in the Venn diagram, P

U 35+x 7

10-x
15-x
x
18+x 12-x 8+x
H T
U
By formula,

𝒏(𝑷 ∪ 𝑯 ∪ 𝑻) = 𝒏(𝑼) − 𝒏( 𝑷 ∪ 𝑯 ∪ 𝑻) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎% − 𝟕% = 𝟗𝟑%

𝒏(𝑷 ∪ 𝑯 ∪ 𝑻) = 𝒏(𝑷) + 𝒏(𝑯) + 𝒏(𝑻) − 𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯) − 𝒏(𝑯 ∩ 𝑻) − 𝒏(𝑻 ∩ 𝑷) + 𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯 ∩ 𝑻)

𝟗𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯 ∩ 𝑻)

𝟗𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯 ∩ 𝑻)

𝒏(𝑷 ∩ 𝑯 ∩ 𝑻) = 𝟓% 𝒐𝒇 𝒏(𝑼)

𝟏𝟓 = 𝟓/𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝒏(𝑼)
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 𝒏(𝑼) = 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒏𝟎 (𝑷) = 𝟑𝟓 + 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟎% = 𝟒𝟎% 𝒐𝒇 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎

## In a survey, it was found that the ratio of people who liked Arithmetic and Algebra is 9:8. If
25% liked the both, 80 liked non of these and 20% liked arithmetic only, find the total number of
people participated in the survey.

Solution,

Let A and B be the sets of people who liked Arithmetic and Algebra respectively.

𝒏(𝑨) ∶ 𝒏(𝑩) = 𝟗 ∶ 𝟖

Let, 𝒏(𝑨) = 𝟗𝒙 & 𝒏(𝑩) = 𝟖𝒙

𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟐𝟓%
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟖𝟎

𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) = 𝟐𝟎%

Now, 𝒏(𝑨) = 𝒏𝟎 (𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

𝑶𝒓, 𝟗𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎% + 𝟐𝟓% = 𝟒𝟓%

𝟒𝟓
𝑶𝒓, 𝒙 = % = 𝟓%
𝟗

∴ 𝒏(𝑨) = 𝟗𝒙 = 𝟗 × 𝟓% = 𝟒𝟓%

& 𝒏(𝑩) = 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟖 × 𝟓% = 𝟒𝟎%

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Again, 𝒏(𝑼) = 𝒏(𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) + 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑶𝒓, 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟒𝟓% + 𝟒𝟎% − 𝟐𝟓% + 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑶𝒓, 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟔𝟎% + 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∴ 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎% − 𝟔𝟎% = 𝟒𝟎%
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑩𝒖𝒕, 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟖𝟎

𝑶𝒓, 𝟒𝟎% 𝒐𝒇 𝒏(𝑼) = 𝟖𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑶𝒓, 𝒏(𝑼) = 𝟖𝟎 × = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟎

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Hence the total number of people participated in the survey = 200 Ans.

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