PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4: Rig Hydraulics

Chapter 4: Rig Hydraulics

A: Fundamentals of Fluid flow

B: Pressure loses & Bit Hydraulics

Wednesday, April 17, 2024 1

PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4A: Rig Hydraulics
Fluid Flow

Viscosity
controls
the shear
stress

Types of flow:
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
 Flow is smooth  Flow pattern is
F  Velocity increase random in both time
 towards the middle and space
A  Longitudinal velocity  Longitudinal &
   .  Plug flow is a special
case of laminar flow
transverse velocities
 Final velocity is
F   dV  (flat at center) uniform
    Plug flow occurs at  Laminar & turbulent
A  dr  low velocity and high shear resistance
viscosity of fluid
 Laminar shear
resistance
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PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4A: Rig Hydraulics
Fluid Flow
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

Reynolds Number, Re D: diameter, inch

V: velocity, ft/min
DV : density, ppg
Re  15.46 : viscosity, cp

Re < 2000 , flow is always Laminar
Re > 3000 , flow is always turbulent
2000 < Re > 3000 , mixed flow (choose turbulent for safe side).

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PNGE4212 Drilling TYPES OF FLUIDS Ch 4A: Rig Hydraulics

Newtonian fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid

 Real behavior


Newtonian Law:
: Share stress
: Share rate
eg. Oil & Water
e.g. Drilling mud & Cement

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PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4A: Rig Hydraulics
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Bingham Plastic Fluid

Power-Law Fluid

  YP  ( PV )
 dV
  YP  ( PV )( )
dr   K ( ) n K = consistency index
PV   600   300 n = flow behavior index
 dV n
YP   300  PV   K( ) N=1 then Newtonian fluid
dr
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PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4A: Rig Hydraulics
FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES

Tri-cone bit has 3 nozzles 1

P   2

2
n

P
v  33.36 bit

n

Nozzle area:

Q A  3A  3 d 2

A  0.32 4
T

V
T

4A
d  32 T

3
N

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PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4A: Rig Hydraulics
FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES

Example:

Determine nozzle sizes to be used in a three-cone bit when 500 gpm of mud
is circulated at a pressure drop of 1000 psi through the bit. The mud density
is 10 ppg.

Answer: Pbit
vn  33.36

1000
 33.36  333.6 ft/sec
10
Q 500
AT  0.32  0.32  0.4796 inch2
Vn 333.6

4 AT
Avg. Nozzle size: d N  32  14.44 inch
3

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PNGE4212 Drilling Ch 4B: Rig Hydraulics
FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES

Example:

Nozzles sizes come in integer values of 1/32

e.g. Nozzle#13 (13/32”) , Nozzle#15 (15/32”) , Nozzle#21 (21/32”)

dN = 14.44 inch (Area = 0.4796 in2), what are the three nozzles?

14 14 15 15 15 14
Choose , , OR , 32 , 32
32 32 32 32

   14  2     15  2     15  2     14  2 
AT  2           0.4733 AT  2           0.4954
 4  32    4  32    4  32    4  32  

14 14 15
Choose 32 , 32 , 32
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 Read Ch3 and Ch4 in the textbook

Next
Ch4 Part-b Pressure losses

Wednesday, April 17, 2024 9