You are on page 1of 532

arnq I il

5ilnfiB iluo0 mU8ffi aila rh$

flildr fieaile

*5e;S:a"6o
e.506qE
c)

,nuCtA
.IUGALBANDI
The &IP before Modi
VinaySitapathi

aderso6
aF63 6Do6 ar'6&d6 ascr $6
,5a6 $oSS

*5'4$a'6o: e. 5Q{56
So$56:er : B. t. SoS€o6 6f

tu58 fuSea:$5o46r,2020

Suogo :6r. 350/-

ISBN: 978 -93 -9009 1 -49 -2

First published in Viking by Penguin India 20


Copyright @ Vinay Sitapatiz020
All rights reserved
Cnver Photograph @ Getty Images
Author Photograph @ Rohan Mishra Photography

Cover design by Ahlawat Gunjan & Purushoth Kumar G,

13:o€c63 :p63$o gBF, p6ee,:"6:

@.$6ea ga'o5 er${.1


J3r#a *$2o. Jsrrra *$b.o.
l-2-7 ,e.:"Srvo5, 33-22-2,,5o$o 00o6;
fi65$Xrd 6{E,64$err$6, s.eg6. o4E, i$0rr$ogr
p6eo.5-500029,dEoma. Cao5ra"6-520004,esot61$d6.
e-mail : emescobooks@yahoo.com #5 : 0866-2 436643
www.emescobooks.com e-mail : emescovja@gmailcom
sahithi.vja@gmail.com
e,6$o{d Sqd a{6t dd56r $oA.l aper6 do65
&o5oireu gO$ dFardtsdn mso SoSarq de
aorSSop foAg UpOeu SC$oJa-Q (")56, JSSS
er$S0$o1d dOc65o6n")'*611o6' eoc.r6r.
Cfid$Kr"0g

Sroa$5rc; :1pp55:o18m ere55 Q995) 7

BD68 p6o :66o (1924-80)


1. Svodr0co5o (7924-25) 19
2. Cda$ L*erer (1945-50) 49
3. 31inr peo665 (1951-67) 76
4. 6$(13 5O3:S acoffo (1968-73) 106
5. serr,6 oSo ergro (1974-77) 131
6. erQs,6o 6S; Sgd (1977-80) 153
Eo65 prfo : ieg (1980-98)
7. 3ro6r $O5g[S+5:er:, 6e6u5 o6'tcor: (1980-84) 173
g. a5,eoo.55 A83), (1995-gg) 206
9. Xoo65', ;bo66, 5Pdas5 (1990-91) 233
10. ain:o"o5:565o (1992)1 257
1 1. eo$p;d:goo (1993-98) 277
$r.65 gn6o : eoe55 - a€*or :

JSOA Ed*? (19e8-2004)


L2- $o$d@drr{o (199s-99) 303
13. SoSg ${)65 663o (1eee-2004) 325
t4. eEr., J.3Q'5 (1999-2004) 340
15. So4$o 6:IFSep65 Crr3eao (1999-2004) 360
16. Sdo$Bw6 t55o$uo:(1999-2004) 6l I

2OO4, cr 66od
eBdF6{ 55:e:o 4L2
d:p"$65o 439
fuodlSrb (FO.$$o[8n" eoo"5S (1995)
'
a.66d,Jod 1996 uB $65[eS is;gu: a66e,rsg s"e $r]e:
5a:o5:....

1995 55oa6 10

6'oeror: ;$*FS66od e,r6&oO a$e$$ aw6oS:foo: $*s$dqr


(&56) 3u6ooir5oo. $r"6 o4ayerlea: aot 6 S:*FSdo $$o d.oaro:r
566od $o$i$;o: 6Sdr8o$ (::Seop$'$irsofu d5$63, pcr$od
ene405 566o e"56 foa:o$uod Ud:poa.
6'oaroo566o 5:{5d 5:ff56668 $e.:roaro6: ege.>sc$6 do1$orn
6od a+d $6:3d a"5 135eq$662$ 6rc- 6 5r*,€Sdg€ p.6orp
ag6r{:do6.

6 5do6: oE, a6pdo 5oo63 pn" tFe06er $sas6dr56.


erc65r5, s$er6 66o $oo 3596 6ssger: SaX6r.' 6 56og
$sa6d:g $8sfto {(66 $so e(u$o $oa iF0KrQo oo:6: epbKt
ewhero %)o@A e$ 6eb65o CdnEoSo6.2 e536 e$ 6e665o
sQsnlo Led$ 4.8.$ - ar*$o ro6glu6Sod 5e3p$ t666so.
sod, A.E.b 6rc- sQv6 &9d:.e 5u6o66avo 5:ss$doB oors E:c{r.1
e-5 0.8.$ po5l$6 so.J;w @w6o - sqlSr $g 6r"A.d6or.' e-54
6'oeroo $5 adqo* t$6gg 5H$ $OUr+oOer $;5r5ro3o6.a
eodv6:.
$$Cn 8o555*o $5:.a"6o 1Ss6o - 5:irXo36 esb augSSSf:
5$+So5r (pc- 6$ 5o6: C6o: $;$O;o*Uu.
epo6:d J'g $fFSdo 3ag 5:5 a$vo ?:f; erSSE 5$ 6o6. o"Q
es$g$)oa &$ 6Swo O(leor esoo58os 6oa*. F6# eo65o6
@{upecon $5g$[6o 5s:erod -
Sodr:i:"o, a$do, dg8 60o05 er553$
/uzuCu 5>$e::, SgSgiErerr

ero"55 e.6 oL6o.u 68 5g eoo"55 er$p83 $dExDoS $$ o6g$en


6q6. er 6d{ vsodJ - }9669 sdo@ar6 5o6 e$06 s5o6:o
*SSfoED e655{Q lBdr4o6 P*f 6o5oo rse, 'esapdsd
eir$:o66 $e3eoo'Eod a6g5re: 6!Se eoo"55 ep6&d6 aie $$S
S{ d$n" Ce3eao d{g. $*36.
epd 5eg sercC 70 5g;ra?:qr 5o daCu? e$ Sa:3$
rt6oS
'n"odo6: Rr€AoaS)' xSros s646$5 $6od 6o5:cQ6g qp6&d6)
a5e$$d esoccC,:$e &[ro8 &SSoea:oXO.
6:o$6 Br:iro, ae> 565: 3635 e"$ arep, J6;:tir €trawrr
3o[b5o:55a:6S 6(o.f 6od 6:"$o o€?:or:6. ero"5$ SoXgoBo J$
6$45. egdS:S 1957 $o0 d,toC 3ro6r ea8o5: pUugSB 65SCQn"
&gd J6ct$6r. 5a36. dXoC e0655$6 SoBe 6"oEi)6o,r:, o'6&o5r
aS$o[r:, SrOgoCJ ]0* 5OS a$e]$n" ese6peo.5eco, es 1$dn6o
1980 pBB CSoos$cco a0ho6. 1980d Sq tJr6dq:eD, S"q
r$eads6ro.5E erC6pCoOS qp6&d6 a$e$$ f$6:on" aw&oO eegSo$
6o6od 6$5o0:p a,5 SogdSS 5S Spc- oa*oo. epor:d 1986d
&$;ro6:555o $:o0 ua:{o:o:rs eeBiSJF 6313o05 p6 $>os6 ego65 6$
$16S 5:06 $6on" 6:o*$5:oaUu. $d6o16o S6rdr.gs 6'odr5o d$fr,
do6,: ?:$:o Kloplsod eof$o d$u, fo6e SS:d6:o erce OBB: Klft6
S{6ea $fo +$ segoo5:o $o0 b$$o6:e.rSd de.rooo*6r.
1995 55oa6c p6 5'oaro.r: $fF${96;1rg6o "}$ s655{oo608
1$o"5 esS$ea er6;6 $$ ur6SS6 J5.8. eocr5Sd>" eS'ao&dp er:d'
$gSS *e4o6. o.SB y6eao -."edadr (1996) AS;$erC esd65 ya6dr
@p"S$:o[&" eoC ]$ e655{er Sd5So,5bo.?
da5 ScirSg es"g56d Sd tfo.S0[6o - 69dc
es S)*FSdo
JL6$b.8 &56o15g a$dp$o pt'r (6S p"66 G5q"S$o1S JL6Sser
po5od d*Q. af,aoo @5oho.5€co eso5o8 EOSod. er awg$Ed
'iL6Scr' io6r5:oo6 Sd afpSS4l6. 1996 5G,5 - 3: S:"+96 dsfd
JQSer: a6mO3 $o6. s"a$ 1996 es6$: u6 $56o16g 65 d6gg6
JL6$er 666 aw&oS SesQ Ji$6SS, aw&C afaoo @$ohod
G6q"5$oLS ap.66o5: a$e&$ o"o5r$d erd>ger {rSf.Q.6Oo.5c;$ &
XDfGfdd esecS
d e:5.
*jo'
ee>t ag6:r$6:o5S J56 d6{S a556o6? 1991 JUgg€ dSf{d
do65 er8?:6 $$* 08& ep660oSo6. s.C es 66rod uer 50ee5rq)
$odco*or:! 6q6(Sd,5ds el6r65d eu.@ SSa:c (r-d;e{u. 1992
&6oarud sa $56 5ro336 AEb J6r$5o dn Q 5floo dboa. cg
5cuo6 6q66d,5d aons fcs iQsf, a"$s$d JQsod eod $$
{S6 6eao5:o &o6o6.
er54&d es$d6. ;t*F o5;b65o$ 6od $0* ipo6:5:er B$yS:$
6 &9663 uo5r6:o a${5 eriroapu., 8;$ere.:o 66Q }$ ?r6r$5oc
aos- dq;6eo5:. so1flKu $Qden"d, o.aofS, f:{g16d5 rr$t' 5nc.
Adbd erc6f;6 $Sr:3e:n0,:or ad6€cS8, &$s aob$ Se;oa:.e 6gdc
$$ o"o5:$er: $or:6o esd:" e$# 5d a,5 SpcB s;to3e* 6o$s
563&o6.'0 6a foft&3 e.S 1$e5r:p +6 51&5 'S5>odreor' @oecw
er0$$ooo6." eoQo6 Soa {S6o 5a)eJod, 1995d 6:arr6d }$
aryoE 55o5:o5ge5eqr.:d 65 $oerg oePq. erd aXawO;SrS Bsg
50;o6.
i{:ae6 o"$ 5oo55:oLS 65SS er€oO do6$&$ 6o56 SoEr: f'.per
- es $6CS e$$o05 d*"p'6: 5d6'5o", eo6p ea8o5: So6se6 45
5gi Sdo@ar6 5:o" c(1l* 5s46. $gd Jeo6 SerS Sded

ai,6e5o6 I
dslrso*fp68, sdog5ar6 gs ea8d6 5666o4 r{:ae6 aab A"gd
d.*"p6: Sd53 ep{o5re.r oe66eeQ$Soa.fu. 6od 5dog58r"6 5:6
6o56 boflr 5?rerd 53?:68o6. 1995d 6-oerq:: $$s$der3 sQ

e$S$41:goo6 a"5 s[ro8 dogrcB 660o*6:. eo6Q


g oar6*dd
ao8oSddpos o6$o:oo $5o5:orn 6o6od3 6hil', es6i$ 65
$ed,65d6. esdc6 ad 6ep5o:
"5doq$Er60 6:ase6 5:o0 ao6e,rS: So8:oddp0""
eood! esd ssoaUud eor5S eror:$om sdo@ar6c 6Q ee5eldrc3
a60 deCu.
ae>o6 SfiFee.rofo eo@5d 60$6$5, 6$ i"g aero6 u63
e$gS5 ego65:;1oo6r ero"55 A$p:$du6:. esEiSiS 66e{d
B$;ood - 6a eop5gd .5016d 8ro6:go aepq. aobs S6{g" 5o;o6.
6'oero:: Xoi:s$der X:Oos'E$J oF ao&dr'esog!6$51&5 aer e$o6:
"a636 os ero6f;6 $6r:3eeco:, o(rrdrd5*od 6nO&sdr sU6
$$er5o1 er$ fl$g$:S SSySoeuSg 6 $$, epe> 5 5r165:n flSgo
e5C 6 S{f ao5:e.r6&o6."13

S:Ss$de BD66 daa,S g$omerfu. ae 56$ &$d o556,


eg
nerg dr$6 ;t qrd $mol. dod days S;wd &6:4d a8p6o6$dd
Sr"He6e.rsg erur55 dOS63:4, ego6r5 * Boe$ eroao r$ood 6+eq.6$,
ea6d: sood vA6d> 65p.S$o1e ed g)S 696i.6$ p&o,56o
5$3:o0o6.
sC, a0no6 d6:!
a"5 SSgS$o trSJ.l.,"(FfSn" o5*ol - o6i:o:r" soe:r Seefie.:o
ar6d$o6. epd egedo* 66orng" @odea$ocr @3iFdo6. er
Seart{:$ oon553 B0o6r5>oc-, eo6:$ ei$6:B d$oc- 6$S;:"gdn?
o6ou? sB Sr"a- &$ &gn" oe55 gSrSSJg! Sfie$g S$d6od!!
5p*, i.$ aosS5g tge66:oLs *6c ee5$ gS6o$a6.
***
10 CS6: $ebS
6 e$*f6doB s"Qa.eer $g e6$,t$ oe55 a${6135d€d
baro5r
e.5 ;b66:re, UFfFq. 602oot5>. e dars o546 e655{o$flaoO
5r"He66r", aen ooX6r : ".... ed8dr aQgg6 615 A.g eQs6odS
5Qo6. o6'$oarn 0 $6{god s{ @$65o 561t66o6. o6prt'o..."
oo.5S oe 6we.:f 5r0cn BBJ&, es so6e6:Q o5465;
s6g5{er 68,$dSiF5;frJ. s"c, eaSAnq s.056iF$5 u€$or
6g$6o"?
eg $6rddo 6a:ha5, y6?oor: S5od:on" oe55C b0$ e6n 6.
"eler I *A a?p 5oo6 e s6:So& 6S$sS6lo"Z"

"er5:5r& e6hd, 5O aqsQ.@?"ra

e,56.1 e0546 oo66d S>nSoA

eod 6'oeror:5rXFSdg6 ed 6SSe*c $6od @(r1econ" $oOtvpg


ocr5$B wSob$o6 ep5vdo o0o0o6.

"1996 dEfd JUgf $SB spa6d: 656r5$ogs u8*oor n"d


(ee5$ s6:)" so6565r erm$ 6o6. ed SaS $f e Sdd ee55
66u6 udf:ou SnSec-Q 6o6.
5o a61o66:q6?

"eP6$, SS tfO"SSolS od5QS" so&ee?

"ds iPdd ds)" eoe.Pe?


5$:oe.r6?...
o{er6 s655$erd 664o6, a65t[6...

3u{o po$o @oe 3er30>cr6odo6. so6t$" B$er OBSot$$0


So€,ooa6.

u6$or 6re.>o Ciro$!


SS2go....

y5$or:65 $irpa il.€rgd66 Ce{f 1$So8orr5:. so6rd so6o


go6. 5s65o 6oa. eaSo$ 5od6o 6oa.

ar6e6o6 11
"..... &16>ene,5d; JUSf iFeeco 6$pt5:. 6 eaSoir da{od
Ss. a,g'Es$d'. u$ S rrd6d eob;hoso'6$5o55 dg:oa- c65fi'5,r...
'6Q aer 5p6o 6o6'Kuir..."16

qe>. &noa elo5r5 @$o6o. '6p 6s a:ir.u6 5rE EI' o$a S.t:
$ug$ ire6 sew$u$S e$S $dptrs'od e"56.16 eo58 *d$ou
erur55 13SSeJS 5o BSop$e*? es 655ec5 doOe.rpg ero"55 &gd
6>oo0

'50"p5d6:. epodr€ o#":or: 65 135$o6od 665e.:S ipd$er:


el 5546$oc-
ewgl{ 5g16:.

ao{o 5:6 ero55 65erSS - eo636 o"s.'eroo55dr 6q.SSo1e


epd5$' er$:$oer5g $$
o"o6:5:oo608 Er:XFeD 61616r$ er8BFo6ror:.
&$ t-seS s65502 8.a5. deotn*6g eg Sd eor:S Boecd oe55 aoa:
Xde;5'3 Bgt$." (1980 665od ;o€t:or: 6q).uq 6flo.5€.rsB
5dogBr6.f 3a, 69 €olgweSoolns3 So8:o5a&S eeEaFJF 8o5
s655{ n6coo"*65.) ercr5Sc n{aoo*6g Sp6n" es&rr"6.

"So[r:s $o@6o55:oc- 5:A qero6 (66ec$ Ael. dQ"O?"

CaSr. epod elo6 CA"S t!s5er$ &$ 5:o0 Bep6a'ood, egEJSaS


egBrSo 6o8 &e0. epor:d, ere55 asileD 5a*cdd -

"$ofu$ $o$6Q,6 tfger$g +S erBr6o e:0o56. e5: delKp."l8

dot$ 6e6r"o 66o6 $"c- egEASJS;:po6$456 ad56od aer


8$;6 :

"1996d ee rdf ere55 $ros 6secs $os ad:$s ds ags. s.c


e.546 Bfp6o$: - es 658$553 Jevo6 eo'IS tld6p$ egBp6;$w
($oEr:S:oO) d6."
eodw{5d e$: ;$o66 $o"3aop ercr5S 58bS 66g;ln03
B5:;6S:;n" Soa&S ed53:"o6r 6OAE Sor6o .& 65er5 69 CS3o6:o
8o6o6. er Sofuo6:5:u: epa65 So6wd S*ecf 3$pood-

"ere55 epero6 tfSeJS dQ"UC oogp 806:."1e

t2 e$6> $ebe
eEJFaF *e 66aroleo ere5$s a,3:pouos *er ($d6:6;o
dboa. sS, orr55 65p5$ogS urd.SB* 6o6e.r&3 $6ea$r
epoA6oo5d6. 5s (sg€Jsg v6eao -'+6'*or:d 6$5c$;eert$ 5a6ne:
*gir$'ec ego6r$ 453d6:. ec, e.54d 0(ro$o Sd6d 3$36: :

"ddd ::{eg6o da$s es$$$cro da:. +$ 65dwail.or, dd


lgdwasuer f.l$d Bq)grs,56 5ro06,5a v6: eC Sf(rea $AS4yf:,
p5: 56 tr6:a6on" eosS:o$od, od g556otr$:."'o
t
***

1995 $ioa:O $S6C ere55 er 636ec$ daS, $gaddu6: 5565


oS r{:} e$6:Qe-S $6;d46. "5:6: eser Jo65:1S66o*o$B:oso6!"
eoo"5$ a0;5 a;rao : "5r5: f"egr 3:6n"0. eso6l5: o6'?;oo (sA6d:
656n$$o18n") vaoO."2r
e536 $$ $noS:E o"o6:6:a6Uu B3o35eC $s6o - "ero5$ es
(6SeJS SoOXod ;i65w$o 5tuerod - Sr. $L65g,od e0658$er3
e6'$or: erdg$65$ eg3:"55o6:o. eo6d: JQSod d:o sQ e66
$$o64 5OS a,5 6r.er$rr 6S3o5)S 6S35S 5r5: EerKu." 1996 iQgf
OBSo 4166{p$ 63ea5ln5'wo@(r ;ro6$c$ adE lada 5:"c- ad Ers:

a&p6:. "ere55 6565$o1S eo{5$ eoor6od, Sr }$ SS:$odB s6r.22


oo6€ eo"55 Bosn u€?cou *O ai.pO."
oo"55B eoS s6eao Spc- 6o6. $gd eo$5:3S Sg"q.555oa
ewn" 5"8'$oo er611$ dd6t{or$. eo"55 ego66of$6o a"SUu ed C(ro5:o
5f gSd ere55 5$o1o€ 3er:6r, "5:5o (Srocirber) das ur;:d Sfl
Sfl aoa>S dQoXo? -
erc ee55 oSergcou6" 6a eeo66oh6:&
E"ecgs 3$;ood - "i.$dc oer $gno6: pdTooa: erod a$o d6:. wc,
eso56r cad6q. tr60i.6r. eoo6>5g, eso6$ croSob a,5 1e6 5:5
$63:o56o+tf:. 6a a66go eoe55B d6."
qooo6 soeo$6g oo.55 daS 6Sccs e"S e€$6c $o68o;$$o6.
65 5S66 go$6oX&$ aaOrreaor, $$d o5g6od eso$s @p65o
a550co e65o6 efi:p$ $o{uSecn }$ .:olUd S0;06oarc6. erodvS:,

ar6o;o6 13
6e C866 - 1996 66gfd JUS# u€?:ou GSq"S;$o1&rI" JQS sSecod
gtr$5&o6. 1.998, 1999e:d Src- o6?,ror (SeS$o18 e5€co &
C866C qos qos 1$>5500o6.

a,g $poOE wo@(> eo5:$t$ ad CAo6:o r$oo0 6r"He66r",


"+€t:ou 655oa $CoOA s.ec$ er sSvdo esd6$d euer$ ere55
eS:$C $o8;$3. de, &166g,o8 655oXJSr45 esAn55dot': +d'i:or:
eo;6:ss $o65;5:3. Jer oxb$5;6pe8, SgrtU 1$dwal$o So3. $0
L5dna5$:;5ue5;$Sp&ood05116o5036on'3S35t$;."
eaflS End Sopg$o18, $$d Snof:S oo6r5:eq: $Kuo6e od
e6S ao$ 65om go6. "uSfo 55$e5er p$d5n"o do6o. e-SSs56:
aby& er$ecn" CerQo0.rUu. of{08 aOl6t$;5:S es$ao6o 6o6.
a"6?:or: $tro eo"55 6fe.:od e#365o da:. eoStrUpd f&$$fol
-96& 6f;>et5:."23

***
Sdo@3r6 ew6oO po6$tn" a66er"Sg 6uo6:, eserdOtrso
ar6'*o> - er653$oe55o es;,!ao6od 5u&6e e6&ob a6e&$ aer
JBEo6? 205 dego es6odod a"5 $6no6o @SS65n es&66&o$,
15$on" a"5 a55$orn sSo6:5:C, a,5 Sg[ ]6n '5$ro's-odro$ J68,
1998-2004 vood do$od 6qt @Sq. Se?olorB as" $6:6:oa?
$gd 6 4D5656 asr&oo ea8ang6s sdog6aw6 6Saod 6r6:Qo6.
dSoo a,S ea8o6: ao6o esp6om a,5 b6nod S55fc Sf&oag
5{, eoocS:d cner S53t{o6:ep S$a6$$.;. eo6d, 6 ${ecg 5S
3"5FEg 655;1wer s6>oa- JQSo eo8dpo tFeSES oo6om
ao;$$5e.:o ag6no6.2a serf, aw6oS P*d SesS eaSo6rerd
Sersoaelrp 6S$fe.:o ago8o6. sewsB, udt:or, oe55el 453:c(r
-*f Jeo6 s56or er6$o'5d6: $c-.
as${od - }$a:oe.r it ql" 6otgrAro$ So{uec$erd$r,
aero6
&gd $ro dss$; ;r6socrodsr 6,Js $s56Jc.l sq. .56.1or
a6oellor:.

14 e56r $ebS
aw&d6d.5o eeod - Jeo6 (3rot5r) aw&o::o.6o? do$od
o0oOS esQy6o AB3:d de66$ &$g:$Qroe? a0 $6: a$:Sd 6
$$ aer Ro$o6?
qero6 56;er$g er$$ 5o+$ 6 ${5o 05$ aS;S'Lbg Sart{o'
dg Soo6:n" 8oE .5r60co 5:o06.
6qgo 5fu66$;$;6c aero8 E6roOS $odfser $6$o XDS(D$E
'554$ Sf,:6oc.ror:. epood fuoc5:{ eoO"5drofo a"S ew&oS: }$
Se3eaod SoSpS e,5 erl$ao6o iSre3n eoep$obr 3.n5d sC, bd
S6noe0;06r3:o5tr0g 6d€o05$ s6. 6 65Sd &sB:od 5oA6o -
;b*Fn"o5r$g"o6 a{Uu 5:3s;no5:$er 5OS }noOS }$ }665o. epoS:d
qB'ar65aco6'.

SdogsanA aw6oS: SaS aS4er03 ;tpo5: - er aso€c o.o5:565o


eou{d Jep }no6, $oofd }$c ao" &o"1 agoA - urSJA 6
'ar65aroA' (soA6) $cpo6o.

ar6'fcoo, eoa"55or &gd oH P*%. do6 $S 5r6:.1$oX6:.


;p6'?cor: S$o eoo"55 @q"S$ols erdSBeSQ. eog6o dAS (fggO)
$o{uec5 e.6pd, 1968 i$o& 6 }g 555fc t?:U: Spsqe8) us dOe:
56:n S&bS odtro>, 1986d &$ eodSflSfC;,$o0 C62gorn 6$;3,3
66:u6 $dgi"br eoo"55 oo5:5e5Q Al.qe 5eg6.
$g
efidSr"f aq er0tlo6:deooX, B$s-o Jero8 5tr*
b&eeeD d$p, aer e.Sgi$So e.56:5fc;o, a,50s561e.pS€cn" SoSero
esda ryU&d6 a$e$$ 5g5OB, SXDgde erfo St':6o6.

AOL6o stueJod - *960 6$5 Src- - ogio"a8o5: S6noeoern d


- e"d 6agod a0ho6.

ud$ol, ere5Ser:3ro5r aw&oO +5o 6$155: $$drUorn


eso6>d,
coos L92o 665o $od & 6J5 til6od6:6do6.
***

ar6o;oA 15
AD6E q),6o

66o (L924-80)
eraDsdoo - 1

3,:"o6"0co5o (192 4-25)

1p6ill 5o$ &s5:q ?:{$od ap66 6$eo6o g:f;:6l$g sood -


1924 8,6oagu 25 otir - n5oo6:6:d 53$dC, 6p$ AXFO 5o66:0g)
ep0:d 0{rs0 +dt:oa: a03o*(u.
sews3 p€?:o:: edn"66 6g66d,5dn ad656. eoSp6 $oB6er,
el6$e0la$ ego5:$ n"50o66 $ofu$B 6o$ 5d;e6.r6ls6 n50o$6
$oflSo erod, p6fr: $o5:o ep6sod gsg500 3 Em sofio"f e-Ss.
prn Soleo er6sodo t-$"*# 33 e6o n"5oo66 LBod 6oa.'
ry6m6 wood eg S:euoeoo dq6(Sd,5 S:o0 ${g66d6'(n"5Oo5:6)B 5o$
e6c.:o, pn n5OoS:5 $offSo ep0r: 3ro6, s0l: $e6 @oeel 60$
$odc;od, 6cr56 5agnod u€$or: n50o6:6, dq665d5, S1569
tlo*f 5 pAra5 SfoS:opo irsd$oOe.lp3 BK>qreye::6-03o0o6.
u6'f:or: 6$o"63 n50o6:6 $oflSo 65 do Sd5:ecp e{6o0
6o6. eC a3rrp 35 o{er.2 185 deaod aa:{r:g }o5:Og S>ee
5Oo: UOO$$, e[5tuo05 $o]5o n50o5>6. eg f>ee 56:er o"$g
e$dSoOA:. eo$ g5po663 eo5p8otr6.6:ew &o$o ao*rS666r$;
S;bo6:od udp t06e $o$od door 50$6:. 5o$ $er6:s$ erg{(ro
B3:po'5$oc- S:KqrS"o0.v $o6e.:o6g, ut'; 8o"65od n 50o$6 $off5o
- 6:fl pOBa$5665;3,ro616o o65eio do1$orn 6r$6$:$o6.3
6on &6od 5o5$ga pJ'XFJEa 5:0uoood o6'*o:r a:s3o*Uu.
eso$$ 6o@, edn"6 6ra- 5o$266 p{d .5a5:$$oX6:. eg vood
ar6o;o6 19
a{t' es&ne6; ao6 $;,$o e,r$g6 $65QQodar6r. e66 66q:o6o
eoflfiug $er5dd 6oX, aog! Soq]"ireao 5n16o 3ro6d$ aOf&.
p€tcor: 6:e.r:oewQ errn JOI6S; ;l.g @du"Ae>Br e.56 ad S:.erq
6*e{i","a,Fer5o s:o5 o€*ooB @6& ud;od aer er${r5o. epor:d
a"gf 6SJ.ssJerargler eds":ol:B S4)0" eeox6.
@6il &oS eood, ile, EpfFAca S>0ooapoen"d ry6?:ole:
$0ooa:o Sra- eSo SO"lSSg 5o$2g6 u& g.oq 666S $6aoS
6$p"5o5: 53Qrn 6:eg5:oX6. boQdner 5e* SFA$6 S;$AXFo
dlp"gdr:8n" dOeFo*"O. esd65 65 5"6.:$ JSr4Swoo t666S S65fid
$oa-oS; $Ogd, eoe.rd $$5 da:.S dode6; 5r:o6 ( 1 926)g a0t:a6:.5
63$AfsO S56Ssn $o0 SrocsO. En 3:.o6d Se65o e*uUu. eg
@o6 aw55c5ro oJr$d e$$ 5C65o Src- esoS:d er6o. a.QS a;.$r,
5g5$o.f Sp$ArFo s6:5$5er 0o6{r $5o2od +s36:65o $5g$5;
Sq:6:05 es5tgr$S6. eld o{eanQ e*c6&*FO $dB$;$3$ile6.'

epo:d'0$so +5*ou 66s $r"dg 66:od *looOSS 1128 gd


"
5:F* 6{6orn $o$ saps: @o6od$ SeSd 1927 5soa6, 6s
er55p$ eoo"55 a$3o*t$. 1920 566od n"50odr6 Sop$o -
@6fi,
$o$o5: SSpo SBod 556o16 d:.qp6om 6oda. ss, 5oo$ 5rg6o
1pSrD +o qgdg[]er5 18o6 6oda. 6 566o epdAo:" s5u6 &uod
6o6€oo 5g, a.5 S6gdsUuc$ 6q ae Spo*t$. "eo6go6 ue.:8o$on"
agot 5o$o5: ad epo85: 6;1>g$5o".7 drr"dsodSr*, 3po6:6er, 3o6
Slfloo:, &d6ror, $-62o:, 6cp5q: 5oB +6o60g So.S a,5 A$5
€o1$orn 6r"0 (OBXD $oSdC 516€ 5rX,6S66o 6'oeroa:C 6o3:{y
goda.

J5'.8.ero"55 S:euoao epero6 0$g$o$56:o $s>306$5 SfSgod


J6Eo6. $e55o6p$ So6 $ea:ooo o{6. oSC 'o3:-63'eod o$.
'eo&:6-3' ep$a J.U4S S5o. eg sFAd ier0:6'J' ercd '?:g1oe6:'. a$So

o"a),.,) Jo6 $o6 d:.6p" 1$ao Sro0 5i[o S$r"gg, * ,er&d.;,d

20 s56: $e$&
SdrEoSoS.'ere55 Bde5;16{:65od er6y0. a"5 erarooc B&$
a,5

tlafO. 6>d eraroa: u5o5:+6.e ero"55 6o$ 3ho,5o6 6;$ $euoac


og$6 Sofdd 6$ eoS;n od 50$ o5$6o $*ot'r. ero"55 59 g"s
dC trtrtrsUeeer i,tr;b.e8n 6o€ap ao6$ S8hoda.

es 5e5Cn aro?rE oSH6; @o5od S:&aop6 aot(ed


6)eDoao
s5SoS6. es6o€F $64$q:od @6o6o.'0 a"{3 e"5 s$6oo5r r{:169 afl
6oda. epero6 t{:g6gafl 6o60co ep$a es d*f So6x!;o 6g,8 @&5.
eoo"55 tu16tr56 B&;6:. "S5: es ao63 ag.$. fuO 55u3ecn -
oO;oEE esero $So saofl:S e"5 t{6 ddn goda. Sxo
B'AL '5pa.$..."
ero"55 S:0ooaod 3ro5p ;b6o pod:el656ee:>n" 6oda. eoe5$
e6n6: $o$4;6 $o&6:t6. prn eloS:S 6"$q. 5nQ 'a:"o6:6' er0
sQ'Qr5gp
e)uJq)
5$ecd6. bo$ @o6od zS e6o as;n4:o Src- Bro6:6d.11
er553$ero"55 6Jbd - 5d bo6:56 &fod g$;od 5n1e5 ge5 566o
3:.o6r tl$* 5:o66o s.5r. dn405om ep6 a"5 $Sg6 86d.5o."
p6?:oo t-flSfp $o5d 3:.odre5cB fgoX$ dt6oO @(rJro
S:or:oood 6gn6. ,o"55 e b"oc$65 bBpeCB 0SgpS $o$36eae:
$o$6ed 6gn6. ere55 S:eooa:o S5:4 6:Uuo.5eQ5o502o$6. b5:4e:
$S16 5:6 t{oq"Q$Oo$a. eof;e oaa:,O16:Q dS$oeu" eoo"55 erc0.r6::
"...er dart' 3ro6:$er Sn$$u5(ro 69o* 6o2os, c+t6oo3od+Uu.
ex>fr 6ugoeD 3Fo6F 663;no: a:6:6$$a.6:."t'$Sfo SoJrSo5 $655S
sqooSd$S es6g$;b6'S6noeu:{ra- SoF @o5oC $*6od 6odc.
$rq:5on" $o $55fS e$:O;od E6""aS erile:> e#46 JSr45. a5e &$
' oo65:ti: il60 .56sESoE Sear5ro: SS6eJ"Cg er6 s6eopo6.
Lg77d el6g$S6 6o}e a{a$ dg$d JQSur agomor:. er aQ6t'
ao6es.o1fl$S 55&d3od (q].5 $6155o ger) (-f8f{ }$* 5OS egse
&$ri.563groo. er JQSf a$e$$ ep0s6od3 50.1o6. erSpdl err55
do$od 55:'*6 6$6 aqr 5:o18. a"*Q dad: $q"5 $o[&. ee
d*# e"5 So66poC (6cFS 5ro18 soos 5ir6iper6r6$J d60

ar6o;oA 2t
566'SoFB e"5 &e556p5 S&oi:od ele55 u55 553d6:. "ere55,
fuO SoE @o6o ;$o$ s*;Uu. 6r$5 e"66ddod $o555f tFp6o
o"a8arg6 Je 6oeoo66 5rs a&5>. €p6$o&..." so€.:r;$65 SaUr:.ln
ar$ (abytf: 5OS
odso:o::, eoo.55 dd56: 56"Bpf a:caoOgod,
$805egrrn) 5OS, $i ep$s6o d5r. qoS, e6: 5egno eo8o6>
$QSr65o t6oo0 esdoo.Se.rc3 5;too6? esor e{ dfq"gg6 ao66
Ee6So 6o6. e.56 *trogodoo, $6'96 so5{ $o6 6:eooao sroo
5*3t$. e"SOa @1&o6: (grxrJea 5r0oooo, $6"906 6o"6 (a$6 4Pilo)
Sreooao. a.SoB SQn e.d 1. .o&o6:od 66::ons 6ofis. $egoa
($o54;6 ;ln{gino Xooo) aofl$ 6r{55:od aans $o$s. a,56:
6on"&6od 6Ss EFrF3€ald), $6-96 5o.5 no6.
o9605 503:5 epo6o e"6E
eoo))u,'60O 6o6. a,5 s6^ eeg8o6 $po6o
666,r iF(r5:Sg Sagod *96& 696o, er S6no6d: il9605 65
*oS:dB er$gbeco.
eg Scro6d:3:.o6p ar&oO u5o.
o
***
'ew&o$u5o'eood 5fu6?

6cg *ep Ssroagson essboS o65.5oe t65oe ea8o6: *$dq,


5ogds6C,r dB65 ero6635 (1936-2015) EuJ6. er 3655$o $w6o -

ea5od, sgfrp$ Soir$:o d6o'65a e"540


e-5 S65Sq,5 6ee6ogd
$$o oo56;5er65: AH 3.6r"S5 o{ao' (Deep Horizontal commrade-
ship) dcn'5 s-6oo 5g rn0 ei:oe e.Sd sc psoS 3"6r"sg g{So
(lmagined community).'u ao5:d aod C65.5So so6o8 e$$d>5d.'u
eor:d e"5 Cp$pS $O$"$:o dbo aod eg6rC5 rl.aE5o - oo0oaXr$
5e! a546 e.5 @6g66p$ga$$6o6. iero6 eagod 6$,SSJ $Eraso?r?
'3ro6rer&o5:o5o' $$55ydc eod, J6;c$ bo6p'ew8' (lsagel)
- a"S bo6p'600' ($O$"S>o)d 3ro5r'easgo'rp 6{aZ

22 C55: $eSS
poSB Saroo 6e6S a8$slel. $&16
'BrpoSr'SOir$>er sS
$3r65on (6.geD e&o$ e$>6eeao 18Exso per65 degod
o066r$od epor$oeccdB $s;o6.18 es $eeaod 6{ec @w6o -
6{6orn, S>o;$ 565eo3 6Soon 6od dre6o eoo@
'SdD(FpCg
p65....6 d:.qr6o erce 563&fu. egdr 563o $oon ;5rx5:iper fSg"{,
56e{ aS3eSreS{ &o6:et$." S frf06 eps$doo acoos
'3ro5r'qo6dr 5o.6 $o'f e (6$ee5) $;fut6o, (6ge$) 6:o;$565ere:
5>6J 6sJ d:.e6odc erdg 6ea$1eer, &g"oo8 '5s16{:"tu'n"
6r$6f;:$oe.:r 50;o6. dr.!&S:u:, d$o 5o"6 S:o$ p6 ;Sre.p
s6rr$6r"d 6ox6.
d&sg 6cfro" i5 eroc.l(u 6cr-
'6>ee: itsog' 5:5 aip€.::go.:f rc
"55$otr 66 doc5: 3o 5o563eo5: prn, '3ro6p' m B:obod epd6
esileod e-66n"'65drg6er:' a546 $6:6r SQoXor:.'?.
'a.5 5:6 drp6o' sero BgS 365.55o. epor:d, r{:f;n 3fB4
epd6
353e.rc3 5flc AaoSro Soood -'Bro6n $Erago'eood'65aa"S4o $So
eo56; So:$S:Bf, J.Er.Sg o{eeo' 6o 5:656pS SSrago. Jo6r5od,
'$"odp6so' erda alod ern" ad falugtodo ege6on $$66
$nQSJA ec5:, 1${6o$ pE65 epn a.d $65*r.eo" SgSf $65S,rASJA
s6:.
'54 {63o? 56 s6:?' er$ 3$o.>o,56o e#055;5 Sg"o5r$ 5556,
;1p{66:so
o1cL d* 5Ss 5sL6 tIo6o dgiptrerc epda e $;5raod a$uf
$o566:o ep5$o$ o"o6$oa. e66d6 agued 80 a6o 6 (90 $g
60 o{o) 3roc5l6d. e5, e$ 6:16:So 5re}elrr", 25 3o d55:e>elm21
6oe6.pm 5gS 19 $er P{e)), o6r5er 6:"c-.22
$6$o@ednQ e$:S0oS 6rc- botS:6o: S'U @eer)rr
cd8o5agr6.tS6uq:3"5Fag dq a.ao.fo i"erf B$;ood -
'556 a,5 So$rrdrC3 SoBS S:0ooao aoSE oc$r{:?:6d,50:o6:
r.f * Solgeo6:od 6pSES dSU &dd: 5i$bQo6. 6eir6eaB,
erfio;o6 23
'6b6r.6' $o1$o"06: ilSJf s
tSp"S dSU trd SJ{rrep 6o6o6.
epo6>d Sra- so6 SroB ewer6J$>e oleQ BeA,$c {>ocp6r.23 esepo6
5 $o135eo6:aqr8 aoSco$ aff esdg$oa Srodrdsder Sder:,
doo66q: natrog Serd;6oc;r.oD.'24
Bpoe5r SSrasod ae>o6 'epdg d56er:, Can5&or, ASJ
So1$ednel", 1f,opow, t{:t5:6or, Sofer 5er6r6fio6' 5106$o8,
ep6:;p65 $o.6er8 a,5 +5$3 ep5v6o e0;o6. eodoecod - 195
degnsB a5r:o6'3ro5:5so'edd d6>. 5o$lo5:o &o55g 5:"g63:
195 degod 3vo6p,EoQo 5gu: ep$a acgdB $*.1oa:.

epord, &osd 6r6a$:5:sg


ao.'3rodr65o'eo$6 5o$ $o5:o
55awod: epoe.:r eoa"l* $e6.r dQsf. o5$d sd sfo $o66:q)
&6SornSd6ou6:. qp66 66po6od aSo $o5:o $oS tu6p5 115
6engo 5:oS '3:o6:. $Sra' ep6$ 6r66pboa er$;6 6 $e6*,
;n65.25

yC, 6s 6oCo o65o1 6*p eooea:oa6r Sd 6fo $o&6o:. +$


***, 6ooea"er: erp6orn 6 66q:o6o ,5OL6d&g€B ES eoSgo6:uer
$S, a,g 6e$5S SeCu. o0 1$e6o - B.a. eg$ dego e6€ &
65q:o6od'3ro6r p655o'$Kr:;econ SoSS $o6. erd,'S6,), 85, dS'
6$o aS*F$h SrSg SSr6orn ero6o$o6.26

Bugo fu6 '3:oo6r p6$5o' eoSA 5 degod 65$:;ercn" 6


66qro6od Soss 65gA eo$l s&o5:o $53S?:&d, 195 6ego p63 6a
dra"6od tro5r siraso' erSa 15spe.:om go6 - ers eoQSpe:
So66:ow eooA5oqoX6:."

$54:0$s.5o6, drd5 5o66$%o5:, ao3o$olg {er$, e#5$Sr#8


$o6 55$el, Sofo: e6:oe 3:.o6l6eri: epsr t{:0^o6$ Spp0o.5e.r0d
$o689m.6:. '
ese>'B:"o6p65ar5$' So&5 5;lrao ep$ g ;$oA $6$;:"5(>o rse,
$e6o o"5oo C{r6on 1pu6od3 5Q1o6.;$0, ero6635 a03$ C65J$o
g5w6o - SgB $Oir$o ;${g'Srocireee5o'J5at':o6?
24 s$6l $e6s
'5:64665:o $er5 J546oX$oo?'ep0 eg6fr +{3 $5rp"5o a}o,
arr6.o:) aw6od 55ar6c6ro6. a*o eawgod S:5 r$66 q:0&
LE45o,
$ooS erSweQbclSqrcn5 503$o6.'?e epood eg $o$ $6 Calo{6er6:
da8 $oc-O. 8r"13c* p06' a"5 ea8o5, 5g5f Se3eo"CB St:"eQ
C653:co0o6.'o qA'5rg 8$d:oe5,d Sp$orr 6o6."

'bo6:" $$pasod' qelo6 '$6t{:Cr$o }o5'5r er5edfu$


sg6PS 5nf5625o 55l d6. cra8o5: Sgnoeo caA$6 6o.E
qp$&fre eo{5o5:$o 1$e6o - ".... }er$S: ugo6af;U &S$o.tr6o
$$o eaSoUro ;$5o 5:5 es6F66&S sood sbc-, Brodr sr;qd
JS;cl dfA:.Uo d65e:r, {ei15;c.ea:o: eaSof:"g€ @.$6go
&o5d6:....3' o633 i:irQeSS bspd6eao'C gr.c- ei>ea5o Je>
{lodfc 5$oa6od - "ee eag,od 6o&eA $q:$o.fler.f daqoa.
i.Uuerd @S e.546n 663a$on 6$ 6$ S;ger $nQoX6:...." &
e8*F$od ;b66du6o ?:{So $o68 eper {>o;$oo. epso: $6$6d:S
o{eao J54t':o6?

a,Sdf 55ots 3:"o6reago 6>oo0 SrSoc-O; 54, 205 degn3B


5r:o6: $166S 8od $er5 616o0, eo6$: fSco05 6:ee @ae6o fi:Oo0
E6p$+o. a6;6 ${5 a.66d.5ods 6"dd 175 6egod aa.d
a03o*Co. er6s 6o1$ - Oaw6.6 (r:g5 6665 erQq. epaSror:8r dQSl"
?:{our6. d{6 S,roc5r}Sd BD66'}o$er }e:SS, OewS6, nao';od
**J# airq:xb5 $:ESo &oSC 86ao{f, 8ild s66e.:p0o 8oa-
A6:6de6,:. Se6 S"grd 5:eo0;o65 Sr"660d,5r$ e.$ d$$odps
psgo 6oir6r $et$. Jo6 a:som SrSo $o5S a.D 646od,5"616
SoSoloS:og $cre6:og dS, rozad 65 ;bee eewgsB eS 556o16
ea,,rr @58o.$$oXf,,:. ep6s Sofi3:o*, el6S *&5u: (Ser$sefDer:)
er6C $:6eaef, (Sep*roS Sree er%Q. e{oo5da6:. ep6 Jod
d$5:o6p$ opa5onD S{oo0oSod - fSS ,Ueaod 25 o{o '5566
Sd5:og foQd eooe ;5r6e5c-d:.'o Sa;irS epdadn $fu$o;Sros
dr6p$ acomeqro6o 569r.,5flea"S du i$o$ 6ge$ 69 fUSr. - eooel"
i>ecp eagd:.

ar6o;o6 25
e-5; ;5nc^:d E$;ood - s d,tod 6a$o&dr 5o?:5 6r$od
t06*pa"6 el6cr{>?:$ o.EB d.6od es65o6 ecoorr 6{ o"a8oO ag
d>eed, dr:{r:ex> v5:.
8pd f?co05 6:ee $$na:go 5d
a.5 oBB a"6 el562
'3ro6reau5o'eooD 6oda. epor:d, aapd t$ooo a*p erSS'3FodF'g6q)
eo6$:;5rdSr;QB eo$t$eaon" (F6@Sq.SAA"6, - ec ?:{m 3536. ec,
3:"odp &er$ero56; e"5 1eB fufg 6SSet{o ep6c }$ggQ s'Ba
Saueor:.

t$Sue 5016e6:f,:: at5:o6 SegE 6JAd, &op$6on" 6$


$tFrrgr5Q. €od 155:S6od &0.1a6i d5iFfc,.cS $Q s6ea.oro}ol:.
15eo6orn 65 &oS t{:oo$, dcf56 ea:8o6: sppo 6:6o5
egd0o.5o,rC3 es6SB a$prtfr $ao66 6'OdA s6... JSprt$ e#;65$;rc5:
ii:o.5r$Q5g 165no"o i$o0 6b;ot$9ot:r eaw6q. s&6$5c-Cd
ep6SB 5;$o5:o SOiFdr6. e"S S$g(p$, f$HpS eag8o6: 555fC
SO3oSe.rCB 6E$ 1$ao6 ep6vdo SudB o0o,5d6:...."'u

* SfSSod 196 6e6o $50 u63'$6(ipAS65 4pqp6o'eed


$6vo6 atuod 'B:"o6pdS' i$9o6 u55 &q"$5o $o60c5r5ro6.
epor:d 6a o5S$ E$so5ood i5r6'${t:65o'e-SE $oa-O 5e!

6'3rodn65 $er6' qrOs dQ doOe.lcg 1909 i1:oo lSoSroXer


ep$

$)5oo6r5orD. es$ 1920 565od se5.56eo 6n5o o.er;ou.

ed Sagod;:"€?:or:, oe55 es$3o*ti:. ed tregod,5doo6no


1p6e 5o5 $o6ro: JQSo Crilq. 6d.fa:gnU:. eogatlrJ.$ t6"f
58S3UpS boc5r65 ei$s oo6o$ @o5:oXo$ Src- 6adBo0;o6.
13**
1857 u6 Slo:rer 86rt$en€o de 80 $56o165 So[r.$o
6t$o6 eU6dgod e6&doer 65: po5:5:!0. *$ JS:gS:d 6Ugo6
66m e.5 65o66tro e6o{po6. uer 56$ p6&o6r:o 5H LA6$ }o$re:
cSH e SQB aoe aoy ?:66e.rcg d$"56&o6. s.o65>o6 e66duq

26 C56: $e6&
@ew($sc$orn 5dd3 6o3:{, S:S SXoS5Q 1p6$ $$65o Sde>
do$6q:r$eo es$ so66: ;po6:6:er g:o$o;n6>.36 1885d Bpb6P5
e66 er&oir eo1}(r Src- 6s'er636{ea' SFLEpq. $6:Qo$o6.
eC, 195 6ego 050 p6B, aer ffC6 ar6&Arq $aq6e${:e:
$dB es;,$$eo,5eco c{o6od 1p6e 6gt65" uo pa:o 5r"66r" 5S3o6.
'6e6 eag8o6: +o"'Q epibS:8o'J€,:6:od, e66d*Q. 6S$OoJt.l$3
65:'6e6'S$gS SArd 1p6(pu6: C6v3oo.5:$uQ 6o6e.:$. 1906d
1per5 acJ6# Oa66 $$ eao6o - eo8drd e l$ew@ss{g ,5go
$So iPee,rQ aos{ aco50;o6.37

epor:d e Jero86? o"$ rySC 136$65od


ap66o5: 'es63il6So'
1$awlSSS{:o '5go ul.5o.'&03:o56o'Jer? 'JSBB a"d o6:Spo" &d'
eoS;egrn" 6od $Ewaod, &a;65daf ee$96 95tr dod $9,

$aw$55:5o ero6 65ew$5a5r5Q eo;5rer doOf;S;. vC, erSS Sgn*,


Sg"od co8s e6&o5: $a5raod @aw$55r5s3 soof; egup 6ea5
6e! $5 dAod JQSo ag66eco sod - esdr $erel:, 5gno, 6$ 6XD
ae>o 6$3C *er:$Sc-pB a,5 o5s6o. eserf, 6$ 6$ Sgno aerQ
66$o dSsS @o6:6god a66 5g"o aero 5g ersa5$Q6g[o $06:eoo
6pc- ac$t$6:o6. aSoe 05OB JSgtB o.o 6$o6? JSog o6r Sree:
u6m, Srero ;p6m ea8o6: €"ca: erSo$o: co3o;5:S$ee0B. esad
p66d6 So16d sero6 e$vdo AarBAD66 $gn e6&doo3 1920
565od 503o6.
Eero6 asp aot aUSf $5; a$6eraoc o$o
6ea$ erp6on"
SSSq ADBaDS6 5H" - '$odr{ t- oeer:' (united Provinces)m
3:0$ drqprpg8 a{oo"Sn 65J dr}56up5 6of,od. o516d @6fi,
ao8dr 16ab65od $oo d6o[eo6od o"go6r6gsf#, eoQe6 Sg"f
& Suecro: (apf aee p4lqC $o0) tper eoQS $oq:gd S{6o$
6o16. 1s92d daod Lrdtra€S - 1}o&odr $op sofo eQs6rf
6o8oo Soeg Srr"s3 6fliFom6. ed trSoOod, oQs6 6*f bo6:6e:
@ss{5o dS"6 sooo6.'8
er6o;o6 27
6od rgood ew&os: P*d is;Sor tfdX=":gnoc @Srlr FE:65o
dss (Fei"65 5r&o d:e6%. 5e#6?:$boa. eo$p63 6a 1p6e
ao&oJpd - es6c$g 70 o5[o 5:o6;5rQoet 6od, B:poc$6el Zf $g
60 o{o $oa $oX6:." eood, $e a,545o$o3 $r6rdS 3roc5:$erq6.
a:il?,l 6ea$ g5e6d:, eoSo$ erQ*eQ(t$aw135e$6:e: $ep) 6oO?:$nO;
5&, - sao6$B da6 ss6
a"5 a$sBr3 a,S4d e"eo 5F* f.H S& -
fr:R:oer: edqSom a:u68 Ido"B 6hilse6.
-drLo

6a {o$od 'Sugo 06' es$6p&oso6. 'eepryd


eod troSU;Uod
SoqrSaoo'd cfu$o d$oc- ;11floo3, 3voc5>6oB ${g e"5 Sdr"6J
5:66rcco
LJ
6 0E oS eo. qO

56:;16 1p6e 666fp d.5od's>od - Eo"d


$r.6 SoS6Jcro
JQSo SoS46eaer'tfd*:$oa. er $o$46eao l$Oo0 e"5 eo&065 qe>
eet$. "p65 daod $fa:ob6 66650 SepeuB o"o &* a,5 aw6ti:
ag 5:tr q6 du66 esfrd)...."404Dg1o fu6 er sos46oo Jg do$e$S S{
(e6;6 $farcer: ero6a)dS:", @o&odr 5:o6f; (a5;6 a5$ sdeo8s)
dSr Psg e6&d>s @sc{go ?i'orr ?:oflo6.a1 ec 5rr"6)
5o56";eoler 6uflo 06 fegsfos eLg6r'6a8er $noos $o@6o$e:
f06om - 'e.5 $SBqg e,5 6"oD' &pe$B 55J.5 Soq:5C $g
depor:o5e;rsB 5ng6o 1p6XD.6e66So e"6p$d6:. erod scSr. ;tupo
€"c.rS 5n16$ a$:g$Se Eufroo$ e6n $g de.ro,r:oa6:. a6 e$
sao ir35o5:od dnoa v6. 6 daodc Sgsdf $g€e.roo:ogc
qe,fr 'a(DS 6846 - *6 6s46'er d&,'5gf 56 s"egs {Qotr6:,
eo$pt$ $$o ?r{ S:S&er 5:{5 5Q65o d}o' ersgd @Sfi, Lfd:65o
af,.{o.

JQSo @e0{go S{o6:od a5ufloo do6poddser5r S5rp$orn


1p8fp 6{:65o er$:$oQ$g& erSvd o6o Srodr eaSor:3qod s'q
{o6:o dBQoOo6. dot$ Sgno 6:65 €"e.:S $oergd 65;5ge"5$o $g 5:f
$66:oa- 1-6e 6665o e#o6l$; 9{ uec6o Srodr uo6:$o5>
5t':6;$ode deroa.6>Soo$ 6dgS $tg (sr:fro €"*d) 5e3eu doS:Xo
28 C56r $ebe
Sg - d6o aa:{o 5:6 5r{, e.5 ;5ufro €"ea: .d$d aro6:6 d"6o6 69
$r.6$ So6:m 5n16d: ;bO0E6:o6.
S 5do6a$o€c, dd6:o 1915d es$o ep66 eo@$ $$dd a"S
3vo6p $f's$d es$ep;n$B op0 .Jrloo.'2 eg $:SsSdB eo6:$er: erer
oa$g o"6:, S:65 Ar"fr"S irobo$. 5.$5iOB ero.5b, o6.*oa:oO€
iFO$oa. 5$5oo'n S erep oag$8 e6:a e,5 SobS; So$46a;r6e:
Srer:oao; $65 arfr.S 5per5o6p6 e.5 $od$ $o$rwo6: bo6r
5:0uoeco.

qel a6r$6:o6$ Sood .6aboO$ el?eb8ed), "a,54$6


$6F"e66gs $d56: €.er*, $E dt.loobs ;$5o epoAsoo*ir,
dc4s$d o.qu$do6c.rs3 erc66g$o 6$p Sd r:"go d6:..."n'
6 dd5du'$egr-eec6'136s$65s eo1lKu $$ Snc- SSodSoooa.
vSiFd, Bro6r i:fs$depn" 06:Ko5:C 5r6a;$oc-, 1916d esAF6oOo6.
eso6)$ v6eao - Sr&o 06d $U:er Sob UflBfD 666S"E il€ecco
$AroSg egd6S. do6c $o56;eo 6t$ud so@Kr: $$ SarSood
foxn" Sn, er63d qrO& $os$ tp6$ ilS 6* Sooo"qsSsd3oaoc
C$or:o0o6. epd'0er66, 665a$orn UwO 6f$o6. 6 0er66 455$o
*Ad @6fi, $oSB e.5 e{>5$ dd:.oS;a so@K> {rgiro. vC a0EoB
So.
SuBo $6 r{:66o
$erSE 6556:od dOn anipdF6. cwo$
so@(>3 3ro6r $fs$d aos' 6n6pil6qr:o6.

$$ aw";ner aer 6r0il65trc3 s6oo - 6fle4"$e S:oo


wo@(u
1914d p66dasB son 6035 u4 45 5gi uSodre6! e"5 So'6ea
So.SdaSc 55om So*d6g$:on" 5ro;5 *E6 6$ e#S:.

esdSr$ BF(FSo"S 5655o5 n"o6.

$gm, aS4$o.yr" a$*rS8er 5$3oo$ rPo6, 5$o"6eodSr,


erpS$od$n S6*F6ere $'o6r aw&3 Sqr6;orl5 1b8$Qer ew6od:

ar6o;oA 29
Sas 5lf &oa6:. 3:"o6p $x,ss{
$o@$odoo d6rsr$ dbd esd65
e66dd 3:.o6r Sa5pewc3 epddC po6$tn" JaniFd6r"6. sS, ego6:$
ea8dror ;i:Soo6: $gsd6orn S66d6r. Eb;$J, SuSo 0EB sQ
o"oo&er oQo*o{ u553 esd$$ }i$E:poon $po6o*6. eeep
do5re.:o o"5e s.o@Ku $$C SuSo 06 faOagSoc- dad,r.

qero6 5;no6od$ 1pSxD 6665o Sfl aqSo 5g6fd a$Uupo> I

&(r$54;oa. 1919d '6r.odF-E$JSE JQSo 5o$46eaer' 6pc-


;5ofloo$ dAn $qr-A"er* SSS.Eoro::. "....5)6 1p"S66g5 abpcS$;
6 JQSo 555f $$Xuooe 556 e,5 6rysB qr6$5iiDec eso$ep
d$o6, #(uorn s5r" ess esoerrda6 $6 t}sf65$ b$4o3, LE{6og
Src- qe>o6 Sd56: esSsael> SOpowoC 6a So$g6aur 1$8$6oron.'7
eso)d 1919 u6 6 iQSu: *Q **f$r" 66gi iqgd sp$ecod eg
$o5g6oo: Sfo535p$5dr5or. CawCB ag das.S JUS# a,0,o {r5:g
ssdphod ev66doo $oo5 eldgo;orn god6.at e.o d* Ua6(p po
$oo5 J$45n" 6oda.

5p5$p68, 1919 il"E JQSo .5$o s6€aono - 1920, Lg23,]^926


So563ef asons JQSer a,565on" 66S $aw$56rgQp66d,5odg
6Ku$6*;or:."
a,5 eo"gdg[aflfrea 1$s6o - 1909 uE $O$6 ;QSo So$46eaur
- d6od bo6r$er, So$oer CflSgpS ep8od ea8o5: Sgoer erS;
6a
sAdr"U tgKu;€con B6$59 6$:5:5*.1or."60 1919 uB ;$0o6
SqJdpS JQUu: - +6f:or:, ere5Su: aC3oSS 5*gnq. - aos
sqJdp5 $6 {u(eoo6: Sfo daoa:.
***
e6'$ol: a:c3o5*cB il"of,g iro6:,51 epod - 1920 $5oa6d
p66ddod A0 $O"6o JQSer a;Omor:. 6 JUSOJ so@fu $$
a3:.ig0o0o6. €o@ 0er66 665;b SSd $"c- esd 6C S$oa. .iosoer
JS6r" 6
")USg! i.flS5r"66'eS Se5
(ery) ew6d$o6.52 aer a"S &6p

30 s$6: $e6s
a$u'; 66:oa- aUut$6$; JQSerd - dero0S, Sl$oer6:, b5r4o$,
LP{6oS $e.g, de.loo5do
qo$ 66o6o. 6 €t^ror:o6er: Spa- t06fD
6d:65o d6:n ear$cs d* u$ eS eoS5ono er$;e5rb. eer 6 d,5od
as0n$ tu$Bu58 i0g5or -'p.6&d>o: ero@ a,(ad'e$;*uSB er$po:
eo6sdo a555:oc- $eoar. ?rrp, 5>oo, 5>6o 5oB 6o6:e;gnfo$
p"U6oOq.Jpc-0 - oQ erilq.Sra- 1g*6odS 6SSSeSo::.
6 JQSoS 5r:od, n o$ aqU €UgC 56g6oa"6. (es @oec;
,6"1f '5>oer6' e3oUu.) 0er65 655$r.sg $(6rn 1gSoEo5c.:"CB
esdi)S B9.6:. eo536d 6r656p$ 655;5ron"'0er66, S6E{ $Xoo6:od,
63

er S& 66oaos BpS n o6d Se$ro tSeoQ. a6d4e-o; 50;o6.

1921C es @o6 SrQoor 106fD &oS$ 55ed5on" 665&:o*Uu.


eB per Bro$63$ dggC $t{ldo6. eo6p63 er546;tuSood oQ6a6o
RH b6 dps$o6ro 5f6 *o:o.Sn" 6od ot5>. Sroecp6 @o6od g$g
tu{o 86 $oa dn}56o# ga 6:o6 bo6:9d.6'eo.s6 - 106XD
$o5:o5: 558d5on es6odp$ 6655:o 6 {r}55>o$ ig&d$orn
(rrlo66o 3o6o6. eod 5r56omel, d3:8e1, (r6gel 6ra- er{1
eg6" d$oc- a0Ai66ooXoor. 966 6$5 alo 655$s6pd 6$ SSg
$dbon 6'0g5 3ro66o6: ad e.54 er6sd$d3 ;16: - e$6eaa5r?
S:eo6656eal"?uu

6 bo$d ,S0o0iloor$ a,5 p6 ddrepeQ $$o*6r. 66gno


E*d 6'oKusd aoQoSat$ ee P6 6cB eg $o{uec5d C$6on
aerr$dB 503o6. ;1>oer6 86:r$er0u p ee 56fr 5:e6d e.5 SSer Spa-
e,a6r. 'eloDd, pdo6 6c6to?'er$; Eg5oa66 es ${5o e$5 eg p6 *er
woo 66:u6 er6 53$ e*r55, er&6 &s seSodro n6fer 5:f
@6:$36e8dren Sosf 56354:a;r.:.
$e,5n" tr5 dsssg Bripod, 6og56 (ud.5;:"o BSso (:p6o0::
5r6od 6od eg P6 er"d6g o"Ep66 $5646. 6:fFo"$d ?:&5oen"d
06p55 BpirAea $0uoerSB 3o6$ $*Fe$oS $6646. oo65C

e:,t{o;oA 31
6{f3:d 1e09d epds: 1857 oE 80 }56o165 Sogr$o futr a,g

$5:g,og$o cFS, &ea&$ 1$a"6o &o6$oC,:. 1pSfD oS $$d a,S


S$opS Slorno 8Uu6:ar0orp 5$:3:o0u, 1857 pB iFee.rQ a"5
ffuSgU $56o165 $ogr;$orn &5646 SrecS:. 6s dD5ep6dd:4o6,
ae.:bp e,56rp $ts n*z:; $€s de6 56c ep6&d6 sFA#g epXos6oat$.
26'ag 5o5r$rg€S $56g8 65 5r.6Jddp$ qr.66${ e.€ e.54 oops
ao9,v56c i$Qo*C,:. eods Srecf B$;erod -'awSo6 o$gedso'.

1p6fD 15$e503 558d5on" a650:QfXw6eeom $66463 66650


eoas dhoa. eoo6;b5 A6gE *er:5rr6 Ef ao6oso6. er5;Cogod
6-eri>er 3ro s6,66gn0 per3 &Kuso.1o6. es po da6d: $56463 -
eU&Auod so5g6 $Qoao;S er$6556c d0d6:830po6. ;5ofloo$o d6oo
B,roa$go; aer8rStrod es6s6:q:n $56g6
'5r6$n"6. 506 RF56rq
aSodB 5:6o.5rd1Qo16c eso5rs egodds 8o6&n Co. OSog EgE
$or:6o - eog{ig"o P6* 6X:$$erer p6o5: 6$d $;b$on'
,$"6d9*F6oX6s {rc- }5646 a.r6$gr6,:. 5'
qo&dr A0 $O"6ea AQ6u: a6n5 dod{ 66:o"d }5646 55 6
er$:#ooQo65 e"5 ug$od eaf,,:. sC u6$ 1923d 5116$ - era
Sra- *er naSSorn - $':5loc5l$60n 6:.

$5646 S$ir:oc$ eri${eao a.d a.5 o{go 55o 86:gdrod6. ep6 -


6$$o6p$ $56o15 e66. 6A3S daer3 6eon p65 Jo" 6$Soo6Es
ddon es06pCo.56o5:! aog.od,: da.:OgU 5:o0 $56468 a.$ C(ro6:o
a;"n ep6&o6.
@Lt,'
56o, aw8 ed$ es05 a6o app 6 d,{o #t$srn
$$66 3"no5o"c3 SerSS6U:qoor.ut & S6noeee66d,E o$eaorn
sfo{E S5646 aoflfuC a.5 *g$o eat$. a"5f es ;r5So *6r
'b.o6r656 S05 o{ea"o'(Essentials of nindufua). qd 6Uuo6 sercd
'3:"o6155o : i56 3:oo6:6?'5e epolo6. o.el awg{g[n" 6 ARg Bgn6,
5e! eso)d $54: Sde5o5, S5&: ep60o56 enn $56g8 esQ6:tf: s6.
ero6:d, '56 3ro5p65o?' er$ s65,55o SoX'J$Uu 3:.o6:g?, er$;d
$56458 tueSEs tFdl.

32 eS6: SeSS
6 1356gB $564d a03$ aareo 5a:ood'a"Sb;t'o SB6pS $Oir$e:
dfo 6od usoe 3ro6:$or' eoS; S655uQ, od 5g"SB 8o6$
'6a$sa06p5 SS:as.'SB eri$So6n5o $O6:e;o. erer .5r$S5yt5,
p.66dXod g$;o{oer ad UgoS s>e6& g$;oe6.m & s6no6o
1$s6o, R:Sr;er, 596:et, EOa:Srer Sra- bo6rgd eog6:oX6:. 5:O
;i:floer:, E{6" 5r"d$6? rf;oer e d.S $oir$oB a54d 5:"6orn
65l, o* 6S16on eCor$6:S ffi606 @oep$ ;$e4, d6r$do,
OaS:oS ao{o SSo erlUuor eQ$go$. epo6:d, a.f;C a56o6:$ea
#6rer epSepCB 5ra- S5646 e$66df:. +G6'e$u 6S5 awAd 6'So
d*o$'eeilA6.
{€ rF rf

Eero6 e:.eerd e"5 o"g$o;606;"6rdQsg s;$o5:od$, $56g8


a0g6o S65Sea t$Oo0 er{go5:So S:"c- SEoX6:.61 eso$S 3,rod5r65
SueCB 55Od6p$6p63 aoer. OSpG 'bodr' eo5g 55o Jo65:
tlC,"SJo 5o60o;$515;6 er$;6 esCOQqO. +pUUd6od 75 .a6o
appc a.56m dQSL boc5r65 S6no5o aS3:6,r 'a,5 i:c8rB ad e,er:'
Srg6o.f Ssd* 56:o6:o 5s;o6. @65o$ 6Sc eagSo$ e655elo3
46"y6: er6:$e{ eoSyt$ eS> a,6 eo8o6 i"$3 eo65S$ o$e$C,
eoS;t': 6$ ap+oB J$;Serd Jero6 Su:S 5Qo56 SooSrn S esoSu
doSlS.:.1C Eer:Ku$oa6:.u'66:4"6 vood eso65 3$;6 : "qo&dp a,5
'3:oo6r d.Jo'. d6oo ;$6o 5g s6:. es, 6 d6od eg"&ogc
**d
d:ag"od 3rot5:6el sa€...3ro6r d,Eo egda 5:6$6on $oosard d.Jo
63
s61...."

$56g6 S6no6o iQSo ers868 60eer 5l5 ego"66& 606. cad


S5:o6oC og65>$u:{ a"5 c.$6: - daseb aOeS: :rftw6 -
'3:oodr6S' er65o5:So dQoX6:.' J56 b' oe5:6?' e1:d
6noeQ {:gorn
$

6$on" Jer 35p6oo? ?rf;;r6 S:euoaco deromea i$oO o66"63


so$Bps $e6 gnir3ea:er. p66"6 & dec3 5r63s 6o6. er546 Xue6,

ar6o;o6 33
3ro6 qp{eD 6oc$ ;lngrdec$. :rf;+6
anogod 8edC, S>ooe
as.6%. $5KD66 crceQo$a"t$. ego6:5 aon 0B 8o65 f05q5 ar.6erd
i$a$ soo 6&i"6r.66u6 sotflS &gd de6:. sC, eo6ed 5a:f,o66
$$B n"o6d a55a*g6:5g eo>&s6a :rf;u6 c6$ 8oo"6r. 1920
6d5od u66"6d 3:"o6p, a5a:Soo 5:65 {r:(eao aOES$, 66u6
ve.:od;1roer6d Spc- a:66eco egd6:S $SfDc 5os3so6.6o 3ro5:6or
;tu$ooo$ Jo6 dd65t56oa6od 6$$ e6u 6fo.5:S56o Sr"c-
S:o$F6oX6: - ers ?r$o6 eofl@o5:6gr6r.
tg22f, 6dr.6db$ (6t$O6o sC) u5$o ?;.f;o68
EgE 3.56a6
6*nSgon" d0o6.uu o.Q Src- eo$5o5>So SaS eso$$B esS$oOoB -
a$pC,: y5obo6 ea:8o5, 66g5:o s5:, a,5 J.5r"sg $of. er6 5na-
ao&dr$: a"d B:"odr $;Srasorp 5r63a-s3 eoo36p5od 6cdd5r6on
6oa-0.

Eero6 egdssodd 65;no E# $56a6s ?rf;a"6 Serir:5roa6:.66


1925d SagdSrSd&:udc :nf,u6'*bo6 55o5:o*55 $oEr:' ep$ aw6oSr
*o$o$c pt{6'"6d }3oo*6:. es$o$ ep66oo05 @o6od :r$o6
SoE 5:e6 [rir3eaoor J5r45. es @o5od 3ro6, S:e6 do6 er(rer
Sr.ge6@6. fn405on" dac3 u66"6 5r66d 6o60,:o Sg sQ 6ee:
$eD erEJFiS oo5:5e5Q 6 S${5o &o;a5a6do6. Sapd yoou8
d:o.e $6:"as5 Edsq. a,56 6a3,rQod, 5:g'56: So$.H e66d.S
6gSQ 1Sa do6ro0 dnsgoa6:. ex> ?rfio6, $5646 gdnea0B
Aewer: Sp*.
*bo5: $5o6o*$5 SoEr:C tu56 S5o6:oi:5Eo a3o6o.6d"6
s.S0.rCB 6:rt'o $o56Jeo $$o6. ilgf 99 ;$o6 (J5:45n") o(i6:er
S:fso$o5ru: 6ox6. o{oe fi"$5r.5 S$*ro ;5uo6 1$ineao
dar5r.67

Eer @6odo s.$e>o eo5g6 a,5 eeEaFJF SoSE$ u6od


erC6p&oOo6 eo$; an{uQ;bCu6660o6. }olScror:S bodp S;5rao

34 S56: $er'bs
5ro, $$ do"od aoda. 3:"o6r $$nao aob$66e.ls3 Ed e6eaios
eeEJSJS ryco3o6. ero6:€ ar$ e.5 s{ 58S3UpS Brodn fi:Qogc e
SSpewcB &SSeSe;$ 50&46o ex$6:o16. 6 3loSr S6paw$3
$o52ge5 d$ '3:"o5pe5'Cg (S&S ergl6rerer (iup5orr $11edoo)
eooa:S
6$. aoc$d a6og .8eSCB::{90e.: de6:. e6eoo - er5$6pd 3,ro6r
Si5ra es636{eop eo6 4656oo0.68 epo6:6 egEJFJS S05om
3156$o$ a"5 66:*per da6.

ercds6r, e $of Bu66itoS air:Soo6:55&d5orn Crw(06$:$o6.


192?dd p66"6 6f6 e"5 sl:So @$o" ;$o66o bo6:6oi$ e6Qod
u'
1go516go doO*q dgo;$$dc :rfi o6 o"sg e0548 S>oo &oloode6:.
6ro6EO $o1$o"o16 Srodr;pecB QS;on egEJFiS @6o{o $o$
C5:; $elo:, 60d:er:, Eoa:i$el Src- 65 S:eooaod e"6$ es0
qr&o0o6.

eper erSdoo0$ a0So563ood, eeEJEJF traSdperg: 6:.6om


doa-os :rf,a"6 sr333*3u6:. 3:"o6r6er i"d6D6rpdd aQgf
&ewod Sfon cera66er6s $S646 qpcos5S;68, egEaSaF 55 66d5:o
6.e.:$oF 6.pf a6US a"5dr6: s65155rerB 50&6;5cor:o6. eeEJSJF
aur eaSoir Sgod5 b6no6od 6pdo5:tco $56468 $5o EBr3oOo6.
ego6r$ SoEu $5o5ro *SSqa{aoo i5or{gorn erSoUu : "D6.:66ea$;

egEJFiSd duo.a ; s50S 55l dos:$oa- 5$c,:."70


$oF fSooSS Sr6$E $o56;6o - 1926 eo$46, SSoaE 5"$f
- ao6o5rd $r.65 &651sS aQ5er a:66aE6oaor:.JUgf $gr$oo
$So _ j S5:{6d
_ -__ 5r:o6&
____
dr{,
656wo $o{er:
g $6(i.e6695, $er@&665$
ep566o+or:. 0el65 $*FSd eagSo$ $$n" 6nlo66o 3o6o6.71
tgzo Sago es6odod dAodc es6 tlo&oO bodp dagerS
5o:66r?2 5<rpp$ ep$o e66 3ro6r $X,tSd Sra'cni5:5;JUgf iFd
ddrerc" s$or:oso6.

ar6o;oA 35
eoer SoSo ep&o$s6e>$, 3:"o5p aw&o5:e5:er$ Spa- 1920
Sego JQSer o6u6on" 6o616or:o6. 6a JQSer:;lu$oo$ a"5 So$eQ
SrOQoao. Srodr aw&o5:;w6o$ a$Fp 1!"S66g5 eoQweQ
6ohe8d* o5s.,anQ Srsgoaoa:.

5&o 3:"odr55o essa 6aw&5Sgod iF66d e"5 S:566pS


5;1rewsg co3o'5o65e;odc$ SXoS Jc;So o"Se @ew$5$5 fOSf
Ce3eo"CB eo5$6p$ So65 Kuod;$ooo6. 6g"il trS,6:.0i"o Bo505e:
aflfiea 5o Baa:6ro5od, a$&:E $6noeo 65s-6o 5rril$666) a,5 SrSo
€"cr6$ @SS$5o 53:"o'J€":o ${556c5:.?n a}A:S So1$eo6:o 1$sn6o
'afua:S ooaSo' egdSSeD - & JQSer 5$a$6C 86S46oJa-SB
SrSo0FS ep5e6o qloa:.

es yood 3roe5r65 o"a8Arg€ cd{r*auod - ero5>. ea8o5:


uo6:5:e.p J5c1p5pa-'a,5 ;bC&B a,d €.eu' R:6noe$3 65e5$rgo5:on
;b$6o Sqr.o.q. fO4OoSdA.'u 3:"o5p6>irs$d epQy6 Sgeo 16e6o,
eobp6 JQSo &qnu$3 $pS $e55:1o5: CpuU. eobp6 es6J5a5,
Brodn uo5:$65tlp C540.;n ,503o,5d6. * df{god'ew&o5r B:aw0d'
f-erf erq"6on" 3ro6r d.Xo 5-fpfoo o5g6 es JQSo &SFSod &6g$d:5
Oiro6o. er$6, &Enag S5r.56 S&odrod 6 S6no6od So6 pe{5o
6{5368,ea8o5, $ir.Sdg 6 JQSer df:"tro d}*r..}564d S5o6:on
eeox6 : "3:oodp6sodC 6reeq:65ew$5$5 6gff3 &K:r6:eo:r."76

***
1920, 1930 56sS 3:"o6r ew6o5:+5o &6oe5:$oe$o6. eserf,,
o5i:olq: (pc- e5r>o56r{: Sqoa6.
Efs6 +6'*or: 65 eg6r{:Uu S*d56od, dBdogood
ese.rd'
So"g5o6:p$ ad56fo 5:{g ?:On 6:. FP65F6&S 3rot5r 5:S5666S
S:e.roew$B Eo6$ ap€fcor 6o@ 53$E*F6. n"5Oo$6 i:irseay
flSooSS
e"5 q"035&6"g So6'n66$ fr45' d eeerd AX,sO o6'*or,56:g$oar$. ??

er54d C{u s}{. 3:.o6. 6qF${}a.Jo5uo 53$ Afs6.?8 5B5o1pu>

36 c$dr $ebS
&eeD 66Qod S:.45d e$d:6cr! s-c, o€$oo8
55$e.>o 3:goB a"5
*5r. ego$S ;e{ oS;erf }eq: BS3€.:o, 5016 6$o"g}er Bi;eco
(ego6$ dSf;:fo) g"(r:d esflSoro$ 5r3:oS;e6. eso$S 66r+6 sood

3$;6 : "5r e$J aoflXud, SroAd er5fdorn, eso6o.p Srgodo6:.


s-s, il.S: 50;$ er$s6o eso5c$B cpd6gcr! dS esoSS da:ld 6450
eo6o$."7e
eorr5Sc Src- &o.pgn6:. epo5rS: 65p.5s6eao egoS:$
egoS:$ 6o@

69 Solr(l)d ao6n"S SClF$e,ro. ercr"55 6,$serd - eso5:5 6o@ BBrS


JoE ce6oa65, 565&g fu.QdaooS 53q.'o e:o6$ Se$d
Xo.53d$
?:ooo05 &5t-65p esd d6o5 fr45d 5fi$5:oX6:. es $r4er $rpQ osgo
5tuerod - '$oEd @6q. S6e;o 6srd 363o'." eoflir d6s qr(ri"
6$; el K*a* eoo.55c a,5 'a:s.dg16'rn 6oJ:"6:SSoa. alsd6Ld
epod...? 195 dognc3 3o6$ @6f, ea8d6dq s &sd. &vd
qPg6daod aofl*u so"5sqr"6r"Q $3,5aEoc 1s{:e5c3 sA"6$,
da6r. eoobSg er6&o$er: qp6&dDe::n"S gfftrerO sc, o0
esd.:s96, ero;rgd, pss eosf +$ aoflir:+$ erca:ilset$ - ers
ego$S R:qr.o&50o*6:.82 aoflir: Dgep 5S6a-0, $rSoc-0 es$
o
e516o5r$dogis '&sd$L6t',:' er0 b5or$on Srodr aw&oir+6rer:
Scer{ootrt5r. ss, qd a:s.d6ld er$eao ero"55 J6:r{:5oB ae}
d*i.trtr&oa.
*5r"656d eoo"553 845 $&56o rgsfs $0'5o5:o drooa
?:or:o05 $51653 Sra6." o{
se6oa:6p$ dsdsp"So, 55o{5 dsso
oo5$p a"5 SugJeor. 5(>o8 s-erod oo"55 i"gi'S e#36:c,: sd55
5rra"6F$ gohs So66po 6:oos qep B$pUu : "d:ir: SloSlrr
Srgof;5:51 CiroS:$a:ecod -o i]"fr"ee:> .5516. ;1r $oqlfrea 45
s$&er agOfd, eso6d 25 $&:*o &tr 3S '56$5:5g ?roooiS
$51S83 Sra* So"5Sq"$$ 5&So6."84 2005d ero"55 6$8
'5c5r$
83015

eg i:o.loO5 &gtp5f Ku.gu:$ 502o$5$3:6 eo54& 8:ger aoflfud +eS


f,o5:o "...ep68f5 it 6FS ;$o0 S$$6)d)..." epo"\,5 S{d qr"SdS66

ar6o;o6 37
arfupo: co3:o6. er6;:6o ero"55 Boec 65; a6g${ 6.S.J. e{u55
esour6) : "esd5:5 Sfpfoo p$d56fn 5fo6 awou6eJo SxD 5p@5o."85

Boro05 $gtSS;C ero"55 eg6:c5 a65c d6r35:oe.:rod, oerd Oirs6

e$6ooir s.d5d Secu. 1846d eo6 o6;6 $6$ eo$ecd suso


So"g$ofrn 563&o6. @68 an0 $o5d o"c*6 Cg8odrrn 5no"3t$.86
17 5g o€$o.r: g,$rd assaoSf 5r6-;s, tuoe$ao$S 6od 16 5g
$6;$ #o5e5c; es$56{g"oda.Cr:.
esBo ea$;t"O!.
o.a$i5:'0 ir536 1925d a6omd$ e"5 s836 so8d:s 5:oloaod
6Soa. 66>;r6soeroC eg $boao n5Oo5:6 5$;So6. 53$ A*fB
EISFael> tie$lp5duer:m SCdASepn"d, ea:S:ir0 6o1$ Src-
&o"ge+d 666g6o $*+6:. ao6erno$3 ea$Sro 565g RFSO

er$6o6. es& erS:3e$3 - 5$ep B(ircr.g eo{. eoor:d, 6s Sfrdbo er6p8B


(B$Sao5d 51653 o6arf) u€?:or:B EOS .6o65it65;$J."

S"Sg$o56;eo 66o"6 er5;6 sd* d*%.5p{" ea5:;1r0 a.5


*;Br6eo.f a&pUu : "36'5ou n"os $$ n 50o5:6sdsd tu56i"on
Soiu$o1$. d:O5Uo e"Sd g"$d 6odar{o. u$ ego5r$od a$o.
ego$sgr dsod a$o. eoo65:S:o0 a1J. afo 5:65 n5y$6n5 oo{o
e5:dcs. 66:+5 d*f (6r. Bg 6s$55s) 5p S:or:oa:o a"$yS6c
d$ aos-5:...eo5oe e"5 esdrd$565o.f 5r&S e#(eo...JiOE 65516o
d6:." a,g eeBJFJF uo6$o esoe.p6 : "e0546 $p.S 5S:Sg - esa) e,5
So15o"o::5 w836 foeAo eo$:"3oo. esoS:S e836ot': y6iESeco e,5
ea5:6r0 6p6o$co a5n0.> 1$s.6o 6e:
eo{god6o er$6:o6. epo6:d
5o$o6." pd?:or: dCgge 65ood &a:6: LSdA ff*F qo95 65on'
6o8 : "eoi563 +€?:oo 5o6(13 17 5*. esd$S $eDoa,r$B elo6 es$S
ffSod dcS. SS d{n" a,rn Jr$S:oc;.i$ - eo$ eso$S ier B536o6o?."88
egoS:S da6 56 eS$ 5:oa agio 6d,Sod '+dp ?:SB esA) 5)6)oao

38 S$5: $eb8
e.6y$C 6o661, epo6:d o$ ABirEoSr6:.'8e eag5>Sr0 oSDSFdSrf)rJd
65;$365:o$ o.S eaO S:o0 ;p€$or:5o65 ff65o J6;68 eg3: opSS
'dqrd'epor$odO - SO4 Oot'o 5e6no 6Uu+6 *S Serius0 do65iFd.

1939d oder a#35 5:f 1-er5 66o @56o0o6. epoS:C


ao&oJr6: Epc- 6$ ESS.J$C ry6on Od4$:$o6. sS, ao8dp0
5o656o.5d6:. do65 (loro6 o6):$od 25 o{o g0 6:o6e0 p66 pc$u>
@oS tu16Sffod qy6on $fl"aO. es dr$od ere::( Es5.5g
qo8o6rd." udo C6o5:E 3o6:o6355 $o5i$ S5OdBQS;63E8, n o6
es656gods eo&o65 daSOeo@S 655, LA6A6665o $o@6o.5$oc-
p;r5o;5: 6$dl.ho;$$Sercp esg{ir.od 6aflitsooo6. 1937d aOS$
ac;St' eo@S &$ a:awod SQoooa. er$s eSf
t$6eSe" Seper
SSoa. ec, do6*5 @6o.5o5u$od ao&o65 Esg 6qC (p68 6ab6So
CSdrEQ6gotS:$ C6$$n" eedr. o"*f wo@5 $o[& Sper edp6p
daoa>.eg a"QB 56g$$per: (do65 tSSoJo$:$ yood) Jer 6o65'$.1

tpEE &o5:o 603:"o*t$.

"S o5r$od ao&dr $66 *;rood, e6" 66:od 5:6> ao&dp


SAdS aSiFoo" erS $$ra$ti n"o6. 6Se 10SE $er5:u: 5;6&S
eroA*crQ a$55ir6$e.:od tg+z esffd so@5 $$ '85e5 (560&o&)
Eo&dr' a6g$rQ @6o0o$o6.
6a 6555:o 6a6oe$55g sA (p64 $o5:$ #d5:o BoSooa:o6. S
C6SS espse>e>: BOneFd do65 156o5dr$od o5r aofv$Sde$:S
eodgs 6ocrt$. Sobd so@5 eo5:5rero605 66rU5o S6;oQoOo6.
tuilo0F 5116o 5d ofl $o5€,:o $ro 66:u5odS aoairsor:o6.
epero6 $5:o5:od (p68 $o$o5: S:{6:sS5e.rcB ;1uod5r90;5 tu166)
- lp6Elo$er Ga3:.o.5S SgS. esos:d S;wo$S crB:"56 &5646. er$368
esd$S SFodF SrX'sSd *6JS*. epQs'6 €ogroXo $e3aot$$*ood
"$6585 sQ S{:aeg epiS6o"e2 ep$ eroS:5 eofl@o5:fgr6:. prn
**o asss{f ed;rir dss +$f erc6rs }$ da:. s::.* **#
ae"6o;oA 39
SuSo0Fd Sos 5o8$ 6qt eSq. 3ro6r$:$sSd 566do6. eoo"55

SoF 1}o6 ,a$S$dd 5pa- esd es6t$do6.eg

& 6o56n46o 5:{5d o€fco:r wde::e6oB 55 $"655:o [F;$o


adA56 B9.6. u€?:oa: 55 Rp66&66 SOs aar6d a.5 aw$$5 $36go
5r"&ile6.e05;6 er So{uecb i1:0o0 6Uup6 1997C e"5 3:"oA 6lOSd
o€*o.r: qer e,aLt : "es 196625 ${5dB eo5}34n 5"616 oxl:$$ep
5rKu9*36. +$ es6f 9 o"e$ 6'oevoa:d $:6se3rno$'8505 ao&dr'
3:oi9$a;60 @6Eo*Cu. esodwSr, "6 $oS $er$Q 6a ddo $oO
5:5o dodo5r0. SOb 6o8"ea esS Src- o$ esddorn 1556o*6:. erod,
eo.f d0;iFoa:S ag$o epo6>e.perrd 6SJdo6 $d8 8e.5iFf;o6: 65o$o
daUu. es Siro5rp +€t:or:S, esdSJS RF56# g"* eods deUu. er
$o{r:ecSS: SoaroQo$ odt:or: a"5 Sa3g,5 (65015 6{rd eb a*;6:.
t6ah ddg€5+6 *6 S"c- epo6:d ea6:. epor:d eg So{r:e.:$d es
!dq,/g)6

er$;5;1o3o: af;6r 5rc- 6re6SJ eofldrrnsg o6?:or: po&oep6: :


"cd,8 *s5is*"$ S:"-o;dR:s So{ue.>Sd d:fo f*isoS:o dao es$ero
e9ac50."eu
e
yS 66o6 serod 6a faXq$ 6SerS eso$S$ SpSSSon
dQoOoa. epor:d, 6 6aXq6 ($ger5$ a56 i5u6no,r:o$ 5g&d6on
6Sdpho5dA:. esdtrSo6od o6Toor a.5 $55o965 5;b6dn6:er
ep$eco Src- $ov5$ eso65 FSeJSs a$ er$S:66o6.e6

ercr55er6, o#":or: a.ro556 tpSE Sgad5 a555:od6 (SqpSSo


wdA:. epo>d utsH6L 666dSS sfidsrdrtueJod- e.5 $o$6s5 *r
SofC +S &16. eo$36d es $of - (eeEaFJF) 1064 +g sdQotnoc
esdoodero6
P*e JaslFdo6.e's56g es6a5a5d Sd565o a.g66L
a.5 $e.: $o;o6.

{€ *:l€

1930 5d5o O596 o"$oO $5o5:o*55 So[r 5:e6dr66 @oero6:


4r"c- &{OoOoA. $dg55Soeg 60 So5: SOoa.e8 es S$>d5:od$ ueo6e5

40 C55r $eb8
eS e$ e6g5{ n"50o66 4ff6. eso6r$ eo5363 aoe do6o
es$ troED
ic$er 3o6$ *6?cor:S $ofu S6no6o.f 6ape6o da{u. "aod JSer
6o6e.:"cB s-6eao, 56:;&o;ags *d."" esEaSaSdB ud*or: g8o514o6
s6g5{n 6o66536o 1939d as6ho6.r00 o"CB y6eao erf56B egoS:S
n"5oo5:6d 6o60:o. n"50o5:6 a3ilry epoe 5;o"6 Sngndu$. n'5Oo66
$oluS3 eav a,5 3ro6:9.'0'e5*or: 6$5 eg So6f>;d doglOd
t&"*f 6oa-O3 5Q, esoS:S 56616€5 egEASaF $5o6:o*55 ero>
dodoUr s6.
o.6*"ro> Rr666r6: +6'$ord &e.D eeEJFJFdg Eg6. $o[r>
806od e ip56rr$ 65r egueo 1$s.6o 65 So€c Ud SSSrdd.6. yc
a-S 6aas.6&a.5 (rc- tu6e 55o6:o *fSo.f 6Ob 66ageo 6o$d
erdi$
$e6:.'o' ,+6t:oo Soft s65155r"9! 65 ao{5odd }93o6,r. ss,
6Cu*6 eood q66 H:ero i$oO 6$i$ 6a ao{5o d6rd$odc a,rcoss
od'*oo o"eS$potnUu.
esdyood n"5Oo6:63 per 5p6on SoEu S{6od '1$draSo
&o65'516'6 5S boXo:tt' ero"5S. L9428 eoo"55 erb;d $:o;u:
'5c$g
;1>flo*Uu. A"gi.Sds so$ @o6od asg !15ee.r6d eso6:S ss;5
dUpsoea:o1u:.

e,56aav e*.:6:S5d 6o6n" ego6:$ SB ege.ln 6; er5&34n" em"55d


crox6 : "$co5 Bg,sr."
eoo"55 e#365isd:.6r : "epdo6! ?:t5 S"qs5roc- egd,r 5:{5d aer
B$itse5."
"gQdaro g36o d$ elEaSJFd des:. d5: eq:B svood a?.
&e0. osgd Si:dSllo5 *er 6a:algo."ro3
epod!

eoo"55 6rc- SQ dayo 66:u6 Soflr:d dOepArA. aince,6QF


es€c6g SoEud dos tr500:o*SE eoe55d: s5':11.

arXerpo6 41
eeo"sb 5oS5; Sf55o v6eaom $o[r:d eooSo.f So5c-c3 ego6:5
goBo aa5o6 fF6.pn", ud?.:o::B 3ro6, Xoo"6 St$g. oo.553 aoflir:,
ho6 S:.16d: $.$J. egoS:$ bo6d edSr0:o, 555bo, Sngode.:o
da;sslo 1942 d6o6 ing6$.'on s:o"6 asp68 So;$da:. aer
esQ5ff5:6, Pfuss:$g 5[e p{up"ger5;5388 erci'55c $oEr: esEQo.Sc-$B
s6eao - eso5r5dn &6:$6{5o,5oEr b6no6o $S Se5So, S65$8d4
6opiro. ad;r#":or:d X"& - 155:€{a d6:. s-c,3ro6d eo6p6p$
osg6:6go aod6.
eeEJFJF daro6 s6gfl5o SoF ae. $o6 &o1$o"oo:5
+go5r;$eoo6: ilsO aod 6 dpd o$65:er3 ar6Og ogdn;$o, eecro:,
d.Jdg 6.od n dep dare6 s65155rern doe.ror:. e"s454 aq:d so
i5:oO 100 5ro6 o.s. S5o5:o *fg:e - ogi 5dr.660 a$ €d:, aro,
56rea, (il6 bEo:n - do0r6:.105 5 6o5l$:3d5or:p S5odlo *59:eln
dUf;S;. esel o5?)oD, eoo"55 eH of t-$"*f 6aa* d6dpt o0
6*f aOf aq:o3 Bgodo6:. er8 c546r, Bgtre;,596 (8:sE) s55
{oos afl+O. dod o.er[5: ep6,:t$o er6 6ooo & Xeadfd aq:3
IFa6Stco e{ $6g5pe5g6 a"5erca:lForo6.106 epe dar3 e"5 6o0c
eers; .epd 66{t6o o.se boflu $6noeQ 6S $5o6:o*58
a-o0,la$o;$5:o0pt':. erelf, , ee55, +€*or: (pc-.
*96e a.So3 a"66 Boo:5 Bd5:ecg t5n6od a$g6368 SoEu
*ef il966" SO;S:oer:Sga ed USpS 3ro6r awS 5616. 3lo6$t'
o556 96560co 5g +$ 5oddn165: ie apltsdrUu erS B*3 .5016
eo6. J5:4$ 5p$ eooe aad 5:6, Sree $gna:go 5:5, 1761d aoES
5rr"65 i.SSe,D do6o 516 aoe.loA. es 8o5&S drSod i:eeo Jer
c)Qa
5fril6ddr.d,
e)-o epo6r6g 66o6 se.rod es SOQ6:er ier & d6od gABE
5oS $e:$e: $o53 e6&.adr er5g6 EerKu$e6. 6SoU6g w6oo
3ro6r $;5raod erp6g6. esfc$SB 3o65 er$35 & esgn0 5oddrg58
S0;56y6,:$6tl8f ASSJe>qo&o$Sa$:fl oo$:654:16:OgdKuS:oad
Src- er546 o$ Eu:(u5:oeloX6:. erd oSSod aweSer:, e565o:

42 C55r $ebs
5:eeop6 6o85rc- Jer ;5S:S5o6od iFe6dgiFdr"6'6 Spc- o6i
eo$od$:$oea:oXt5:."'

6 $eer:em"55d i'u:Soo esCSil"dUetSH tuS eio$roc;


dsqo*orc. SoF tloSod Xe$S esd65 aroSod ae eot$6:n" c$;
sirdrer aifo. ro+ad, 16 5g Sdlr(\rd oo55 eaps Bg"Uu. e0536
$65els X:OoO csd65 se> eat6 : "Oq:66E SerS:f SS sqdexbo6
3:"o6p dSUs S*J%. 65o$o $ro 6o6e.rfo e+Su$ BOo6$oc-
?:3Ooo3S 6ode.pQ 5ne5:. ee55J $6$fi"So dc cdt tupo ea.,e::
dSS #pAyer. e,54 dSe a6fss;Src- ar$ 060?:8d6. es&5r$ u
fDSfD S8niFouo6.'08

8od
X:6os ero"55 a"€3.o o6: g{oper: 56;u.6. iP$oF
esodrQ 1024 So6dpUod Sfr35 6e5 o.&SS Jer" di$$o1d, ao.
65o5o dad er5g eAd6rp B.JS:.Srr& o'S$ gloqrQ Spc- .56+6:.10e
es glodod 1$p"po6o - "*ro6:$q: s8irsor: 6o}6 s5:5d eoQ
o"6,1 glsr €-Aet6o5J.6. "

& '5old $*%.


;:o55or:, eoe5$u: e{odSsc $o$6:er5:
6h$epn" er55or:ot$$$n"6. aero6 $0fr6:o6: eeEiSAF 863 $0&46o
- 5o{u66 se556ea. ad fnleq 1940d :rf,u6 6Uuo6 $oilr
ew{g6s $550oO5, }55:der SSad fp65e6 5o"8$eg de5o46
(t$6r.S) {rc- Sf34 Bfc;o6. ,5OL6S ego65 56d66r qer do0oo6 :
"soL6d:o Bro6r ew&o$eepio ep$a 5d $6eeria Srece> ss3c{g.o6.
ao5r6$o0 a0fl5 o"t'ro Soodr 5rS Sdg acofe$plFooo6....""0
ao5:$ eso6:S $ofu46o S:oc- ego6:S S6no5o ert Ca6on 6o0lo8 :
"$SdS o556S $d;6elo, eeq@Sq. Sr6OiFSeco ep$ f"**%.
560o;5:$od 6S3, aw6o6:P*d Sp65on, eo@Xo{6o6 555$oQ
66p...iFd 136$o,5od S:5o el053gc $6oSdo."'1'

ee6JsJS d,6$oo" adol$Soo5a&s $5{o6 so$. 6cc se6


6qr"S&6$g ago6o dog5e65p5p5 o"6$.6 S:oo $SdQ" 6o0uo6.

ar6o;o6 43
$of eo6 z:{pu, e }6{g apoSo S5;6. er{e6 SooB 65d5:o *SSq:
6"a# S{ea }o6:61 6o0.16:. er8[So6 **C dod 55060*558 5:c-
J$;65$;c(> SoEu esdao6: do0c3o0:d dd.;SgSfC $;:"65o esoQ^r6).
56 6.qs'oo 6cS$6:. s.c, duo &ssc v6r. erqru, +S €5$
eo$$eoS;og5 fo[r: 5r.E 6o0po6. 6 @*65er 555fC l{r6rd
5e3eod,a6:. esodv6:, 1$*65rn bOd* s.oo g"{d:g56$ o$
esspBy6el>rr"d 6o6-0.112 a"5
LE{5 tuAs6 s.ded J66$5J
haer5o46"'e6:53$ ar(t5d 6s$bs s.ood ewrn eo$odKu$ox6 -
$o1$eor6 6:er:oa: aop"e:: 6"Qeo5 SoEr:*63 ($8ao6s-e:beoo.

135*65 epod - 15*6o S*u$. ael:So6 o6 d6od o"ert$der


;5:o63 prn 6oa6:. $o6rs3 +fl asgSS. d.fod so{ @oef, ccd
al{o dO;sc o$ 5s$}6. 5o565 beo er06PS uCoU 3:'o6c
pf,:6:o0rUu. So[uC d06soo ep&pBpd:q:rpS aod 1;5+65:d
a{6}o:: }66rs:n" it5:r{:ec!. +$ etEaFJS$ 6XD 6:0r:oacom
pC+6. erod5oX ;i:q:5orr +$ o5gd3 @ea&:$6.

$oFd a"S;$o ca$ &r:fgo 65; tga"65o3 ($co:l.ods6


$oeco6o d6:oc-) ?:$ a.r6g6el eo6;EQoee6. erald, +$ Sofiud
Jo6 J$;S s'oo t$6:6" $SSe6r eo5;o"CS e epis.eq: SQoeror:.
"€
B}p6 : "eIEJFJFC aO
eseD$o6 a"g $coSE s"6g5{ 5166 3eD$ 6nc-
O0o0 6o6C Co$6ro. iS0fir0opo- i:o$n" BSpSo;$$od, er6
esoS0d B$3O. 5pu Bt'o B6;5o;$$od, o"CS es p s655{B 5n163r
3&pO.";:o6*1;or:, eorr55 ue> $eep dO.lSoea:oXO. Bpodr S;5naw0;
e"54 e8p &S6:Sd;of:$ 5p& $QSL $o$ 5r.c- Sp5gon" 6o& &e0.

u5*o::eD eoSp6Boe e.5OB e,5c$ i54c- J66:Sdd6.


eoo"55,
sC, af;6r qo$S:ot$ a"d trSoS:od $o[r:d 8{$u:n" J6s 1Sa65u:
eroS:.56:. ao5:$$o u$ airC;$oo:od (66$$F, 6S&o65F,
5J&o$59) eoQe6:o 8{ea" €06od }guo"; 6o01o6.11a gse-S 806o
a.S Bsda:.o &ea: aoearo6. $ll"66 €06o 5116o o"66"6d 25 6{arer

44 e56: $eSs
$e.r a6:r{:6>o6."u s06od B{o fi:6oo e"S $c066 65*65 aer
esoc.r6:: "&*S uu:6:5;6 S:oS e18 665J6 o"y a6Og +go5rSnu:,
S6no5$6p5 lSSomer:, io::.el 6o€,ror:. BgoUu 6fPSrrS dof,,: 6o€ce:
a"6Og oSoIn;bo 66e6 exr;*F6o. 66pd $$s05 erceop,563u>
6o0ror:. $d5:o16o &6h uq:l$Sg6 Xoo0 JSfu6 6o0co os. e6Og
u5o5r;!o 6o0ro6." e €{etn €S6od }f;Sg;ln63 &eerp5 fs-63d
5SS 5-0;$6:. eo546 Je,r:5o6 5S66 n4f5US es5s.6o 6o6c5:. 806
C65irea &6n"5, $:"p9 n 5, o{go m5 bodp $Srew0g656pd5 6drn
5&bo5e.:S:.

***
+5*oo, eoo"55o$ Soflr:d e.5 er{56 503oet5:. ero65r1e5
o$ <ra8o5ng63 ag.on sc$. @ee.54 f5o5:o*S5d - 3po5:6ooe
$o{r:66o yuO el$; ar;rQ ereatSea:$u $oft ,fSopo$ 6o0uo6.
elor:d, eo8o6ron" Src- bo6:60r 560g $o"3O3S er5$6o ;rt'B
1951dS d0so6.
naer5o46deaSolrood $q"6ea [nir3earo$od CfDpU *OSn
6o6. pn" 6'6o5ro5o eJ uQ$pS $56g8 esod eed$55: $.53fu.
eso6)d t94z& bo6p $x,6sd eo{g$&n' }6646 ea8angs $ssod:o
$So es8n${rfo, nae5o46 86646ou6. erbyCo erg5Bro$$ }5645
egEJFJSc d*S"aE Sod aq&&+Uu : "5gd (* $5o$o*S5:er.f)
$do So::xouo$t a.gd 15;6 Srr:$6e)e.""6
1944 5Uu*6 eoo"55 Se$dc 4r.66'p$r4dd $d{ A:gerB

eso6o, 5016, 6eB5o, E;,$J $*%. A68o.Je.:o @6oflou6.117 eo5p63


ego6ri aofl6: 55oep 555€co fg
ep060 bo;5:S:oX6. o6dd
SuSEdde6:. yS, erS36B egoS:$3 JQSo $g Aero6 es$$ aos
agco$d6:.

eo$368 S$60oir. ydA S:oO a€*oo S$dt5:6oirgUu. egoS:SB

aos 55oo$ 6o6. sS, ego6$ es$S


ff$6 eo"55er6 y6:. 6t5*5

ar6eSo6 45
sood a,gl0 +€?:o:: :"5r 6o@ ${:65$65$: $o0
r{:{dKr:5:o*6>
op6 erdrg6r. Sr a{fu ap#lB ?:f$ s$o$ 6o6. eg d*f 565el o
eo$a 6a:3o;$$dp etro. en$6"r,:gdre5 $63 555eJ"sg Ss p6:q)
S6:5r6:gSde 608S eg6."'18 s$, 56$$eo5g ego6:5 6658 S;o5S
n"5Oo66 ;1:sseew S:oS 65s6 dUSo 6r$od 5S;o6. es6 aerg Ztr
6rlo6er. esod! o6icor: e $Uu;,555c-sB s5r36ds &.a.c. vded
1945d Scpt5."t
er546 eso5:$ e,o0c0mdO. OpE eso::$ eroS:$ 6o@ 53$ Afs6 Hrc-
esd $6>3 epd yded 565do @6ofloe6. 66:u& eood 6a sio6:o
6:oos ede Soogd o€?co eetS: : "i5;rpe e5; n"6 g"KoB
a1r.

cr$eco esoSgpd U*afS S65& eg6fp6 - '5;$o5r5! 5 u5; J546


6SopiFo$6r?'i6;:pu S5r e+ob5pd esd65 5:. eS;c es&t+6 -'5
ee?FJor) J546 6303#d6r"6?'. g"$oe* {n.*5 $35o6:."'20 6"6?lor:
SfrSo"SQ ae B$p6 : "Saoon" B&";ood u€?oo:r 65 6o@ SXdJ
?rOrF6:"121

tl€!F*

1945d a.#:oo e.a.s. yded


doS fSoOoC oodS @6o,5
e6o tunoSsQ6o6. es e6" 0505.5 - qp66daeQ 560ir65ob$
e"QBs tpSE $e#:o 5tr Boso6. 1945 a-pd lper5d aons Jeg5f
s5$55035 $$ fSSpd5eS) ScpaoSro $poa. &aeo6o $OooS da6
$g - ep66dapC8 S56o155o ae5o5; te$odc$ $i$Srson"
5g$ir0o0o6.122

1945 &6oor5:daoto5rd €og JQSu: g56o*6. +6 6Uuod


@o&oO e$S$d JQSer Src- 1946 aSSOd a6mor:. 60 o{er
i:8rt'o: Sf,6 4 $S tO o{o $oB +r6&drq: 66: es$S ff$6,
&o"g$6o5: a$ aQSt' e.er: dd66-CB eo$6 So$6o'$groX6:."'6
JQSo 6Uupd $56o96 e65 $$o e.5 eew5o6 S{ Seperg6:o50 gfl6E
&e>6:e:: 1$56o*6>.12'

46 S56: $e$S
& $55o15go 6piOdq:er Jer 6oe.rd5:$;6 5o1$6o$o cr"5e
S$oaro,56o a6:i$6:o6. 40 So563eo:rn ;fufloor tFdSS 6a656
$g.fe, 135dg5 ag So$od6 6 ddod dOn" gpar{r" Stl.J6.
$56o16go 5035 56e6, es '1$dg56o' 5655$5o Jer 6o0ro66
p6&o5uel:.6a3ro5Sn"6:. 5::8o66 $$ 3yo5r *arOd 5f;o
6gS36oC
ei:ftooio dQ{g" 6o0lo6. sS, S 6a5sa06 SoBSB 6S S{f 1940d
erxd6 $xrsdd tuQo06 $$ a,5 &e3$o dsoa :'6a d,god iusoer
esQ5orp do@SpUp aod 6:.6; @ouer:, +o5:Sg @oeoi$ 503r
$56o16 d,Eon lp58ou0'. apqld ;1:flou: J$45rn 6od eso$.
(}oeoi$ du:dn 5r"& 56Jd d]"e6o - $9Q.5.
qero6 SdaS 3:"o6r $fc$dg, eeEiSJFB es5o6o SOEo*OSe!
Jo6:5od, dXa#aS aEES 66:an6 aS46 3,rot5:6d a:aw$n" srt{:u:efD.
sc, ar$ 5 dd &daSc &6Son" 55sdBo*6:. s6eao - i"gi.S esd e"5
dao su@.8rags 56pdcco.12u s"xp60C 5uflo06 &e35o aofls
SQ66a:.oB $5646 e-516$o6od cao16 : "6 qo8dr0 $6F.efAgS
Bot$n" S{aouo5; $r:flo eo5:$o 1See05S 5r" Srodr $f,ESd
$8,ro.Jc5:. SSOdSoo &6:6:o6."t'u 3ro5:. $5ra:6 6r666p5 Sofr$roJ
y$t'1$be.lo ;5uq:go - airp 6eeo*er5oX.

erd Sos-;;tro 596 ed5:S:er:, so@S 55cd3 E.es6.ercd646 a"S

6450 e.a6r. epo6:d esdSr$ d,J &da:S o"5e &B$5 56pc-o$;


&6poEB S:f;s*361. alo eo$a opssd e"5 ew8 eo5, es aw8 a66
S:eod go$ d0o'5d65 esd6$ a.5 d;a"6Q essQ0oa6:. 5r:flo068
n rnor:&eD a65ae-5e,:o ilgs (;lr:Hooc) ;$oo6 d$S:o6:og
06
dSofoXO. erodtr46 5p$4eaod "e,sd5 ao&o5pd $:Soo SXo$gS:
$0&46o 66t.""'

9o&$o6 $q.6* *5S $+6 : "boaw6'Cs 3ro5:6q:128,


e"5
aon dds 3ro6:$u:,'2' aos ew&or:floa:dc aroa:6eD130 - ;tu$oe>
esQ555s dflo5e.rs3 dApdas a6mO ess $OSo1O." eserf,

ar6o;oA 47
ep5:S:oeo. So6ou:d, 6 d,5oC 3ro6$o5: @sc$go SSrQSgcg
Bb;$oer:S; rya8o6: &0* - S>argorn eo@5, esepfr SFodF $XFS{
- dXodasn c6{Qoao$ ao66$er o5:-&Jo*d!'3' 3ro6:.XofF$d i"6
Sleer$: 5r.&, d.xcdass ee &g sf;5o55on" SSod3ooodc
5p$;o$6o6. ertrS; &gd: v6>, 1944d as0flS erqrod S,roc5:$S
uod:6:o Srf's$d Sra- 5ged3o0o6.132 SoSobE uo5:S:p5 6:ig6 e$
soxd 6 s{o$od Joopo' edSc-oo n"o6d d*$ 6SoOoloS
$$646 q:o&o*6:.'33

ao6:5r S6f;on' ;5rfloo 6665 +6oS$ $g (SuSoOD


dACdaS a"S4d US J8oc=n" D.AQ"S 5S3o6. $oB 5ro$o 8$6o
ero8 epo+eo afgs;68, Eq653 ry$ a,5'e50$'(;!6ea5&o5:6;)
n" er850ot$$5c-Cr
'6Q(
6'oero> o-605 ;5r:boe es50o*6.
es fa"6of 3ro6p
aw&o6o5o S:oS a0o05 dof,: SSXe# -
3"5r.Eg o5g6, Js;Sod osgd - eeEJFJF uo5r565o (a:"€$or, eoo"55
sf'6) tu68o"sbd 55 53$s do165oooo6. do65 &5rrop rJ$::$s
Brodr $X,sSd JUS$ 6"qm $ea:o5:o $po6. er636 aoto5r
'JOL6d
eodgod SoSpS JQSu: 1945d a6666d: 5ro6 106f $er$,o: e.S
epo6ude{u. o.S1$e6o, Bnir,SeF rno$ er{565od$ *o@5 }g 75
a6o 3po6r$o €-SS: Eer:t$$o0uo6.
So$oo cAoXr.sg S{;wgiB s.o@S }0 fg eoo6 1*$ da:. eoa
(tuflo56) 655 iofroo'**ofo dor;Sr$od, 6 d.5ods ;to$oeroSoS
o.S 6SOc6 (uo6:$6:) ere @EE &er$ere5uoc5: SUrr3co;5r$6o6:. eser
a8hd, ao&o5r dr54 $e16 trn'609 S5UrrSo 5fo36o eo$6:o6. eoo"55
L*tuoos 5e5 sg[rn 563d ioflodaode Bflir66o6. sa d,xod (p6A
$o$q: s653:"o.56865;6 050 JQSod J563 Jo6 $er a6fi:6>o6€
Se!
***

48 sS6: $ebe
eoq"5d$o -2
eqJa$ 1*eur (1945-50)
$56o16 p66d,5od ${&oer 56p6e.rsB 5ro6 o"s }sod
dog5,a$$${ aod6. 1945 6?:oa6C es dog5eSSS{3 AQSer a6rn p
6o6. dog5a$S${ B"*f 30 };ro$: i:r$oo6r,' 48 ff;:"o6>
5]r&dr66 €.er*, eldS{:o5: de.rooo*t$. 5'oayor: 1::R:d53, do16
@oeer SoB @o$o$ eoR:oflo6: JQSel qo$Bo 66a:.o 66+6
a6n.0; 6o6. o6 eoBofl P*f ;5ofloo6r, tuSd:66:o$, ?rC.:"gEr
$rers6: $ep deroa:or6:.

is;So 566 sesse 6e $gd$ a"5 a64o6 Foso6. & JQSe:


6Oee:: @6ir: +6: 56OAd 555o96 ap6e$; SdAi.dOC JSo aairpe:
135s-6o o6: *a3:"o5:5:oerq6o. epor:d 6 JC;So JeoSo6 556og6
eP6esB d6&o5:Cd>o1o?

er$;E€ tuSo66 ::*5 s'Uir66ers sogtS &$ eooA5ooSdo


a0ho6. +E 1$s6o auqpC 75a5on" a5;8:"oc5l$oB, 25 a6om
65; tuSoog $g $oq:gd 5116o Eot$&:o;$n" Je>oE $gegSo
6o65rde5r. ercd eoQ **o aS$$der 6$;$o6orn 6o&, dog6${
Sn16o $o6p' 6od !1665 6et 65" 5636o6:o6. s.o@5 $g 6 A66rg
5o5o0o6, vS 6$po6o &dag55:5116o egar6o'5d6:.

so6)$ tpSE ud:p eroA5oopood dxodp eoQ $goB 6d


1. e0{go 53*Q5trcgn so@(u C6:.3co$$5o$ 6o0ro6. aB a6n"erod

ar6o;oA 49
s.oE15&$B d$oo &c"6ea a*0 5A soiF6r. 5]r&$66o sdra6
Spo$oo0, adr"6? 6:ero Sgno $g $oO, ;lu$oo fo"oi$o$ $rc-
Soipardo $66> eoO.

erQlg[Eooe.:: fo"g8Sr sofi5B 6eSH]$er Koos $+o:


epo,r:d

J5:po6. 6eJ'gg &55o16go erod o6; o6; C655o.oooXor. 5r:So


$*$ro - sr:SobFS lrsd $6:do6.6rdrse5'$gfip5'5e;er:
so@Ku
er$;e"d e,54 Jeoa-s Sopo fo"s tuSob6 $g iFd dqSla. a6%?
S:ero fo"S so@Ko &f,, 0.es6.erodfg6 $gd iFd fc-o; 5ffo6.
S$$ 3:"ot5r
P*f Syodr SrX,GSde Sged6on s.o1!5 $g iFd d$o6.
bo6r srx,ssd erod$ $5646. o $g (Fa6od $6o*c3 Sshod
e€ 8o5p5 1$*65{ S;:"o$5 odr56 }5646. eso65$ erSpEB 62
56;. eoS"16d @aS es$+fuS 6nooS og$o56 eso6:S 3:"o6r ew&oS:
oo"sB 1'5&5n" 46559 5*g6:.
ego$Sd dU:o SOb$er:SoE So4 o:r:So"d65r6 ,a55: $$5
f"*0. el65: @6f tF66S" i$oO 'pe5' ff65o $55oos5 a"5 p.$S a$
st',:$. 32 5g bo5:iu;C$ a5$ 135$5 b::oQ SoSg cd5co"goo5rc3
pF p53o6 erdrgtS:. 5016 Sp$o*Co. esero6 eolO"6ea (6gao:er:
i$45n" so1!5 &9663 doo^rCu. s.5 tuo$ so@S J.$e ae5$5 B8:p,
bo6:" 5r66$dd de6. 1945 o"69 $5646d $e.r e55: (6$5 Sqr$
5:.c- ($a5Dp eo8o6, uo65:f a,Sf,:n JBn"6:.
*er u605on SS8:od 8om0er:, Bl60r:n" 5S3:o$ fofse$doel
dA SO J.Sr"eS dfp"5o iios w5 ea8o5:on" ir:Soe>
S$"1$;eebp.
S(ro6:oC anQf;o q:osawoo a"6d. d.E Sda$$ 3:.odp;$irs$d 6"qm
55ed5o. esoded), wo@5 $$ ercASoE5gsQfr66:er$ Spc- $X,6Sd
554d3$oa. Jero6 ir66:o3 eo@5 &$ 6o$o.$do6? '(98 a"5
Sr:SoB Srrdb d.eo 6o0rol;'5rF6 3ro6:go5:5O3: a"5 6,0o 6o0r:o6.
epod aery 1p.s6665 al5g05 Soq:6d 6{3ror5:gu: }pia:oeod SS

tlope5Q. eso"?p" c(Dqd $r.65 5o6:3 $6or$$o0'.

50 c5d: $e$e
6 ")C;6o @p.S56$
aern eo$o dSSSgboSr;!*F${ JC;Sod
55r$ Sfsdbo $o5:c"c3 eg6.45.J5. s.6g5{o 5:66 $ooa. e5 es6.
J5.45. &654oooo6.n ee6.J5.J5.d e"5 8o5ps S"qg^ 5$oe.p6od -
'aB hao5o46 (6r6r"d) SruS epa :rE &6i"e>. ego5r53 $5646 ercS
a$o aod6 s6:. epod! n'*S"aE or.r8o5r"*, dos ar;rer;5r$d6'.
er$;:d...fa 56; eoe55S, 21 d:t'; o6?cor:s er JQSo gtn6o 5:oO
6p6on" 6o+6: N*S"a5. CawSB eo$363 oo"55, o5?rol qos
Beffi>$d5:. eror:d es aQSf oQ$6r €"0r dae do" er$;6 efp68
tF€'.JgSir. a"546$r16o Kofp$o ee JUgf *e>iro6 ee6.45.J5.
e655{eu so1}5 }$S bofu65 }$ri" sp${;., o.CB €"eo dedu.
3:"o6r5:irE$dc +6:p S*o;s:$d5:.

JQSo 60eo Bo:56ror:.'ag565'P*f - @o&o5r a"SSSdfC


1585 $He e23 sH$ *o@5 $$ nu5:S:o6. 102 do6e$5$d P*#
59 iluo5: Snc- s"o@S Ro:;$5:o6. 6a 59 ilo"d
Q68a
49 SSU 3:"o6r$e:
$ep aolou.u 4o163:a:erod €o1g e$55d ffo.t'n"c, @o&o6 eo?:ofl
&udn"
O-OtJ
$ a"St- $e^::5: 6rc- Byo6r$rfs$d neu$$d6:. t A. es6. eeod6z6
n"o ?16,59> S:eo $a5rq:g $ra- *o1!5 +$ dA$ {S6 Seao6ro
So6o6.7

Ao.f n o6d so1!5 $gd s{ $a5$o 6BQo6 - "}5646 }$


rn5, erod646 $$ ri.5 3:"o6:$o 6665 ttr{ @ocS6o 53rod }0*
s-6:." s5, 6a +55s: *o(I5 $$ tufloo s&06:od SQofd* $#5o
dos:d*. Jo6:5od, do@ esssdd $rhoo6r 3e.ro.r:o5ec&5 30
&ud s e,SzloS:
i5 -- - 168 (rQ cr-S:&o0n $fldr
e)
neuS6>o6.8 @o&o5: er?:oflod
aSrQoo$ de.rouoO$ soo fef 425 SHS, tuSo56 Ro:;5:$o6.e
eoood, $o5$:;o3, .56$5:$g +d;B 5r16d: aeo $e(:4 o4o50co 5g,
fu&5uod 86 a6o 5:o6 eg JQSod e"ex So$d6il6o5r"6.'0 sr:So06
5116o 6 $Oee:S *er dOSn" oSergSo0o6. b5:Sod - "dr"56
;Sr:floer qp66dd cdas aon $SpS 6:e3e.:: vuos $OSotooXA
ursJd 6 aQSo 60eo $eo6o."
***
ar,6e5o6 51
gaeaSo$ 6o56fr€do qe> $616:o6n"S, ry#.:or: s'5:"36d 55
il"go$a$o 566 s$&flo*6:. 6a JQSo: $"Q*n'd (1946d)
;w€?co> 5$ .J6rb es*Rr, dogS
@o6oC er"o6 a$bgo6i$ @6o0o*oc
ee6.J5.J5. egd8ooo6.t1e.565on" o€tror3 eB 65 6o@c 56dS $o'5
So53$55:5 S5Sfde Bf;eco ero66. eod trofU;tro, eocr55 uFfu"6d
ca6.J5.JF - $F6S'erQw6:o 8{ea.806o' (6J&o6rfg) 6.q df)r$dA6r.
u:"od esoS:$ es6.aS.a5d $'Qsoo Ssdd$e:"s3 eo$6 5on5 s655{n
soa6r.12 bo[u egda"o $us eoo55 5c-53 8of5o3, s66 s6g6o2
(s.6geir) n" So6:tu66o5r"J6. "
6a 5:{5d s:.56QC s{ do$ 6{:65o 56p6o6. t$d>6s" epord
5638o6 *5, *og5 $$8, o"s A16S{pS tuSo06B Sc65 $bo3erecu:
?:Ehirsor:, $oS lrSnl6o;5r:o65:$60 SeEe 56p8o6. eg S;$o5:odd
- eir 1948 a-58 5ro6:n"d qp66de$l 560 Bdea$S (064
636"$$o1s @56out5r.'n
$ofr6>e:> di$ glSroSS 6:frfi35 es& eoX f O+O
553 ep$Sroon"
165 "d.'&das $6:Ur 66&{ .56g5: 66o&" esc 5])Boo5>
"1161
3:u:$S*;Uu. eso65 S$5o55on" e"5 1$Sec5 SeCp : "5>5o $d8o5a&S
ao8ojps do" as;$;ps ao&o5:.c $Qos &6>ero."'5 o50B dodp
a0mor:. eo66d,Eo esoe Srodr-irho 3ro$ ewse:f 6hOiso:lo6.
SopSorr" SQ 6aa:ro&0r: S6o66on 6$o 56rp J.OS So5q,d ZOOO
5:o6 @eo"er $dpo5rUu.'6
.& b"o$ r$0o0 ee6.i5.J5. drof cflaea 6a3:.o0od. 3rodp
+5$6$g[od d*S"a6 aer B];Cu: "5oawd'C 3:"o6rgo ${g eopS5d
aSgE 6 SrBSg s6eao. epo6:d 3:"o6:go0 55o do6rc-S3 5o{ro
So6eao 5$>$o6. qo6:5:5 tro6
u6;oe S6:q: $$5re30."" Lg47d
don 6'd 6 B:.oS $o"s.$S: dA$Sfod, 5 ir:So i:aw0d @oee:
S:o0 eawgo6 Sd6, ACJES f65s edu;5r da6:. SpSoU 656n" S
d*Q- eeSB€ i€+er$ 8o56$t'r6:Sg tp6E &o$o - "8rodr -

52 S56: SeSs
;5r:Soer 6o6:" d6 d6 ud:; J6;S8 SOR: $ao6on- d&o.5d6"
ew6>or,
eoS;soa;r6$C Cag6>$ S3:3 fraB 5d;e6:.
ee 5o5636o 5:.03d Sq E&6n" sD"oDF Soo5ec.0c5
Co5:A:6:6dr56. 6d$59 $trd$o awQ. aogi.oE ear3 $SeppS *
So05e.r0c5 qp66daQ eeOB€ iFd: $13o5:S e.5 5o5636o 5r:o6:8
(1947 e6$rB) a6$o0 S$ouo*6. erSSEBos do6,: 3oel 55:o6o
6o6.18 qr.66da$B &56o16go a55e.rCB $oaoQoSS 6:6 e65g55r0g
Src- er6i$ 6556oSac$. eC $s-6o, doC,r $65$9,5 daq: 56pBS
doecS @6E5oS &o6:er 6 daQ560 B0;iroe6:. 6 @ee"gS1$s6o
- So0oer erQ6adcd aod 6a3$ @oeo: i"gB"S dAod 5O$it6eor:.
3ro6r-;5opoer SOSiFo:: $oeuStr don"6', 5oaw5'e Src-
Cdao$eodeor. &:hOS $oflo"erSg of; a$o SOJS ddod (ao&d:o,
i.gfl.S) 50$ iF$;$;.l'g
6a lgeengs i.g 8)156$ro$ daa{aSc
5 a"54&$8 S53d6:. *o@5
SgadBSoa. C0;5;pirsoor$, ic.:rs$oa- ArnOip&SJo e"gfip5g
esQ$U5o 53:.o5b;5r - epoClp 6EOiF6:oX6: Soa. do6,r Berg6 BOJiFd,
*pc-s8d (068 $o$o: 6
bofres s3$ou6:. 5l:So0FB 6ra- 6
135eag5 55r165u S.53d6:. eeo,Dil eroa:$on"d 1947 al-S 9 u63
eooAgooOo6." ao$ 6 davo 6cr56 wo@S &$ Src. eooo$on'S
epoA50o0oa."

e5o 55n16o @qp06o SoSrdSeFA{ 6 $oea";$o.f dB;oOB;o


er$6:5g 3ro6p;$*F${, er6.a5.i5. E56 56ee5nerp $$ }Oo*oa:.
6 56e6.5pop er6.a5.J5. $Lssd egS: (!5$5 spQ ** 6we(u:
"5:S p66 6$qroa-S3 8o65 SSLdpS dpArd Sod qprrQ Js.oE
iFeoo $osg:oc-d iad$$qo.Ua6A - *u&o6Eo S:(.> eo(IS $$c
o$ S$oa. $o6orn eo165 $Q Src- Jero6 c6SS d$oc-S g.
CdaSS: 8ohilsoro6."28

d.SadaS as666-s3 do6: uo"o ;1uo5r - o66D 55 - fi6er5o46


5e$ Be;6:." gooS pd5fta5d ego6$B eoo"55 3o"6 bo6:6o.f goro

art{epo6 53
$566o 8&;6. o"ts"6 o{50o6 5661 6€5 3,ro6:6q: es6.a$.a5.6A"5
$6Q B3:po6 &56o $tro ad56o.f SSr.d.5$d6r"S6. ilgs
,ao&obdo5rdo $$o - 6odE 6ooo$ e.5 56de ;$oB So{p s655{o.f
ero"55 d.5dg Aeq: &8o;:"t$, 5u6: doo:oa6>.. eg oaey Se$d epo6
qP6 a4S aofl$ es $d S,rocir ew&oO oo.sg ero"55 Cdo$6 a6;68
s6r6dsds s6rho0o6.
9 5Uu+5 epd ge$ easrysm Sr:pou: eoQ5$op5$eln"
66avel
i.BB"S (epq:od ry65 i$oO s&iFoo:) a.S ;rd55 d6on" 56p&o6. i"gB"S
ep$S6eac $56sQ5; 6$o: egdar 66p5o SSSoXoo. s:eolen
$o0b$nor:. s.5, bodr6o 3:gel 456r" er Seo::Q $550o5d5:'?6. er
;i:6pd qo&dr S65$qS 6ea6o16 ddon" ep560o3o6. eg 56ee5wqr
.$"Q", "iod8 arUQ# s5iFd qero6 6rBsc SgQ"Xs" epotar 19
d:d; ero"55 CoB:oOS {rel.* eo$. S:ir{6p5 }55o1dg5o5:o $$o
odd:;rn o"S: J6rUu,5pQod,'u 05og 6$ bo6 tlo6$:oe dotS: S"g;p
(s'od &8fl5, so6 so&dr) iFSt:o ero"55 q)dd"q. Sv$Soo
$rooa. er 5e55 5t': 6egno $e^:r ere55 ep8 3o6 $or $o$ &$
Ce3ood$floe* $0;o", a6;OSn 65 65e p6o5od er{er61$aer$
1$qle6o 36g" 5o;;r, (F#:65od 6re.... &das o"6 1*e53o: esd6$.$
Boe^:.6cdpd 6oXoa:. i5p6po. er6;6 n d:.Q 5r$p6o $$o ego6:S
s6o66o tdto{f"S 5u;6.
***
1947 er6$: 15 pt'r qp65 &56o[6go ]QoOo6.

'o"$663'esd a"5 ero6 S:.trtr1e5s o{d ee6.J5.J5. @6ofloso6.


o"CBaO $oo6:{ So}56:Con" 22 dlgJ epbS Eif6 ed?ooa:
so$$6:6drg6." 9q. Srlo 6Uu+6 egod:5 eg6."r5.a5 C653,ro$
il66L8g '$o5a$g'B $o&65:q:n" Co$A:66o5rg6." er$;6d eso65
ee6.J5.JF d fyXf 'eoQe6:er 8{eo. s06o' 6.q dKos-c, es er$6
#oe5 do$$O6 @oerodC $e6"6d So[r: 1$*65n $Cda6r.2e

54 S56: $e$s
s"5,dc6od eeeDiFgg eeo6)S qos eeoile.lr66d5r. caoDd bo6 ryird
erdr$$S; SOg"5o, $B,re506S ego6:$ 656n" 5o&55 P*3
J56c-CB 6$dpr16&o6. e66d: es6r 5aflr# S65BrotnQS r:oa8o6:
&163 eo$S6p$ es1665o eso6:5$od6. ,6lS es $oXO eed6q,
5{61o0 SrQS;o{B 653, esoi:S3 A0*6 s"6.
+6'*o:: es656god'$o5a:55,' 6Lss ddeda5$ Sg&d5on" 66o
c3:3o6. dXcdasd 5tlpo06 s653roo5 6:$&15c, so@S i"g $63:5
$5zs6l0
gJ4i fdfd JQ 5rB:osoa. ddada$ eiro$od o56$+eq:
elonp, $O*r$:oB 800
6o€.ld5:S e.S So&55:c5:n e6'fco::3 Eq:(u.
Sd5:ecg 5r6od 5r6351e.5 S18s So&5$tB SdaS epda a,g 13SpS
uQ eog6:o6 v5, ddr€FJ@q.HOhod &iro5:o e5r.
qber 6odn', 6 o6 er{o 5:o6 3:.o6:$o:,
CdaS 5g e"5 Se Sop
b6:go,Sr$ou: +d; o6; fS6*% fSfUf.Q,a66 erQO;560 ?l$b,
r(:oa B6p il66od 66go66o dS s"g d,rCB 5o$d0; &o"QS 60$6o:
5636-ou.'o a,g $69 pn' Srea:oero: a5:4d'5c Bs66 64€5 5F*."
S€g5: SoawSd a6p56; o{o ?rff{ drtuS Bro6:6er, R:5:4o: 6:(
5q S*ra*oer:" S6db $6r{:er &ArOf 5S3o6. 6r6:p 6oaw5'd
$o5"tu36 o{o ?:rffH$: n"OB SAdS L}ran* es6d6 fed,S"C ;lo$oer
$OitsuOp SQ;o6.32 ib0o6 {o5ro56p6 dsa"oso k6s6o, }OiFus0
1$o6O;Q5; o6rpdo 5:oB ;5r:fto S:3lt'ep ere5*eos': 66dr56:.
3yo5:6er:, b5:3o $8rder S(ro6od epor:d 6 $opg;1o$;;5uC,:do.33
6a d'5 cdas Sp$oo$ 5p6eaeo6d 56 o{o 5:o63 pn @eo"er
$d3dr6:." d6o doC,rn $rg;p$ 66:p6 es:5e$ 5r{6oC Br"e.p6)
pBo 55 eon .$"$5 - 6gt$:6* eopod - 5;egoi$ $9{f eoo"55
aer ooX6:: "esSS SqCFg6, r{rp 6{*55 58 65g a"5 ?:{ $s&c
.5re$:... soBo c5r6od 5o 6hO $r6eBo$5 $cA dfGU,5:"e$:...
qogoBo c5r6od SO6 Afo... u t{:ods0f,ier6 56:p 5d;$o6. exr
56Q"d S666:oer 86n S:. (eso$5 5o6o 66i&o6.) o" dcUod
aD66$o esepo6 {S6PS d;e5o$: 5r6eco...epe eoSS SSUdfsu:
56r# eou{ 6+9" Sf;, 6o6eco...."35

ar6o;o6 55
eeftCg ep6ry$3 epoow6 @o6:orn 6ot{:$ BOniF6:5g p{D e
3ro$3, er5peSo3 $** er$;ogrn p66 - $3p5o $Sg 66eef0;
Bn$Be;or:. SOJ So$$rf e pdps: es**;rdp. aod:6$oo $d.1
d6ern{>er 5:a pcsrer o"&ds 6qsB Ss&6 }8s, 9$ 5o** ;wcp.
eso" *5m tunOS u6;S Pmp fOfr"5:o eo$6oB $d;C.

6 3:.o$ es6od $;$o$od a,5 5c-6&ea: g<pSd$ d6om


6o&iFor:5 3ro61 6:eooewS a.SE 5$o a:Eeg$ 6>0,r:oao. (eg&
1965d eso"55n C;w(ro SSSoA.) esA) e-5 *;S,r6eO66 6ot$5:5;
er536 efi:d$o Jero66od... "1948d d:S ge$ c8o::$ eSoSS
6o$d:o 56pgrou:. es 64a3, 6r eo6 J6:tun"S t{l6:o56 ;5o$oe:
esglirraw5ot' 66oar8i|656o ,Jpeo." epd S6:o5:od eoo"55 ao6:6qr
9o661 5-oaror:S SoS 5d;a6. eoo.55 6o@ $o$ @od SoirS:er
o.6 6ae6dp SS @o6o dOSolO. ?:{ S6o"f a"g}6o d$s
eso$$ 5o5d 65 (r:seop5 {5oss, 6>1eo eoc, g8c- @o6co"Q
SadfDs's, g5d0 R:o6> 65eo$ 5o3$ $ofd 658gnn" $6$c.$
5s.1o6.36

ftQoaAdS So"$ 56db 6Q 5*36. d6eo"{:o S5o


ero.55 1947
LA6A f-S6$5 Joo:6d5 eo-;dirS" 6ffr5 e"5 s{ salr$od our55c
Src- esu36:. So.$d 5;5: dioss, a56 eeQ%. n"o3 SBdS qer
d6eo"Qrn eS€co esoS:S 6:oBQ8:od$oa. ep6 e"5 6a3:"o'5$ foS. epood,
qp65 erl.$ egoS:68 eg6.45.i5. er$;Eo0$ er{56er a-S sgi$0ooaod
d A S o eo S; sp ilSJ 5 O fl o * or:. $ o Er $ ea:o ao o6: S; * 6 & O.1o 6
es .

dot$;5nlo 66:od esd6$ 6'o?.pood $fU46S SOaUu. $5646


60o05'fieS o6 eg$ qo&?:od5J'eoe55 esd56e> &6c$ *er (6e06o
Stroo. epryf, 3:.o6p65o 5:6 $5636 tg$S u6$o Spa- ero"55 $f
ae @pio 5r3:o*ol. eo1!5 &puer: d.5 cdaSS a"o&*cn"
,6dud$s 66od $5646 SSS :r,:;oHQ ero"55 $6sipd6r. ssog
ag0Ao6 esdg6.! a:i:qre epoS:d da cdas 66:o6 $5646S SObSSytf:,
esd6$d a"5 $iFg"SS ero"55 602o;nUu. ero"55 i"bf 3$3ood -

56 S56: Se6e
"6'oerood 8o"d $6:4 666 65 aog6$ &5646c 6OaS:. esd6sdn
oo5r&4o6 6$5$:g$o@;5rod SuodSoa. $o$ @o6od fo6o t{:0o0,
16d5Bo0 SdaS 6c$od 3ro616o d55 BeXdrs 6:6os eso6$ $;50;
e9&n"6)."38

eooud 6a $o1fla5:o ero"55B Bro6r5o$t$d $966 dUc-Cg ;b1_5o


g*UeoCS5df;. 3:"odp;b*F$dd yof 6: 56 ;r: geaer3, S666pS &po"oS:
t{:p Je eu"{6grd dOSS 539* ero"55 3,ror$S:5s$dd 3g6o
C(ro6:od 5116o S$om 6otico5p6. eg6.J5.i5d - eagSosrogr
5r6om 6od o{eao, Siwagod J.Sr.Sg i5w6; SQowoS; o{5o
y6eaom eoo"55 es6.J5.JS d adoSon 6odc-s3 sd;ooo;$$oa6.
ad 6g*q eso$S dc6soo elo@ $6op6r. $ei.6eoon" $SrfDf
Ss3ood e;p6, eo$ro6:, $$o,5e.r665o, s66er0r:5o6 p$d5n oQo65
egoS:S 65 SSo 35eo oda6:.

eoo5Sn eaflSd
65a.65n" ee6.iS.AS $o8:o0o6. eo54d c65o
a6t$6:od $o{r: apo$: 5653$o'56o, ${ o6c @6o0o5do6:6o
65o"65n" egoS:S ddpQ$ $i$o:. ,aeel: are;o6e.: erd CqOqoe^roo.
JSg&5546 +68 So6 556o166 6o0llo6. o6 argo5 esogr 6nc-
6oc.ror:. qe>o6
+e56eood $o{u aq:er 65: 5:oroewQe{Oo;$$o0cr
eo$iodpS, $dna$p$ $5o$o*55:U 5dr"6, do6:eo BSso ercr55
$16 aoda. ego5:5 dao@ [p6rf 86X:&odp6. sq. $g aS3g6,
S$' 'fdr Bg5 5r5. SC\ $er
d6L',d9
e"oEBBr.... eper SUut{:6odo6>."
J536pu e66 65qroc-Q e.56n" So6:e.:o $So egoS:$ 5S$* &p$o
eoer aod6.

q6er 6o6n" e65d a,5 aw&06 $p5g t$665o 563&o6. so{fl5


$gd er85 a6o s655{o pper5: e6$on" n o6d - cdaf SSrOgrs
50;5 a,55;6 *o@5 e#59$S g:5r"6p5 a5*p6erd E6rqr.C $56o16
qp65 de0g eO 6esn 63,EREp6r. e655{er $OSS;a fg,6
Sger6: fd6c. s5, eroS:s; d8o::"ort eqr$o18s Sa6. 65
tFo"Ss:oLs *do" S-oJouUu. eod s;$o5:od 8o e$o[&S$od erQ
ar6o;o6 57
$$er$ epSedo ae5o$, d5oo a.54 so@Sd e6c 6ra- n"o6d $3$o
da6r. ee 1$s6orn ee $ogsSfod (vo65 $gg ao6$5368)
0.es6. eeod646$ ;r5odraqr $ogOC da6r. Srocir6:Ss$d$ 3o65
a"gS @J.E ioe{C $06{$o a"qF;,$ogOS de6.

dx cdas$ 4"65d $nos ;tugoe;g: ?:5o 5>oo 3"oorgd


$fgoa:o6. erbp6 56$ Jod es63S65od 6oecp, esSS eo:)&e:)
&o6:6p, aoe $AUr SqS $r:Qoer &dag$d e"54$0n"
dd6Seipdr"6:. $o$.gae:o 56om 5:0o6 O{ pood eso:ril6c6p6:.
eo$ 65: ea8o5: ac3 S5o, dt-66 *So od:;6"9n" so@S &g 516
erqn6$d$n 6. & SOA&S ;5uSo sEo 6rd J466n" es6.45.a5.
ep$o0o6. 1947 8,6oa6rd n6eryo46 fD5r.6 200 SooB es6.J5.J5.
(6.9eer6) w655{oS agohs sSpSaoC - "& daod &no65;
5u$5uer 5rc- deQ SeO?:g #o0 Se! vC, $nOS So$oo: a54d
6oc-O eoC a1*Fer3n o6 esoeDoa6. ercd, 6 ddod ir:Sou 6od,
uf; f-g 5g sotlS +9 "B Soeo5: $odo6$;Sne.:."a0
oor:d, eeonod&6? e d6od dop6uo esilar $rpOB 6flit6oa:o6.
Srodr E6ea"{:o $oqr5 dar darB ?:OfiiFdo6. Spodp d6eofor
4r66d.tod3 e$:66o56n S{QoX6r. 6 6oeesoo bo6r;$$sS#3,
ee6.J5.JSg es$o5o 5On$o6. 63 SoAs 5)f J.gsoeod e"5$p6 083)
Sd:56 eoor:i t665 ff"e&dn qer eeox6 : "5pd *er ;$oB
eri$$oeroXo - dX adasd $5 ddod 3:.o6:gu: &awod epo>it6o6r6r
5e ep$. pn" dda{ar$S aofl$ 3:'o} So{r:ec$er 59 8,roc5:goB ue>
3"$dpe ?:OE 6o0uo6 ep0 Src- es$$o0loXo. e6 @asot 6.qn"
8.roc5le5Q egBp6oSc-$g SpS 56roo."a1

y5, & qo66 $5:5ro SOee a,S;$Orn C56oOo6. 1948 a$50


30 $o5ro16o 5.17 6o0,>o$ bodp$irs$d S{:gfi a,SCu $Sse3 n o$
r{:oag63 $r"6 anBql 6o,56od Ao{o SOfre Sroir6or:o6.
rf **

58 S56: $elp$e
1910d 6"6 eg"d S5,S o"6ro"o. eoo65:5uoc1>
o"Xo5o1$ n'd5
5"P6 St'r5:o 6$ itsdrO. eso6)S$ eod0 6B6ofo$ ee6SB 051536
i$o$ er63og d{o dg ?:o*t5:. ;5u5:4 Src- $$o*6:. *6r6od
;n$neo n"d;6:6ee3n o$ erod er$6p$ il65o ?:o;$6:oXt$. J5;:6,r
n"o6rp0 56$ 6ooo $egt6ip s;ro"q: d*o6o. 1930d ep6s 6o1$
(ep*5r.$6) 66gnOB a6b erdrSUu. er54d n"d;3 bocSr;$i:sid
eo5:$t3: &5646 Xo5o65:o5r56.a n d1 Sap6g6 $5646S
epi$50o'56o Br:6s: A$n6. 65SoaQ eperfr
'5p*oC,:. ep6SB 6 dd
3:"o5:6os $r&$rd 5o:QoX6s, ero6:5: s.o@S $$ Src" tp6E ot'p
5r66rd $ir5o$o6s $d:3;wttr. $5636 ef, n dpB 5ra- 3ro6:go5>
es5egSSdod Strse3n"o6 ea8o5:$'J$66o' 5Q er$woS: aoda.
0503 n o6 eroe5l$Og o6; e#33 ;nd;s 66d&ile6$ ep.Cod;:"c3:.
3ro61 5ipaoC $o55$f $"a- n"dp6: 5d36 s"c5:. el6$ $ro;f$
3$3ood "dS: er*Foon S eg6.J5.JS d de$:. $el5g5f5:Sg8d6orn
a:0fl5 66g;5roi$ Sa$$ori$. ir$4o Ciro6:od 3:.o6>$ooe 55r"5d,
eeie:s:. 3.5FEg, ere5S35 ercaf Src- $a5p565o 6oa-0. a-5.5g$

P*c eo6c $e{c a$ 653, $trQ, 3"5r"s6 drcrScp 4)Qs aO


$$or:o'55r66:.'43

3,yo$ ciro$od n d;3 eflS;p5 d;536o aod6. el6.J5.JS G5q"5


ofuo 3.:"oedrgoC o556 $6o56o. e6.a5.a5 J546o13no$6: $op6d
ep6 $5 {u(eao S:o0 bo6r6oC v}6c.ro $$o d* es636{ead e6om

5r16d:. s-5, n d; 6JBd 5uo5Q 3:.oS er$6 o5$6o. eg6.a5.J5.


6JSd S+d Srfod gvoAbos 55o doO*S: $oES Snfo. n"d;
p55 S&:e;od "8a"d erfderss oCo Sudp Ss;6ore
'5o3:6o65iFd,
5o3: 6od+6o."n' mo$d €$oo bodp &erg$ 65y cn0 6SQS;
;ro6:5rc5: 5:.g6$ s6:, ego6$ er3:"o$ Cf$o Sroc$ &}:dd$ :lS
ao8r66g 5634o 56odo6.
1943d rnd;'eryre3'esd Se6 &6o0ooc5>. o"cp beS
fLegXD
'ee[frd'554$ ]5646 016o Src- ;$:@o*6o. (airue ]5646
fsod
ar6o;o6 59
15000 6rlo5rep el $1&55: Se6onpa6 So6e.:o s6eop ao6$itr3.)
iu$o5E $OS eoo&o Ciro5:od n"o6d Kua5oq:orp 6o6e.:nQ'el[r.d'
$1&5 $86om &;$62o0o6. es SLSge $€PS er;$irgp5 o$5o Sna-
aod6.
"n"d; ;b5:3og t5r&o$o6,>" erc e$o5: $5o5ro*5S so{r: 6esQ
aS.s. p65 eroe.r6. "er6$: drSu *er Sp$om, eSon SS$QoeSrc
es;$$dp6" erS 5:"a- egoS:S epoe.r6>.46 66o8 sood J6.B.ocr5S
n'd; C;$62o 6Oo0 5r"g'66r", "ep6$r 55 51OSd ee6.J5.AS S Jo6
&"e>n" s$o;odod 5p6o&. 6o.(v6eaB eg6.a5.a5 3,ro66ods
eFed; $rp9c 56rn"d3ro, od:; Jeno6 iFee.r$B 6$3e5:oc- d$oaer"n'
eeox6.

espod ep65d6o $6F.S66S5 SdEoSa6e^:o n d;d &6oA


O6UA$ Iooo6 ?:o0o6. 1948 ag$So 125 n o6d Sd crp*p6 6H
$56otr.Cu. -'106& $oS p6 S6rf i"gi.SB 3o5.035 6.e1"s e1.65
Boe;$ BBoao' epn $OUp 6a ce*,666{ S+6er.48 a6 n d;s e,rrn
OS;rrSS 0{o6:o. n"dp Ene.rf B};ood... "32 $oS63eer:n ud
6A$oop SQSL gS 05Og eroS:$ a$pc$ Spc- ao 5ofr5uo5>
5: 5r o o n 5g5 $ o.5 c- C B 5 6 S: A6 o $ c- o Sg S g ae
ep O
$dr" C s 6 eap o 6. "
eood! n"o6d so"XF66{656os5 $f55od u6peo rndl,'eogr"eE'
$ip5o$5$C,r oeoS:6'esft, $55o.5 $*F5 esd ?"5 $oar0 d6ee$
5OS, "S:$o Boec$ 5d a,56 So5:.O" er0 C$oloa6. 606on"....
1948 a:550 205 $$s5 n"o6d or dEq 0E fPS sl5
69d
aroar: Cbe6,r.50 eSSg::f;n" 55: S$o a66d6:. eroS:Sg $6s5C 6:"a-
iFbKrer SBdaCu. $6 daro 6Cu+6 n d.;, es{ OE XPFB Be;6.
BdpoSS:Co n dp 65S m50o6:661'62 Sr$seaw $offSod e"5 6EE5flB
8o65'AdHp I Jo.Jo. a5: egd3>BS Oa.oS6'S Src- &iu5:ae;6o.

eg 66o6 5o a6ho6od...

60 eS6: SeSe
a$Sse3 n"o$ fiUS dSd n"dp ;e55q: e5; ugo5:;1lrg e.r
3$;6: "Ogo *PF egS6eod &$ser aoe @6odo ed6. ;$ste3
n"o6c Srdcco $So S6:"O 200 e$o6 5ro";S J66 5r"QoX6:. n"d;
o"dp# e.56oe &gn" $lot$$ aCu6:6:oXdc. eo$$3$n" Ser5oo dnoa.
do coagn6: Xu$te3 n"o6B oo a556o $$o. n'o6d 6$ BotS:
eso5t5r.
d6ep a{65r3or:o 4bawerE dA Agn" $C,r.:$5:oecr 5qox6. 5f6g)
$$' eso5:S ti6* ;1>o66od 65g u6o5o5 Jr"qe *gir@655orn
Boog pBQ eai"(D. n"dp;$6:6" 5ro65: 56e>c$. n o6d3 6:epb$ aS;
eo6r3oa:s S545: e*$6r. n'o6d3 6f6n" Be;t':. 56$n $r"6, J.*
n"o6d t$oa 963 KroSr"s 6ne5 deco. u' n"o$d'trrnS:...*oe5r' eroe.:r
5:$3610il6o5n6:."54

n"d;*f $co so4 9 5:o6c efif; Se6:.65 erd$o:r5 +6pf


uedS:ea esft, 66oa6 ewf, aoXO. esor:d 66oar6 ec.fi dS &*6ea
sood eo16"56n" 5rO ${>e5SB $i:sd6o da6. eld$o::S +dpf
3,roctr65 S6no6;:"6 $5646 $c- 6oX6.

i$*Fen3rno$ frdg dKu $*6ea 6gds iL6Ser Sf; aono6. e"55;c,>


aD65 KuE $o er0e6 8:e$3 3op$ JL6S0r S56ot-6 ?:5:go6 +p66d
5rc- Ssdwfiod aoea:ods Sr.O&'" S Se6ee $no6.u6 a.5 S6 Sple:
Sa6ea vood149 5:o6 $*%. @5615{5 S*oo0o6. u{ncno
rnd;$, eedS:eo eslc a€Oorn sgoo{y, a"$gio8 S6 aoag c8ooo6.
S:fie a6fr:oS o$.Ed6 vem6 8{ SQoOo6. 6f$o6 }g,5o"eer
dso6Sg srEP* 3.5646s cfan s80bSP6.5?
1949 SSoaE 15 pdo eooapep ven"6od p6peo rndps
S:6dodo"v 6o &e6:. el6$ d65$U dad SoA,sS 605oaco Js4dc.58
'n"d; $ifer3n"o6p "ro6:s .5o&t'1' er5; o"oS6 ?:{ 6irrgo
C5ldf:. mdp e5: n"o6c ir55 Jo5:c-s3 6o v6eeo5r 93 *de:
$oewoo&d *o"goat$.u' 6:$se3n"o$ e3ro$ &pper$ dne36
S66J", eS s6O$oeu$; 3ro6p eas6o soo$ u6o*6o. n"dp

ar6o;oA 61
Sgnodo 1$w6o - "e,5 5g$B e"5 f.eD 5r"15$ 6od ewo:roes €"0rg 5656
AXog6:S 6665o euO. s.oood ee405orn ;5u$oo$ d6n" aerg
ew0eer:6o65i$;. Jo5:Sod oQ erd $OS:oeooXO vo€.s'5,59
Sd# @ss65o 5rg5o auqrd esdr Spo cr;5:,fu @s6d: 6oa'0.
5:d65on 6o6trcB Sedd)."uo$*Fe3n o$ Sa:SobF c6os$ {66lo8
6o5oSe65, $06on" aued 75 a6o 65;3:"o6:$er d,eu 6${f6om
58lFo,r:o55 o.dpeo n"d; c63:er 5s46c.

aop 6ea"osfc 55e5So @e6on d JQ6er a6noers $$646,


3:.o6ra$*F$d, ca6.J5.J5.sit Boc.rt'o6>{ esee.r$; n"dJ 55146r
ia;t'r. epo6$$o0 S:$se3n o$ ir65 BSeo 6:06 o$[o 56 n d33
d6:. esUcS{6oe 3ro6p aw&06:od dUeafptgdr.
ercld, eo$368 a5p66 '56.15: 5d3 e"5 $6;5$erod - n'o6dc
ir"65 do66od rnd33 S{rso6o dASoU:;456? es ep0ed eg6.a5.a5
'6oe? 3ro61 6rfF$d doo"? &6646 aoXe?

do@ 5egQ $o$ 6*3Q 1$s6o - es6.a5.a5 eo5:5e5sB,


aeOb$
o6peo n"d;B $65 Jero6 Soao{Sr:. d6>. ad Ko{rec5p 1966d
t666so Cd5:&:o05 e,5 55:(5 $0; e"5 o5o5r S*6ea ag63:o6. ao6rd
101 5:oB $*%. &aoo0o6. 407 $1eQ eo6go6:So dboa. sa6ea
eoe S{o6155 6 S5AS Src- - "5a d6od ee6.J5.JF 3 Jero6
soaco{Su d6>" eps s;$o dboa.ut e6.J5.a5s 6&$n, $€6om
C;$O;od u5o6 C$eo6o 5.s.5re6 5ra- a$(:ee3n"o$S ee6.J5.i5
5o3:o6 er$g o65 550"165:r Sf dca er0 eooXUu. "epor:d a,54 erosSo
5wg6o $psd. *dJ es6.J5.a5.d f{>36. ee6.J5.J5. psewerQ
SrSfDd So$$oXc5" eoo,r6: $red.62

n d3 a-56p6 e6.J5.J5. s656,:. so6d so5o d6:. so>d s6sr


n o6dc fr65 S6u6B Sra- e6.a5.a5 d f56arn 6o1r;" - eo5;6
e5p$o. "d$r" os n"dp B$pC,:, ed afiOrQ. nt*S"a6 Sna- 3$p6.63
;!*ise3n o$ $SrU{ dad 5oL6 F"ss 6og6 s6:er rr;1>5og6 t$ip o55

62 e$6: Se6s
1Fs6o, md5 er6;6d ee6.J5.JF iio& ao6:63 Sd3.a"do.6'tggzd td.s.
ere55 5:'c- 3$;6 - "rnd;d 5r3eo6 5oa:o6o d6r."uu esod, ad
Oirobod edpeo n"d; 65r3cf: 64i.5 md; 5115$... "5ro RIs566)
egQy06orp ee6.J5.JF 5:o0 ao663 eS€;o ag66ddr."66 eeox6.

5Eu ;llSse3 n"o$ frUS aOE$ u6B u{reo n dSB e6.J5.J5.96


Soa:o6o 6oe? do"? - er5;6 JQIE*u 50.1o55;$3. ,50;o5$6fiS
0{o$o 5$erod, rndl e6.J5.JF $eoeQ. &qn" Sooasor$$d6:.
ea8o5, BroSB 5r6on" 6odec$ s-5, eg6.J5.JF eg sercd ib;C,r
ea8angf 6o6n6;d6:. epo6rd 1940 665o Srd6d a.er so6elf
$563c$, n d;o: eg6.A5.AFC eJoi:seron" S$O2o3+6r. 6SC a$ rno6
$65d ee6.a5.a5g 5of66on" iero6 $$o5:o dtr: epp sgooo5S.5:g.
q5 rpo6d f:.6gd 3:.oc5r6:*F$d5: *$; Soao{o erSS $u:6er:
oof 6o6. S:i:so"3n o$ SDS$S56 n o6d S6Jp 6wb5 e-S ${Sod
- "n"o6d 5:tr aons 56: rreSt6d6r%g6 o6o6d 3:.odp;bsssd'&$'
ap &15 6o6."67 n"o6d ir65 a0flS Boecd dto*"oX ep;$o1S $9"6
5gar5> 6d6 a"g$$$E Soo$e e-Sdp (pd6. "b"o6r6r*Ffdd0
&6or
ro s{o }t6 6 6rcrd 6o5$6od uBero6 $odipo $5r"0a
3ro6w SrX,6Sdd n"dp, er{ ;b685 $AbJo. }5646 6.6S6 ur6&**
5rg6$. & $o{uec$ aoflS e6B 6{ erd$,el, 5n16o "6a Sugno>
SroeSre$IF$dB 3o65odo v50co Sfi:dto, s56r556o"6e epC
u5er5$otr.6:. aod as0rr"5 Src- boSw$fs$d iero6 n?te$B
r6os.d6. BFcr., trdd XSco$ 6o€.16 - "6s) S:ogs 5f;odc a,S
f6J6 $f,6Sd de;ell5fod 5nc- S4bgt'o."
aoUS $SU46 &16 bo6? e6.i5.J5,3ro6r;lirssdg s$oc-
$5646 5:r *rsbs a.Q9res @e:o) dsoa. 6 fr65d 5Q;6orn eo6:s
$g6 aod 6o0r:o6 sc dt66Ku, $a$e'S pcop6:. al6$b e56ead
aon$ di:: sa6ead'o $5646 erm BSvo 56rfd e,56oro Sr6:;oX6:.
S*oo5ot'o6:Sg n dpS: 5$a6$oa- *Si$;. 6 iregtpee"CIS$: 60od
e(ro6od n"d;, erlerc $5646 S0act eo cgoooSc-cB @b6r5ir5
erfio;oA 63
6$n o6f;08, $56468 S:{5 5o 563 aofo6 -
15o5:5;o dSoa. epor:d
eo5;6 5r[6o EOoS:6:. o"5o$$uQ n"d;S eo&rn6: "5$dr6! S:OS
&5646 B3:;s @s6$ sc,:tssoeooX;e?." rnd; a"$ySd6:. "sa ;rer
erugo5ro. erS65o."71 €fir Cu6eed Stp l$Oo0 5r$o66)5gfyC,r
@R:SrSfrS e"5 8o$p$ eooeQ6$n" $$>$o6. @bSrSfrSB e4$"56n'
5r"o$ 66oa6 arfi US u55S: Ccbfr'", "a:Sbo 208 i$rcir 6aai'er
atoo56 er{, n"dpo6: }5646 65 X:6:3od 5d4o B$",5:e6d'o5rdR:5
xdOS d6F'(ed6p 6o&) eps elt65aoa6:"72 eoda6;.

s5, a66 $g,5d5 6a 4.5$6: sg,oo'5d6:.'$5636 CglU oO $6


@56oso6. ee 66:u6 18 $o563eo &eal esd6$ 5'oewolC$
c5$ou6l. ego6$ Sr0roeco Snc- n d3 $0roaod $Q3:.6on S aod6.
aoe, $5646 $S*Xer n d3 d:Sgp6c c+(po dS6:oa.
1966d $s646 5r6e3o*5, rf.06 rPds dss sg4$o
&aoodoS:S: dodtFd:65o a,5 95655, 5e3er dnoa. eg c*6eod
$66463 w6g6o2-erofi6{$6, +{So EeDdF n'o6 S:6ee$3 ;tuodr
red;, erlerXo $5646 5o(>$oa6s a$;Co. epo.r:d 6a ${5o n o$ frU5
ep5o56o as0flS o"5o6: S;r6ead 6i'5SS, o'dO. ar{ofu6 63 g$r6s
65 S*6eo SOeQ1;356{t" qel *0"4o6 : "6:(r6e3m"6 frUdS }5646,
esd65 er$rS6rq: g0b SrLer da6 es$ $g,gO"eo: S;$o dQoloo:.
so6$&o0$ 5 q66 oocpo 6a $g,5o5g Qs;orn aoXo::."73 adSE
$6 ao;S &6:; s6:, dSoo a,5 ca6eo So{r:o (5545) cfl&ea 5n15d:.
eoodrSg e5o6 s*6ea56om.5r.A$56e6sg!3r. 50 $o$6peo 6t5:od
ad rrug dss aeooaerc sfoo $6c 6eb65o $ooa. *$*
$o$&:oOS erodrUu 6 8o5p$ $g,SQ. SuOoS, e"5 S6o$o $;$o
daUu : "eFO u5d5: Su6eadd &oo5:E o"B156 $5646 c$Srn dOoa.
5 5,egnu: d80itsdpor. ab;Co ;$*Fe3n"o$ Xrdg dKr:d &5646 $16
Jero66 - esc e-S cBBPf, 5"16&S Sg,6ee6: e50co &{gS::'s6:,
eo.ISog:Sr s5l."7a

64 e56: $e6e
saws3 1948 ag$56d xofse3n o$ fi"Ug aOh$ Boc:J KDUdps,
KDcsdpS 6 esoae)) 55 ao6re,r66dA. +SU4S$, f:d apo6 5:o6c
eld$ do5:e^:odler:6dl65o 65 q)Bs n"d;$ E$yer d$g$po ($of)
fuAS $Oo$o6. 6a Sof erS36565: eag8o5:.er6: 5r6om 6oear
50;o6. eas8dSron 6 (5{b65o Je> 6oc-O o5; SgnoeSB Spc-
6r6on dot:p 5S;o6. s.$, rno$d #6g dCuard .& 5o$ (es6.aF.JS)
556rS$5era"o$o $41:65o ro6no&Sood @o66go @6ofl o0o6.

***
n o6d ir6g aEhS o{ Bof: Sog ee6.J5.J5. l$o"s }66
5p65eb $e85eb d*S"aE $tp"$ (A;sq) d ao16:.'u ego65 Boec$
65p$$:o1e 36hr.g, dddrorf aqra$og8 fddg 50gr"5: a*36. n o6dC
egod:S "a"5 5:$s5g9, "eoS6r5ES i.66" eC erfl5$ou6:. ercdy6:,
eeo$S ddodc eeUee6.J5.JS aqrep 13 daro $eo $oer$o $Eo*oC
bu:$S;r;Uu.'u ;ooa6: eso6$ 36rqr"g, Sd6g e.5 dqr (p"{t", "...4.5
da4l4 r$0oOS egoddsd u;$$(r CotiForo6"" upoxl6.
n**S"aE *er 61663$ t{er Sg$. 1948 3$ pF6"6 $oS
4:EDSO
es6.a5.a5. oo5r555o daodn eocgepo$ e.S esddo sobo6. "r$6r.ds
S6;oQo*Cu. i* 6ofi&dilr epo66r 1$ao6orn 606-0."78 es ;b6pd
qp65(Sqll65o eg6.a5.a5.5: CtrOoOoA. rpCB epS:t$eoon dd+g{on"
ee6.JS.J5 d zo ds 5:o67e Sr:+5s6g5{o5: eods d$oa. (es $;$o5FcB
dXod ee6.J5.JF du{o e6g5{er - 135*65:erd f66 - $5r"6 50
Soq:6
o{er:).to't'"5Co 6r}s i.el: S.S}n$ ee eA6o es6.a5.a5. .5og6d
er65o6 66p6p$ soo" elO ee6.J5.J5. R:poOA fqb6o t$QSf),
$o0ootp6r. er6p6 SqbSf e"Sp5 a5:.s.p65 6re;t' B&;ood..."t-$o*,
(64b6so, $985er... $ee,546r ee6. 45.45. c a"5 d&er 5r@6:. "82

&ry6ee $aer ergliro.f ecnirsdr eg6.a5.a5 s.6g5g[o55 cn&


da6:.;16; a$ dfi:oAfUu. ee6.J5.JF eegerdwo5:f CO;SS6F6.
6CId Cr6. er6.a5.J5 sesodr$;;$0d,5rr$p6. '56gt' i"gsgodp#
er

so1!5 uo6:$er: ao5:$sE'oeod>eott Sra' 6oXUu. (6d65 $r.6)

ar6o;oA 65
5agno 66*6 ee6.J5.JF d SoC 1$dneao $a6:). es efro 6{p6o
ier aodSod - $'"Sd d0;iFoa:S ag$$a5v*Fo Xooa eg6.J5.i5
segodnQs$6oo Sfo irs0So S6"JS &Qo*-op So3o6.8a;tupgorP
es6.J5.J5$, rnd;d $ooopu:Sg @"$3ea$ 6 o'C,ro3 J$;Sn'
6:6drg6. u66"6d .& eso66d5s-6eD ee6.JS.JF Se* SLas
s-e5oo5:o 5f o&Ss {6;56c 65o$o da6. Svoc$;$*F$d
se5oo5:o 5r5 eer;er ag6mor. f- Boug 6>o8 ego666$vrirel o"66"6C
es6.a5.a5 dolg wegoo$o 5>5, d*S"aE 4o656 Src- o'& Se6.
ego65$Jeo6 i:sp a66$oc- fSS so1s5 po6$o: {1$6 SOpo*Uu.8s
& $Oeel"Sr"od *er$:o6 ee6.J5.JF w655{er eog'dodB
3QiFo6:.6:. eoero8 d*f ct6o es;$e:ld a5;5368, c?to"c3
Sged5orn 56$geer$ So0?:$cco, 656s"o $3ne5o$: E$85 SoOXo
SoE $$e$ eo6"6od 6o€.:p$ bo{u e655{or C65Qoo.6 epC JS.e.
pdg r{:Q${u$o16."er 6aa:.t' 3E p 6oos5*Q 5o{u s655{er s6s
lFb(ru: $dr3+6r. 35, EE p {0o'56o 5g 5Kogit66$:o: eo5:5pco5d6r"86
eeox6 pdg. er$36 66p6 60fi6:ofio r$$$(r:5:o0,:r 5:64 s6g5{ aer
epoC.r6r: "eg $d:d$od e"5 Sg.d 65*65n" a5;d5: iFb;lo d6o6og
SS66on" 66oj15$. 5r' ooo6 1$;r65:ooe $o{us655{o,
3"5rdr"sS6o doOpU.fS fc$oOrto6:eo. s5, eg cad S$d$od
e5: i53a- 8Sc-CB 8ot, efic-Cg 5* Spa- o0o5d6:. o.ert{:
S:"&olea: dS aoe (?:S-Oac-) 8$ a8s-S:. o$ f$5on" e66c-CB
p35 Sr"a- aodA s6:. er6 'Sa6o' s-oo e6ccod SAgSUn a.Sgl0
$c- 66aeSB 3:o5d6r. So[,: S:S& esod es $;5)d6od S6pao exr
.5pSo6."

fo{r Ctr6 $i:o$od J5.8. coo"55 ea}Sds erer56d dqtr6.


erdfoo$ 5o6ep6;$o6 So{u s6g5gi3f ego6:S Src- e,5t5:.8'65 tr$.$6:e:
ern"d eo5:s 6rc- ei:So06d n"o$d $o$6o6o: es6bc-ebSadSoos
a"dpf 6oX6."eor:d n"o6dc osfo5p$ sawor:6, s5dpps 56$65o
eo5$d Sra- 1$80o&o$C"t8 e 6t$o6 $r"6 Splo $ta: ele55
ad$
L-d
a;rru:.

66 C56: $s$e
E*d esd5r$$ e"54&B ;!.6o day$ 6oc$$S ;$16 6q16ader,
6odc Sby 46a5o Bod a$;odu." 1949 es6Sd per S:oo s65p$
66+6 *er ;t"&eri"er: ego6$ (isbiro d;$B a'66:4oc-) SO dO
e655{o af;f
aoeu.5a36:. eo$p6 Ct6 sooC epibd$o05 c5>6$6C
ero"55 oodlo 1975-77 yood - e0655$6 6o$a S5:06:od -
epi$d&o*6.
p6'*or: eoxldbo qo6:5: Q5;on 6o6. $o[r Otd soodelo6:5
esaf s.d6:. er65556 6OES yood 6rc- ego$S per6: Adpd6. a{nre
6:o$ 66a:5 (!r"$rdr y56o 5g esoS:$3 6qydder, abyds $S3: eoQ$
6o$s
e
cpda:.

1949 bED6o ci"6g n o6d &65d ee6.J5.JF i.1U dfC ${:e5SB


sr"a- s;$o eoarca. rrod 1949 a*pd ee6.a5.J5 p ctreQ
JQde6:.e0 qo65: $srn 15{:65o ee6.J5.JSs 6$'oq,ger, Co65wq:,
Cao6$er'OS6$"65Sorn a$3o6. epoe$dd aw&OO eaw5o6o, aw&oO
$er.So $g 65 Odd66$ 6rc- 53$o d&. OOU S655ore $$63crop
$Ooa. 1$e6o ag6.J5.i5 65 S96 oq,5oi$ 6p&o6o$o6. eewgoXo
er

Sg, esp6d6 SeSo 6H 65 edo66$ RfB; 3313o6. e6.J5.J5.


eo8dpog: er&6on" 6sd* $5.5po6 Sofn" 6o0uo6 eps (pc- eoc5rd
s;$o Sso6." dodr Srle: 6t5c+6 ee6.i5.a5 6s se$ SL@q.
e$erd3 6Kr:5:5o.1oa. so6rd $dlo 65 epSer erffSq. eg6.a5.a5
656:9"6o0o6: "3:"odp $i*aods s0{ Sg"ox! {63o, $o56s
egp6on a.546m $os:t:o 5p o66o."t'
ee6.J5.a$ 6plo6o0$ & so"S 5g6o ea:8dro Sg 6 Sof
CSuqrUC Sra. Ss46o0o6. s5, eo$Qeo6on $ory(raod 6116o
agof,

6a so6$op €6.i5.J8 $66:u 6Sed5S d{E $ 6ila6. n"o$ rrug


66a"6 s.Q i:oa eagSod: opdS:$er ee6.J5.J5.S SXDB{r 5q)6.
a536 (2020) ee6.A5.i5 6a.S $6Q ar"XPs d655 ip666, 65o$
d656 5$oe^e6od..."d$ &iJa 5tuerod, 1948 ;16 SSc6rEps

ar6o;oA 67
ptr6o 56p6 eg StreSB SgSd5on" &Sa:oerd a"54 $al:5t': Src-
5ngo6d5>.""

66 ep$rd+o$ 3;$6: dSg:oeal" S:eS $o{r: $CoOS f#r56


B$p 6 : "6665o SoiluC CtOoOo6. s.5, 3ro6:"6:fEf dS pf,rQoSdA. "
&$646, nd;, erfto: e:6.a5.a5C Sod 3:"o6:.$*F$ddd oer,:$6rp$
$16 S653rodoUu. eeoDp 3yo5r;$*FSd StO"SB r$Osd5:. qo6:5>
s6eao 5$E? er6.i5.J5 $p* 5$:o0;r.or esod - 3roe5:.5:$s$d3
$Sa:oerd @SSS5o 6o6. pn" Srocip$irs$6 TSSCO doL6
$ogsbfod f{l66. e.r8d6 @Cc5g$ es $$sSdB ptr6o S:oO
*s
&:Srsor:o$ 503:o0o6. esero6 5g,$ dSipfdo 5gd e96.Js.JFs
(lo#on" tF65So CtOoOoa.

so@5d,$ea: dSSoeoS; 6oee;bq: Src- ee6.J5.JF 65 {)As


ea;8o5: 6o6o pb espa-S3 s"6o;bdr3or. n o6d $:6cao.f eo1!5
$$ esoS:S $e, a6$ {:awg"o6 af;6: d6o d6gEg B0pirsoro6. eg6:c5
$56ogd p6e$; CO3oanoC Soq: 5o0.>SJ 6eS ;$oq& a6&6er5
3G3qr", 6$6q"5 $o1S $geld) 6d5 ${5 3,rot5raw6oSro5o 69
Srl6o Cfl$gp$ 6p5pw"u: aoda. n"o6 $6ee$o66o 6a 50ee5po$:
ee6.J5.JF ;$6H" 6$:s$o6. er af;od aso dySSw.Ca p doa: esood
o6; erSawerC3 6n$e.Ern eg6.J5.JF e.5 555;o6 Sofn 6rg6i:
tun0ip6erBr. do a.S &o6 $$C C63o56Br a6n Q5 $oQ yoo es6.

***
1875d t$a:e6Cc a"5 dr"$S$:er S:0:roao"' 6S5 5gar6:
bdd o"go6: SgSfd e.5 SS:fES u5o5:+6rn JOm6. A"6f esd6$
ntgl. e* $*d S8ern'SCda6:. (eOL6o 5$erod,5o6 So563ee>
66;rd eod nagnd t$oJFe8grerd d{ a"6 .P* *b. aw5of s.0
ar8piFo$ $o{uec$ o#o:or:, orr55o ea8o6: Je5:fi:6o3 @5:o: dS,
$dog6BnA, eptuE&o o"o5:5e5$S S{daeq a03o6.) Sgedr 5d5'
5o6:Ku;d 3(nr 5o1?:f;oCo. eror:d, aofl(r: slAd 36rqr. 5r"ge&So6

68 456: $e$s
eo5f;dorn fd6 5r"9"6d6. 6d5' 56Sq)) Oo6o.Jd,:o *er ep6:5:m
5C3:oS 63dgo. e5, Srgpd 1fS S:"e,r eg$ 610 6SdnnodoCu.
egodr$
&$ e65155ro s65irea egodr5$ Jod So6JqsS;4. eoerf, &$ w6g5{er
$"a- esd65 $g aoef do5:d*od 6oda:"6o.ea
eO dEofroX ;5:o[8rn fdd SOO pn"
$56og6 qre66 (6dr65od
Soflooi$ (e$er*o) qF66 o6flSd a0So S,e6. qa 6dddp
uo6565 $5:gg$e 5$o6. ero6rd-er$36$66, 5r53d,5 $dag5
563eao
eqrS: n'o5rerd eerS:QSg 3:.o6r aw&oS: o6:q: 5316o Sd6
;ro$6e5S; 1$6o$o56:o6- 6oddgipd6r"6).e5 $awCB 6a Soluf
a"553:c$ $o6:er:, $O6er 6ra- e.d ;$ryCB do65u(p epor: 6o60co
5g +6s, S55ogd sp65d c05o SoS:tro Kuo{p$6. e"5;5rp6 **o
S{o5lod 5116o $Io$5or J6r6drgoo. 3:.oc$6o: eQ6e6on" 6{
!15ea.r6 **U, aru(r:E $ofluQ ;ll$o earor $OQodo6.
qo6>$ flS;orn i:rSoo: ep86e6on" aod e436: @oe0; e"5
Brodreai, $oQoCu6:. prn w836: 5€;Xo i"gi"S Sofrfipf ao6.
epo6d doCo dee:rn" qp65 Sda:S ag6n"O erS; bryo6o - s.4:6 Src-
$gi.$d Boo"0 es3 6ro6o9o6.
qo6:5: eo1flS $$ Src- bf; Seoa er$; e(rdnQ d.SSdaSS)
;1uo6: p&6, So05e;"e055: 5d5'e0.15 'CQ$ *F5:o:' Bg&QoXor:.
o61gw6o - "e836 ;$5sear i"gi"Sd $55;o5orn e836S:
Soloi$6:od o"cB qP65 ca{go56 ?:B6."e6 e.5 1g$o6od fd6 qer
elq6 "aro{rE3 a6:q:m e436S &KuSoerC i"gQ.S ($0518;o0o6.
:
5 466'&oe5 @oDirD 1$aw$55:5a{on a6rno$ $o er5g63r6, o6:;
(&gi'S) 6635:oc- SOXeBQ'$S, eoor:d eodAO"So s836 e&o5:od
Src- 6QoS$o::"erC S$af;6. erS;16 d:o 5$:oX$od, p"Sezr6
s(ro6:od +U1 t$awls$Ja$orr $g6fnaQ s836 sfros:oC 6pg:
eo{5o66o 6o66r."e7 es 65on'3"9i'5 65:5 avu{r:E, p"6eew6 SdeQ
ep65$ S5'$o6on" 56db 6od, ep66 6d:5S" airue e836 5:5
A"eq.S $U:Sq esQSegcg egBn6o0 aod6.

ar6o;o6 69
d63cr"g, fddg $c- es,E365o 6Oflo0$ C6d6o 5tuerod -
tg47
el6$: 15 u6 400 $53o8 ?:o$d:6o1$ er$acd aro.{r:6 Sareu e.3i"56E
$U:ASggn @56o56o. od;B er$$o sbc- 50ho0$ eo$ AAoS>
$&>erod - eoQ5.a6o bo6:$ero6, J.gi.Sd Jero6 6uee.$6:&dro:
dn ayu{r:E$ i"gi.S Jr{a& SoBKu$oe.r$50co.
q6er 6odn st365: &OQS; B:"odr ear qo&drd C0So
esSc-SB So$f;6 55{o dd6r6o ;$$Sr35 er0 aoa3 e4{iro d3:"1oOo6.
erod! aoXer o"$Q$56fo dS$Sfo $So e{6fon" }drr6 5eo;,$
6o3:oai.t$. 6od egoo6d$ 3o65 s836 S:$sea:. ipc-s8,w 7947
er$a6 26 edc p66 oSQEd c05o eo$6:5;S eoQe6 6geop $o65o
3+6. crod p66 pSS 5eo: &B$5 J"drr6 5r*g%. SOSf;>e:
ep56OB 60Al S!;nor:. eoods6:, e.66 p05 5eo: as,u;!E $ofufo
pdear6 **q. Sr"c- ,$56so ds$oaoo. 6 $r.6 Soffo"os
J'gi"Sd C6$o $(rSa.o$g AoX gder r6657"5e6fu"gor:.
w836 Sirod:od ap65 egS65o SUc-ng 65p.$ s6oo 5tuerod-
d.YodaS (66lo (gs6o - eSu 5d6od cb5o spoo er{*5,5p w436
$irseapd a55a6o6. eoo65rtuos s436 s{o5:od }SQ.Sd e66
6665o 5646on" SSSirOo'5c-SB ird S$H$ddrpS s.6eao 5tueJod
- sd36 doOd eo6go6 gaw66o SOES oo5:$6 aS eeEpg" gF6-
ry66d sbo"d; $OSo16c. 6 S5:S5 eo$;t$ Su6S doa-o 5e! sb
eper a66d6:. eooS:(: y6eao au5S8 6 deQ Boe.l66:S; dot'r 8oS
s$o6ro $pio?
es 6ot$ s6s@od e.56 - E&5, So05ew0c5
@633:.o0$ e,r66
t$66S C$o$o.e8 A"BQ.S $d5:D6 5*Sq.wt36 ffnpfiod S:oa ry66
ESJo 60tu $6o6:od, er ps6 56gs Boc.:d cob$S, A"gQ.Sd
S:655Q65o $So o6gearg S&Sg C$6oao0 So05er0c51$6;3rcrUu.
oog8 o5ce66 $ed so:;o S65:ee5: e65 esoAS0oa"Q 5S;o6.
aro6rSg eg day5 J548 565: 4.3i.5 $o5:16 6eo: ff.5:35:5*;dn,
ersa&S:o$ e.54 ero6:6o (pc- qp65 p55o 5uo5:5, AdJdgiFor:o6. es

70 C56: SeSe
ir*S q4P6 '6lpliil65 dq:' eroer:oXo. 1948 51$:5'66 6 eoodop
oSgeag $ee dLds ;$o60 dR:S &e35o 8o.47 15s6o, 6 $$S5
SO*;eSB a"5 X,:rdo3o 56&46o Uu.&o6o6. es6 S563 tFawfltloS:
*56eag:" o.o &d5FoJ 6o6. y5, e &e3uQeF65, $g$5 @{:e5o:
dod,:" 86$4o06o0).'oo esod ee &e35o o6:erdB edm. 6ew0tloo
*gUea$ 1iF63bo0$ fofi6er 5r.Oirsdr"d6$ ee66(Sqt 65o il'6u,
5S;o6. aS $3$5 eoold, es 5u.6oBo SgSfd aD56 6dS (et36
drePtlo S:o$ 65 J"d5)rd ;1r5oi$ 66$oiy0o5O.ro) es$o ersrd
doOda:. y5, eg d,5o a5368 6ew0tlo6 *ggea 5:.16o a6n"od
$$>at$do6.
e436 S5:S5 eo60{55on 6o&lt6Sa-SB s6eap$ 6o6$ S$o5ro
- erS36 G5q"5 $o1S n'O SO5. e436 S:$scra:. e"66 1S{:55od &0uSB
ercASo6g. $o65o dnS egQs-g 51eo$: eof5o6r5o $*S a"g Oo"gdg[aer
erc0e6r: "ap65 obflgd A0Sf:drgobyf,r 5d: ir66:er3 ercA5o6g"
140 Soluqr $odse:> ded:., epd 466>s:, Saco{Ser: a;5u3-s836
siro6od Src- 6r&o@on."'0' e.r66 $56odSAoO .5$o 3o6 5
{66:$, sao6$o5: da8 w436 qp65d e65pod ers sflS;p$s
s$. eoood 31frr 15$65o 5;$5:$o5od.. 'epQ5e6o ;5u$oer 65;
w4363 SS; ea"go666p$ $6:$olpo 5 po56o e5e cu.C IdeS>
{$6 S-Opoa"O'. a6 e.54d a$u esdso;r6r. 65 Soole$f $*p56:od$r,
eawgo6${d5r" d(trcr" 6 eooes;KuA$on '50;o*Cu. 606o
5tuerod
- ry66o.awgo6od0 eoQS6eao (er$65)-370.'0'

6 sdt i5$*Feer, SSrr.JsdAS 6orpe:


erQ56eao Bod 6{ea aq:,
565: 5:.g6S: qp66 (Sdr65 5Sr* s436 e$sB bQfo. 606on
eUdd,gods $sg qU6 (6d5g s6eeo5;) @oeo 5r60m, a66
e$odc @ao JSpu e436 Bt';6o;$6:od 5uo5:n" e"5 eo$:S:8
$16o &Kr$+o. e436duer 66; ao6:6odX J56r" 6 e$od B*q*
959r.66.'0' E* 6a e$s3 e-s 1rd55 eargodo 6o0uo6. a"5
65p"55:o1e 6o€;p60. dd Sgneroe.ror. e.5 s{ aw&o$ $eSo 6o0po6.

ar6o;o6 71
500o$ prn $of,;nol$ ep66 Offlgd O0So db$eo5o6 a,g
$Seeo$$6 Sdd'g 6 ed $6&4o.or Je> $;5:3eoo? 1948d Sd6
e.5 $So6od a$;O: "e€36d 6a e(1d6oC S:So osgeasg 5tu83
S6ng Aer d&er so;$oXBr eso6ti. 5:o@6r."10a Sd6'dSd S6
llll"S$ .5016 e6:e:: e5aripS n"o6 aer eeoe6 : "eE36 A&o5rod
't$ap0&o6o ?:5O6ro, o5goaS 5$Sg AgJ B6p:$oo"o, i.BQ.S
$dD6 ;5u5erp o"8C SO3odgno, er548 $:Sscpar0 esQw6o 6>oS
Sohodgno'....aero6 16e$55o$: Sd5' 55rg65:n frQo$d6:. eoer 6
eiro6:od er$pd$yt'o 6$ eoSaSr3SS S$o do6:6o 6$;65 So6 50*g6o
56 egodr$ a:o6:o::gd6:."'ou
6 6OBSS flS;orn bo6r aw&o5:o6:er ;$16o 6a 56:5g5:
So&;e0gSf5o55orn @56o*6r. es 6gDu6 eood 56c 5a6no $ecr
6e JUg#tu +86; 6 S5:S53 6$ bofogeQ 65uq:on *6-4oe.ud
Sa;Uu. rsd 060g 2019d $do@a:"A 641>65o - $[a:oe.:: egir6od
es$u>d3 6(r$fo3oa. 605on s836 e$ 1fd56 fdo" ed55on
6f;oro6. e836 "lo"o6 &OdeD d6:oc- qp66 O$CISd So6.don" C0$o
do5:ar&oa.

***
5d5'S55 es0@d6d6"o3 e836 &g 6eir6eo eran:d,
F13Scr",

eseD6o6d $6"9 aop5 6eir6o iFS>uF 5:o66o. aro"{uE


$ofsods 1;5S$ Bo65 6 RFSloF ;$o6eQ 5:&35 6sc 6erlS
65o$o dedc. 3ro6$o ;b$aqroeC 6 6rger5 Jo6n" SoOdboa
er6g6 5635oinodpd s6;$;.'ou e5, a"546 S{6". RF5:o"6 5>o66o
OS5o5o 5lf lg+od B.Jo. 5ofl 1yb$ e-S 649" 5n16o 6a $:o66
$So;e3ea epo6o 5f groap aw&o6;r5o aoorp J56c-SB a,6 eo5s6o
50po0o6.107

1947 $boa6d are{u6 qp65d a0$o s-$6o 59 iFS:uS


i$o66o qp66 6006o[6 eag $o56d e"S qpdpo6. fdd lF$o"65r

72 e55: SebS
5rl.6J.6 B0:B $rr5,
q., esQeosorn
' $56o;rUu
s------- -- - "RF5:o"6 a$o6e0
------ _cL

5$Og0glo.rr08 ** ?r$go6 1p{:e5SB $p"S;$o1e$ eoS 55o36:5g


a5ir6e6'E$rqr.e e (65eJS 55;d6:. e"5 $6S6pS s65t_56:od
tF65So As. d6:qr Sur$6o6-er5;6 a:5ir6er6'Sgnn 196;. eor:d,
tFd:6S $3:o6:o d6:oc-d 6 $o66 se3eesB eg6.i5.J5. $$s.6od
d*u: C{le:: $${'ne36r.

$d59,36rcrg 5:65 un5o"SB s.6ap$ S:O4'3r"o6r $5:$5,er@


$$6, &+6o. 6cs f szsd &r{rr5,5165Q o.da6 e-Sc$ 6$ p ereso
*U:5f s63oa6. eo6 a54c-? eodrggd. JgEd bo5>go er{5p5p$
@re$r:f,: a$3ou60 3ro6go: sp$&oxd er546.to' & 5r$6,
S$Stuoc$ er54d e;$;$o66o 6od65, eCbr6 6 ;lo$o $er$q:
d$S5orn 5r$6,5$a"65 *er 6a6nern" 3:"o6gu: esda:E, dodtoo,
eg CoSo s6eoom es @o6oC 3ro6:$o3, sr:fl5uo3 ;$65 3ro$635

(r:(eoo a66€co - SSSo 195 dego s.oo ;16 ilo0 - tFEb6S Oef#
6o6.

1949C so6;bo6 boSr {** eo6}3gn $ee;$o{3eo


s({*Fos: &ssra; eg sSr: 5:65d gs$oa6.1'o & so;uosd ger6
8o6$ 65p$S:o1e 36rqr" 6q6 lSdE 5rlq:g$:o[83 a"5 8O[F$ bobQ",
"6 6Sy$ Soecd Sodo$o&"l11 egc $o"6>. .& 609r.5, $o68 EOSS
ddA:.oX aqra$o[& Sdd S5o6on" 6q6 $d,5 $e65:o[83 e5n e.5
dp (f46. "& Siro6:od .fo565& Jeo6 $olrd 5*%-
63d:.hor55o&" epoc.:r a,5 5re.:5rc- B$p6. "6a $o{r:ec5 BSso $gra
3:"ot$6o oerp$ dg qp$d5rpe:> 6oed6s u6sB:ffo6."112 50
$o563eo 66:od ,w@ S$A 6r"og$d sAd6r& e"6 ogo$&a6eod
epo"s5
q) $$-ctoSp,
qe) egu6 Sdd'do$ gl$o16). "ee oaar Sdd'pSS
ge a-54 $o"s;d5, SSrgQie$:.rtta
eryo6d 5)d CAd6o $pc- BG6qr., Sd5 ${5 deat}X"u
aobe.:?c$o6. 1950C i"gi.S $o0 6n63 don'55: 5o$ $S3S 8:'odp

a:,6o3o6 73
d6ea"{ro S5:$5 esA. d,6 Cdeg5 5g do6ori" $Oireo5 5oew5 o6"d
po.gel ae^> *frJ e*u A0piFS€co 5g e0546 Jeo6 S$$5
Be;SS
6dqdcsr. s-5, ddc{a5 66a.6 5:"c- 6r6:p i"Bi.S d SfrO $g
$6o{er 5:oO 3:"o66er (a$r"qrd 28a6o) 6o&iFoJr6:. SS;S:
8on"5'd ;l>Soer: 50 o{o ;bo6 ($5r6t 24e6o) 6o&ir6o5p6."n 6
$o&d:er dot'o,$gr BroS$ eO&eoo. 1950 bEDSod UrO; J.9Q"566
$r:Soer delS ofoS 56do ibo6 3:o6>6o '5cit6dr6. e 3:"o$635
{u(eao i$o$ 58:po;$s0, @eeu: ep6doC ?rq,s0 8 o{o 60 Ser;bo6
3ro6:6q:bsy$ Eon"5'3 5d;at$."u esd S$o6od O ogio 50 doiroB
;luQou: 5S;6: Eon 6'S:oS 6r6p i"gi'59 5oS Be;6>.'16
.& dSSSod 6d5'i.Bi.S$ &gorn ?r'{ooarUu : "5:6: 5: dXo
Sros 3:"o6:$os doerddr"er$ s$or:o;$$od, epoSrS 6fl5o6
d:"efn'Q.Src- qp65$ aab ddn-op 6o0Do6."117 s-S, ad SiroS:od
6$eogp5 CfuJ&g Aa"iPq. r5plo6o;$$5q.aoearoa...
B(!sqr., "a"5
$of"$rf 516:;$ $6e.ro 5rg6o eo$oecf;o"1l8 eeq,$). 05OB FGhr
f:'d a6oa. JeoE dr6io doS:SS;U dSoa-S i"gQ"S 1$p"$$:ogsd
a.6;o5op eF65 5o6eer: SSoa. es 15e6o - "a6rp6er po"$o6>
f5.q d66 SO;o'5cco, d6eeS:o t6o"fsQ" CO4Oo'Jt:o a6:6r6:o6.""e

'6 e,53o5o 55r3$@f:"$' erc S66diro @qr 5:o18. agS>


1f$5
Soqr$qlcoa6. (6$ bo6pS:$s$5d p.ofdU(uos 5:.a- d6r;Seoc
1948 agSiod n"o6 ir6g a:osS df5god o.S dSS 6s$5$$ i.g
uo5:565o &654oo0$o6r$ S6$Sn asd$S r$lf $$ $o0 ede5p
da6.) es$3nos$ a"gS: @$5 il:+:Q rOSO SGrd d 3gv S:oge Sfo
i$oo edu;5r de6:. Srocir6:*s$d $65$56og6:p5 e55:g$5
6"crg0 ao6:5: erQ$o6o$o6. ee6.a5.J5 (pc- eoQ$o6o$o6. s.5,
tuerQ edo"frd 156U5od *.o6rf:X,Efd 65 Sqr $C3&no6.

J&$6 ;$$o 6t$ar6 - 75 &dp SddrfDd $ge6: 6dd


d'oeror:C d:odiFeod $6sBo5e.rod $*s$dd S do6o aose
?:0fl i,6or:o6. Saw$S 3ghn5oX, 5d5 es6.J5.J5. f H A5:45 $S:{neef

74 S56: $ebe
6od+6:. esoS:S 63$d ee6.J5.J5. s655{d "S ab6pdntuc Letuod
saps dad*er. J5's.1ed; esdSo cp$o d6>.""0 5s#sc-cB 9s;
daro 5oo56 egoS:S &$dfo dS $er6:ar&s dbdrho0, "ee6.;5.45.
s6gS{er Sra- s-ofl5 }gd do"o$ $OU:oXS" elS 6e35o
Sorout$. s.5, a6S.r $5o5:on" #Sgo dsss 6 6e35o e65t$$o
cne15:oc" .5rKl6:oXt$. t
"
50g6s6:dc e;$5o@t{l(r S*erf B$;ood..."Sd5, 3(rrrer
Sf).56d 66p 6g6$er w6; $$s65S{d 66; SSad$o: s.r5:. $55o16on"
5p$Sp,5oS $c$$o +0pgi6r p66deQa"56n" Sa6:.6a d.a$s5
$aw$5$5 6rlQr;6:.""' *6fo_ ier aoa- eg6.J5.J5, i"gQ.S,
5836, iF$o"S, erdw{5 esoeod oOp{o 6:65 d$; do"Ot}dleer
6116o 'fdd 6ef6>o[& *;r0'er0 b"o6p ew&o5ru6rer $OSder
Seol. vc, ep6 a:66d6:.

ecw55 d4o:roXaq:" Sro[8 eooo5b;cS: eld 6dd n"o eg$Sd


5r6"3C eg 80 d4OpoX aqp S)o180 eo$50Q" 5*;6:. epdtrSo6:od
;r5?:o.r: 55S: e;b
ry65d,56 $pSa$o[8n &o.1apSoeu" 5a3Uu.
a$So 6 645" 6"qn" .Jt5:6$od ego6r$ eg6.a5.J5.B 6n$ ctr6od
6oc.:pd A" gQ.S g, s8368 5 @q.Se$oLs'q6SSU eor:&e:: ao.1 $o$d
6$6oocp e-5 5r$de6$ $b"$o.
$d! s{dr.sg 5:0p Sgno. 1950d 6$'Td 1sp"S$ogs sg"6
eg

5ge5: 6dd voo droffpO $o$ G5q.si:ogs 865w" 65 i.gc, 55


6{r@SU, 6s daQ es $ossg s{on" &o.1aps$ 6d6%.q)
s$&flotp6. *bd6 $5o$o*55 $oEr:c, bo6r 5rf,s$ds 6.qm
dSOdBoder 65 6665o 6oa-0 ep0 egd5:S SOSoaA.
eperie>o6 Sd6:o[6ea dg:oc- 5r.K)$is&S; asir6ed A6Su'C
J6re4Joc5:5: e$06: $5o6o*55 So$rc3 e,S oa8o5r 6t56 (S5r")
eo5$6po6.

**rl.

ar6o;o6 75
eop"5O$o -3
3(6rqr. qPd5)ef (1 95 1 -67)

$g16 Sd5'voo $oj:a-cg sU;5rlo


5oo6: do(6 S:o1s 65S
S:oO odpfr dSS e55: 63$5 S"eQ 69 S:os o"6&6 565: BooS
sdbe4 gdne6oe6. o66"6d $56361 66od s6bos$ e,5
$6serio e& a:o6e5: dOSoXU:.
er546 eroS:S e$oS: $5o$o *fS foft 136o"5 $60, a,S
$fo
$;r5$* 6fo ?:o.5:$5; J5:.45.f*SelaE J66rSrQo16r. 556o16
p66d.6od 6:oa Sc-ad t$ew$55rga$on aQ$er a6n"Q 6odm qer
o0pf;6n SelK::$56o aofloB. SueQ n6e5o46c erBn"6 : "a,5 eagSdir
$gc @6ofloeo$:5:oewX5:. 5: $*Fo6:o s.o0. & $g
3:"o6:.5:*FSdB Aeon" bo6l{>o €,,$ esry6orn So"3eao er$d:o6."

a.5$p:6l: 3:.oc5p;$*F$d o"5ed f"*9 JUSf epd de6.


do655:o1e erdr56. epo,r:d rno$ f*U5 6Uu;r6 p.o6d66:o6: Src-
3:"o6p;$irssd $gd d6:"1$ar.oc s"*E das 6si.6ss i.g
&654oo0o6. es Sf5SodS a$p6: n6er5o46d tu+Q 5rg"Co6:oX6:.
ss, s"{ }$ se3ea"Cg ee6.J5.J5. Siy6ooa.o$;5oe{ tFsi.6SS)
#*Se:aE esoAsoo,5dd). "5 ea8o5, $$8 dse>6 $o[u s6$S6)."'z

"eegSo5ro3 6r6on" 6o€apo60,:d: 6r6r"dd eo8dp" 6S


Cefuq:65: v6eao er$:5:oi.r;.$" epo€.I61 i5.8. ero"55 $5 C&drel
r$Q$SSoeo".'

76 s55: $e$e
SueQ c6e;fi" 56d6r. 1948 u6'troflu cir6o,db5 md:"er
Jero8$ $S:oj:od, eg6.J$.i5 d per 6>o6
ego6$3 Es:Kr:. epd
$oS:'sB ea8o5: d66 $6r$o0o5; &{o$o (rc- es&S6: Eer$.
epoS:d S"*Q p65om 3ro6p;$$s$d er{5$e$ Sra- Sq:ir$S,
"8rodpir*FSd$ $r.*dro&. dS: 6r6r"d SIFd6od ffoo,5A6d: S{
&gd d6oe"o eo$ d&;Uu. uept{r a5r}o 56:o6, 5d6' $6e8oOS
Sf55od f"e$ s4 i.$ 5o"pe.:: r$oos a"S 55:"3,8o a6$r{:. es
$Er"S,5od ee6.J5.JF S:oo $o65:o6 1g;tupor $flSer .5p+r$.5
$$ saoduSg ;i:$or:o"d e"5 cgQ do";6:. "5)S $$3 es5.a5.i5
5:66 aS.1er l$6r.d0 $So erdg$o*O."6 epo6r5: e6eao Sra- es
(Fsi.5SC B$p6: : "eg6.a5.JFB aop$ sr655g[o 55Sf 6o6. ooom
ac$6:65; 5ao:n {r"c- eg6. i5. i5 erQ565od aoa. i:Sq. eoa665o$
ge{6o s655{u: ee6.J5.JF d aoX6:."'1981d 6o$"p5 .& eafieod
65:3o*03$ &{rd6:o 5$erod, a+p8 e}6&d6 a5e }$3 ee6.J5.Js
Jo6$ esSS6aF es 6ad er g5S$55 S3$o d$o6.

3,ro6r Siraod a6g 505o 6ry5o i$oO 63:3oi$$S6o $tro


es6.JS.JF 6$ 3.609 foftE (1"q eoaSror:8r a0.1o6. eoo:d
eaSo:rerg, 5n6on 6oa-o5; l$6rrd egdao$ esoS:S $*Fo5:6:SS
9o6;$o8 6gofuo*6. 5 q66 Sofdpu qeo6 6go{u5 a08d es6
. Jo66 eoo6f;6 So$erc3 o"o&Eod ar3554!6:.
ss, Srodr $5pa;od o555i$ $0o$ 6dn" 66e5o46 Jeo6
esirooeeps3 dohir6s:oc-, tuag @6oQod sq i"gg $6e as5c-s3
$oS$:odrg6. es $o664oC eso$S dr:e{d ae> eooX6r : "$S: 5:6:
a:orp6: 5e35g"o6 oc5:r{:6 SS$%. a+s:." ee 1$s6on"d
""bd6
S5o5:o*55 $o[r: i$oO 3u66]On" o6:r$Ur: d:OSEoB 55$u: a55:
$$5 suq:Q @6o0o$ $gd eo66agn6:. udp - 656dr.664,p5d6,
$o66bo6 {oa-0, uud daSu6, aue6.}?:"5'RFErps, acoef $665.
o6so:q>, ero"55 eg aom6> 5d5g"o6 +e6; eo$$ wd a*3
S;5ro5:o aos. ed6r. Jo6r6od o0pos P$fl.

a:.6o;oA 77
9Q Snlo 66p6 1951 eo$a6 21S'p6&d) a$ $oEu'(eo&d65
$5-63 e{pdA5) agoEo6. }$ tFeo"O$ds 8o5 eloaq)- e"d d,6o,
Bpss
ed aw&, a"d SoS2go,663ea;g. 663cnar5 eod d6a ooa35o ec$. 5$o 6Q
caf;6o€ 663af;on" 58$ &er$.8 a;5Ood e-S '55o6:6tro * $$ aQ6oe
616.' $g es&epS So56pod $$ eodg$A SooQ es36&06on"
1bSoSQo, "qP66 6$q:o6 Sdass a,S eo55o6 Stn656p$ 5)SerS" eeile6.
6a {SeSB a6$6o6-BtfcFd rs'65* dq, S:"c- $11+$ Srg:'c'6:.65r
i"$B aer:So6 5r656p5 6ot$ e5o5:6:oa- Spc- ego6:S esegS{ Sgn6:.
1948d e$ $5Q 6085 Srodp$r*'6$d +dSo: e sg +$ 5lf
$6sioc-, "$r. J"gd 5;$6o o'po" ${b5o:n" SUS;S;" er$ 1$56o;r(u.10

6 sq $$c a55r 6$5 il:eQ $$n'd l5euodB &s5:5u.16:.


aey yuo$ de6. Jo6>5od, 1948d ct6o eE +odro S:o0 $o[r>
oo$565o aos S"Qrn So$da:. epood erd $5:o5:o66 $g 516
6fl5od $gr doder es6.a5.J5 awg{ger: &SSoa. }gd er6god SoSpS
65p"5 s.65502 s6s3 ers $;tw$:58er S$bod e-S d:es'- 65505r"6
6$p"go6s ee6.i5.J5 JohS dSo6
r.

@sJ#e as3fsps sr6r6d 1916d a,5 *5 B;'$Aeo 6:ea:oaoC


6560$"6 aS3o*6:. 05g55odd 5B5o(,:oi$ $d356o6g esd$S 65
ao{>$o$ &6$o5156r.11 epero6 6166656 60fr6:od$ egod:S5:
$o[r.f 605o5:d:636o6. g56:on" SoEr: 6$5: esflSrsoS a.5 ?:6
6:eooecom ego653 5C3:oSo6.

656dr"5'S::o$ern" rr53 aoflir: s"L"d 5gg ec5:. odt:or: en"


$6 $oB 5l65d .f,;$.16:iFd> S:s8r sp6:. ;$o0 dor:&oE$ 6,Jo,>d.12
sS, erod $566srr wt5:. em5:Q$$ ISO.S w6g6O2S dod:$.C3 s.6eao
esoS:S 556 S:XFg"C es0 Sra- y5:. yS, JEO J"SrHJo 5&:d, J66 5

5SB een" SSgSi'66 t$Qo0, Jobg Sd6fie, 68 656dr"5 So5o.


esod)d, aS $o[u Se3oo B5sos 8oS ]g6 ego$53 er63floo6:.

78 c56r $e$e
es"&d6
P*d *6gi>6 fa:eQ +$ 6do eshltS:. eso6$ v5o$5
eroaQ @q"$ e6560, 656dr.5 6oQ.6r. qd S$:;u.c o,$f Src'
es$)el: da6. 6q"$ e655d, &966 er55o6 8o5p$ S5$. eso6r$3
56od fSoC $o{re.:u i:o1e (esfpdfr5 :rLSe;6) 6oe;"6:.13 6
$o{ue.:u e6g6o2 f6sd Jg$pc$. ee6.J5.JF $coS:E s6gSQ
So5:$6:der6. i5.8. eoo"55 {rc- ea}Sd irs. eoo 65u6o SSS
66a'6 $gd e rded so5:a:d:6dr56).'4 6 sq i.gds e"5 e€$ps
o{eao 5&:erod, a6 S:6$6ore J63:6,:. Sd5:ol6eadd aoeooa. }$
1}6ogs6;5 sdd Sas5:5 B$vo 656vo d6up $o6u: BS$$J68,15
6 3ro6r o{eao esda +dF 5r16on"S 6oa-0 6$3, erd }$ se5$oe>
55$69r"66, eon $$ ;wo6565o 5$36. $$ t$a6 $b65od $"c-
J54c-'3:"o6r'epd $6o esroc- fooQ awg{{ $d+6.

6a$g B.6sd $ea:dsss;aero8 s$dru a$ $o[p s6g5{oB,


ee6.J5.JF e655{o3 ;${g, esQ$o3 - rl.Q$o3 ${5 8;$ere.:o3
o"o6*a. Ace.fa ee6.i5.a5 d p66d,5od'$651s5 Sdra$ 0,ea:
*i"$4 Je> s$opod' aer$$5a-sB S(shr a&$od ert$oda epc
ep6:5:S e"6 5$o $rc- aod6.16 a0r:5o6 656spo dcrQtftdr%..5
o"drrpo"d $$ o"o6:565o soxUoQ" 5s;o6. $$ 6:oo J56r" ao6:68
B9;0s5:oa- ee6.J5.J5. 6f; 53:"oOo6. 6:6rd Src- eg s.ood 65:
pSdg sroos pB J5:45n" 5566CS.1u6 vdr.

$of66 oSg6SS a0n$o6 Ld$ aoXerc esod doCr 6s-o 55$er


&$B er6f6o d6p eo$o. e.56 - es(Fop6u>,6odc - b6nod 3:&+5:er.
6 esfroryber, eg$'{s-daod }$s 5o54er doO6o6. aod65o +(p
ofp 8o&o5od AfUp CSoS:6oU:. sea$ 6 do6,: 6s.o eo6:5:or
A.gS tp6r.6s6dr.

$$ tluo666p5od 5per0, 6550$"5 Srge&,so.s; ec€ A"ge


do66ep$ po65:o es5S6o er$ Bgpo6. *Q, 1. &!ia:oeo$ (pc-
S

6Ad66e, os;60 65o 6er ;p oi: $er, 2 . e655{Q Ui:d i.ta: 5 &3:o 5 6e:
$e5irS:el.
ar6o;o6 79
;ndt:ou, eoo"55 er6363os- esod 60eo& Bo5d6>, JSr-a-
5q:Ku$d6:. ys, eseDSoB a.d;S &$ SoSoecn 6o8.
!f:f*
$$ 5-fpeS o.ellr$ das.o 56o5
1951 eo$arUuC aSboilu $55og5
p66 d6od eo $6S[sS *S;r; JQSer @6o{$olrgoo." 6 ")QSo:
'BE tuS*6 $Sarcc.r6 $awS5i:s CrySo'ese"6orr" a6t$d:oXor:. d6o
a{o SQ }Sarce;6 $dra:S $goern" S{ao5a&oa. }$o: 5$ 65)
*dS{:QOdra:S 5g"SB a"50 tri;r$ SerA$$$;. 1$S $dra56fod 5
,dJBe er65QS a6o €"egl i.pd, ee *d6BC &S3:oe,r ${:56n
JffiSegrF JQSo $o{ro @56Qo6. }Sarceud 5 }Fd es05a.6o
5d:So 6ocpd, $g Ao5r$$;${:5t'r G5q"S$oLO ee6@Cr,66@SCJ
"
5e;e.r d+6. exr Br:{o dodc o{o a6p;rerr$do irsOo6 e.:r6:od
tZ Sg er6po{er $o6 q}6$dDel: e.egl de6:. 2 o{o 24 Ser 5:oB
iFbKD aomo dt66 $65, 2 o{o 80 So $oA er€Oo6 $q1o666, 56 Se)
S:oA S65S{eo ep6st$o C65iread 6a JQSer ag0rroo.ls

eo5;6d5gar6: Sd6 $6{5od s-o@5 }gd is;So s65*neod


egodo$ w655{o 5S66 s$orn 6o6. es, }$B 6es 65*65{
aSip6erS at$."&. 1950d Sd6'SceF56od a6Sw" esSoo$ $56o16
sP666 556"5o r$OoS $$a:oer> ?:o[ecd fF6'd a$na{uu:
Br:6oo5r5oa:. 94n" 56;6a6d: 6665o - tF66S er6565od
$o13rtus.A6pQs &6o$ot dS eo6565e5o $6fpo ;b$erpe>$
es$)d)eoon SdcQoo"?... 6 t$dJe:: irog:6' fFSd 563505:"o6o
eodrgol.

JQSerd Bgu $6{5od$ wo@5i.9$ SSadeEqea:$o6 e.5


6ef o.o5:$6 e55l1f$5 6"*$. asip6erd B6rqr" Cp*oC,
dacdags ds $9i"5 5636c.rs3 drr.ffies F6rcF erd.:sog
c6:o$gat';dr 455 $$5 r"nQ 1$*6o de6:. 6e $doB
a3ilq) &566on 5d.1ar6:. ,dJs 135$5 Suq:Q 551$Son"f

80 s56> $e$s
aep $3rod+6:. Xo$se3n"o$ Sdg 5g ee6.J5.J5. 5f feS
ewt{gi
5D(6 6qP$o fabC ?)cds$, slFrn &q"uo 6oOdJ 36rqr.C a5:02Q"
f"e$ S"god+6. *03$o:, $316e:>, adr"S? 6>e>qr'e 6666 SpoSQ
egoS:S &$Src- ero,f$1.$o5:orn S;,${rS igi" d*a.'o'd$6' 69,"
'B:ood;o SEad," sg 6$ $$ rSodsuc B8:SBbpso} 65go df:e6:.
1950d lpao aos asipEerd BErcF ($SOQ" SS;S 'es{:CS 556o16
qp66d.5o' ?.l6pe: t$epsodd 6o60co 5g S"eg ee ap[Jg &S$SoA
503o6.

esoa:d69[6 p66o64 fi6 aeilqP *er J5:4Sn" aod @o6od


S,ro6d SrSna-O;SS;S.$e.: tu+Q g:oU aapo6 SE-6.JSJged dqd
p66d,5 f-e,:S 136qp5o rer J$g6n 6oeu$; daro&. epe>o6 d*f
aon"Sdc'd(!5Cs'g Eo65 tue{ agu4:.66 d6od 5656o0s$prr(r -
"qo&d6r erod qF65. eood aglU 6d5""ee{ql 5r"H"6er.Cg a$fdo.6r
e6r. eC, a:SSoEr:B aop5 f-0r:er5o5: erbp63 6q66d.5
er6go6
Srgd$:. epoe$SS 6 o{6 sofiec eogo$ssq}$ eo65{:er 655ddr"6'
dlq"5d6 a"5 ;$os bo6 ep5:o5$e$ Sa:Q.f Soler$ s$oou6.
eer .5r"h$66, egoS:$ Sgf 6&5 5pg 5S ee6.J5.J5. SLSSS,
$o$66:c3:n" SgSfroQSg 22 d>65 dD5$6.
ep6$ e*;6' 0*P6 ;r6't:o.r:.

3ro6 es;,$+6od er$p6d u6tcor:B S:oo ?:6o6. es 56 es6sB


f:.45 d6ps 6s 6o@ xloo $o[6tuooo6. eg s6eaon'S u€*or: d6cf
'&o5as55' BroA fLeS$ A$n6. ee Ebeago 7951-52 JUgf
er546S0;o6. 55oQ eso{ lS$orno3 3ro6 ep$:u65:f,,:n udq":or:
$o5reao @6o{$or:5o6.'?4

exr tue{d ar6'*o:80 po:1$olneao o"a}Sdc $e.: @oesB


$no6. eo$;68 15u6o uer $r:S:36on $6.fo6. aSSoEu $$
65ue$B d516$;n es6.a5.a5. $Sd$o6. ero6:Sg JQSo 65*6
s65[5a1noB So[u 65a6Sd fSS5oO S{o:rn SSSfroQoX6:. 56o8,
u6'*or:o5:6r.c- $e^r pds*aSd ilsS $oft 63an65 $566o 3$;6:.'5
ar6e5o6 81
es 1$er65 e>6'5g$ ero"55.

udi:o.r:, ero55o aO Sooo5 esd.


o.16 60 5o56;ee: 5(u+5 S:oa- esilp8 a0 5oooSd$;c"6?,:or:
65C er5$r5:5g SQdeQ r$Sd$$oeu' eocr55 5*oocr6od..."5o
S:C&oA esd65? e"5 6-$3 6C. ego6:5 r{:oad6:g5o$ }o6:sQS;
5es'd66 da:KuJs esd65 aDSoC Spa$:...."'u
eg S:OSoorS rl>Oo0 o6'*or: rn6 Bwff
55: gSafA:. eosq)
egoir$B eg siro$o rl:66ddd Src- $55: aoo$6. sC, Ge $o{r:e.r5
r{:6os eoo.55 65 de6 gdC efD$S*Q. ac€ .5"& ,eo5>q. u6'?:oor
io6n t$qps6o $aoa er$S6lo6. er$36Bow o"aflSd dXadaS
eo"$ g*en63o.f (S6e5"$rerd) eoo"55 56$6S6r.S aoX6:. s-5,
aod?ool: siroS:od SoBs dO. eso6S daAdasd 6oe6'.$ FqIpCJ
665{o* eoxbd&o0$ 55$ w6:. dSoo 65 6S$ornodS .a6$5 695e
eeo5rs d,J0da:$ 5ged5 65$on"f a.rn edQ" 5u;6:. eo3 6S$ornu:,

6$65p6ee"5ol 6555: 6-o65n" Speo::,. ero"55C esoS:SB e"5


5e05rcs deo::.
***
$56o96 qp66d.J d,X6 .vo *S*J JQSod ;:"€t:oo, ercr5Se:
@*6o tSqPso epo6o6 Snl6orn$ 6o6. ierdp eogs &$ eo65{:d
JUg# no$6 S$S B13Sqr" SarSro 6{g$5g e"55 $651e 3oso6.
esepo6
fiad a{o 94 }5[&oea: $gd a ,fg fwlU$ ag$$o[u sadrQ
$6o0o6. eoor:d, iFpS Bo{o €"Hd 3.06 a6o }Oo.J0co 5g es6 e.5
aw&oS $$n 6Qo6 $o6o6. eld aqSg6 8:.o6r $trs$d, efreaS
$0 Sq. i$e6 a6o no#r$56o o"5e ew6oS bodp so"q.
€"eEr

sodSfio 1pp5 $$n" egSSoEu 66od 6rqo6 &o6o6.


d{6 p66od SuoQ Bo€,: 6656{r o6'*o11 3:.o6d dSS
eS:uee:r &Sc-CB Jo6 6'6;rn 6oa ero66-$prn d"g0 $Oo.5d6:.

82 esdr SrySS
eooo56;68 iue{ a"€fcoo$ S80?:8d6. egoS:SB }[aroe^:6 ]$
se5oo6:o er{gdS, BS6$
fldgdc SueQ er63nou6>.27
eesfs [r"frf $o[u 135+65n" ero"55 65 p5o6$ s"656irf
6"qrp fusnit6o5r"6. a"6*or: 6gCS i.garoes @o6eood s"g
er{gdd 0d esooirsot"6.
ag5:65$5 5r>e{ }garcu: S56irseerS:6 65 d;$oer do@Soq.us
eoodt5r eoi$$obS; $$o5rod esd$S fgUload fpdoS:c-Cd
drr6).5r.J"6.

ex> eo6:$o15 1953 a*Sd esoS:S df$S tu56 e6g15$o -


"ar65 eaw5o6 frpgB S6f;on" 56p&S" e8363 1bdnao do5:e.ro.
qp65d ero6e66p5 o83Qa qr66 ees"go6o Jer 5Qo.5t5:? sd a5ioflr)
ee6$Es 6l:e{ sq&;q eods{ 66f. x"eg Boc,: s"66>o6 }g
oO6$er ao5:q:do.6. il"Ef epecd8*F6 ;16'*or: (ra- 6oXUu. oSbJ
6e5$e.: Sofr6ir$ SUn"S boe{c irE0Krer eods da6:.* {s.,836S
d(nr g{:65o 5q:or $S5 6s6q 1ge6om w43dU6er w€36d
65d8o*ood 5oo6:n" e;$5:& 6g6o &(r$+0. "es$>5:8 616o dS:oa-
edxoC pfps e436d Saoag: or$6: ?:$5n66" eo$; 6eg6od
SuoQ $no$$ 65dnoo ep6.) 6$ el6$ JSr45 woo s5$fi5$;
56:35od a55l $$5 S:oQ USd 50;$ o6*oos B5B4 5d:oda(u.
69 BgJ 6 eo6o 5:a aXSSo 9$&flo55obo6m egdSo*ti." 5ro$s
3"616 acorpo) $sx6eo$ugoc a-5 aog6 c6;oQoeo::. er54rosg6;d
6a:oQ e$5f63 r$6dr56. al-S 22S eo6:Q tFErdS er$plsd de.16.
eo6;:d roeQ us RF56&g soUFS: 5o3:oa6r. "55 egodd5 SoeQoO
do. as4r u o8633 so53Q56ps 5*J,* de6:."'o
SooQ Sa:3S eo$$ eo6$1o $asp 6o8 aod, 51 So553eo es
uoSr$ct> 656rnd $osc $$a:oeod o6o6B$ 6oa'0. o53:tf:
o.6'*o:: Hpc- ero5:59 sdodr)&n", ed6:$ er53hos5 en655Q s6Sq{E"
SSfo fdfli.e" r6ld 6oe 6odil6. oe5S 6rc- o6q'G3s6o $oEr:d

ar6o;o6 83
6$ ew6g65: s63}{F, J6l$6F ea}Sd$ $Si"n
eso3eroBo:m
dodoUr:. $o&6rep
Q
expf s$&h 6od, eoo"55 +6'?oocro Sird.{o
1951 uE $edd aeP soo ao6iFd:4.
Q

vS...
1953 a-S 235 er5$34* 5"eQ r$od $cdo5:6o {oflosiF56od
a"54$6n SOfrd:er 5poil6o6l"oo.

*{.:1.

ee ilE
s$n S a55r @$5 tue{ Ug (82) 5u6; itsor:o6.3'
a$$of,r: 555$ ao{o e.53}6n" an"pToeB fi:po6. fa:a:Q w836d
a$6EBo'56od 616'$ $Gr eofldnn"Q BGSqr. fo6 Er.$eJ.Cg B:.o6w
aw&o6u6oB 516€ o5v6o 50;o6. eoods6r, a,5 5c-B 6t$od i"qrQ
fsod $Sa:oerd $$ 6eQcs3:oS ep$sdo u6$or:s 56o0o6.
erder ag0ho5od...

1954d o{
Soo }f&oe5 S{>5epS (3(ircr. RIs5o) eao6o$3
5o8e5 o55ea5 S&Sd p66dd (be$Qn So6$6eeooo6. ero65g
er& &g[&oer SdSe5CB ed;r6p $oUrOSSO;o6. er ]Sod a6n$
aSJsJgd as6$o$) *#JB* u6'€coo (29)C 656o$5 6$q"gdd)
6o6od3 6out5:. 6$5: erfloO$ es eodylQ o6'?:oa: 6$ d0dyoo
t{>So.5:5:oaUu. 4.8.b. dU, 666oqr i"laddu* S5$5 o"5tt} f"erf
s&;ood... "ep0.:5'd es{lS dec:d'5:f afprfn A56dr.5d &d aoda.
;rp6: ae> e*E;65o d*a. ASfArSds em5'd epo6e:p eseeoer6:."32

o{ afaqSd a.6*or: $r"6i}Sod iq)6:.,' e a"g s5n S


ar6 66&:o6t.>39 e6'fcoa: 65 ArLdrSd 5OS pB6B4 SSXr"g Ee;t5r.3a

6s 60s6.$o56 655d6r"5'd irg6o B$a 866d6. aoei:Sod o{


6$JUg @a6od o6'f:oo 65 ;rs.;66goaa g#UO; 6$6d?ro6.
bo6d: a.c5:5 p(rp 65; @o6od esodm t$"e. SBr3b6e
doOrtonS 8OS$rn edsoo> t$gob $oe(u. ercr$S3 odfcor: *Sq.

84 S56r $eSS
SroA p& @oeroQo6dsr. c{r5orn i'$ aranno;5r $;ros
655dr"5d c$or>oaUu. [Sa$on" sr>+Q ]sod pdBoo: a"5;$5s5$rn
J56$n 6:.3u rgsZC $0p &65t-s5 aQ6er Etr.;or:. & aUSf
e6'?ooa:s $F6,: dESd fil"o (aoe5:6"6, osb 516:6)36 {ooo
epd$ooso $$ e#aooo6. o{d, $:6r6eld *5tcoo $eago6ro
$oo"Uu. *s, 1p6E &o5d e.5 Srodr Bai"' &ooa$ $o55;p$
aoo"$6.6 ffsod +€$o:: saso$o $$ sao6:66od e"5 6"$3
pereor:rn sOso6. aocpS66 665Sd SoOd {r}5a1uooe, $flod.
s-O3$eroe 3r.o6r6el.38 e.5 ?rSrSoE o"o6:5:c$n' Jc5:66$g 559 6
a:ero"$6"6 f$o 5:oo ic;S eSeco eoSg& +{cS 6oBog erf;o$dc6o6.

33 5d; id$rDd o€*or dSfOC er66rb$Cu.'n 5:6{ 5"P6


as$$ofD ,dJ** Src. RO$SfSSS &ga:oer>d $$ uo6:5:6n"
;r6fco$ 6560$'6 so5:&:o*Cu. eood! eg 6Uu+6 56$n 50 5g 3"eD
eg*do" eed5>q. e8O?:$$oc' ercB?:epss 6o6. es seod ego$S -
$gs J56, $e$6, eo$go"sga$ w5, $$ e$ 5&: dd:"on SOSodod
eld d6y 5q)6. eg5l135$5 il:eQ $Saoeu s$S6cn a$$oEu i$os
iqp $ndSoa sQso$ eoor:5$p68, &[&oeod er$5o6orn
Srgodeco Jod es$$6Br C6r3:o0.5p3:o*(u. epo,rd 5"+99 Sd rr$;
o{eao aoda. }a355 poC ero$S s"g"d aofl(u arir @6o1 ewn'
es6qr6:36. s1s$o uod, ad8 au6dge.rS,3ro6es e66 @oeo $$
eo5:S:o.f, a5$6e>536FF6E Spc- esd$S $o0 aofl(r:d frgl"da'6.
el OaarS ;$68" dod e.5 eg6.J5.i5. w655{ qer epo0r6: : "ap6&otuu>
dot'r 6eeD. $e365 e.ro::69$ 6$d:.Eo$a:"$, S5d4 erolBg5:
65dwflodo*. SrSd ae6>o6$ fl.66d$ e^roofg;,$ abdrnQoXo.
sS, $$g $4355 e*oorBg;,$ aSao.no$4"* 6rc- So65:o8
y;rO6e!"
SDqr$ $oq'"dd;r6'tooa: e"5 fi-S; 5{. i5.B.eoo"55 0$;$o$4;6:e:
Soocc6fl>S 5e$ S5{5o i$o0 $en;Uu. ere55 SfrySQ a$, ea}Sd
eo5:S 5c&6r$ 656d6r"5 6&p"5o5: eocr55c 6Q &SSSo3O.'o
"€
ar6o;o6 8b
6pd aoflO Srg"d (@64 eerb) oo5:E>el, eoQst$o ;bfg +6'5oor>
esod rlS0g"5o ?:Oto6$ $fsd6560co eoo"55 *656.

p0;r60 5:6s aOES e"6 5:rqp5u0 65r.65r$, S>d eg6 5arye:


--- 6 -
t/o 'o
$ea: * dAod of; ao0c uo6565o t5r(u6:AC;e.rSB *6eapo6.
eo$p6€;r.€'i:o,> e"5 G5o"$ er6(ean $gd ac$rdr6oa6r. &$ afSSrcS
@pS 16a'65{n" d.65:oe S6:6:d:oa6. $dp6 30 5t'p ero"5$ 665{
ea8ofrgs s"g[n" lSSSooS {j$ esd6$ Ji;rc3r ec3:.6o6 S{gs 1$Sono5
dA:. gS 519,66o55 esS$d6. ego65 +6*oa: 6pSodS 6ilA6.
6$os earSo6ron J6n $s 559.
${a:oeu d$So $5$ods edoglg}E d*d o.6'*oar 6o0u5;
305 3oa6 dSo8d ero"55 6n"t$. er(aCoJo0 o6'fooa:O{ esd6$
$$g316go Br:5ooa:6o6.. oAp{OA $Sso5:Sobn e-S 5666€5
So{r:s655{ JS.JS. $e^pd (22) 6odar.6:.

eg6.J5.i5.d ape> epea$Sd aod S5o5:o*55:o cQ6gp50udo6


$Sq"5o 5:o0 5{g" 6ocp6:. So[r: ]66)er 5116o aDep 56{: ilD6&6
@o6odc lBoa ${g66683 BoB 6ocp(u. 5d;oe d6oo $*rse$
[r&3ea:o: 5r16d: wt5:. +6;f dX6, Sgd eod aofo dee:lil]oD.
{}re.pd 6o1$ e"5 d66 La}XFJsa:cS:. ego65 5o(r: $506o*S5 frlO$: s"ar,
3ro6:" $fF$dd 8o5p5 e656{ 6pa-. eg6.a5.a5. ec er$>ao{
6o{d es $eDoepCB rer il6So aodA. ero65g {rre.ld 1957d
06
u5o6:e$o .565er.Sg 6Q a4od, e96Qg.{ as$oEr:. Jo.B:. u6'troo0
SoK:S$P So[u uo6:5:er 8]36.
+6t:ql, {Dtrod 556n ioos *g3:.6:piFdr"6r. er$"y65p>d oe5$,
o€*q> e"Sos56 e{o SKoS:oeDox6. 5Eu er bof;io }Qer65o
$64 eg6 5egno &e,r: aroom Coa8o6. ood, es Srrfr0d a{6: eaSoil
dg,*.e"S6 +t';S$o csad e5odxr6. es 5of:6r es{tu16:u:.

er6& s.sod$ e5:0er pe$o SSfodc 4.8.b. segod6rc3


566d a,5 66 er65:6(rsc, eoe55 o54&3 aQiFdr6:.n'eloDil ere55,

86 s56r SeSS
;:"6'$ot oaa* 5q:Kr:$o0r:od;r6:. "eg;{6r so666$ KoUd
$SKr4er" eso0.r6: e"5 *13r6c5:. "6 5o68 ardp Src- eo$o $Ku$oX6:.
eob;er:;o$ o0pf;6r erS3aco{:gpipo$.6. Joden esod, e.SOd e.56)
#5d eooDil 5:"9o6$oc- e.Sgdar E!pc- 665d6 - esp 5"5?:o:r n 0
$irq 5$6 ud 3*36" epoc.r'6: odp SQAr6:6 (u6ot6 6:o5$.42
+Ap{O *;iro ?rt$;5pu: o"C5:o1ou.
enn" SSboOo6. epotd un$
+5f:o:: t{r6 }Sod aod, ercr5S d$c }Sod aoXU:. epodrd
ag;{6r.es63drd epoo$$;68, a"g60 $oalitead e"5 &o"So aod6.
epd eg 66:16 yood o0 egtS Sapo $$ uo6565od $"c-
s'5$no6.
* rl.{.
$Sa:oerd a5So[u ]$ ed5{:o:n" JQpS $dr6e:: 5ellr$6. ee
Sert$o3 $Sa:oeud OB0$o 56$d e-S;fuo $ep dero.::ou6r.
e54&$o5 odp 6$p6 $356 d1$c er5Qo5eco c5:Sdon" aod6. prn,
odp3 $dd Sr"geddir$g €e;r.o.rog$ $;$o5:o 6pa- 5"e> 6$45n"
aod6. 63 $oB& odt:or:g 55 S,5Jd6r. a"5$0 erc5:5 5rg,d56d,
$356: erSwdo a55d6r. eod o"5?:or:, "5:.:U5S s6SSn dS aoS:gg
AgpiF6:oX$"'3 es$ $56o0 BA;iFdn6:. "eS, o6t:org Srgeder$g
er$sdo bQ;S So6eper 93leoo::;r", (S& $o66pod$n egoS:$ a$$o[r:
d$ 60os 6$ 6eQ $6:$orn CSfOd ecbq"d Sa";6:" eos eoo"55
t$6 dS6:oeJ"6).44

ud'fcoa:d - Bea:S:o: Cbd J5:eg65ro6c +er 656n" $Sarce,>


r{>Qo$o6. Sqd e"5}0 o6toor ;w;bbg,e:$ a{aoO... "*65ff,
SfuSCf $$ afxroS:6rp5 (SBSE b.d5 $r:eQ eood u5> uer
il65o..." er0 5r$"661 6o6m, o;5:Sg'o Jo.3:er: "&fd, epe>m!
JSpeo;o5?" ers Sgo$ ews6oel) &beUu. a.S4{eeo Src'esosgo So6:$oc'
+€*or:65 Bea:S: CSe6r - "...Jo6:5od esd65 arn'56:65:5g+6S.
eoodn"S, eso6$ oe$SH ep* 5n$s5:."4u

a:.t1o;o6 87
a.6'tcor ds6g6 6ws5 JS.b a$6 a"6'fooa: rno 1$SornQ awn

de6. alueSore dSf{de e5$r$6, Ss"1S 56ud egoS:S


eo{goi:$o
Jer Srgodod a$6 s86om 6;bsoe6:. "$g[$oea:d e#.:r{:?:$S
661*6 esd$S 1$$on o &O Sp6lFooo6. aoSr€; aBr6o6 Sdf
Sr'H"e,Se.J, s.5, ego6$ &S&oe5 Spes$ epS:t$eaon" 6o"qEs
1g$on"er: $*;u"6:. esoSc5 esd5$o &A5:f $[a:oeo $o1$ed:.e:
6p5o S;$on 5S3:Qo6."au $ga:oe.r: a0f,e.:f3:6c, $o$o16o f$ot 96
p6'?:a:: 55 aroded 5:"6'.;s, eg 6aav $Sarcer:d aohs s65[6;1we:
s.9o B8o;o;$sc o"cdc 6S;:or $o$*u6:. e e$ egoS:S3 a,5 *E$t5rt'o

dne.r6>pBo 5>f $oS:olUo 5.30 6o0oo8 BS3 ad;ot':. er 3re;n(up3er


dgo sSn"S esd$S tu6€F fS:ofoes*b, eg s-$ foSS So8coSo"e ao$
6S $red,5r$u6: s5:.n7

a-S6tuq::ro6 gc f.l$d *5f:oo 5s65o 5d tu&,tu&, g,So.f


[rfuo6. "sS, egdS>S +d Sooer: ]6n6ea ea8o6: uo5r$o6oXfl$;on ,
6o"{om, eo$5o6orn aodS. epoeS:€dar p5:egoir$ 5&65o S5;5it6olu,
esoS:S @Son"e.D ?,prp S$;S"n8 eoo0te 5S.

o€*or 66;rd Sd+o6


&S&oea:d eof;r{:?:$S a"5 5c-B
Cp"$op eso5:S dSS $SornCB G6q"S$oLS a6ip6erdB63er a;r0*;6.
Adfro 5a:ood - es Sdrp"e$g 36hr Blo6d aa";6r. prn, +€*or
1$$on"Q a133v $d56on' eoflSo6or6>.n' RFCd:0S o6J.Co$5 rd$6
S36 5pd35 eP66daSB 5035$;6 ued$q. SerKr:Sd epeftga a"6(un
e5?:or$ Src- a6Sr:" er$s5$o*(u. Sp{58 +5*or$ $O,5o6:o de",
"6d$5 5n q:oO @q"5$o16:od e.56" eeox6.Boe;d 53d35,,,elelm!
en:d a5ado dqolOf egoS:b doa-Qo6 o.a8o6 €E6od 5o"! 5r
dAod epo,r:d a0u5o6 o6;C (o.a8o6: e635 €Oeo aOt) 6:erFB
$o3:$o."50

q6er 6odn eoo"55 ag$$o[u $g Bg da$ SoS 6sde.S


u5$or 1$$ornoi$ (yc- Cddon eo{5o65o d*+6:. 19b8d 69

88 S$6> $eie
SrCSSde6-pdaS aCgSg! 6 3:"oc5r65 i"$, S6:u"gn*re* $g a"S;o5o
ds$sc-cg eoo"55 66S 3"g.u' 6$ f16fod rcdas6c,: ssg
$6tu6:o5: da& 6Cd$$S;68, abSoilr eaSoO"g€S 50;$ 66ud
ao36;5:.1$5epsJ d6rJSlm6:. s$; eirdrt' *6$oodc fUfpao
eoo"55dC dr:o85oQ 56ho0$Qoda. eg AC;S$ $$ €"8lFoc:$S;:6,:
a"dp o"656"6, Srer$g. S6os$'8:6 Koaiv XdA'tSSp 65o6:o SQoa)
epd $CS:"S Be;6:.5'es bS;5F eposo a,5 ea:806 565o. o"C 135q"SpS
$er - OSopS B13inr 5oo qp66o 6Oo0 S;$O2o$ $8r.6 oeo5l"55
6r$o6. eso6$S$ es S$6FB o0p$6: Be;6S A$;do.5Eu 6DSSS6
a0r6d
46
$0gl f-&fFooo6C EOaS, es $o5:o15o S6rwm 5OS 66$eco
odrsob6tSad0
-Er $r0i::o6.
;:.6t,:o18 $SSpoJa J$ydoa epSydo aod eo{6o ero8&.
eocr5SB bS;$eD epod *e Bpas.. 1960d 'er$par6'Sg&5 So$55:o>
B.es6.$o.4S SS6r" S5:{u: eo5:5:S eoo"55C ep8n (u. eoo"55 eg5o6om
'315', 'o' (5S:) 5oo *gd rocSr $5:{o: 1p*+6r. aS46 Src-
ea8drer, $tr:dss$&. 'd16' er$ r$gsc$ n o6 n"o 516 o5E
eso5ad.f B13hF bsSr &oero,5a-eS5edgi.6. (1982d s66ps 6
Scfr' 8 er$46 eru{:ode::i5:9o6.) 'dgd' 53$d p.6&o$ SC$r"
6o6od es 5ng6o &S:$5o a$yrdp dUc cd4 bsir" sineaco d6 es
SS5r. &o::o56o 64l:65o 66aw6c5:6o.Sg 6&5.53

$$ er{:s3 5u35 ero"55 Bu66}0n Sgso &ssd 6asg6o


dSpr6.
JdU dard Eer$ 350 6rlo5:q: a$r+6:.un 60d es dUo.f
eg

6656o 5$o. s(nr n o 65$65o $poOS a:6;ofo3 tF65S eg!6;d


a$ de.ror:oda. 66od ere553 $"c- a6;oSo SorC a"5
eperfr es6.B.
aep de.ro>ou6:. 13 $o563eo [86o 6e$d dAcdas S$o5:od
(usaops d6o&c 56dS eF65'$ 5035 56:+6 oe55B 6 5116o
spS 5$& o0o5oo ad aotr6i"6. ercr55 $54 er$$$o$ ao&od:S
J53g:5 a6go$ eg6. 6odea5 aodo6. dar 66o$o eoo'55 6podeepd
es6.a5.J5. eesodrc3 $r4b6 fuf a4n 6odeas5c o{p6r6}

ar6o;oA 89
a$65r"Fd 6o0 Bd;o6. $odverSB 6ohea5 e.5 s6: s$:5r4oa6.
"eripeu;oS ero.55 5:. o"Qn E s.Uud airt5r6fu es B0;,
"SE6:"F
e0548$o0 aKu;d 6podeer Bd;u6:"66 erc0ro6: 6o6ea5 $5r.66,
50 gds-616o 6rtr.A 6o6eag5.

,f rf tf

1962 fll13cSod Su"ff $65t-s5aQSo a:6mol. u6'$oo $64$0


aere5:s"6 $oB eo@5 er{5Q (}56o[6g S$6dn$eo $dF" Ch)
5:f i.gaoeue is6$Qox6. ,s JUSf ;r6'?cou3 sa:p$ $5g$
i56od'$g[a:oe.:6 ]g 6s'. 6gd .& $c 5r$S:oe.:r Sd6o[es5g"
iS;So fdd 5r"g.6eJ'Sg ooe$:6"63 66An,-03 5d.14. o€i:or:
€"&il6e6C 3(nr eo{Ere;o Ca:;$o5r5or. S5op 0"9 dc-d Krrdp" c3l
ROso6.56 @oDil, $dlo
p€i:or:B B516Ko1n 655dr.5 6$q"gd$
soa:gr6. ;:.€*oo &$a:oec6 d65odJ 95$fe> eedSrq. eags{3
5o3:o$o6 as$of,r:.

ao6d qr65 - po" Sofi"$:96 aloqUu: dsq'o:r. 15;$on" 6


a@$5o: 6dd6 pS6 5eo S6S 6"b o5r:6n$8,57 e0538 ;,$o0 po"
er6$3Srn ry65d8 .T;$35: eic-$B e0 &ao::. eo5rirgps 6
SoBsB r66p$5o S$orn dSeFSfod po" po"go: ep65 {rpn Q
er[S&:ouo:r.

pu $AS 6 5o6olng6$ S8:;S$nood 66Ado6id: .J6eago epS es6.


J5.J5. $56o0o6. p66dd$ 6eLd {"spn"q. e}6,:$oerod
663dr:$o58 6$;c$o *e4o6. esod * 5os6r5re:: ee6.
eec ee5.a5.45.
45. 45. dS'es536{eo $So epo3.'56gu:' eo$ 6g5Q d5;n"$noa:. 3:oc5r
osgdd $tl: es6odo S:o5 eg6.a5.J5.d a$gtr6:af;6 q6. iFrpq>$SJ
drqrmQ. fi:Oo0 B(irqr" J"E&oeard oger50Qo, "S:5o $d;oa:o6
d$oo SQao6er:, So6el. e1546 6*565 Src- doe:$6:" es0 er eroaQ
6545: 8$46r. 5:6:Sead: upCS +€?oo> &3r"; SS6:: "5r5o $d;ol$
{la.l6o d6oo ato6el godq: s6o6. ep6 6 aw8 1$aer d5$a5$."5e

90 S56: $e$S
SSg $o66;eer 6t5od pu 5r5$o5:5 awoS'@dw6o dAoA. doec$
o#"ror 1$56o*Uu - "6a ee0coerozu lpdnn0g XDS SSrpSo 5A16?
del$So"! eg0:oa.rozuC 6dr"6, doSer$. $6-56 d6>."u0

6 $r 66" ee6.J5.45. 6bd SeLdpS bo6r dJ"er{ 6$.sB


a,5 :15305. E*d oll:{od eg6.a5.a5 do66qt:esce 65 6"q $66

$56o0o6. "5r SSd6o *56:ooer 6rc- 5S.1 6$Si'6" es$ gr"6-


1$56ooo6. es6.45.a5. SAS e 6ger$ se::6s r{:Qoo$ ae5ir6e636hr
1963 aSSo 26 u6B oSflEd aS6SogG eg6.a5.J5 $5o6o*55:er
5rc- $fld esSv,Eo 5opor6:.61 er 06fl5 a$-uprod ss6 3"o6lrd
arorpod i.ea: ao6 Ser $o63pm 55o6o *fg:er a"S &g 6ea$E.
(ol)J.sa"6$) 60os gs5:s{eod se6: da6. (6s s5o5ro*55 $gn
s8 nS;O, sg 'f,s4,8eg,Sgc wg6 6otd $"Qr{eadf er66:o6.)
acr0g,
"BQ 566od 06fl5 6S635od aQ$o;$oa S5d6ro ?:tr9:q: deaSEd
$flSeco '5oger635p$ CiroS:o. e6 egu6 a6;uf ;5:6:c.ro5:e5:"5om
COSo6" er$ erfpaE 5185 5$o0o6.6'z

*el
5:o6 1975 np6 ed55$6 Asdd e6.J5.JF erm 65a6od3
503o65:$o0.16r. Cag.Sg 1963 OSflS A$6p5odd er6 as0Ao6. ca
e{dr.U so@S ;r"o5:S:er eoSyd g{3r.oa6. 6eS,SdSeFdr"rS:. erero6
uo5:S:er "otrA5 a$6J5od es6.a5.a5 3 ae f$o Soplo? eg Srco$
5& 69 so@5 *;r56's: 6nc- osflE aSdJSod $fls$s bos
6o65;$3 Se" es$ B13Scr" 516 6dJ* r{:3:;o*r5. o"SB B63rn ageeur E6:
"enr$o5dr6! 56r aa5$eg $5 *o55s bo{ 200-250;$oB iil.dar.,
el$6: eg6a5a5 $5o5:o*5$o 5u6: 5ro6: 5:5 *o65aoU doiFd)d
Eer:$?"63

3ro6165 Srpg fH 3(nr 16$65o 5n8oQ$lfitupd ?:(ut{:6pod,


erd - pu eg6d3 .T;135:e5c-s3 v6easroa:o6. qo6d $od(po
da:. ercod a$$o[r:6pa- $;$o6od eoQlQoeoSo6SsQ1$oUrPB
eg

dad SSffrooso6. aSSoEu edtrtrc soao) $r"6) : 1. erJXod

ar6o;oA 91
5n6:d:51 3ro6p a$Fql 6eeovq:. 2. SOfFEbfC 6CLd d:.en o5r
pe, $B$Ser SroB er[6;$oo gino.er. 3. e836d ea8o5: S"$35f
esS;1F$6e:r.6'

a,rSawero $6on agiSoilu asir6erd E$cr.g 5f;6$do6. eod

$$o6:od 74'ag3133nn 5:p6>569 66666rd16!...0509 1964 $ zzS


SkhF 5$g$loe6. 6$ueo: Sg6o, 6{e6o tFap6o, t{:oBitso:
s6eoom B(6rqr"d er{fuoo6:.65 er $o56pod ;rff:or db$ Soo"5
13SSoS : "eed5:5 $;sd $S&oer3 J$6r.6Q $oOdSod 5$o egofo6....
5r afo ;1:6S sQ. er0ti6 dcr* BosQ5p68 d:fu esd6S es,{o5n$
esd65 sewo::&c, 5w6:{rtu Se ego6:5 1*6:c, e}p"6eap$ esd6$
Eo.SQ. il601o"66
dnS fgo p5i:or:d eS, eC BSse.: 65oord ;5116o
6a (SSerS
655o5F5 6$p.5o$. eso$$ esar6o dgipd, 36Fr. 6H es6.a5.a5
ese>o6 f66p$ sptrA$Sgo $oOCSSa s.t$. 6a 60ee";bo$;65 ero"55
65:CQoa6:. p6 o"Ko5:oeuoX6. $6oF S:o5p S"bf B$pood...
"655dr'5d.f ero"55 a"er SQBr6on" d:6dp6r. A56dr"5dd fESg
Sn63S ego6:S S86om 6$:Sodo6. eo3:055 So"gdg[1dF ew536 6eSS
e,5 g{snQ 66;$n" eoo"55 g}eoda"6:.6? s655{oS f$8Oo.:eco,
J.ir'sg 5Eo5: 55>536o So5:e.:o e.5 er6625odp$ i.g er{eao - er0 es
6{5oCoo ego6:$ 65ip0odu6:. Eeo6 splofo. esd653 655d5r"5d
S:o$ $og6&:oilon."68

1964 5$.1SOB a5$oEu a"S6p6 (8rocSr) adg6:$56rl$g


56Oo.5:9C, SOeaS 3o6$ ea8o5: $0* Sg5ir"Oo6$ho6. eag8o6:
$Q eoo15 a66 $$od 5ob @4be5QbeJe.r dotnoJr{sQs{:aeeg
65pO 5o"! $5646, nae5o36o esS(ea dC ag"&oS:a"5o Sro6rgo$
a.Soef e,50S So$c-Sd 50&16$or:o6. a,Sdf erQs.6o 65, S6rg€g 5&
$o$ Je,6o6-0, &p;r.q: Jel 6oc-0 - epSJeroaf Jeo6 $o5Q
65ee"05 5dr.6 dS$dA. a$yf,: aSSoEu i"$S 6awf6ee ::6t{l6:{

92 s56: $eSe
s$ {$pS 135e0"05X0 6o6r"6dfi)S5erb$ es$$6o 563&o6. ep6ha es
e"5
6s&s {r{&s
deJ-L R:o"orys3
A
ercg5@d€'Cs saoS:+6 566od a6dooa.
o"Q &a:o6:;nd Sdd &g ,63** 45605].5 6&eJoO '5s53
5r55eo5o' (aoEUiS' inrgS:Ca:o) eeq6.
**tf
1965d aOES a:SSoEu a$g6$.or: Sir"d.5od srodS:oa - 5d
a.56aar5 6 Sedg 5r55eo5$ US $$ S6no6on 6>&o66:o5s
6abo*6c. "eg Sagd6:ard SrXFSdd dSoXS. $Sg fo{r:ero. $:o[&0.
ee S;$o5:od ee Su6o ao6?:{ S6no6orn ctp&o6:6od0 dS
U{$"o5dgeFd6r"S)"6e eoC r{:SdKu5:o0p6: Jo.s.p65. & 6:$Os$o
$gd uo6:$oo608 afyf: 5Ono6od, $r"6 Sr.i"o 66:u6 es
5o5636o 5@5 22-25 i$Sg a'oe*ord 655dr"5 6$qr.5d6 6 5w63
i:"S5s,;rocrpq SJOQ" uq:fi: ${96 @Sonoa6.

6b6no66 o{eeer re} SdApSe. e6d 5rr"6 ;b0o6


adapse.
1. & bEpo6o
Q
1$s6o "5:So ao6:e.r $;5raod 6:e&6on
5g5*r0lo." ASOS$PS $*Q. o$ eo6ero0odc-S3 *55; doer:o6.
A.gi.Sd ryrr s-Sroc-, el *5,5; a546 oQQo6 sa$, 6a $Sraws;
$$o '?:5rgo6 tu5, epoc.ro. el66ddod sQ do $oSdpeu:rn
$6$iFoo$ a$5, t06f $er5 +d6%. ?:SOoOdo$'O ep$ *653
655dr.6d e6$4o$6:. 6on"SB @;w*FQ eoa 6$S$er:d 3534
$5bo6dlo ep56o Jod ep0$So?...epo€.rt$. Z. eas8d6 CpcroS6
es&n $5::n o8,o do5:ero $0y6. eo@5 $gd o"n 56S;6 C6rfps
aimf bqnoer"o
aa 668 $Os6:. 'a.5 $g[ei$$, a.5 iooflS$ SOb 6o56e:
5r.dr"*66 5po- aoSod era eo(il5 a"Sd.'65trourfd s65.55od rQ.
&*r.- go$ deorSSt$J. 3. '5s63 5rS5e+5o'e"5 &a5$o. e"Siydo
6 dSq:o6o 516 65aso$ bp5$Bon 5o66p aode.:e.::5o8 SoS2SeS
ep6$. ee6 6@AU eg;5:S0o$ aod e#3tS5{S.

ar6o;o6 93
6 Cqr5o e6&dooo5O5 5O.15on S03: 6otic6:o6 eo$ ego$S
55136:.

d.oawood 656dr.5d a03$ ;r"err{: $$on"f ,89S, esdXsul


t:l.er sa$p$s. q$ sirdro 1936d 6it o6ps a"5 aofl(r: ${Sod
XDS$ SCbQ'or:. (oB e9:d: q& epS 3S epSS.) er g{So *6r ao6g{d
6rr55:Sa5: : 6oit665 ercE Sp0ergo5rd 1}95:p er$ J 5rg g8$565r
(Temporal and Spiritual Problems of a new Christendom). 6r.659)
Bo65 eg6oE U{Sd{ ewB55 dro6o::5'o 6pC 6oo*t5:. qB du"65d

[E{S tiaw]56:g ]$o5: SnfSo;m aod6. eoo::d a$;rdc A56dr"€'d


15e$6o05 5w53 ;$S5epo6o AE3) $6no6o yapO. Jero6
Sq;nopu e5u6:;$6OnS rn$ S.ao6{5o ee iQ$er $ee"95C
es562p56n dEoa.

***
1965 a$Sod aaodrud Sdd A55dr.6 6$qp5d6 1556o0$
5w63 5n55eo6o 37 d:9 ga*r3u0 ere5$B ${rn 6o6. eg o5o
eoo"55 5r eqg! Jodn" 5r:(!5 d$od 35pdo. JoSrSod eso$s 6{eoo
ddrqs 5s Eos56 ao6.
es$d cloaliFn$ egoS:S 6$ so63 (6p) age.rCB a6:er 6'oerooB
8e;6:. oo5:5r s6eao a"5 do5&!.7r
6o6n - 3:f e5erb$ Si$o6od - ego6:$
eo"55 dDgsd6r(Dd
5o.$ $oo p655: 6er$itssob 5o;o6. es 6t$a"6 fdgi"eo fo;u
65e6En ea$Sd Er";1ro S6l{:6r" fdJ.q 503o6.?:p dSSd
e$5,8$ rnS, e$$ n C dC dayo0. So{u g5*65n a{o6s.oo ego$S
?:g csaqd6r. 66e6 sood d6o $6 ag$$oEu $gd *656 SrgoS,
69o6 a,S s$g e$fuoeSd 6n d E:€,noac 5dl5o e 6i.5S E;r;Cu.
SareSon 5'oerooC aod ee55 Bpo Jenflo o5go6:g3 a$ ddrem
5$ra$o6. "BgJ dir$e" eoeap iFd6. ";rB6tfu er6r3oaro:

94 C55r $ebs
6.6SSdd6" eoC ego65 eroea:odor5:. epero6 darf$ e, Bger:
d-oewoa:d e"5 5:o0 5oa:o6o el eo$;o6:gB
'5r$o6.
eo6 arheS5o 6:0r:oeco. o$ $ra- 5o"5d SoSSg
e"553r6,:
S:eooadr. dgAdaS s6eaom 665o66o dc pd $e$ trao $56o[6
p665: 5S;e6:. +f; eralr3oo 55:o ae 80856, ;5:6p$6. erB>
d'oewor:ds ipE"$$C 68656o dEsla. d.f cdas ig $B$5 sooo
qp65$ 660$S3$ ury SroB R:o6er fOtS ae>f, aoda. esod, eoe55,
6a$er - a66" ad USpS df5go S:os, e.d e6p5 Sdr{ofis eer:5roc,:r

sr.65d fr66fu6:.
o$ 5or$5:5; $:6{ead:, q66" a.5OS56 5d;e6. eo$36
a8er"5$o H:or:oac *gS:"6:f.: e"5t5: qer A$36: ' "ere55dC CQo3fr
66oo 56:o8 5oro6. eagS*l.d 65r$168 55e.:o dC esd6S S65egS)
es3: d:0;o6." ere553 5S:o $5;6oC erfuo"6ea C6d6rdrfud6:. eB:
6pc- d$erf, er$s fSor:65dr$o6:0,0.15e5 s>o$ 5'oewor:B d6:$oa.
65 sd;5rf gS so6"5:45:o6. $6o.56:od Saro6 do:(r$o6.
a{p6p5 5865uiro Sf frssadp 5:6S65s"oB S:c&.
eoo"55
55>o erero6 665$ Spc- oo6t5:$oS:6o SE,a5g6:Bred$.

epd Aod Cuipo as0Eo6. 56156o 5O.Jd6dAg


6'oa.poard +O
soJfss pdst{S sfubod bo6o dra;5rs5ods d.s.s.da drdps
ag0no6.72 pu$o$ Sd.:goo: 6o6erQ S5edgod oo"55 Bg 0?:{5
6116o e.5 &o"$ Acrg$of esS6ead aso8o6.

?:p 66r+6 sQ So563eo $tr: 5S:o $pd a5Eg6o d*a. Sd


50 5o563eo $ea: er& ocr55 dagod d$$o6p$ dr9n" BoEo6. eg
d*# 5:0uoa $6iro ar$56 eg3: Jrc-Q5$.p. erc'fr a{6: B:goJ
(ago6>o6, tFSd) Sra- ?:o;5:90;o6. "egd: 6$ d{S t$OoS J4}6

5n go I cn oe55 ed a6ipo oda. aSur rSrS il 6 ;rQas.y6;$;$de6: "


sot:.6> e S>€ooerCg $Ubd)O$ as6-1062 566'e56.?3'

ar6o;o6 95
Affid
$coOS e6g5{ Xr65 i"65 Sl"ecg!..."es qos6 oQg
e>ud5ell, eseo66 SS:; 5oB elode:) eoQ 55:erd> 'Jp*+t$'n...
eoo"55 n"oo$ ae> Se$or oOp{od 6oe.ror:. 66aeo erg 516 a"5
serp5 *d 5s$Qo6. ero6rd 6;$o ero55 5oS &{eaon" 5F{7"
6oel:o6. eoed:Bipo" {EasuSB 503$$p6c ero"55 es &685o6 5p3:o0
esoQ.rp 6o€,l(u - '6 Fd
':r! ao:$o65e 6 ao$ i5o ?:{5o
sdcSod!...."tu

eoo"55 p*3r5 da6o +e> fr6on", 1$eo6om 'e"SoB a.56:md'


$6e.:o eoe55 Sgle5c3 eof;o56,l6lo6. ud$":or: dc6o Src' egoS:$
$5{e5CB eo{o 56c6o6. a.S}o S"e:f u6tcoo eeoa6 - "SS)
es&*3F6&S. Cad:. sC EDiFJTOS s6: fDir"!."76

&$a:oor: S$5ern" ;Q5o6:.55 e€?:ol:C 69d o$ew5 vde


(es6. J5. AF ) Co.5$:or es$s5So*(u. ;r#:o:r $SonQ5;f3:6 Lt {$#
e"5 Se5d6K1rE$ @af6 106'o"6*5' 655oX awn $$JpS p6J
eag$6rod $6-;s 6ox6. ed-5:a$0, ;r'6$orer: 1 94 1 d n"50o6l6d
5OS.J6)bgroX6:. er$;E e#(ee d6:. epod ep6 60od d6o +f$6r
do Son" dco*Q6sgo6. 16 d>6 xeoendrou. e5:aw5 Seaod
+€$oo 1$Sot{o +0 }6 So$dr.sg d6o lFaoa.
er$36xbo5 1960 5.5g$oe *5 6>ea:oarc, o€?ror: 66;$n
a.50o63 e.56 5{g'irs6rod6.6. A.J5.3"5'e5aw5 Seaer fF$o:B
up5 edrgt$. es veod e"5 $96 epoarb66 s6:C
e5c;o,;codf,ooa:

es6 Sdrr"O qo6ao5:e.: Ooi€co Ao"5{:o 6JSd


arn"5&o6.7t$5o;eood
B6'3:go: +d.$or3 epn" SrOS: erdrgUu. ;$q:5on" +{ $bnQ Stu6
(6r5rJ) $g ud'?:oo $d5SpS +6pogo 5r3:ode6.

oaarf a"5 $dbsom o.a6:6ro3 ;1:oS *Ooda. 69 5fi6od


es

$oS66 56p856;r6: $gia:oea: fEb5o 5f;6 eo56on &oSrSS aod0.


"esepo6 5r.6ils SoJo6o0, o.a6lSro;b bger $So u p.6gBQ16" er$
JS.Jo. {rrc.pd 6QdfD$oe6. "egd: eo5$6p5of;o508 6:o5:q:

96 e56: Se$S
$66e S*4. aS4S $** $o6C Xoos c-$gC eo5$6p5 o6rtogo
S+6J S?:6"" ep0 Src- &e^:.d ero16.*6lS cp5:aw5 ed* So"ggrn
65g (a6gOS) 5do$ 56'6 es d*%. r{:Q d$$oe.:r 3oet5: - "ilS)
a.rrn g"55o. el€65 Egd5, er,S Co.g$ o6; u$; aS;S daq;ofo er{:f,:3
66d$, XF6* 8ra:,59c-CB Xa6flfc S*OQa"f:. *5eo6Q*sf5fooo
&i:3oXCo. es QOC f"$5 $a:. S$c-SB esd$B 6ag003 K{rso5:o $Aoa
ea5:5r0." *F$5 56oc-d o8er& er6,:tl:o d4g' Sf:qod rtSry
5do6 56"69 awn" ep$So.
a ;e6$or: 6q"$$oLs eror:S 66e6 "5od,
G5q"S$o1S es$Sd ewn" 5658 aS;egrod! Od0dn e0tQilXb" er$
Sdog 56"6 er&nd, "eo5)5, ds osgqrf: w$ew5 xF*dd ae aoa$
e6p:tfn eoert aoXS. 5$Jer$36errn$ Jp6od" ero6 6:5:g.

a:"6troo3, ea$;5r03 ${g a$g eo$:ao{o eod3$p56. eso653


eg$d 65SH SOeaS Bo65 esflX;'So, es5)e6o 5pB:o.56o *;3:"6:eo:
SSbo$o6. ,6"1f +6;S .:rSS *g3:"6o ire,:f S$perod - ";:"51:or:d
eaS:;5ro eaSd:.er: '5o3Qod6. odfcor: ilpg:q: erdeg" aods.
ea$Sp0 Sp0cer: (lQ5on" S$3r4. ft6on" &CB:oS&. aoflil sp{d
ea$Sr0 er5f;6orn 5r"ged6. o66$8er SS3:o$ 6.dicoo 3ro6 s;'fid
5:.16$ er5f;don 5r"geds.6. 1960 665oC 6gd SSSSS c,8d6
bo8e.5np ea5:$:.o3 sA36 fnqlo::" r{:Oo0 a*rp Bq:(u. a$o5on EDSer
S(!Sqr.c e9o6?)c#g"s 6od erQsd)goc fo8u5er 6qI5o $osd ae,
6o0uod s.05646$o6 ea$5r0. eg& ao6erno$3 ao{:$ er$;
Sirdiro Jer S:03il6eo? epo6:d ea6:;1r0d a,5 e#3$6go, el63Sa55o
6o 6o"6$5+e g0b&'6."
6 eag$Sro sird6ro ee6.a5.J5s E6se.:oC ?:$o6. *6'S:eooa
$d:5dl: e.56 B3:;od$:od... "s5' rnO ap6g er6. J5. a5g oe aq;o656om
SOeoC:oSo6. odtoor: fi"$; osg6>65o 6$;oodn"cir. erc6:QdrS e$.
JS.JF $DOSiFdr6. eC epd $a$o$od <ra6ri1r6$6'S 5r.$ egoddsg
fi:66g6. +€3:oo 6.qn" egd: epae6ro::8rde aOpefdr"6. egB: *er

ai,6o;o6 97
d$i:odp$ $3r'd. a.5$y6 &e6eo ea:SoOdgrn aod o€?oor:s aer
d6"qp5 S)S&n , ?:5lgo6 o6n", a(roo.665:&n eg8: 6rd;So6."
odt:or:, ea5:6r.6er 'So;8165o' A.J5.g'5 3 5d;o5 dd SSS
dod$6. a"SdU gao65iFoexr eso$Sb;t'r eg $iroS:od ao6:ec66d6r.
S

"e:d5:5 e"5 Jcro8... 65d eS: a1:Sf#ec$...ego$$ ?cf;n" SauS A*p


Sos3r vt$. Sd5tco, $C5o'50co 6rc- 65:43. s5irsd a"e S{566e:
$SBf eoo0.r6> +{ 5:0uoa $o{:5456.
*5 iero6 er{go66o 3535il6or:u, +€3:ol - eag6:Er0e:
epi$aoe'c3 &CI *d5ou6o 5g{o dsoa. a$$ofu $cooS po65:t6:
a6'e6' $6ES - 19605 565od a:S$oEu po5rS:t': e-SUu
u6so:or:-ea5:5r0o er6:ao{o t{:EoS 655: $e56: Se6S, er$ydc
6xb +6'*or:S 65 668 3:Obo0 ep&n"S$ eso(r6). (a6ed 6:6sE
a$$oilr: g'fSfd:5f e.56.) "ep€.:6'd, 5O5U:. gOS dOo'55O4, Ag
S(u$o&. dfod 5:Ur elfe6r+o$e6:. a$$oflr:3 Src- af*0"Qo6""
erS B$3$ egotr6: STOES. 1965 @o6od nae5o46 rp66"6 $oS $$
Eg6. 1Boofi 665r.d ego6$ dOn" 6poda.e>dC eg6.J5.JF
s-eSerdr$B de;6. eo6365$pc$ e"da"54 epodo ,50;o.5a-CB 9o66:
?:f;e# SSrS6o a0$6:.
eg esodo : "eeg5:5r0 Bd S{d$od 5o Sgno?"

6q6 (Sd.s @od 15*65 e6"$:r5'd565 ae BiX6r - "(gaso3


dod6so6 56$ 6cs 5r5o eo6 SooS>sn" &sSSS4ldant"
a$Sof,i $eQvO pud d.fSuf ep0(i"oiro d6:n 6o6: "a"5t:or:
e eaggcsros Bg SSSod 5 5$$g 6o66:" ad cAofrq il.il.d
d.5$r6' $eqdn a"S *dt^:5'd u€?:orB Src- 8$36:. a$SoErB,
66o6 s.ood eU$o6r a6e &$B &rreo{. aod eg6.a.5o6e5ob36
&irdro r6Q$i>$oeo:" E$;6 : 'rrud e"5 ?:g;f; 6UoS6. ::g
$oercryer $66;eco ood elo6:S3 {D*'656e. SSSr. S'04 XUpirS Sge,
6'55rg ::0; 6:60;5 6:56 ego6$d go.t eper ego65 aer ::Qdp
6>6e.;6r."80

98 S56r $ebe
e5g66:od n**S"a66S es0&d6ro lSEEoa"t$.
eeod8 erfl@o5ner
eS 1$s6o ea6:Sp6 *5.f ;e€$o,:: 6$ SoaoryQ 668o$o:
d$$a'O. "sS, o"df:or: qo6r5: esoAgOoSdb" esoe.F6) eg Sop6eo$
65&{"n" asJ 6q:so6 doa.
5o SArO? Sprn do6:o"CI9, do$geFSeJ"SB n€er5o46B epQy6o
do6. egd5:5 ern" egd$oS a"6'fro: 5>5 ae>o6 ,56g &iuS5:oc-
56de6:. 6o5lf Afs6g 8o65 eo8o6, eo$H:t'o d6r.65 ega:.gSo a6:
"il6t:oo [r$3ea:o s.a$ Sada6o&. epodscr! gn{r3ea cd65r"OJ
@rfr3ea# 6 gofu:o'56;$;. "

esoDd o6'fiol0 ee6.J5.JF ego66oflS 5$o S:o0 8ofro*erS


s$o:roa6. eo5p856Sn es6.a5.a5 5o dosrSod epd u6?:oa:
dEodoO. ys, 6 Soeo;$o 66o6 eg6.a$.a5.3 o.d'*orB 5:S5
ero66o 56p8o6. $oEr:B o6?oor: ep556o 6o6. o6'iooo:B SoEr:
es5$6e5r:o6. wS, a,503f56: S6:3Cr:. elod! er$;E$o0 o6'$o:: eo8o5,
1$dreao 5o[u e(ro6od ea56Ud$ ]noa. 9U]* er6 aUup6o.
366 gonooo6. sQlS 0*6: ?:$o6. $osu $* ,rd 5Oho0o6.
a.S 63u68 S"erf 3$3ood..."eg6.i5.J5 $:oC ;1p5$5on
5p6on 6o€.rr ererdd 3.noa5 lSdneao a64d &6odEo6"
*tNc*

ep6 ec(nra dnd;O;So w5i65;$3.

'odt:or: eo6>e65 d55po S$$5s Je 6oigoo*er' os


deprozE
d O
esdo(rS-ltrpd,
j cLo/
So16eo6radF5
OL
3:"o6p dSS 655neeer$:
t$0o$5:.c- ego$S dAn" o65d5:5o $oSrln"U:. 5o6$ 3po6r
5o65o"dro;5ro0 e.5;$q:6 es6.a5.a5 Ss&6r. esoDd e"56p6 o"$53$
ArASd od:8n" aS;n6er5erg6;$666on" $5o.5 $Spw"Qe{o SSSS;
Sg$. a$Soflr:3t!3qp Cp"eo6: $S:Srerorn 65;egr S5ad€co s5$6;5>0
esd$$$ Ber:ir:. epo6:d, ero6$ eS:54:35 @5oSS d;Spo'C;SoEu 56
66d6r. s.S, a5;rt3: fi6eryo453 e$3:$o6 - bo6r55od p"ofS
o{eeo: $igoorn 6oa-0. e6;656$ 5 Bro6p }6:$o6:o8,
ar6o;o6 99
5reQS6el, 8le0S6:o3 So[u 5r6on" 6ocar' 5Q;o56, ilgc
5o$5:a{d aa }6g566:o6... 6 $3$6 50356;6 i$oO 1960 6d5o
;r65d nt*S"a6 3,:"o6r aw&o6+5o E6 &{:$o6:fu 5eQ66:Og
"
$&3ooS 1$o651o @6o0oa6:.
Eud &;wor: ae6:55e6eCB egoo6:o s,o66. er546 e"5 oo6
erd
ao6. epds $tSE 5o?:5er Sa;or:. er546 $6*o3c q,d5 d*ofu$ B:f;
65g;$o 5d:ffo6. fF$d eed eo6.r$6 Sad eg @o6o Sosq ipot{:erd
eoA$B do6do6. S5a'r66o eo0dlQB &apo::56poo Sdrdo6.

s$...
1964 erXS 295 esd &eo>d e"5 $0S{ ep66 662o"38 a6dcoa.
erdd er546 a{6: So*Fd$o - e.S6: 6€er5og6 (eg6.J5.JS) $6"96)
$5er S53dr5o5o (053o$ A:AS) - e#565od e.5 S:*s5d ag0flo6.
J5.J5. er} Src- eso6d pr{}54:. es SSFddo o{6o,o{eao a,S;d.
eod - a,r5 bodp das ce3eao

3,ro6d 's65 3ro6n $oA5., *Ad ers6pcoss 6 dag 6tr"5


$eo"O$: "3ro6r SSrawSB 3o65 J"6IOQ, So6:fo S:XF6:3Q ad
das5lrs &6:$e5e,ro" *S* e qr66d6od a6ao$$ erQ 6se:
$o65o"dnQu o"6 a$aq:q 585p6o Sd5:eco."t' S5646 $OSS;
3,ro6r65od e>n S 6 $o@o"06 !1o6$od S5:4, #{, pS ;5:eur
sOi::oXoo. (e,r66 dr.a, 55 6$5 6:eS, 6*A# 1E45o, alo
dglrttroo 6$oo"$o.) eood, 15{6o8 e-$ +655 Jer"6€, 3,:eoc5:6oB &
daod a.5 er6:55;6, tr5536 !1o66 8:6oer 6 'S65 boSr 5oA5'
1$5o*CB o"O 5r&0 o5;6 6 3aS Ce3ao BSyo egdoSro.
o{o"6 S:oB b.o66o ao5:ao5:Crsil"o $65 S65 3ro6p S0A5
65 8o S:fs$$365od$ "6a daodp erQ 6e6S, 3.5r"sg SoLd
SO8S da.erdSr"OJ 656:f;oo*0" ec 5o$5o6od &e3CoOo6.Es es
&e3$o'erdrd6 655;$'6r6od eeg.56adB e5c-CB do6o 6a6ner
5So6. erc65oX 6r:o6: dXod dfdC 6.qn" paQ{g" g{:65o ,5go

100 CS6: Se58


&fr:6:eo.o$ e,Q& Bd; &e35o?r SOAE 65 5p$C do@SOoOo6. epo65:
5r:o6:6ra- esero6 e>{S"d Bc$6$66m 9E d65;bu: S&il.or.
eC, &d5 3po6r 6OAE SC6 BrocS:r. 6e3a65o esBF6od SfES
5n16$ 6s ero6o e"5 A{rdp5, arop$ 6555: Crr6o $o66ot$$o6.

& 65g5r0s6 $ew$ 5tuerod - 1966 S5oa6: 75 f!5r"6)


S:pt': o$o 5:oB d*p5 Sroc$ger epdg $oa 6e3*6r5o $6g5od
^a
6gd $Sarceo3 6656 {o6p$ A"5dr"Ld dac{:.'n aEs$of,u,
Srodr;$if${o s655{er, y&d$o 6OoOS S6>5o&el:, er655$r6'
Selr6* 6666er BEJSS 6 $6dr16C i.goaA. a"566d eo5$3$n"
8po$ dodho6. S06on" epSS,$g s.6 5t{:oa6"o::, 1$665 ee5odro6:
S$; ?:f;6:. Jefiu$d ]$B:oel:s ;$gsufos eg$,Eon" Speor
dS6:oeu" t5nKu$8g"6:.tu its6(lq: yel:Je:r aoltJ:. $piBroeo d55o
od5:b a0h$ & s.e::Jf 5cor{16, 5ser5o:r"6. re6 e"5 5o6$ro8
n"o6:69;"6.

a6er 6od, qd epo6o 5r ${arceud, u6't:or: do e.5

o-5o6:;r6er nsr6 O?16 655;$o 6H 6ar>6s EpOn Jo66t'o6r Xo$UpS


6eQ. cs3:oa.6r. (aero6 $gUS rooz tdoa6 6 u6 ,n@S$4,
So{uec$ eo$o66o 6rc- +6?ooa: }$&oeod OU5aro*6:.) eg dar
$Sarco:d Jo.b. do, 'fi66%. so6fio5$o6$ 5:o16Q
e"5 wo@s
6r$oA$o5:o& epo0:r 66g5:s6:Q er 6555:uo5:6:er 6.{ff'f,6r' - ep$
e*4bEod, 6{eoo o€$oroa: eof SC er erdf eeq &8:;sgnUu. 86
eg nsf6 nt6o 656n"S $9"6o6. sc, ee 665$ ?:6o: ao5$8
dAod aoSSoQ"d 6ox*. es &$ eoo6 er{eeq"
c6S5e:: a$$oflr:
5rd3bo6. eg5.J5.")5, a$$oEu Sod:o$om bo6r {e3a"65od, POAS
$o$od
---e-- gOS ee 65s;$oCI $€'5:
O e 606o
ep6. & 6oor:5
sloiroo6pCuo$ a,5 9g[ esooacs 5-0;o$o6. oodw6>, 6t5:+8
ssod a:.@S$a:c Srofi"$ 665;bs3 Si:ro'n" 6r&o6o6.
***

ar6oSoA 101
1967 &65LsS JUS$6 rfr6 c?rf 655;,$o +o5rd aSSo$: ir66
d$oa. ainre FGhr Cq.uo6: ep&6on aSSoEu $o6o dS$ferc
esd BDfelo. 66od 1962 JUsg6 acoo.$S6 5:oo eogt5 el{5$
firdL6" #e,rp ersd dA e5$o a&lrso 4ile6. 6J"o n6S6 Ctr6o
ero6o 1$eeer ;$$aroo$: awri" G5qr$6o d$o5$ esoS:S 5e5r3Uu.87

6 aUSg6 aSSoFr efd frp93 6rf6 aa6 6Ssa3S epodo $ePg6


6o6. esd n"50o5:6 ;$6sed CaoSred bo6o6r eaSodr 6o6@3,{o.
5:(:s$o5{ So}SpS m50o66 $$se8 a,5 s6o66. i5p:6.r 5$
(So"er:, &ao $So 65u$el: aod 6$5o 6c66.88 efi> a$$oEr: $gd
dOUrd er$6p5 cQs Boe.:s$rss 5o;o6. esa: $6rQ 5(ro6oe ed
i"erf... "1960 66Sod er $$B 5r eod:3 eoe?:f u:"6. ued d55D5g
e:d: S5d6on C{:Od36." $eS SU3;.6S i1r.0cer: Spc- Ed : "1967
o"6 aQ6t' aSSoft g3u6o Bu{o ess6 c6:o$d a08o6. essd
dgipo::aod er JQ5g6c 60ryq: S:d 65on" 6ods." (6Uu+8 eood
CaoS:ed R:oQdr S65 8roc5r fOaE G:$n' CoS:O6:eoor:o6.)

aQ5erd acoo $oar6r5; a:SSo[u Sp"56d 6{ wo@5 }gd


er
6o58o6. 20 $o56;eo $e.:r dXea8ofrq,a$q. S0;$ so@S 5g5f
eo6p6B eoo6f;6 5:;ir3erecod, er{#u: fSS6.f ep{SS{& 6o6. Btixp
5r6eao (er6'ecipt5r6 *0 Spa- eoo doSerc) d rgOOd 36hr" $brDq
er6s6odg 50po6. sc, qod-$S o5u$o 66+6 56pSS esf66 s66
egd ::StrSSg deQ Botp6.:6po60:o, so1flS $966 5$ cd5&u>
?:,5;Ogeco ao6rnrno$g drgdp5 fo$drq SOSouor:. erc.o6
$Sd
($ese56ea $Qo5e.:o esd: ;tooc5:S;6{ea er$S6o. eo6:5$ o{ano.f
Ser{o d6:oa- 1967 JUS$€ aSSoEr: 5:tr eogtr 596o e5e eee8o5:
ofl &oo.o$ so@S $$ C$orcOoB. "rno$c (:"65 dfSo"gS d:So
d"eg do5:o" esocar 65*eCS 6flo6.8e

1967 $(iDb0d J.651aS JQSo gOeo: der66nor:. eo@F aroo


$f&oerd e.5g$0n' 78 $egl b&itsol:, 28BB 6ho6. a"$S$do$
aEnS JQSoe t0 o"$f 266 Sg$ a5$oflu Rq:r5r5:o6.e0 ]Sa:oearB

to2 c$5: $er6e


aSSoEu Rer.5r$S; SS S$g$ oe.r6' 05s6 +6'tror:, &gd a5&o5:
.65J $so66 uo5:$t$ ecdo"d'Xod5 6o16.
fsod
n6Sdp SJSdgQ" asOE$ d65$:o - aa$eoSse.grn d - da 6Saer
S:$ep+o0 S JUS$6 6qpS6o dSoa. erc55oXfr'63$iro6:o 5tuerod
a5$o$: &asd$o 55on" $:{g@d6d (8O so6*66) 0"6 l$665o
5e;eu5: cro&boa.
ca en
\!1,
AUS$
o( m wogt*66
gr"b$$ 6d6r"6dd66od AegoS:ed
SoQd:" 8o5$g6 C65boOo6. s'o@S$ &asp0d 50;o6. &aw0d eond
5S;o6 s5, epQs6o $tro eoo6f;6 qg* 3:Oh$6d6rou. eod
& bS iFoo S (Soa:6$o 1S ep6 e dil: SrSg) &. 30. A: gr 3 0 ;$ oB .a SS $ebSerd
50$ wo@S &$3 crdu5r Sa6:. eo$6 a.5S36 65llp so@5
oo6:6:t'o, ;f:{5$d5 ;5oq:5$:o[S n6$o5eeo66' SoFr g15r"66.
SopS$o[S erSc-SB CaoS:ed $o6o$3 er5w6o a5;$p68 egd: "5d
;5uq:ga$o18n" 5{ e$od fl:$6p$ @{:65o 56;6,16:o6" oS
e"S
d&odil.o"o6s5 SoEpS eri:s5$oSo6." eoep ag5So[l 6665 naCo6
boFr atoq:55:o[8 eodr56r.

20 ;blo 66pd 6s;S do.Qt-$dro 5g dco6 SoEr S:f,


wo@S &$B aepeeoo, 5ro55:o[8n" S5]rp6r.e2 sao$ed SoQdr
J$;EerreJ aSSoEud S"SJ"r$6r", Sr$er: 5Srgr"6r&. e0s.eS3
6n6on" do8iFouo6. uS cf,o6r6o0 ec$ e0546 56pt6 sdo"o: &$e:
5,r63d 5r16d: er{6 S3$Sd:o6.

***
L967...

esa ep0,:6'e*F6 u6'*ooB 6drd sdrd dodd)c So6s.oo.


egodrS dgfd So doa"Up. Jo.8:. eoc6r56r. vs, &gd egoS:$ iFd
?:Cu6:do6. epd S$>o6od eorr553 sso 60S 503o6. erc5:5 &6S5od
Sf,d aons $r.6, JUS$ a6$o[r: ]8o0o6. 1. dSSd, 2.
&ego$o
$s355 s6"JdA5, 3. aldloe.:S *cJ6 (66ro6 s-ood esd
a;,t{o;o6 103
,a$$$dm Ur:.$o66o do6o6.)e3 40 So563eo eoe5S &Ldi.otrs
*c353 p635n" JQSdrS6:. (eood, B$ eraoflB $;56 f6s erS;ire.:.)
fdg lSUo a"5 Jo.9o.B S*Fo5:5:8m SsdSS 5g$, ai;:d: e$35S p635
eodrg6. afp:8ossS s;nlcB Soc-6 d*d $oo 1$$65 dSSo
erflosoB.sn 56cr.6 Sa4l.f 6,0 ea8drt' eso6:5 &$;e.rsB epd
'515o
€o60oc5:6 epo.::o6.

+6g 5e$o3 eesa"$d o{ oH *g3'r6:er s{o{g.


eocn553, ero6:5
$er.16. ero"55 ao63 S0;iFd: f65oq:of 6S5oir.66&rygo6:, fgffo6
dofl, edog 663, JS.Jo. &erd - egoS:S e65 8,ro.5o6 odp aoXUu.e6
eso505od 56;$n" otp55 ao6B So.1iFd: 5Sg ese.:5'OIF6 o6'?ooo.
ap6'tor: fabd ero"55 aoe a"5$;:6 65g $Sso6:5:8n" fsdS5 5Sl.
elo))il, ero"5S 6$&$6o5el ryn E0$S+60 v50co 69 er $0r:oaod
$63oaopu: 3o*udu udToo.r. ep{08 fUBr.drES es6.&.5o6e5
f;bd "ero"5$ 6:0uoood 6BQ Jero6 $$$5po" boQood u5'55go
S$erB 6oda. elep ee ao$6 es*d Ed*. erold, es& o6'$or)8
5o"05n$"e6 $$dlcr: eoo"55 Src- Jc5:rtdr 5oX6:. €"9 r$r.+
1$s6o Spir:$oS, &Sa:oeuC a5&oOluqes[StuoOo6 aS$oft. $g
1gs6o 5r{ 6rgUo Up&oS:}Sod aoa. eaSo$ saro6rod}c,r: Sdr
6oS5yQ a:S$o[u Src- eo$:{C$o6.
Sqr"o6$6on"
o
eS: Bghn SO"$ SOQdd gr5$n"e dg $Ood
Sf;5o55on" 3ro6r $oo.d $SSri.e> - eo$g6 asS$ofiu do:;$oQ$
56:eao er6. R:6no5$6p5 * ff$ 31frr Sq"oo0 a$bd o6?co,r:8,
3roc5r65 boq"C te$Qq. a6'e5$d5U 5:65 egrra"q. ao$boa.
s€n" eoQw6o dog o.Sero.f $ofd seDSo Sirod:od SrUuSo:
Bo0rt$6:oao::. $O6on J.$dn 35 S:o6 Jo.3:o>, 266 ;bo6
a"S$$g5f [55:€Seo aqe$ Sots 56;cSSo6. es $$o6od d*S"a6
exrdrgod 6ox6. es6.J5.aSC Co"S 66on sCJ ;!"Cu;er
&Kug:o.*oc egoS:S erdoEoXa. erod, aFSoEud 6ra- ;5rUupo:
'$eodfis:oepoa:.

to4 cS6: $ry6e


6s aaS6. ro$6:oQo65 do&sJ 5Sg A55dr"6 alq"gd6.
cro8o6: 3ro5165o 5f fpS 50fo46o a556o 5g$ erc5:d. esoS:S 55S55
85;6go v6eaom egoS:S 5r0c$ &gd esoStir 86aq"65orp &Kr:Soe.l6l.
e.5$6eso a5$ofi S6Sf.: el$36 C(rofnQ 64dK1r$ot:r eroXt$ :

"t967 ss$ JS 656dr"6dc 5oe5:. ego6:5 6sg5 65 $E,c


es68$>9$oc$5: ao6d6lq6 fESC n"Od *a$6:o16:.'esdoc,:o&' es0
3San S. 658 dod S:ger: 6oXd5rc, ep$:$S:oc- a"5ec$5 s.$
6&i6oo:o6$, rnQ dO 6Oo.:eeSB 5ern" q+f 6&8 esd(r5:oe.::oX$S
esd65 B&;Uu..."

6$pgo6 eo6god er{uSon" 1967 &6oa6d


eseloB 655oir.5
$$ eo6$$6s i$os ade6$:d5c 63:po*Uu. eood &$pS 56ea";1l.c;
51 5g dlqr"Sd$ Jod u$555orn C65&.o+6od, eg eodo $6 i.Qd
JSgc- i$6r. ?rde AfJd6l.
aB aOhS 6oti: Srler 661+6...

o6eeb s5>rods Br:66'$eo,> pd5 ftaS 666d a"5 $36dfro


o{5poa.
***

as,6o;o6 105
e4"5o$o - 4

6SKup 50bS ao{o (1968-73)

1968 bEDSo 11...

Bg+Uuaw6r$ 2:20 6o0.:o8 EotlSSeou tAS e"{5}65>9 100


6as.o 6F6oC p* 6$c 5545 5& 6o6 6560$.5 5:p6d&o. e,5 yo
$6$ S06o6. 6o$5 aop$ n"o6:po6. $8dor 6{An6r.fo6.
;5u$6$g 6blgt 5 Cr:"lo6:o $er: AfOfer6do6. er 5:p6d*nCB
SoaroQo0 ir60Kuer Bdn" SdQad soy 26 Uu"$O6er 566:, e"6 $&
6806p6o1 tfos-ou.

& $o{uec5iero8 $5:o5:od a0Eo55g6 6;$Co.55fl5 Ciro5ro.


N*S.a6 er5483 tOO 3d$o6 6r6odC epoficew6:d es6.i5.a5 €{eo"
€E6o S653,rQq6. "6 6leg{ &5n"$ Xr6r"d Si$;6{eao e,5 s.(u
&SSn o6aen$ a{$oX6:. e5r d$oc- 6566{ a03:o,55f;oX6. ex1:
S06o $'"9d(rSS er548g dOS:oO"SS B8:p s;$;3oe.:$ $o3:ou6r" ep$
$o[r: uoir6:el: e.5t$ 6:EdSSoXA. es 665;bo ee6.a5.J5 uo65:e:r
$o[r: S06 *65t56rf 6u$fl 6odn agSSoEr: uo65:er: a5-e5$:ff5,
es0.:5 Oss6 u6*o:ro: 69d i'garoec6 $$ ssr"d.5od 6oe6. 6 +(

esn d a$SoEr: uo5:5:q: 6.DeJ.S.D6S a,5 p6r$55t' silp$od o6ear$


4tr6."Jo,r:6iF$ $oO SS: SOn" auf6'Seor:3 Be;$:. sS, od?:qr>
Aeoag"d p5: EOoS:cS:" eso€.r6: $d5.'6 +9 aodr6$d; S$dr"Sg
6q6(6d,S 6$dr:qr5$o[8 eror:S a5$o[r: uo5:$t$ 6o16. ego6:S
"{d
${:65od 6$ ber$a8c 6$d:.Eoo dS fS6 fe5QB e$06:ogeon"Q
6o6od3 6oa"t$. a"g $noO6 arQs.6s Bu66'So.orB Bo0;S So3:oap6>.3

106 SSdr Sebe


Jo6r6od, eo$;$e535 BSd $6080S5 ee il5g^ $;1nX056,: er$.
eso6$$)od A6;:5:Qegn 655dr'6 6$q"gd6 15 $o553cro &e.::
abboEu $$c a"o6d{! Se+6. eg5{ rdo.d aSga sQwerp;r
ero6$5::o6 G5q"5 e6g5O2n" SCSS$536 S65irea $;$$5o epeo6
eoQe6 6$S eso653 5$A$o6. es dar em5r$ o{Soos }eaBSoa6r.
Egot5:awir5 2:10 6o0coB ee LpS 3D65$o"oa: {ASe 5Q1o6. es {eaoC
ego6:S 55 S566 dU:. So4 56c&:foer 66ru6 per b{;no 5:f egoS:S

$;6diro SB do6.a

6560Ir"5 5:6eaop S.0.o SegQ $erc4. e"5 u5o$&u6ea $o{ro


6ra- S $o{r:b6p &u6ee a0B:o6. & doCo S*6eeor ego6:$ S:6edpSB
y6eeo dar:6'o6o - erc dorJor:.5

a5'rr6' S:EEE & u6$c epoA6ooJdS:. 6$ ee scrTSUo


3u65seo,r: ftaSS $dfoe irs&Kr:er 656dr.6d {oos$gr Beu:&s;
ac0o6:5,5:E,,6B5 *S86 5n16$: ,Jp3:o*6S, es 6:Qo56 J54a- 658
656 S:65er g$66d6s6 eeox6. es $o$og6d: ,t5 56{ a6flo6. ;5:dB
eS: 5:36d$q $6fioa$5 656dFf ardB
an65 65s.6o er $o5:o16o
ASgp65 6$o 6f$$odC, er6 a,5 &ir6'06p$ 5r.6 6:S3eco 5g
aohods eoQ@o5:$gr6:.t'ep66a 6o esod aan6 .f g' 5o5om "655dr.5
6$p'5o6: 5r6eao e,5 tpbBo5 56leo6 ir65... ea ea8o5: ir65"8 erS
g334ob$ 6las. odq:6:o sipd,'od aded $669 6g6o*t5. 6
eeflLldr.q. +5*oo q:o8o*r$. "6$pgo5: e"5 Sodo$& ero6 658,
egoSr5 (5: ;w6$ $po5oo:d) 5o;6orn 65p tn&dS5 uog8 55So
?:$r{:ev& 6odoCu... eso6:€ 6a 5:6eeQ(165 er$So&"e

S:6ES es0tlo6od 665S 5*SQ sB65er, ai'6'?:or: 5w963> s5,


esdar. eso*'sep6)d n6er5o46 f f 6:;os ;n6erl"b g 5q), 65$6{ S$d5rod
56!6 65ge$.i5.J5 o.o6:$t$ 6r"a- Sd6op6:. ego6:$ irerf..."66r'd
egdryo$US $S Bp er Xo36d*FQ5na$. e5: eer Ci{$dr6o agoE5
+05:d5l 5666d6. &655 Sra 610.15 Grpepel) $"c. d6. er $o5ro16o
.5556{ ago8o6. eo636d 66r"d 6436. er546 5:fE d6:. o63:oo 6r"c-

ar6o;o6 t-o7
dA. gaoeS 66d a,5 al665rgBl 9e, Sr153: aoa. ,US$6{
iFooo6. es

$Xoo6:od * 5ruQ. a-$* 53$on" 5r6cco $ro 3s A55dr.5d 6ers


c-$S 66n" pBq Sq,$ile$r. o iruQ.5r{fd 6r6r.d $E aoa6 6
in€^:e:: bu;oo: - 't (Fdr, ed6q. 5:65 &KuSgpiFu0 eoi$S$ 6od,
eo$do&3tr;5o5r6?'..."

655ddr.6 Xo6eaop Oe6o sQ Sagnerlea: eg $ofd 5or{:6pd


6o6. o"s3'3ro6r erQ6:8 rn6'eoJ e.5 5o1e635 eso6o gF6- dpoa.
5&e es $of)cr5 6{ea 65p$o aSSo[> oo5:565o 5:tr feoa. $ofd
Br:56ibo$ 65; So1$o"o6rQ e$SOoO 655d:"5 Sra- 65 *6$:d56:
eo0 Jb;:tfn $r0o5d6:. ego6:5 daoO 65;o6 eoo aSeoO$ra
o"o5r565od 8.i5.363, a5.a5.RFo6, u;r"d d,5$rr6, ee€c6' A*,s6
+df:or:, a5'e55:d5 6ox6. 655oir.6'e$ daoo 6s;o6sero 6a
u6$65o eroas; eoDe dq.S 5a3Uu. 1968d &$B 6o@ ero6
AS5oU:.f BfiFn d, ego6:S 0$g"o8 podrSro 665 8;5:ere.rer:
$)6oolFJoD. p6?cor:d: 6550$"5 6$q"5d$$ ir65 $o>oat5l eps
ego6hoos a5e5 516€59 i.$ acr5fS E3:po6.

***
a6'e5$665 1920d a6u3dC e#g$5:"5 S:0roarod aC3oin(u.
uers:o6 3:.o5r ew&o5:e6g"n d SOES Src- e.6 3o6pou ${566r{S
H:er:oao i$oS SS.15 S5$. esod:S 5:.c- aofl*u er5f;dorn 5r"H"6d6.
ercr5S, o6t:ooer Sq.SB $o563eo 5oo6r ego$$ Soiud S5o5:o*55
em5rg6. 1947d d,XAdasS a0h566c i'8Q.5 i$oS dd6:od e665:
6644$ S&SL es$g aro6:" 66ea"$:o5: ego5:5 Src- *er $*Fo6:o
deCu. $ewSB andpd *er 5>o6 eso$5ero6 Soaw$d. $oBo(ro,
$5:6
e'qL
$$er, 65eafl:5 .5r6o.f 5:6sE e"g $ryS. epo::d, 6d659
3:8oB erd S6f 5pc- 6o6. &d6S $SXSd 66:u6 s.ood fi,Qd
6$q5dir SpQd 6ox6. a"5$ 16$5 dt:oQ eX es$g eroeo 55
6ad6S 6,55q: $a6:. i>q:gom ;$5 Sdaod &pSo, e66o5: i5r:Sood
qP6&o$e ?t 55 dsepsbo 5o6 e9o€Pq) 6 6559! e6o.19b1d

108 S56> Sel"SS


u6'$or: qow $o$65r&rn dS;serod SdS es6.A5.JFd
$or5ag55
*er SoSpS fS$# e.5t5:. eso6)d eso6:Sg Sr.a- a$Soir: flfS $So
6"srgg 655oUr.6 er6p8o*(u. e€t:oa: Soa Suo6: 1966d $F6S
aS5oft $$B eo65$errp cd$&:66o5:"g6:. 6 e6eo"o 5g eJ eo{5{

flSod A56dr"5S, +6(r:9S a$965 aoom 55136.

eror:d, &gd 65 Sgsd5 $S;r"oc eroS:$ r$eo5dS*pOpA. egoirs


Bofo So663eo $e.r: $$ eo6$:8rp d,aS, er flSod 6550$.6
5o6$616o5rg6. i5.8. eoe55 65 d$d S6d EFK)r6rS; o"S g5s6o -
"&$ e#6{:&n $665 65;o6soo }g 6e6e &6 S5o 5oho6."10
ecde6 $dS *r"c. tner er63ff65o 5o S:SBr. Jo6od, a,5 Sofd
156:S{eo" ,5pod a$6d5oU. t665 n e&o5r. 5rd5 55fe5Q arn
Sfl3roar6r : ";$965 a.e> S5{ES SrSfD{ 6rC&. eS, esd6$d $6:55
5tucrod, Sof C$o:rogq.65 qpud 6$;6pSCn B6y$oeooerEu.
S$ uer $S po6o*S:. er cnaSoodq esd':sg6 u{s66 db&eod6. ""
dcoeu6g a.5 5$rt' [rir3ea:o:. ero5:5 6o1$ 5o566o a60oSoo
$so au65$ 5*3Cu. Sagnole.r: SoEud ca$66er s655{n ?r66e.:o
n€$oo"*653 eple6eaps g"S5d$co;o6. esd6:$ Srerf B$percd -
"e$ ue> ff65o. epor:d,6odco8 e.64$o er6$3$rn ego$S
5:665 epod
8065o $d3&odo6. eoood,:bpt5: esd$5 S6 516 ego$SB er66
aod6 sd)."12 eB SoEr: $o*6d $p6eaon" 5S3:od, irQod rteeo
s6.
$6ESC 6 o{eao 6550$"5'(re55o66 Soea"SrS arn" $g,6eo
eoo::5o6. eoS;6 $o{l€c$e:: 60;$(:o0.:1 665 6-e&dr aer B}p6: :
"ewe$?rd'dfUS, +€$or: gOS & *165 doa:oaUp eoC ad'ed S:dE
eooX6:."$e.:xd naCoo"u65 SOSS$pt'r Src- 6:66E ad Aao$o
dSAgU:. a-S 8:"o6 S$ir"d 5r3:o05 &6on" S irdS a"5 5:1e;60dd,
erS s34 s&;6:. "di"566 & 5:1e.:3 Aao 56o6. aer $gc dS SUg
dos:xo B$so ofuo u6*ol:c &$ 16&*# 3o5:63r."" &oL6$tuerod,

ar6eSoA 109
naaoo"a6g ;16'*or:3 sfle5r$ e5dFonu, eoer $1e.: aoflo65g p65s
s$$e6:. 6 Ciro6od daoea6S 6r665d c86on" u6oa6:. cpod
6rd5g $5o 5o3oa. "5:6 o"66"6 (eg6.a5.a5 do@ e65f$o) Bdpo8.
e0646 5 arg6d err"E5 S*, &$ o"n" 56d 6d&'6."14

es $o5636o hgrsod o6eesd 65501l.6 6:36d$o Jp6n d


65.f naer5o46 5r"He66r", "aS3>85 agSSoEu ,o636 $, Sa54opop
5&o6 $66Sd" eooX6c $S65 eooX6:.'u ero6>d, sQ das,o 6Ur:pU
;:"df;oo $$ er65{:o:n'55$5on" i$g$n"3 $dE og"odiFdr'6.
eg6. a5. JS Src- ods":or: epdJBeSQ" $$QoOo6. 9Q $o563eo [36o

ea(:;1p0 *5d o6'$oo er$aoryQ$86on" gSSgoOS 6{er5o46 Src-


6 S(ro$od edbgr6:. a.d5ooo $$ er6$:pS sQdarer 66o6
ego6$3 d*S"aE e"5 dp (pa6 : "...5 esOa6go erg{q,rr" .Xr$$oeroX
6{o$oepi$.Suq:5on" g66C ercp6p s6o6od 516: epdfO 0863 SoX,
esdrd5S OB53 &Ku$56o ;$o05S u eofl@o6o. esoa$o ewgS$n
s-$t'o$6o6:...."16

u6eo"sd d566H 6"95n'S $36dxrq 6QB 6ssro.1, o"5Bor>


6oer:S; t$dr6S ao6ed 6o*6:. @p"S$rogS ao6emo6 Src-
6550$"63 CecbooJoSa-c3 5Q;o6. p5?:o erd: $S aoo eg56or?
5r3:o*(u. erodglBd6:o $o56pod eesSot el: g50;od for e*r553
qos- eddr. e$, 65 adSn Q ego$S o"t5:Sd6 erc6g1Bo5:o 5f6 5fo6r
o*J6." qo"o6 SoeS SSagerB ep5s6o a55$oc- u5*oa: 65
50:e*6>egQ 6502o*6r. 1968 8,tpSOC &Sarceod ofi:or: 55
5oe$ 1g$o6od, A56qt"6'd 6:6o0 6o 6'$sCI;65 SSe *66god
5O3: '{r:Sorn'SoG6erOSo*6: : "656dr"5d }$Aoea: SgSel e6.
eS, au5d $g[aoer: 6dd6 SdfS* a$$o[r: 56Ja $6:;5go15:5:
aSOSoX 8qC er$6o*Q 6od ep6 a"54 6560516 alpgodr3 in16d>. ",e

A560*"6 6$q"5d6 $65 d$dgod o"5?ooo3 e.S esofi6{5l6


tF665o b%eo dboa. ea$o e.OBod aogS$o 8S$a5pE oofi6S6:&rn

110 eS6> Se$s


ued6q.056 $$iro o"y epo6?:B$q6. J$aS irc-$&, eo$SE$o
dsoc-$ 655d6r5o6(r&re s:665 fsod ry6'*oa: B6se#dr.6r.
***
+6'?cor:;erpd $62gorn J.gs 55 esa;lFoDgrdB E5:3$oX6a,
G5q"55Do1S ao6erno$ Src- 65 $gd qo;$&>ot$ eod 6SoOoXor
$nffoA. aS$oftd +5$or3 SoQESe:"X eo1f,5 &gC egd:B 6pa-
erQpber.5t66d 55S66:oa6:.;r5$oo 6"er# B&;ood - "Ssr;:6:
ao6emo6C SOSu, es& 5d dod6s {o5:o r$Sop$ s$a:Sfi65geE>
;:"5chod6. esod, 5os &6pS epd6@ ebo es&;$ Botrt':do6."20
ao6en"o6 5r66ono6, a:5ed srOES 5r.6d6itso,ro6 5tueJod - d,5
6ao $Sqloo:. 5o16e6d,r 6il"F rr{r$5 afl{ea 1$w6o, "L967
&65ge5 JQSo eB 6oeo: dXod wo@5 55od5 S5uer5>
SrSQoaobs qo6emo$ nqo$Xono6. so6:€, es& so1fl5 uo$S65o
e{o6od a"5 er$nfi"gp$ 5r6cp$: &Kug:e6Oo ep5$6S:S pSo$o6."21
er$:6:S;s{on S ao6erno$ d*soa. s.o@S }$dn 3"6 66o
+o6$pd o.o6:565o 65 $d>e5Q{.:5o 6f;o3 iFSS5eco dfc esda:E,
egB: 1969d $$c ao6n" $-o3o6. eS: *6o A"oer ?:UO$c 8i;:s:oecr
qo6en o6 sqa:r6 $o546eao5: @e6o.5:$o6. ar5o6:o aw6ocr56ea,
crad6eeo 6S:, es$S 663$o 5:6 OoS:olUea es SoSg6eaS er{o.
ao6emo$ es$S eo"o"erir6 a$$o[" ]g tF6e{ *Fee.rersi
Bnooc a6'ed SrdE 6eJ'6o;:"6:. egerf,, as5$o[r: $$ a"g&6 Sgod
es$)groorr aod 556o16 $gd c55o eso)eFeoc 6rc' ego5:S
$OsoXO. o.awd $6Sgod sr,rQsg s56o16 $g eawer5r,
dry;$o5ro6r sS>5roon aod6. +6;oe 65, dFSDA qo6en"o6
t.666so er940 6tro$ SosB$a-Q 66Son 55ad3Q$1a"$.
eso?rt5r36dc e.le.p il5$6c 5o2oa"5 a5o"6l$d5 e.5 sS36pS
ep0l.$oiw03 $436: : "t)6)g RFAO* es$S 5S56 ooe;roXd: sC, 6
$6sfd 6nc- gp$e,:: 66pQe6er eroerel: 6e,Qoa6r. ofp $$CI; t6ae:

arfio;o6 111
3gS 6r{b6oa6...ew&ou56ea eso58 6Sdrauo$ ep$t$eaon' ddr.
6cc erQs6>er, eaSoOdgpr +gi o{ esS$eo$ 6n$0grn"
udc$o0::oa6:."22

1e70d adeS SO$S 1E{r aar.Lg65 d6r'so65 aS3}SpS aU35


3e:t5:.
g tB&o$S
t9) eAr.1.g8g
L 66^q36^
ro) J aw5-\.5 5r.6p5 1936d 'ao6g1d
oJ

5ry"55:cao' *aS e"6 g{5o (p,a6." Acso$ 655d6r.5 6}q"gd5)


65'ao6g15 3n5"5$:Sao' (5w63Sr55eu5o) bgnoes;6rlo6opt5r.
eoo6:doo 6560$"6 &sssg c65'5so - "girp5$ao, ?regrae8e6
Sg6fo ee:r6: fe5 uo"Qe"S erOgS3S 6{5o.f a:o8o*03$ eo6$eQ
?:6-4oe.ro6. & SgnoeQ LgAdSrS eE "Lg65 $0* eaBArg6S
SagoS:5o6on" 'f,3:;odaor. ero65g, *S*J oeEasSo, $of,S>
sr6g15;5ro:,3"5r.s9 s:5u5o es ea8o6 SSS6C $6g5gror:."'za

ee ao8gld' inrg;5:$a:o b6roed; el65d 6vc- eri:erd3


&f:r$ebo$S ep5$6o do60 5:655 e.$oa"6r. epo6:d, egoir$ 6$d856eo
aO n 5 ( LeA o$ 5 A Ar"Lg 65 ) a635 pe$;o 6 :reBae5$6o 5n c' 5 o ir $ oaUu.

er6l8 SSrS6od $5ffcp5 C(rdnUSrdS aer lgra6: : "a5:gsS rn6r!


5o puud,Eod 3,ro5p 65arS5a:s $$3 oos:S:er. dOdAda"g6
$1ug$$:u:, Rrs&OSer, Oac65' &0* 6"H 6oH erc6g"&o5: fof%.
Seper: dSSoXA. 93fio6:5 eAr"LS65 &9, 5 3ro5* ear.L$65 A"A
Src- 5$5o erc6g"&06 dasq5e;eo d(::Soo...."25
***
ao6erno$ 665S spuoi$ ees$oEu $gd c$o;esga"d
es05
a"S; 5gS ade5 $d5. 1970 o.68 rs6SE o6:rcSorddc esQS *€3q
Ku(E:;$eag $S&: - 16S5{ SU aoS:66s.5 eooS:6'65p$od - es 6d56o
56db p65g son 5a)6. ap"66d6o eoeal.6g$ *Soo;S:$oos (r@;1lea5
&Stu tpSS e6$o BroS:. aso&oOua:Og eg50o0o6. of;3 aB e-5
ers$56p$ EgooOS (pdn6o.26 eser 31 5g Sd6rfDd e65S: e0n
5{SS Kugoir3eag}5tu sQ*oodd eg6.J5.JS $ 5f6o5r5t$. e"S

LL2 s56: $e6e


a$ue(${5&5 $eo"05$ a$$o[r $tro UoUpOSoS:SoSoAn
esQS
S5&:c a:S5oft $0o6." tS66S 5oguf53 (epe5r6)c 6flod o{god
6plo6$ es 1Seo"05B'S5d8'es$ $)SX)C egd$S 6AOo*Uu. agS$oflu
&$B s.SoSoO esdSo"!
$5tu SOn 50;$ 8O $o563e$ +d?;o::, $5ar S6$p6 S58d$er
v6:. (eC, 56:od s.ood eoo5rg6:.) a"5$6 Sre.5 6Oo0 Adet'
J66ss 5s3$ $54:g d& 5S)S560 doSSa"A o5*o,r:.28 erS";E
d*%. $54: 6Sd$:$o0y esoQ,J"6) : "1970, 1971 AO S"$f
ud'ioor: o..f Srg"fs 6aas. eooc,:r a.536 Erc- d*. egoSS .$lS
bd5+ dE66 3oa6-1 ecoded aodo6. ea$5p0 *5'{pc. Ssod
e$6da. $S &a"365 d*f .566ss 5q)S: 5o"! eoo6:5g u6'*oo:d
esa) ers)eroQ.$J dS, o$o d$:s:otrs$ ega: qp0o$6."2' $$d $54>
S6on" Jdrl€co ud'*oo 6S88 e"S ?r.5go$n SOea&:oSo6. er6p68
o6t:o,r: aos $$d 6S 6q,c rrfr6o $Ss"S 6d5r%#S 6ile6. 6s)
er$:5:5;6 Boecd aw*Feoom, ;S6fl" 5r$o6€co, 5elt66r 65 6SgS
6:Qoder @SQoJeco S5A: erSoo. aB o6'?:ood egd6@ qp6rq.
?:o;$61 503o6.

e6e> 6o6rp, 'ao6emo$ RF{Oao'B 55Sd6on" SOdd:'oC


a6$o[u 5f a"qe 5$o6. & e"Qts 6SSSEq 5p* 5'oewo::
@ododc $opa:53{u:. o$ }ge BHi45 s6er Src-
S$Sr6:Qo16:. 1960 66$od $$B c6er aOSS (eaird $oQc6p
$fF) S{+5}6fg:er 5oB u$ w6:5$. SoS6S S6om, er$5orn +S
esdSu &qr$o d6r. aoaerno6 esp5 cqruo3 u$ 6.Qn $5sd5o.
1967 oE $65t-s6 JQSer so1[S $$B @eSrrgoOo a$Sofiu ]gd:
es$ SFSoriepQ. +* arn" 65>CoaUu. ego>d, & 6'oeeqr: w6""1de5
$ofo ea:8o5: dUeA +$o S6noeos aSs5, o{ og}6 63draro"oi1:
a$ Srfudn 6o0lo6. $5d8 fnffi *5u; eeEaw5Qe"S Eb S$B&,S,
a"* 5r6{E65 d.5odg airofaw& sofo 65d,so 5:6 IFE:6S 5o1p653

ar6o;o6 113
(eo6r$1 6oc-oc es8s.6 $g Sgno;$ 6qps6o d* 6d6%q)
$q"aoda.A.
6'oe.por: +5$6 $O13l"Argdqq.6g6 it5r6r65;
qp66d,5o i$oO
a$$oErB 666 dSS 5g$ SoBsorF er$36e5 d,5$ir6'. 6d6d uud
d,S5rr6. J56r" 6d{a:gdsou6 54tro6,r, cawo::&566. aciroe
*ereoo $eu a:SSoEuB $eQv0n" 6oa6. esd6$
epo6:€ egoS:S
6:0o0 g*6od 6S;e"5 SdarcJod - a,5 eawmo 566 $$ S:os Co"do
so$6o5e;o $$o, esd6$ Xrg6 $56 S4rSgo6*$;ro'd er t{lgodld
S6nq esd$S$ a,3:3o0, $gg S6er SSSfu.lUer. uod Jod
eo&$nsgp$ cawoo&S6ofod aSof6o i$opu $$3 c6:er duood
eso6:5 e"540S $g uo6:$el 6o*e6. "eed5r$ $eQsp6n 6$;odwoo

eed6$ a,S4d agd SoeFd)6. cgo6:5 cagpor>&C a560", J6pc$ 6o3o'Jd6:,

6sJo5d6r. sc, q{;:co epero6 6$:o515 afdro Sr$r(lq


5o$035$o6"30 epocp6: J5. Jo.&€.rd.

1970 56SoC uo"d $65er5, a56 $Og"S:5


S5o5lorn c.pc.pol,
S"fq.6d66 50$, as6$o[r:S esQS SirsdS:o S*e tSesdo Sat$. es6.
0. 6o8e5s 6rc- eoeri esd$S J.gg rD$rporn 1$pc6o d+6:. 6o&e5
St$or a{yr6: sS, 5661 6p6od s6:, 3$4er: 5r$S:. SgfinSB
ego5lS 55&dgo.31 g6$orn egoS:S o6*ou3, eocr5$B ;FeF
$QB:.6:6dr56,:. So&05 6r"erg!S B$Jood - "S$ a$eh S6:n
em"553 de pd'*or3 dcr eseQ3 do" a65o53 ad;o$. u erSo5
qo6r5c S6625o"32 eo0.l6: 6o8e5.
ftoeSarc$
as5$o$)B &eeor as.1$ aero6 eaSodfp5 J.oE"to6dqf
tFSoqpPs e.5 $of $s fffr"g ooda s6:... er darf a"65d o6go6
Sor$;p$ i"o(g"tug foff A"66grp5 il.&dp Sof e"56. @68
ao8drd u$ s&6on" Solao;$$oX6:. o{ fo$g6Sp
'ewod6ouo6'6-E16'^16s
tN N" e6&AuB
$o esod. 6 So{d o
a.5 i>*Feay
5o6;r"c5: s$ ;we,dr. e$6 5o5$1p5 5$ - aD*'"5:35 e$ soeg
$$XD6.
114 PSdr SeSs
i.gfi.S sile 65 5F66 6o-C ep66d
er&oopoS3 s6eep$
56db ageFdr"6. Jo6:5od, o6s alcB $5sdSon" tuil$66ps
i"o,8gr6 Bcd ;w&oJrs es& $o(ro $s$oa. dacdasd J"3B.S
563&5S3:t$ soa 65 5r"66 6eS, $$$6 S$n pU6dd Sada.f:.
"S$s o6c 6o@ 65 d&6eoo aS;t$ oaSo{rg8B ec55d6" esorp6r
5$ o&dr &:[6or. odp Srofd - "S& 6o@ o5$ 5$eJod - ol$
eaSotrg8 6o6€co 5H 6$ Sreuoaco Jqssr$Jqa6:d35os 5o;o6c,
epo6:d, 5s s'6c$ o"a8ong6S <rie.ro 558$o dtrp ego$s ep3oUu.
6o@
'5C&soXnS
5$ eaEo6on a5$oir:g 66666r.5*.1t$."
19605 565od a,5 u5$6dg[ o"od3 S$+Sdrs 6050d:o
$a6:." e0 f06orn, 5$ o&dr u;l-dc aw$, e.rerB 605o6:o da6>.'n
1970 56$od eq. $$$E5 5$ +eo5r aSSoEuB p6 aqs sftq:
S$5nd;u6,:.
a,SlE 5o agoflo5od...
dAod g:oe5 fu60fu *o" 3$5:o6p5 eso5r:{o ess uud dt6}rf
$Sr3Cu. ded:., a0ca5 ier{p 6Eb6So d&f 6oaor. eo5p6d
ee6.J5.a$ a-S 3:.o6 o651s5s (&oJaS5), e.5 5:o.6 a$fLeg
(66:E5ry65)s, e.5 aoflE $gifLs$ (es$pa6)$ 56cbdo6. eoo::d,
dAodp So"g5o6p$, 6668gOnS 5g$o 5f6B aSSoEr: qriawoo
deood a"5 aoflEa$61s$ eo5$65:s;ri:"d p&oet$. oo'@6o{po6
';b55 er5oE'. BDBBDS€Jn" & 6ga6d SoS aUgogf 5do@ 96.6,
9r"5, s6.6. 6q6 6966s 655d6r"660.$6p $of dssod oo6o6fh
& 6LsS $So depooa6:. epd d$$od o55 eoo6fgrd ped
CSSo$u6. 6 SLSS$ 5o&5$6o E.er6. 6oer4c.

e0536da:.Q r$Qd(usoe.u 5do696"6 eer a$36r : "es dao't'


s.ogl5 $$ oQs6od aoa ea$ ;5r 6LSge 6d:6S $S€;5o 56.1s
s6. soES &$c eds og$6d{er 456r" 5r'$ 136gerso: a556.
eo6r5g ceeo5>6 ee65d SL8S 5636. ,SJe.gl, enodpoercF 1$Sec5er

arder;o6 115
5F '$56 o"JoE'd @5:06$d:g$. eobp6$pd" 5& e&dr pipds
SoSevsB p eoo6fgrB a{l 5F eg$Sde 5$3ot5:." SfnE 53$d esda;.t'
a$$oflr: 6LsgB st$o: $a5r6r63e;o epda ue> &XFRIS*6pS siroS:o.
"a,5$o a"5 $0gr$:gdq 5r"g, ?rE a45 56t$ a555€olr6. vS, 5r
$o$5$6 5:er45 a,S3:$d6:.'56: a"g (f6er$ Cr>Sod e55o&'eeox6.
es ?:f; 5:S& eperf, dedp. gQdae,o 66:;ed €. sofi5 o"o65:do el ?1f;

$cA$ a,S nagd 5o$55;tf: 5"erf 'd.fr"...'6)56 egoE'S1aSd S


6SerS SnaSdrS! ew6>o6...'eeq.6.erod, es 66od el B$ e5$6J{
5J" fLSSg a$3:& l$ger$ a55d6:."'u
***
ao6erno$ RFfroawQ $58dBoaooc,:r a6e5$6E5,
f::pir3eog$5a: $$d6o xboo 6-65 $E od, ao$6i$o$ $$3 c5:er
tsQq. og$6 Sper e"QB $Qq*. $e;q6 $eodo 5a:ercd -
a5So[r $56o15 ]gd SObiFo:: a"5 ?:egrec&e6 ]ooC ]6oa0 eo5;6
er 6po $oS. wo q6 a66d5:. qo6>6: e6eao bodr ap&o5:*6:e:
df55o. tuod aSys5geErn" 5fd e45.a6o g3o6fo:: $S5666s
;n$. S6:p o"o557 dq:S Ar{:5S 6oc.rt5c. ?:.tgra6o"6 555f a$6der 5ltr
5gg *ep er$:5*uoroXoo. epor:d ao6erno$ Cpilq.
"Bg
SgOdSoJc"Sg i.g KlSr:pon d6. ao5:$ y6eao bcro@o:, &$ 6ge:

foo se5:. ae5o6:o aw&orr56ea C{o5:od }Qd eoo6{6orn aOAS


sd; 6cs s;$o"so.
1960 665od e66d6od sq
6d:U5 argoSru:, erSS lpdea:
ergo6:o 6odC. 656so w6eeo 5g gr5:ea @oeer
o03, eperf $ecea
@oert'C 05g 05; u5$6fo3 au)eao E'656o tner S$on" aoda. 6
608&S ao6erno$ 65$ ep5:Sroom $o;5:$56o $$o
[Edoo
ergo$Q ew&o5:o SS, au:rea S6i.o$ 5o3SC $6fo Jo5roe$$o6.
eoo6r$g, eods qeoa
ffor Epo
$658 S565o erpSo6 epS esB:
apOB
ry&o0o6. $Sarc0ud ergo$o aw&ou56ea Oep ,56;5: f$g$6pf:r

116 e56: $eis


Fcs a5e6' 61665 5gsdBoa6. "ao5:5g ergo$d acDrao
&$:S+er$:grd 6& $6r6:gc5 a;n5o5: epQyt5:o areEr usO;5So6"36
esc o6op6). eld $giaoea:d e6'f:or:;r-55 Je> 6o5od - "a.r5o5re:
aw&orr56eo3 iffO$on" qI6& a55o[r: $gSd6o s.*. 56 aw&os:o
$oOS;S3. sS, eo6 S0g6orn 15aw1$6:"a;no Sfd: eror$o6-0."37
05OB a,rgo $o ew&orp56o &iroSrod as5 SoEr: Sdgfrg"q .)ot$S o6.
"0.p8 Xo{S}o. s.n, CQ$pS o{go, fp$pS scrg.56ea SqnSo dg:oc-
Oeps g3,s?:86-cJ Sgad3$o."" 6 Ae3 d"EoE6: 5o.155y6, aS$of,u
fd:Js f-6ot$C abQ0o*6." 6ouf es$bo$$ a6ed 6r"Ps 5166B
a,5a8r6o6 6SerS $ar6:. 6 Sqr5o Ciro$od aSSo[r: uo$565 EpOp
eso65 g8;oa6:. esod, Soa{orn }$ er6g$np6 doq 5r.i"6.'0

ao6en"o$ esQS eO"o.O; $g&d$o*o5g I$S$6SE Sd6o.56oC


e€?:old ere5S Sra. S&o: Soi"6. 1970 5:o& ero"55 ea55d
$41>g8n 6+;6.eobp6d ego5:5 ap5*oo3 d$6r Snc-. 5po, aSyCo
sr665 J6r6r8of, $og, ;:.€*oarB $f&oerd 6ns $H6, s.Sos
Ss3o6. er6 ero"55 Cw6od o0o0o6. [S;$orn ]gd ury5:o6 o€T:or>
o6$d $6d> g$56o*6:. eo5;6d $S&oe.rd ergo$o eg"&oo:"56ea $H
a"5 5s0&o6: oe$6eoo 5636{.rQ. g16- oS 6XoCo;r6. er536
o6'fcor: 5fJ"J66 aer E$JUu : "el Sgr S{o5:od n"O J0r: Sqod
erecdd3 epn" derir:. dXoC 1$ao ao66;$3 RrsirOao $OSoca:qU:.
o"C$ aSSoEr:Spc- ewm 535$o6."

aS$oft $$ es$S Siln$65o (J5utuS Rr6(rOao) SiroS:od - 6


ffr1}B er06agod 135q"b$oge ap5$oo 6665o &SS:fgS Erdaes
i*r$Ep$ 65 esd6; verod Sdogan6 6665o &SSfo.lS 'esgS
fSffd aHJ45 t$65S CS5o'd irs-o; 5165;$3. bo6p ew&o5ra.6:er
Jo6 (uodorn 66$p6 e66PS esQS SO'o"Og.fro +doSrrtoOa Sr{
;rgig 6 epo6o 5tr a"g sB6pS d;536o dA epc e{$66:o6. 1970
566od 6$ $gs ir63ro$S a"g$6d{o er$pce e6$on }$ cpuer
6&*o.r:. eso$, dSoo $oS6d$ a.56 5r16d: ug[ Sq"uQ Cflao.:dA:.

a:"6o;o6 tt7
$O 5$6 ;l"gi Sq"ir"Q S8bo$o6? ao6erno$d f:"On" 6er56c.rSB
uS e6eoo 5tu8?... $ire$o ae $5;6. erd -'aq5g8 Ao$e.ro'.
6cs ag a$$oEu $$ esQs ao"il%. &olagoa i6c{: eoo$, sgnoeon
s-5:, So6oo s-6).'€"e.p...e,q)'.

***
1971 a${5o66 JQSo SOeep 6r"S5 5f;61o0 ao6on o6d
t65$"n" 6er56c.rS3 So{po fo$OS. 50.1o6. 1967 aQgf oBl
epo65r5oo6: 56gr" 55 6o(65:{ 1$aw66ea0 Sd;oarc6. ec, 1971d
eo$p6 SoocgaerQ$d 69 $$l ?:ot$So6. ex> $o$.$ esQ556S wo@S

$$ a0g5f $QoOo6. aer: a6$o[r: er6]5tun" 6{so@5 SgOds


"
{Fcr& 6e$B*$eFqr:o6. }gg ero6$5ro5:Sg aoo 6:r&otc
6oti>5o6:erB 6fllFor, 22 * &:flOo6.41 u6d a,SE ep0c6 0$t6
*€5o:: aOsS n50o6:6 PSo.n'69 $S"d S:o0 i$665 e"&eFdr"6.
63"0 a6'ef SrdE 6$ €.eJtug e6eeo e"5 5:6c, 5a $Lerc Sn*rO
"tso6emo$, SSugCS $0*, RFSd:oS d)r"Sd65, epecd AX,€6
Ddi:oo"as esc ee64bo*6.

$Sarcbd &gd 6sS @65$rn a$; xog6S JUsf e,8irs56od


Sd+o esS$oED $garcec6 &g uo6:6:&n 1971d p6?oou
Jc;6o5r56:. 1968d a5o.6'S:66556 eFSc eoQ6&>o0, +6$oor: agSSoEr>
er{5{:ern esoosd, aSpB }Sa:oea:d e$ a.54d }$3 6q.S 6don"
J66e.:o croSoSron eo5r$ 1$S$S q$:5>to$dboa.

***
1971 JUggG USS $aor aS;S esQsgo64 G5q"S $o1e epo:rS
ao6en o$ es d$c 6Sdw8oi$sc A"gQ'Sc (616:3 e"gi"$ $:o0)
60a:9$o6.
6a Sa$$53 S:pe:s6eao ddo ao6on" &dso5o8$$6 $$o6.
d:"fup &3$5rp sdso,Ja&S dr6:3 don d .6lf 6S3$ $3$5n

1L8 e56: $e6s


&dao5ac85 SoawS'ds Soew$ SrSo pcd 5wo ep65od aoda.
16e$orn 6:"6p &B$5 3rot5:6op iu&o pS6 6eer er$oq:og5om
eo@Sree:: Sao,>. a"od SdBi|soar5 8onr$ 3po6* 66ee"{:el, a5r:$o
66eo"Ser qP65 (fS;$ don"6) $OirsoD 5d3tn6:. & $ogldo
ao6erno$3 ea8oi:on e.5 S:oO es6sdo a0go6. es& ?.5 &SXeQ.
6soao6. e$ 1$w6o 6nuu3 &e$Sds i.gQ"S 55ad6 55$oo605
'Sr$ ew*rs'eod a,5 S5,5;o5 pS65don" 5d:"6SSoa. ec3 S:5i6:rn
e66p$5o eo$$6p$od $drr6 6qS,3"drrd 5e0g$5:5,r63o6. erod,
e"54$0n dn6:3 &3$5d $56o165 ap5e:el Jhao::. 6nUup $3$5
d6OpO $o0 '5r:$ e,r3vc' 6pql, ao5:E S:o0 qP66 pSS 6eu:
i"Bi'S EuSt &56oSo;roar. 3"gi'5 ass65 qp66po'go$
6'oflilsdrdc. 1990 66$od s836d$ eoSo6g4 s836 o6roi$ 6ra-
A"gQ"Sg 5g&dSon'$o1116 ,6$n" 6o5n6: dos:c-pg 6 516:; J.Bi"S
$56o165 ilGooeco e"5 $i:pun" 6r&o6o6.nn
1971 o.6 6a $addro er66 pogo$, 1962 uB (po" doCl
&orsc, 1965 0"6 ($9i"5 dOdl agas $650J 6r80J"dSoa.
epodyd:, J.g+S 55u35:{6:6$45}o 6$C 5r:53er SAoa. i'gQ'566
qrfiorn aod 6r6J a"g&"S $56o16 oogpdSn" esp6lSo9o6. 6a
$oco'$od ao6erno$p o5?;oo aessecon'S 1$6o$o: 5:03:o*t$.
ao6en o6s 'ep$6 51f;' eoc ;w6tcor: er05$ou6$ ers;g! So35

tFeeQ. +5*o.r: 65 dseoUo po6oirQ Ss3o6.a6


arcn-d5
6e do{o 66:u6 ao6o"rno$ 6s6 egs'dod3
eirKu6:&6ooo6. lgTL o"6 JQ6o 60es: +d?coa: 5lf &6pS
tFepQ. S3:o*or:. r{6od aS$oflu 6e6 gdQSJ S;$o6:od 1967d
erc5:S $$ 66n* Sfgr6. $$ bgnoe0S, JQSo CadpCB 6e:
$oaco$op eso5:5 &65on' egd.5$ de6:. 1971 iQSo 660;rd ego$S
esdSo ceso eo6d: 6egno serod 8:"odr ew&os: rec3 s6
6riodpo d03o6.

ar6o;oA 119
1971 JC;6o 66:+6 a-S eeod A$SLSSd e.5 &680o6S
'$5o6o*55' (pbs og$od Ber do6n6 : "...eg6.JF.J5, a5$oflr:o3
i66n Ood 6*pcpUuer 6oaoa:. 1. e* e"5 R:6no656p$ $$n"
&>hOlFo>, t$d:65op 6;5r R:6"oeerB eolol$eaom e.Q& &SSSd;
6$dE" 6o65.5:3. 2. o* $6noeo eiro6od ed6td erQs'6od3
e5i$9..."
qB eSoB o€toood> eoS epoStir eoS:$oX6:. Boecd u66"6d
?l$o6 dSeSB o€t:or:S n**S"aE 3:O3:o*(u. er&n"t$. eSB
p€*oa: (rr6gp5 $inp"uQ 5rc- aer.1Uu. Bro66q: &:5e6:erc,
eso6d ar$ e"5 3c8+5o 5:6 ce3eap5 $gs esar6o,5d5iF6:oa6s
;l"€f,:oo a$;6c. epor:d,6 oo"c;es6.J5.J5 d ae> i$oo SSedBo*6:.
es S:q"5$eo e0546;$o0 +sfe6 6€a$o Src- ar6*oo $46:.n'66a5o

6upo6 66J"d $oir ?:{od 5rg.c-6r. "d6: esoS'dd S8Ac0"s.


dSoo e"5 Sgnoo.c3 5116$ $$ Sgae.aod eoQe6od8 eseco S6$.
era c$$36go. eoor:d, er6 erldSo eood 5rg6o $$ epoAgoo,S$:."
qo6:5: deip6ean aog.oEd epSodro dad ag als$6 $oS
ss$6:dsg 5;$o5:od 5666*5 da6$$ ep6e6odB Sogs e(rdne
esd$S r$$da"6r. el$;68 es CirdrQ S54S?r$, ;1"5i:or: S6g5od
a$$oflu esd$S *OS:q1$ tr605ooSa&5 R:6no6o.f Sr:o6$af;e.r$B
6€e4er46, ee6.a5.aF eooA6oou6l.

6a esSn"fF$ SOeoirQ J5r45n" esoSp doOdo. 66ard $r.6)


6agnole.r: ad epin ip$fu5 ege6$& eas8d$ R:.o6n65o eaSdrer:
5 I 3:o6. eg s- o od 6 3,:. o5n 55 S o6d: s 655{0g 5: O o6 pU 555 o6: o rn
6n
dSoa. s65S(O; 6o"6 3:.o6r+6:q:m ;5rO;, eres6oC3 oic.r$B
65: bunoeQ $g 5:"6pdKr:$5oS 50.1o6. 66;$n 5a Sp"SoSg es6.
J5.J5, ed5 3ro6p SOAE Co"6, S$";piroS: r$go arp6p6r
ao6:ertr6d*. ap.6&o6r a5e $$ es$o.poSgs6eoo da g"5fr$. epor:d
6 {y5XFSB 2002 u6 ttae6 e$SSd J$g6oef sero Bpo6. ea6d:
6erf ;$5o ,55:6eo - &68:&*6odd aUS# ifddoO*t;,
Ro55;$35: 5>c- es$ 5dog6 816 Aer C6rboa6a.

*rl.*
t20 e56: $eSs
65orp 1971d ee6.A5.JFg, u6'*ouB $605 esSn"fFS @sr6o
es

*5+; S$rB r$6 o0 5 es d 5 5 u> ;$165 groo. erb; 6€ ;r 5'*ol eoCo 6: aw6 $
$f,:$5;ero"55 6 eiro$od Sra- u6'?oor: aod aoa6:. ade6$F65
6:.16o qB eg56ee $6SES &iro6o wdS e$oa"6. pn er63S>
eriu3$Se.rd: es0{r"6- eofl@o5:5gr{u. eo54& S:o$ egoS:S 55966 ea5:62er
@6o0oa"6r.

, ;p6*or: daUod ;$8rdo $16 6:0oo i:SE geg6:


nae4er463
daUu. "eo6c aolp56, es 55$o 5gS65o o$ Eq:Ku. ys, SS> $of6:
56i"O So.. $S:$go 65; t$S e"5405 5q:69S Be;OSa". $of$ ex>
$6$bo esod s$tepd $Sdar dS r{Ugo &:om0;od"n8 eooX6>
d*S"a5.
;:.6*oo Jer *6:6god &g b6no6 C6o6od 65 oo"S; epo50
5:r oflQoad cah{r s:dS ep3g s6eeos>.5rbo'5}n"6:. eror:d,
g6 w6eao
e"€ a-6r pdto::s esmodo6d6iFdro::. epdalood -
5o erdS
S:dE ao6 &6son" +5?:oa: fuf co*ss66:o1, +€*o${ es6(eo
5g erod:S6: epQ5r$:er ?:Onir66:oX6. so1!S uo6$t': ao5:eo 6ir,5
epodr6: : "es $$d ;r6'?:oa: ,q.6god6 SpoB a$p6ufo.
"Sld
esd65 Jod eg6.a5.a5;r6o.r:u a66 &$o51esd6$ 6SBs a$S6eor:."ae
pn" od'f;oa:g 5:edr"S 566 d6r$S6o awm EepKu. es o{eoo SrdEd
df:. e"S$o a6;of, ?l5.8.6il a5$oEr: ee5oo5:od u€*or:
s653,rQ5; $LSs. $Er"das3 $:"4ec65:f a4oXO. o"od +€*oa:
fi:dd+ dE66 dS aog. aoSro e;.83 $So a6:6'5rQoX6:. Bood 6:;:.
Sr4e.:6 eg8:, "$5> 5S ffsd6o do$tlou?" epC ep&n c$. "Jo6 e$oSo
6:od!" erotu" ud?:or: el $r4ec6 Jd4e6.50 J5.$. 696'Sra- e"56r0c
eo0,r6: : "$o[u 6g&5o $o]65:oo66d p6'icoo aep $Qb6on"
6oc,rt5r. eroS:Sg So[r $oue$B $oaoQoOS 5 Sdd ss +6f:oar
aoXUod esd65$ oflod 56de 1$dSSorp 6o0uo6."51

ar6o;o6 t2t
qep a{)dr" $edrdS, $er:t{:od$:65*6od 6o6€co p6'foor3
Hrc- a$$. eooos5p68, esd6s +$ds", $oEudsn sa;5:o6d e$r
a"gls 5:"16$ epC pAQSJHTF SS8:odut$. Bro6r ew&06o5
$i5ar$od &ago65o6orp s$$n"ood 6 o{eao *er ep5$6o. 5
$oddlod$o::u 6$ e65 sfd6od ego6:S o62gon 6o&iFd:p6
do" Buipo SD6;$$S 516335"6r. ee&"65 S$:S5 e{06:od i"g 65
o55d adaooSbA, Xrese6 ;1oar5a$o18n" Sdo$an6 8oflo$
b5:oSrod5r ap6'?ooo ad Cpuq epsoo0o*6:. arSed 5:665 eerfr
J5gdoadS es0tldr0B egSoSS $66 ed6od, osB B$ver i$d6o
Srgrd doadS:oe.:r fu&Orfr:ob dr.A d*+6:. ag6$oEr: io.3:. emr:$
J5.J5'. iFo$ p6g 5r"60 a,S AirdnQl$6$fD$oeal" ae er$g6 : "5r
ego6$ A5y6r 6:6€5 n"OP 63:po;tr$;wo$
'5pf:+6:. Jo65rSu, Sr66E
n"(> Jerdeperd $r eed6q. ao66{6 6$rsdu6:. aS Bu6e.
'563o
5;5uo6! sSrB ($g) $oooaod $;$sger: Sirago 5r!..."62

$0659 6 6SPS e"oOco ;no5r565 o{eeor eqlc-$B e6eoo,


$oErd ego6r$ 5dgr"6d df$: epo0p6r SffS aSU;S:u:. hasoor*6g
dd.sod 6rds$ $o[r:d 66ssg 8{eo src- ro6" &g dc ao66:.
$o[r:d $*68 eoo5o;5:$5;o* 5-6 **o (t66$58, 6SOd65g,
6JOddD6E) €{eoS: 6"q$b 6oa-O; *$o$ $5o6:o*55 $oF: og,5Q

6"0^n" dQo$sp
E)
6oa-o.53 qoSr6r esdSr$ (XD665) $0roao S{p56os
6o65>.5a

$dE eg6.J5.JFg, as55o[D3 6r6on 6o0cr 5*J6.


eeep LgS)orF

sc, $$dS doa6. JS365ooru u6'i:oo: 66o6 63 $g o65P#


o$e$S; egdd aod *(u. a"5 66C eag5p6 Cao6red 5o6o6r $$
eo{g{:eo soos 51665 $6:$oX6:.uu egS6 eg6$cnpd, es&6
S6{5od }gd 6$ 6r"erg uen &er:go0oo6$ esSoi}.$.
sS aOEo6 d6:.

1e73d e6'$or fsod $$ ,6f*en er55p$ em"55 ?:Ur


65en6od3 6o.;o6. eoodt SdE e"54$on &E ooXU:.

L22 SSdr $ebe


erbp6d eo.55 eaSS{ $qbserrn, 6,9 a:fB6}oec5 EpqS p635rn
a{6p68 }gd erc5:S5oX $coOP rper 5:o6 6ox6. pn eso6$5l
$dS epod eo$f6orn 5r.He66OnS ;$S& gP6; o'ud d5fuS'o" fffJ
e6gt-5$no Se5$$6c s6:; 55So eaSr6 &ego6:ed $oQdr erd
n'S; $aw$(ee 6o eoSrSrt$ Src- y6:. eg6.B.ergJdA* gS sS.SdSw
a"S alr:"o Ss8ooJ e.5 $5nit56 ero6udo. 5166g q)bd "ere5$ a,S
adg$r:sds 69.. oo"553 65 So6 er0@o$ornc, igl$65on s d45."se
ere55 $$ eodg{:em Co6:&:o5c-SB 35;$6n$ n-6p sp6ea5:o0:p 55r
df: - a,S;e Uq.
1970 6d5o es6odo il.63 ero"55, o6'i:or:er 1}ea&16rpdFdr.6r.
SrfF frDa.p$ ire.:y0 o6'*oo - sldqPh epoo$ eour5s $e3reSe
ewrn es$56odo6:. u0p$6r 50$ $sa5ro3 Eflo$, $56.0 &Sug,
troAU $doB Bd**.u'6 $6ooq:, eoflo SoXer6$orn eoe55o a,S
eaSosrdqn 6o;af, god:6;o 5:.c- u6'too,r: dEoda.O. es da,,o pB
e"6 aSSofu uo6$u$ e.56:, "+6"iroll eoe55$ a,5 ipo6:5rCon 6odr6
dog:a-Cg Joi$$S; e"5 ;5r:q>5e6eeo 5&>0cod ere55 $o0 aofliu
5rgdo6. eodgod CdsS5dtu6c Era-. pn" ego$S dS$dg nOO 6$g
ir6d eobe65ldo6o d6:" eooee6:.

ao6 (rQ6on" do66:. eed$S ouo$:$S;dd f:gn"S


S1665 6r"eJ
eo$$6r. "ero'55 e6'*ooB *er $Qb&t'r. egoS:SB So6 $g$65o
eoo0.:r S5:df:. esd653 er63Sa5$o Src- dr55o"68

eoo"55 e.S SQBr66d ASopS ir.eJOO : "$$d o.aSo6.Sdarq


ec$ 5"&S$ ro. $o6$o1eo-So$6$. b6 RH ab6ot{ ${f ea8osr
6$u5&er droS eSdSo p5: dfi. a,g i.$3 o6$fo sa"ood Jo6
t$ewS(ea 65; oo6r5:65or:e, 6s eei$d6o ep5$6o 5rr! sS, p6'3:or>
ud er$u6 - '$65 6 o{eo"Q 656n" &o6o dKu$+O."
&$
em$53 e$6{ 65C a}S$;63:6o eoe55 65 a6ro: So56
65r:qpo *5 aff"ooa6:. epo6:d aD66 66: o"a$r6 sao6rrd
SoQdr. s$, erBr 86$zoo$o6. oer &6$zoo55iFd cg& cpasrd s6.

arfiopo6 t23
&gS eea) epo6oO$ *5o5g, eg3> fo JSyd 6A'65{ 55AC
&>o0ir6oto6. (1986 e63 eg& aoe Jod JBho6.) JoSr$ qero6
A.g S56oJe$6 a$ida s6:? 6156;3 Ssrq"$on 5Kr:o6o. ed e.5
06:5$5 $$56:o6. 65 $e$s o6: Sf;c 666e &rlrgr$o;, J6EoSB
o"$o aQS; SAd ?:S, er& esoeDo6 : "6n er$:3moB ad esoo0u.
epods-s..." esobJ" do dupc Eoo eSo &ssoer:sgePn'eo6dac::$,
"6 esofta: EJ5,r"os

ea:SrU SfoX€ eoo.55 $$ e#5{:on'JQHdr56. 1973


eoer
h13cbo s.SrJE 6r*'s$dd eoo"55 SoXr6:sQ $$ tS56oSo6. acinre
a:S$o[u ]$3 e# e#5od €oSpS $d. Jo.5:Sod, er6g& $od ]$d
aded SdE odrts$o, odf:o::-ere55o PL6o$.16 Eu5oq::o6.
***
1973 $EDSO 9-11 dAod s.Sr;6d aSSoEt $fFSd a08o6.
&:6e ${g"n S S $X,s$dg Snc.5o"ptgr Cedoo6on ae0noor:. }gd
ttc-eO; 66Q 5o;SSSoS 50;o6.
BH RE o.o5r6:q: Sra- tF806er5>
e8{5o 6666 ss6oJ }ss +5}6dqd rSS:"q6.
adeS 6:dE {r"c- e $fs$de *Fa6d:5e }$ uo5:S65o 6;{
53:"o$o6.60 $$ Sado $;Srdeer SuEeS a3:.6o6 $d a6n -o3 6o6.
epero6 5o66pod $dB ;5rot5: aons &$ 55r"J.5od 'ade6'a$665
&gd a6pdoc$ *do $6l5geQSo8ce8 dos:e.:o'6oos &$ uod:555o
srdEs @8;ooo6.61 6 SoeeS:o 5r66Eg egodds 5onooo6. &$
;no$S:p$ o6t:or:, ere55, apedod $ftFl eg6.J5.JF 6SC
So6$oa ep$ ego$$ eo6g(r ESds46:. egoS:S ep0tlo6:od &$ el6>55gd
556o8 JQS a6n"0.'erero6 iFfoS rdS*" JQS eoSA A.g Srfs$d
$d:"o.'u'
ag$Soflu +$ 5:f eg6.a5.J5 665{ erQ665o 6o56o63 egoS:S

ed:t$$5g.6. 8g.o f,or565n eofo esfpao6 s65562o Co6:r'$ser


ee6.J5.a5 a8:p$$ a6:rt65;o6r$, ee s6g662856n aSSoErr

L24 s56: $eb8


ed6:5e5C3 e6u agoeuo"6 v6$ ql$Qile6$ esd$S 6J"6o;nl$.63
5r66gd * esfl&d5ro SoXc-sB a"5 5d5d BgES sQ deeoser
s"6ea;tojp5or. es 5d55tuerod - 1968-1971eood 5u6,: ${a:oec6
caraSspf t$aw0@o6 sd5od d:o"bPs ug6 eso66s5, 066
c-*, eA(reaC - a5$oflr:ds e$6 $56sd 58 e6o 51163: *bos
S5o5:o SotpUU 5g$eroa6s ESpo6. ScoOA 566od ee6.J5.JFg
SoaoSo dcpeb e.5rt5:(, 5rc- d6:.un
es dai, S5r"d6od aof5 boee"iro;6+e{f $fS eo"
i.g
epo€.r6: : "5r Srerq aS a:5r3O;;lu$oer a$f66:. dSoo 5r *6caon
Sr$oor es$$ofud dUc-cg a$66e.:o dar. fuA edusr do$ero
$o06... erc 5{&rnUu.'65 Srqrgom o6'?:or:, S:dS edo.S:. $Aperc
$e6:.uu esg{irod GchiFo:r5 51668 Bo€;d ss'l.36 {rd 560
B0;ir6oo$:sox6. Xo665 30;ir6S6o esod $g ;6o0 ae656orn
apiFserd: eoS er$o dfoSSgeg6.a5.a5 t35*65 a"SUu eso65B a,6 So6s
a;r.;6: : "5 eofl@d:.od &$ 58dco':eco d6:. epo6$r"le$ 5po6?
5A fS"da* 6"9d:J $6$ 6o65;5:;5e!" er5";656;$o0 Sofs. (e.5
6ago 66ee-{ eedr"66 $Io$g siro5ood }$ Cq.Sod AdaooSo66:
p6'*oa: a3rig6ea6: hiOySoS 5dJ6.s-C, egdd:S eFo56$& es $;5FSee)
$oS S$A:oJd6:. erc5:Eg a:3,rQ6o Src- a66de5:.) vS SodE
o5?:oue>o6 XDsBr v5:. eo5:$ esdAod epddar s5r36 560 69
B0tFd5r"6. Sr85o5r 6 i0ee$r"Sr &S.6on e@or.t'

eg ${ @6o{o"t, *55{ 56& $oO 6niF6o$tr eoe,:d


6aar ar8r6od
OSs6 ;rdfoor 65 g$o6od ade6'$dg *6rS 6+S{f" &i$62o:
r$8:;oat$. eo5p8565: o5568, 15S:S{ea3 5p6:?:6:n" 65; a$$o[r:
$gd epero6 Soee;bo eso6$5Do6 J$gtf:" a:Ofl aoddS:. "$$ e"5
es8e6 Sofn $peo$ 5:ff5 e-54d eo6:$o0r:o16. asS$oED ep8u6
$gdr,$6ry6 $gd" v6. ;loodrB6v 'Jr(r$oean 3d;5:d55rfo
$$ co"so. sB 5$ sQ. $SE d$o er$n" 6sd* $$ Snc- s'5:"68
$dS $6rp5's6$40{y o6?:on }g 516 6$ 5arL6 ae:orr da6:.
arde6oA 125
eo$36565r &gd epo6t!" 3$er 9r5:5:4o{.:r$tr er6'53$ otr55 *6C
a3:"6o6on S &$ sdd o6.i:o: $56oa.6:.
eo65$en" eg

o$p6 s;1r35 $SrdaoS: $sap$ $pia:oe.r 56S# 6:ar.5B


SoBS fr"65 i"6E Spc- a,56:. pd'?:or el @Ee.:S doSrn"d S{d iOJ$
$;o55S esosoS r$Qd(u6:o€ar BlJ6 : "epo66r &5 OoXO... cFcF
(ero"55) ercdrp @ew56ee &oBS o.o5:$t'o v6:. epo6d el 1S5u:5
CSrpS $6d soe sd3$>odrg6)"6e $3o65 'Jrb u55":oo 65 1$5o6o
ee

0596, "6 dar 56oe 's€c6d' erctr:oa(u. e"5 dav 5d 'ero"55d


oe55d' eroe.p6:."?o es der $fFSd tuno6d s{ eo$g[re *do'd
oe55 Sr$rc-6. sero6 a3:"6o65dd eloS:S ;5rS.6€co a(rue esd
8D663"0. &$ acruo 6>oos, u6c S;5r${f J56 5s 5nS"a-6 eo$g
${rdpo 6oo$ 5 a.Sg Sodfro 46508 S6oSroa- eso6$ 5$g(p$
1$$or{o de6:. fi:qQ665o Seror$S; }OF.SS Sq*, 6t6$S
S03c.5e6oi5r ego6$ $86on" Ca$02oe6." e56dr 6q66d,5 JQSe:
X:6o0 6*e{f,er JQSo {rgir5E, tFu6}6Q u6'€cood: esS SFc-
oe55 1556otr6. 7' OSf 5ug'or:o$rn eoe55 $6'g 6r"er$"4' eooXUu
: "o{5$or e5.5r;, 8F5.5r3. sS, J5;68 5:$ ;ro$S:t5 epecd OSs6
p6't:or:d:.""
* $g $aSpdaep e-S Cs16p5 6oeea5ro$ Soheou. a5$o[r:
$$ ereepso Xoo0 e053656$ ")Sgt'r Jc5:6$5S a"5 So$eQerbyCo er
$$ i6:e4oo6oa. SfprrSwsod pots so@S $gd J5o8 15$sSea"
.X6go {d5ro 6o66:.7a ec, a$;r6o a6$oEud 6o$s dA. +$
PS$f
a,56:no, 66od $$ o66$errn 65;55956 [55:€{ea"r565 6s$Sers
5s;5 SoSdo s6. ee6.J5.AS po6S:or 6ra- a5g aSSoEu $$
asgdfoo 5$6 adedlbdsc "+$ 55ad6 e655<nlo6: $op6c65g
5"6eaop $r"6 SoS6Seo $er: J"$ i$o0 abig0o0o6."?6

6 $6eesro ee553 5:s$5o 5oflooo6. "$6€5 n"o 5a Sea:


ac6rgQ$ 6erOS SdiFdr.$"76 sod.:p 653 erQp$ $555 o"5 r(:4" 566
oe55 uiFdr6. $F6E ood oo"55d$ sgads6 da:. sO6S s{o6od

126 CS6l Ss"6S


5o SoUro eo{B eoo"5Sd fao $b aod, ae> $odsoda spdar.66e6
d*f S:dE eer eKuS:oX6: : "6F6't)oD, ec.er$:r"6'dSUFu: gOC
ero"55 6ao 5:5 S>oo 6:$8 t:o.1, SSg eaSor:ori. ir65 da6:. u
eo8o6, daeng 565:A6o $de6. eoe55B i56$,;5:$aoo 60& 6od
6a Sc dsod+A s6)."77

***
$$ $o0 ode6'6:965 a5r.ad. 06o6 Src- $$S
a3rfg6ea.56,
560?r€ Bgepdr.6. ergef &d5eci"goo5:od 'J66sS, p6&d6)
a65d{n SsdS, eaEAngGS 5*3Cr: ipo6. rgzr66J }g eg5{ 6dsB
e6'i:oard ifd
fg'U:. "iFo$B SoEr: So6"6d 6od aroqner eorg:
og56eao, Xee"oyo $65 EOd66. es5$o[r: s65S{$ 85 .a6o
$o{u$bg5o 65;ofl. dSoo 15 a6o SroB 5rg63: Soflud $oeco{odc
RFoB e>o6 edp. em5:5 Jer Re.r56o5$$ur6?"78 eo$ t58ro*t5
n{soo"*65.
A5fopgai"qrTd6 ir65 66o6 $gd So{soOS u6$65eF6s
eoQ6&o$ 1973d e#g{:6drgtf o5*or. ego5r$ af;6 (eod d.5SD6',
(up$ea5 $5e) 6US{:8 63:po0, e$ e{9ir606"56. }$ $6noeos
$6o3sc SsSSSilo J5o5g. p6'*ooB epdL6@ eSS d6:. 65 6sgc
*$ S6:$o$el esdSr5 5pKr5:o0uod;v.6. $giarcod er$f6one
6r.ge66on$ $d:gd udf:oo3 aSytir e-S esd(lse psq.S Jo5c-s3
@o6:6;o S*ar6:.

$$ $o0 o6e55:6EB abig6ee Srodr aw6o6e5>o Sd t{:eanq


ao6:i:?:$o6. ed -'Sofd o656C Jiy& S0;Sgo wC55(>'. 655d6r'6
6$q"5d6 fr65d $Ler aeo8o6s ec6e5 $66E ersse;on" egdfea SbS
6Uuo6 ero6$c $$ $oo a3:"igoo'5trsg 5 5* 5$o6. aBrQ6a
ego86 66p6 ess $earcaod $p"6ap5 S;r>ererorn',5rboo'(u.

6
5d5od$ foir" e.5 ao{r65on" ;1roo6. ;n€?oo::-oe55er
1968 S:os 1998 56$ J'g o{5g[ 55e 6$ doo: ewo086:oa-

ar6o;o6 t27
'd.i'
.5nir6:oX6. 5r65da"5 6o6c SoS6Seo: 61163:516:; $e.rd(>so6.

p5d s5o doSC g"o.JS eeewJor)ep aod eorw5S $$ er{g[ S5a

iloa:3
Q
J66c-sB e6eao e6'*oo 61163:. 6 5o683 eoo"55 5;rt3r
$60epd6.
***
aSSoEud o6T:or-ero"55o ppe J6:/u6Sg eoodS es6.45.
JFd o"o$565o a$0o6. 4e6ry6:er f.lbd nt*S.a6 awspirdrSerS>
ep$e,6o ad; Soe6d eoo56r esd$SC e-5 6o@
B:"oe5rb&ai"6. esoDd,
SoB ?:($sev 'ln$6. SJg66 eaSoJpood ego65$ nB6:. 33
$o56peo &e:> troflu 66r"o$ 5&SrS d*Sra6 (t$6r"d) 1973 apsd
eE6.6d *5536 5g ;$6e6oo6:. $fse$ tuar5;$o[& S*F epSSS:oa
eag8o5, ;ro$6:oc epoe ego6:58 Co6o6;oJtrCB 5a;6:.7e SQ
$o553eo 6Cuud u€fcoo e$ nael5o46d esd65 $6e8od ;5uo6:
da:. 6&3:5 {re"%.r{>6$(D6roe6.'o d:6 a5$3 $oo6: 6oc,:f $.c-
66r"d 65 So[r: S>e,r:oeco 6oo$ egd.:S da6. p66.6d a0n5
erc6513o$f 30 doa$o6 $coO6 S5o5ro *trSe:: ego5:55: 6:5on"
S*e6o0por6:.8' eS: SoF: &6Qn 6S" 5u.6 6a6no yood -
n"o6d ir6g 66u6 $od sso $0r: E6ESwo 6oo5 bot5r65
sgnoeQ - esd$$ Sfl aw&oS: 6o6odB &SSSa;O.
erc6:5g 66r'd 66ud J56: $oEu bfi.* SfgrO; 50.1o, er6
;$oo $$o6o. $o{r: $noS:gd 65 iP666, e$"eb dfUSd J"ea:
ewer$::"d'dSAS 65 d&6$oe $o[rd ercB6;$dr6fu. SoEu
]65
woo 5:o0, $oErd edraodo 6$;aer srea:oawg.rnS dfU5o S>euoaro
o"F6'65: 3o65 dX6 gu.Xr3ea:o. ee is56r066r. 5o&C rep
esoB6q*$o.f 6edS5o"S. a.5 So[u $*6E Srerf B];ood - ";nHB
a.5 io{d
@
Sert$6$ 5o:g5rB$
- r 5Odo5:6o Jerha Bq:Kp. oS^SSd
3----
f"l$d Begss fcS* S:S>(pq:...esod, e,5 65on" a.$ eo8oi,
ao6:$er er5$t$;." $6.5 15*65 d&64*O epo0.r6: : "5o[r pbo6$

t28 SSdr $eb8


w655erlo 5>5 q)A ?:$5:56:, ea8o5: SoeairOg 6"qn" 6BqSr"
5r9,6$do - erc a.rer$:r"d d565 ed5Sod+6. 6 ceesg 66r"d
6"qrp S6>fo."82 epods6>, as$oflu $X,sSd$ af,aoO ($$oEoSS es6.
J5.JF i.6O d$65 e.54d. e,ero6 tr6$ &Ssc e"5 s"{ a,6SBB dSUS
es6r5em5:.5Uu. a$$oflr ;$o0 a5e5 XD$SS ar8rig0o'5e.:od Src-
dSUS 8erS$gd bbo+(u. e.6;a$ecC 3$;ood odt:qr:, erur5Ser
epn"d dsrsd gra- e.5 eo8o6, dq aoa*.

esel 1973 o63 aS$o[D, es6.45.")F oo5:5e5u: dSoo S6no6


+5renm C:6e.:5:oc-, o{e560 6rQo0 655Qo'5e.lo @6ofloo6. L973
i$oO 1984 56$ e uo5:5:q:5$ 6$ fof%.g5ea"Osa$orn a"5 S$$
$6oC SeSJqp 5a".16.

a546 e.5 es$$56 ciroS:o ao6. a"SSf 656dr"6 6&pgo6 aow


dCoo aod...? esd$S $oED $60 f;$o $o0 naeqo46$ 63:;oS aod...?
ade5 6rd5 eoo"55-u5?:or:er3 es5e6o a555:oc- a5$ofiu
oo$So"5Q d*S4ot$s$ aod... ?

eseP as08 6oe 6od...


qo6e n"o6n S6no656on" SgOdSoJc-Sg $5QSO3 6od;n$.
a;5wd $:6EE aS$oflu ]$c &ssaAp $55o16 ]gd a0so ds
6odu$. eroS:Eg e"5Sy6 argo6:o aw&orr56eo0, eegd6eeo 6$>C
SSOdBoO *S*J SbeBS $S:$oSS ep8+5 $X'6gr.ertu 563& aod6.
6:dE a"5 &6of 3ro6r i8oa-d $r:ot5r5:5Q1 eee"65 a555rQ
S83:oS 6od+Uu.

ee4O6orn ee &5$o Srodp ew&06o6 d.erg er$d5n"Og


n o5:564 aodA. ao6erno$ l3565Q Spo5g SOS a"S RFfTOS 5r"er$n"
ep66oo0 aod6. esd +6?:or:Sra- 65 $$c erd 6,En aov S6on"
5&3:o0 aod+6. 5Ee I"970 5d5o $dB eaSdroB 6fl5 woo
s6:.

arde6o6 t29
esaDil a.5 135s{e 3}3ood, ?:$>a&oo sgSf3 $965 ao;s
5:66, 36hn-n"o$o 5>f erc$S 1f6g[ eoSo$ cr&, a]op S;$62o,
erdroe-a[ror:6 DFeo$ 5o6 ]e.:o:...a$fo 66;ro8 s.ood Xoerg
s5}C Jpao. (2016d $665 5ciFor566 o SSq - $p56:ogs
Sdogan6 - 6s3$ Bpd adeSSSS SpUdiro S{ $+G6oo3ou6.)
aw6 epd 5S3^ o"aSorod aan qr66s 5&3:o5c-$3 aos eo:6>
6egno vero 6odno - ao6emo6 dX o"aSOrS eo6go6 d$5:o6ps
;b3ydn" aat aoa. es& 55 ea8o6: daUoC a.53 fod 6$;5;88,
so1f,S $$3 6asnfUea 5116o 6f;eco til6od;5:oo:o6.

1973 o"63 6ef{ $$od Boa foo $o$ po"S e"5 pedgo
3er9o6. a$5of,u $gd 6$ #dcr6:oJ..**b,
o.o6:$srn a6rXr6SJ
e5*or:-ero"55o5: es $OBS a66 15S6{ }$od dU:q: So$c-CB e"S
ep5y6o 50po0o6. OSOB +gi$5:5; il65o uf$ erQo0o6. vS,
eoo65oa;$:o6: o$ cr$$$o verp6 S{ eri${SotnQ $S;o6.

***

130 S56: $e$s


ery"gO5ro -b
S",oDno6 ;r$o soeoe)) (197 4-77)

@6E tS{>e5SB 55&d5on }56og55 65g5: ewsoeD Jnbbt$6:$g


d*f s-o@S i.$ daodn ers;S>eer:,S:ero, T{ler:, @o&oirepoe:
SpQa-de6fu6B &SSfo; ltse&o6.'$56ogdgo 50;5 6Uuo6 36hr"
es656god so1!5 +$ dA $e3eao *61516 "eeo56r 55o w+0" ers pB
BEp, 3oB P*d 6:oou:, 6lel,el, @oeo+6rn €"e,D erSo$Q
6o5r"6rdfD$o6.'eag8o6: CAA$6, ep6l5 Sfu eo65o65o 1$s6o, &
sotsg dxoC $o,5:6 s656f 6s;?rf8eo solgo"drer Sror:"go;
o"od so@S &g JSJSgd 565n" A.:{r" 5$;o6.3 6eer:5n6:$15g5r$,
S5:; 6:et' $.a- &o"5$o6:er ?:6:i$6:SgS$ 6 J.SJ"€5 Sgffd
?:{Oso 6ed, S6OiF6r 50;o6. cr0 (Sap5o *o1!5 d.0r: ergo6>
eaSoJPer5:5 Spc- $&o6.

516615g J"Sr.sS SOB6:f e6&duer 6$ 651 3"6r"Sg 60gg


5fi6m aod $$od S6e.ro @6ofloaUu.ee,3ro6:go: a;$So[ud,
$$go: ery055d, 6tud:o: 606 Su$;Gc 5a6o (&iS:B) $gd
doln"o. ogieasSo6 SCur{:o $n cB 6n$$rrn dAod 36nr ccp56
esO5JB d6o $otr:$6,:5r 503o6. S"{66XF ea8o6r* er6od$>drgoar.a
aen sg[ ]$o es0ep$o, S{ ea8dre, 6o66533o Au$du56}On
1967 JUgg6 SCa:oOo6. epd er aQSf ao6en'o$ e$w6 d$C
do6?:$o6.
gq"$$o@ eo6erno$ 6a 5163$ ercA6ooo, daod 16aw$55:g
KDA65 $tro 6SoOOgoS 6oc-Qo6. e$, epe, So5:g:oa- eg$ 6 f€eQ.

ar6o;o6 131
S:ood 866 $$06. eso6$So 55 i"g$ 65 1356g$:og awo
5-03o6.
Sg&d6:o:rn fu95 drooa. *SoSg,o ep5>Sro S6ser 5&3:o6. 5erU6
oS
qoeo 65 6.eo s.&t'1$5e;o.

1970 565od 5U3eS 6a eaSo$ erQ66$ $;!.6o erct$gs a5;


esps SgSf 5:"c- .fpoa. eeQg ap?,l S55&o5:o 5l5 esa"658 6$g
e.66d.Jod $6$ 566e)) Sod&os, er05a5o as;F+Fs ?:fogodg
3$eoa:.u a"Spb 1971 ip6 616; &B$5 sSDg ($55o1-6 aogr"65
esse66o) ltsetco q:awu$: qr$ dboa. Srdp6 $o@;$o; tF65S
epaa5ror:9,rd 6o6bo 5g a63Q 5&iFor:o6. 1956-1972 sooC dXod
S6:d56 $6:$5 Sr"6g 516 e6o ?:0ho6.6 e-54 1973dS - eob Sra-
a,54 d'oeror:dd - fa;o6: So $3:3o agotror:.7

6od)
.ft': aoaen o6 o"OC ;bEod
es&66 66.-soo S53"6er.Sg
eeps{o drooa. egar 65 S5od6:ogserg$adpds 6o$e 1974d dXod
e"5 &66:arou5: 6o6o 35o
O
dSoa.

**rr
a556d r$ae5d So.5S:er $&3 So6:e.:od Ufg $a:3aeg
1974
58o6. 1973d es*F6 qnogo 66q: SS56on ?:0fiFbe,:o 5g eo"5{:e>
g)u Ser:er: a,5r &6oat5: SerCd 40 a6o ?:0fl#o6ror:.8 der6 5ro6
$sSer
so"56:u: c6SS @562$eD do6cro, es $5625o fuf ipbso 53$?:$e^:o
955:on" o"$odc so1!5 $A$55 5god5 SSeo$ o"O&eor:. es 1;3662Sf
5o55:o63 pre 50ftsdr6. $r"6 3o ;bo6ee &6Son" n"o5:$gr6.
JSArA do $o6Bpn" eodfl rdr66.'606on" 197a a5r6.1d r{:ae6d0
wo1flS t6#:65o edrl";5r dA:"qSo3o6. 6 Soea"$od L*6ea &065
$fp6dC eo'g$:er 5rc- er54& so1}5 g5{>e5SB Sged5on 365$
@6625o: de6.
er .655;$o @6o{od 6 $5625ofo 6$ $6g$>o $oo5u$ 5:1ec er$
ao6erno$ es6abo$oa. sS, er6 Sago w6S 656n d dOiFooo6. ao5:6
S:o0 '5r{y5; }$ur a66 Sgro$ er 66g$ro J56r. l$daoSSoc-S

t32 c$6: Se6S


aflSg @oeg6 au;sgpods e{$6efo6. sQ o6ar$$ sa a55$nQ
sotflS$ 55ed5on 58SpUo df:e o"$flord a"d scruB 655a$ $o{r:o
563&o6. (1948d ptr6oSa&$ ee6.J5.JS B $o46pSon" es0o qp66
co$B roAS 56p8o6.) e eo"gQ foAS il$S456 ognl$$E o5r"5510
SoE ;wo5:$o.f S6oer 503:, 65Bcr;{o Jero6 Sepd6o, 1$*6o d$oa-
665510g ESSSoo& ae:ono Se&Q" 50;o6.1'

66od
AXpAd SoSpS eg6.a5.a5;ro5:$t' nacoer6g a"56.
s.ood eso6$ rgsg,t99r $65g05 aqggs e6&oir a5e $$ tF*6
&6ggo 53ro*6:. i$ae6d 6+t>6S Sgads s655 @5625o $6S5o
sra- eg6.i5.J5 w6g5{o d6rfg Ef$6ooo6. ere> esp6 655s: &6S5o
s3:"oo5 8o55s*d
e)r6
e.56 soEr $a"65 sdo@ o"3156o"5 4r.6."

e0616565r ;5oEud 15*68 5oE 8o5&Ldf $59 3.rot5:6d


5sB:od +6:. ec, Er"6 6o6(Fd6od r$a:e6d 516:; 5$?ooso6.
Ei$5a85 5yo$ BoBS 316 a"5 d;"OoSraSrc sd)$. (eS: o$;$ydo
*6:oe>$ er$ aS;68 BJ"6 665on" 35y$o0::oer.6.) JStudg
5o5:r3spd - 1957C - Sdo$BrA $o[u .ape3 E$odo6o. 1972eF
ep6$ 6"Qeo5 $a65ri" Co6A:6:6oIrJ6.t' S:$se3rno$ ir63
aoh$6yCo sS, eg 66:o6 ctresB $o[r 6:p5$pt'r sc o'a:8oiro $H
eg6.J5.J5$ aod c5r:q:5 ar'63 aod$5:. B0*e;od 5d6fDgr.c'dA:.
ero6:5g, eaSdpo Sg s$a:o6 65g w655{n" do", 6e6$5aroer:od
$6yob 65;r6Brn esd$ b66d6:. o"sB dA rgZad aons eo"5Q
66gXoo BFAC eo8o5r..rfg a,S $Q$PS es0&drQ.'f,A$f 5s;o6.
o"$ t6655o 6q 5$d, eols$ $$ ao*r$6 Saro6 erdae'Sd an6
e{o dKoS:d er6eaQer 6555:o 5-03o0o6.
1974 ei6o6od a0h5 6a So'5Q 6555no$ qFUdd'EoC 46656
$o6ro $dr3er 5:"c'ddd;"5oo. 1974 $d fa er{o;$o63 E* pdS
w03$er sa:3 til6o0o86r." d'oa;l.o::d S6ipo'o 5OAn" 5::6 fes
s56OS tg&odr5 ewQS:o1oe5 6 6555138 uo$565o 53:"ow6:'16

a:.6o;oA 133
?,r66d,5od eesB{ Soa:5d ad56otr5OE65;$of +65 pd5o. pd5er
o"5ed d,t$oe &ou 555f r6:r{:el S{7" 6o0uo6. es eood pdsd
Scdbs &o56s5 cAA5r6, $e$o6 sss Ssoe,vdod - "es6 e.5
er6p6o. 6ad6od B]:*BD56J.On erQ w63S$ofuer 5OS pd5
a5gir0; Stloo. asn&oSfood ad56 Sgno 5856eaC es 655;$od
5r4o."16

er $$3 el66dd &o$s, e{5 Sgsfc 6.qn" {oflobds aoda.


s-S, ereJ" a:66d6:. esS&yercd eo6 Xo€PS a65$od qpdpiFo,Do6.
S0gds6rt'r C55.5o$ 83:35o"S @s6o, e.5 aop$ aw&o$$o eO35
$o(rorn 5636s (;r.e> 56$) er55$$536 adgd 5po 5g 6a 665;$o
[S$on" aofeStr&irsoro6.l? pd5 aO65r$o $d:3S ae$$o[r: 5r6orn 6o6.
eC, So"5{>o 665;5noB 5r15o 33;;tu5rn 6o6. 6r $OBeg y6eoo
J54&SS46
ffcS *o3So a$or$d rFS,p $os 5O;5 egdes: s6:.
ac 6'o. 6' S, 66 8.94 u fu5f; o 5 6p I S 5;: 6,r J erfld SdSSn g. q J o ;$ S oa6a

eperf,, S 6655: sito6:od Src- ap6'*or:555*roo*61. ao6en"o6.f


S6:n 6o56e$oX esa) e.5 i:Otr65Uoer 5$Sf,:efo6. es 66d
*6'fcor: 1974 51!:5d L66er5CS a-S 5:dg5r$ 6O&4o"QKrr$o*(u.
"ao"o6 a655r0g it60$:er i".ECS 565o.f epeo0$* $o66go do$ero
SoX, S{66o CtrSQ uo$$o$ $6";oaoq"er Soserp$56o g5ge50B
$ro06."18

odtcoa:.f S8dcooso$ af;fi sli erC5su:


eso65:6r:o5:
dQq6. 1974d a5.8. eoe55, ryop$?rd'df65, oo"d d86u6er>
SeJB ;wo$S:od Sr.gpdeJ.Sg Sfs6 aepO." o€i:qr:er aa6:$$oc-
u6 $f;:6r 5OS fudfr.or:d acrg{:o.f SOf 80nrr$. eobpr$ argi3
eo$$or:o6. ao6en o$ 1$aw66ea Sdfarg6o6. ir:qlSorn upd
$5o5rorn C6"SB 1$56259€3 tr;5:.1$itso6r6r. 5:e,dr" eeo6q. a"S bdn"
1$a6o $$o6.'o i.$ ffAd ;r6'foor: eg{(6@ qt +CB r{:6gdr$g
$$0$$6. eo$;d egoS:$S ppdd, K:p6:eag $5Ad iFdo.S
S$8:o;rUu. 1974dF Kolp$eag $54:3 uil.d ea5${ $ea: a*;Cu. eo$p6

184 s$6: Se$s


S(roSpoi$ r{:S$(r:5:oor }5&: eoo0.r6 : "eo6;$6 S51 uudS
S6656C o5tcor: ?r5;Ooat$. eoS4d p5: u6?:oud $$Sg
Bu5po6."2r ed'?:or: eoS 6.$a"5 6Iod dSero 65 +e36:6god 6u*Q.
$od f5o eedB cAArc; S65& Sr.erg8d
Sdga wc5:. a.SSo ad
esda6: oed : "$E fp5: upd EI. 50 $"$ 0*d p". $* 0 ese;d'd d
,wd EI. (as6wq.3r$l eF6rdQ;reo. u{B ag6 ao.$ d:Srf6E%o.
s-C, 0$oB es ?:6oe eser6'd s$QoXO).""

***
1974 pB a656rQbo6p aw&o6:e5:o 51163: a"5 S:Ssew&o5>
655$ron" 5:0*6S B6pdo. +e6; aos- esdg i:oa qo6e 6gOd6:O;
6pc- 65:d 6or$5:oa6. es 665e$CB a,6 ASJSShS ;ro5:565o
ep6$65r:o6.

1902d Srs6d 6Ss ao6:@sp,5;reo$e5 d,5 65a:oo5o8 'a.b.'n"


Ber:Ku. ego$S 1929d ep&6s'CC s$4s;5 oJy$Sord $os 5n6pdrtu3
5dga6:. egoS:$ 56c66$S 5ro6S, eo@5 +6 (pc-. ego$S RFAO*
3Ghr.S a$$du6r. ?:{oo"o 59+16: 6d566 Cd6o$d.6." *o6Q.
6pc- '5:66€j es5.aS.i5 6$p6g 8$3:$o6. 1948d S:*Fe3n o6
ir65B S6$5n 'esf;pa6' $1&5 segod6r.Sg ao6ec aons $662Sf
egoS:S Sra- $flSer ee6.iS.JF Sbo6.'n

"654 ry6&dr:t egdSS cq"il"g8$F e-5 mo6 6oc^r6o, a-S 5ro5$


doe.rt5r. q66" esQ565o $fo sg"f:d>o0.r6>" esoc.p6) .5o16eUr:t'1
p66da03 $56o165o 50.15 660;rd eod USpS
ea5:'5o$6:$."26
5r.SSg So{u(ea3 asoS:1f,e6 ;:"edS:ea 6:6drg6:. 1954d ego6:5
<r o I oJr eD 5 6da(u. 26
6*pald {n $os46 eao $S o a 6r r$ oa sg a5g5:"f
tt 6E" $floeo'" ad $xtre3rno6, es6.J5.JF 6rc- esSoos 3"5rr'3r"5
$S$o$6s seSo. epo6:d a:o5r@s6 peo6:6 1960 565o SSpa es6.
aS.JFd a65$ aero6 s65U55rf Ss$E" 5o36r.28 1974 6:Sg soo
e6B ao5:@s6'ucpo66 5:0o6 ;rr66n ao5:e^:5: 5S3, So"5$ 66gi5no:,
pd5 Sa:3 5oB Soetl.;lFed graS 665;i:'CS 5:{6S*.16.

ar6o;o6 135
Caw$3 ao5:1$s5 o"eobeS$ BodES:oO a$5o[r S$g{fd aoa.
79748 $q.d aBES e.5 c6SS tg562$d iFO$ er6*$B ao5:@s5
peo6:ea5rc- fi:6dr56. eg 545:od:od ego6:5$ s$&S 55$ oed
d,55D6." e.66d6od 'roEH sf$o' s.aos aro6$s5 eeoS:s5
ao;S her6$ ee6.J5.JF ${6>ss3o6.30 ao6:1$s5 eeoS:6$
arep$?r6' d565, "sspao Sgg9, g*# 65; s;$o5:od ess
s-$de.rcB 60;5 e.5 drh" eps eofl$$odec{:.3r

ae>o6 $o{uecSo5; a"5 56d ao5:1$w.5 ueo5:e5 eour55,


u€?col:o.f, "il51 5: Sfrw6o sd0, 5U: p 6656:od $e0"32
esdo6$ eO&eor:.6sc eofpe $$ e#$:f,: i5'.8. ero"55 565$dr6o
dSS"o1A. eo$36o.s B.Sc 3 S64{on a$"$g5:66:$ $69[5*ns6on
ego5:5 5nd3a6r. eo5;6d esdir$ 6$ eo8o6, l{1616 eoe.rd 0$s6 ;r5?oo>
deg0; So0;a$o,$Soa6:. $Sa:oeerd 6O.5 68${orn a$5oft
6oc-0 eo$;;u"E5or: e#drQSnc- egoSl$ $55o dSSot.r:" 6ox6.
6a S0ee;5:.ofo -
Eu{o eso$$s,5 A55S:"Q. *g $6o5 Sf;o
56grn ao6cnrro$ eQ6$odot5:S: esiye0*Jor>. es3: eo54&d egdd6:.
6a $6gp6rop 665on 53$ a:$oa. 6O6on" 116 solf,S, ES:r5CS
io.8:el> 5OS, "eg6.J5.JF 5666 $6665 S"6q. Str0o*O"33 esoccr
qo6eno63 e"5 dq: ea6>. 6 dqrd - ero6$6uot5:565: a:o6$sr6'
Bo0c 65;- e0af* SSu'gCS $$ Src- $o65o d$o6.'n sS, ao6:1ge6
ueo6e5 'JOoJdc$. 1975 tu5€! aOES a5$oEu aw&06: s655f
S5:"d,aSB 5pa- egoS:S $sa:6o5rg6:.'u o"o"6 $op 3o $o6 $$
1$SSf:o: Ssap5 ee SSr.S.5od a:o5:@w6' peo!r6' Cf5o55on"
($56o46 : "as5$o{ud: e"S }S$ epor:dod, ao5:$s6 o-eo6:E6 Spc-
a"$*."'u
ag5$o[r:S 65 665$:od
5ep65r&eo5g ao6136e5 ir.eo5:e5
5$16o Sr:.erom S:6e 6S6{ }$* 6rc- egoS:S.f gOS
SCdo$.OJ50.1o6. p6: eo6$f,,: 56e5 boF ry6&d6, d565 i.QS

136 C56> $ebS


58i.6. $g 6{6qp66od 5g5$o6 66dnauo $So esr>.er6d
"
aw0,Sel, o.565, es3r6, 6>6n6 $ero5:
@e${5o 53:"od6.37 epo6$Sr:o6:
$55pp5 awi:so, 66pS 3ro616 esoDS ad SUcF SoE aqU6Sd.5d
a:S$o[r:d $6ro 5oi"6. s.S, a56oilr:d eg6.i5.J5 ?:{ue ego6s
dgos$dSlno$"6. ego6$ esd5r.e, 1979d a5So[r i$oo c&ir€dro"s.
Bao6odo"Uu.tt 5:6'g tu[6u: 06{0* }$. ercrud aw$boXod€ eo6
tlr6rg5 &eg$o6rerodu6. ag5$o[ud 5OS SCdd$c-SB a$Sc$6{
$Fdlg yoOS(€"). ,Slf o"SC &:6+6n $$n SDFS&S a"*9
daor:, 6466 5p$ s.o@S uo65:q: S666nodo6r. * 6Sf{ }$"fo.
gOS 1977d'a:So" $$'esd g:"e^:on 56;gro:r.

1975 ;:.6d 6a gr"er$g ep;.$Sro $S;rep 5$3:o*or:. es $o5636o


arsd r{:ae6d a0flS aSSSd iUSg6 S"{n 56;&$ 'a$egoe5,
(ag5So[u $IF) erQy6od3 So;o6.3e eg er?:ofld tuSau56]on
*ot15 $$ a:aw$c $d;o:o6.'o epd6aar, esod tgTs ae-S 12$,
eoossew6 E.$* ao6en"o$C 6O"S;$oLSn" SSi"6c-SB eo5$eOn

@56o$o6. 'iQ5od erp86 .56ger6: $e1&5o6$'S &6:p$0.1oa.n'


ep$e s.erodd es &u:;5:r s@:o $S { 5:oe*6: dsoa. so,1gp5$o1&
&{a:oeod JeoB a,6or{:dip }gSc-c3 5er:dfc $$:o $6
esdSoooa.o'ze-5 @4be5Qd6s eer $6 &6son ;$o50o.56o er$a a,g
ePlO"6eo SOo"S:o.

ay"S 22s as"&oOfr"oa:d 'a5tr tfo05, 563&o6. 6p oHSo


ao6en o$ edu;5r doIpo.*'6 $oe5B erSS6pS seg56eo 1peo"05c
uo.d d.s6Dei 6dp6:da6:.nn ar-S 25S a:05>@e,5 peol:e6'ao8 5f;6
5OS e"5 5$55o6 fo6pQ. Seper SSSoXO. o"SB uod GSqr$
s65502n" aoh5dp56nu. erd dav So5:o[6o 6a $6:55o$ $o{uo o{
$o63 pm a5oef 6gds e5l0e> pa"Sod af 6662$ aoB:o6. q66
6SSH, o-o$$o.f $eo ;16'?:or: Src- Sr$oc'Uu.

sS, es 6aar 1$ao ig5dro5: Sgfi'$S 5$ ao6$*5 ueo$e5.


"...ao6emo$ 6q"$;$o1orP S"$$f, ,Sd Sd3o5r6. ai2pc-A>
as,6o;o6 137
SgcCu$on" 5.5$r$6o16:. 5$6 dS * d.S ip&S 555fs, EilSQ.
$OU:oaS, erB: ad.1 SBe6rEpS esda{ Q540o5o&."a6

er6aar e18 10 fio€;er @o6od qo6e n"o6 US 1p5 hLS€r6 ?r.5.


p. a6e 63"5S SOs dB:;o6 : "d.6od el6g556 Sofisc &Qoaerc dS:
C$ooo*i$. o"$SS es3r6o*6. 6 eAdr"CJ dO $o[8 SpSB
Bod$dQ.$."'? e66eawSoxodc ep856eao 352 1$w6o dAod
e0655$6 S6BSS @S6Q5leprn ao6erpo6 *o';oa. ao6erno$
$ogs6ps3 eo16$pp$ o"$$e (61$65 esb erir,36) SdSpo d5:oc-
Boe.:d dAod 'eoo6f;6 ed55$6 608S3'C6o*Ur:. 606on" dAodC
JSgSerfo S6$Q5on" iloDB SE-*. t6665o 6.qn" G5qr"S$o1&
esdao$ da:& bp$o5:$noa. (Fs+6reg o"awgofio Sqrer ds5 &6arS
#6f:"5r4Q55$o eESo AA *"c- (g6afi65o) ff6$o'5$ f0te 56;&o6.
$%.6 ao6crn"o$ 65 i:ogebf $5rd,5o as6B:o6. eg;!:o6:dar
e1-S pugQo iFOf)rOJ 8t5t$er0u doSSC eloerr, esrbe> prn5od
ao5:@e6 o"eobeS t$ah 653ffC,rdr dSS 15SeX X:OoS 5>ogS 5$
SipS6oS 83:;o6. 6CSg dXod egSt'o fofis 563d lfSrfo 6o65,
dA dt";Ug 655n6o 6o5$ Src- es $oge$$ Ssr.ddod Sfy'J6:er5:
C56oSo6. CawS8, o54t':5g @5r5$g" eg&6 $ea:$ 5rL6$. sC, esA)

SSTSSJ$! a:Of, $:og6:O56r. 6a SAoirUJqeJ"Sg Sf;orn d6:.

e#5556 SoBs FSeJSS epi5cSoo0 dXoC 6eS{ }9"


;5uer5uo5:$oo505 J54855g6 eraf; $b Egf RS6.

erQ6[S5o wegoo5roS: Sfug6 S66e S03odaUu.

epod! d.god eo655s6 SoEs es$ e,S 5se f.S tudpoa.


***
1975 ap5 26...

dga.6l awSr5 oo5?:ol, e*r55 Eri:pelm St6 d,y6:.


ee
8o6:dr6:d $$ &o"oro6o 55SdS ,5ero t$00S a,5 $68:oec6 g5r{s

138 eS6> $ep$S


5r:oc5: *966" iFa6+50; ao6. 6Qd er O{ar a{d6 'rer J$gin
6o6. 60 i$o$ p066r
60
ue56eao,5or:" 6od do6:dr6:5: ao6d6c.S3
0
-
R:f;S:66ug6:.48

66d6:o 5f,:S;6 epo::o6. J.CS a$bo[r: *egooSlo S:o0 ero"5$3


#5 503o6. "$6! 1$&S{;po5:5:oo505 esdfD dQug6 #OKuer SSTJOJ
epbdd S $pc. erOF SO$c.SB Sq6."4e a,5 t{oi.: 66p6 - el$lej3os
#0K:q: ed6 - dea:.d 6e$$ot& qo6en"o6 e5$35 SSo6o
eoo"55
$o0r:og6: . ega: d,5od es655S6 SObe C6o65: S$pQ frqAS:SgB s0 .

"ds d.{od sc;968 s6gg;5ro: 6d6ae3s 660 $oo e"S aop$,


S{J6p$ $@: @6odpo6..."t' ero.55 dEOr Soer:odn S a;"€*o:>
5.r1Uu. ef6;" 5OS s"godsd ero.3666o doS:c.Cg 3qct.t'

$6 6o0co frodod iF0$er 503, anp6o5 epdKu $ru aoXU:.Odc


i:o1ecd po:6: &(usq6r. er546 +p6ob e"d $6p6 66d ao0o.y6:.s3
SSg66C soflS (a)oo5:S:c,l .a6oerzu tu6", S:(u 6oc-SdC 6o,v6:.sa

C63o6od 65goEB per Sao65o Ss.6o d*Sd* dap6:. esocS:d


a"d*orls 5o0c 6$qr .5r6$o16:.ss egd5r$ S>o0 66aS &o5Df, s-be.:o
5g es f,rge3 esd6$B 50;o6. esoDd, esd6r5$ qPS 6-d5:ger 516 eoSr$C
dS$c.r.1o{ dba es5ga a51e38 $o6o$on d 6o&isoo6. elo"5$ ae>
eso0r6 : "EJp5?:or: SoO: $o.$o"n" SSBcQo6 sC, es6 a,5 esO46gSUpS

d6a$o."s6 ee u0p{0 $6g 65g'o'065:t': - ep;,!o5ro5lldc' a:oe$g


Ee:l
55g5: adS, Soe.: $15od $ipo$o d* $qtu e5sg5opooo6.

eoo"5$ 5$: ero5r6 tu$:C,: J5.J5. {rlt.rdg a,5 de eac{:. (ue;"d


er6;d o8ro65 8.SdS epd:055 &65so"god5:o i$oO b?P5.8 6Ss'C
ao8dr6: 80fl 5.46:. 5$IS ed5:S soflS ;:"06:5:t':, 65rq: uSd5ro6
s'
C .B . 5.r{5:$5 6d6 a*Co5r6 ugo6*6rn de6: ary 6o6n' sP66d6od
.
E&- o

JS;BSS;6 6S6{ po5:S:e.:S 6665o epdKuo: SSoa. d"ge ao$$s6


utro5:s6 6ra'6ugdl.tt po"d d'55rrs5 5n16o epoKl s'd6:. ar5 27 e18
esd$58 $o5Q S;t".v6o eso6erod eso5:$ erq6ods agifOr6. e"5

ar6o;oA 139
t${ EOo5rS $8r.dee eLO cao$S$ #5 $S, "4 e1& e,o66occ @o6od
#0$q: 5: 1 oe0g$qd"€ tu$JOJeoaKr: d{6:" er$ i3:;o6. o"a"d
Soec$ 65 Sl>ogp$ Sip,56oo6o8 #* dro ;r.:3oo':pt$. o"ud
s*'sd6$6 eso6s $so &S dsd do6,: ade.:.T*go:, dSer Sfa"6:.
"S
es eso 6Q srosXubroe n 6 sdd 6$gs5:d5rod uud d,5Sf a"g

eraw6Sdac3 ao5:q:dO agiFoir"6.seeoSgd 5r.d6p6 o"o"d SQ 6aas'od


#oa;l"old 5$ a"So5n aoef 5oo".5:$o";6.
e 6t6;p6 doti: So563ee.r ddug4on $5F6 36 de $o6
&d.u
afd s6loo.s3 tt6o5rg6:.uo rfo 56o dc eoafeaod o"{fu5 dSu:
Bq6. epS$ 6a s$aw$5s:g d,5od s.r6ead $oardo v6. ss,
ao6o.n"o68 es$o6o SOflor:r"o:. 6Se'5 SfFSo epi$$s 'eL65r$5r.SJ
;1065:oo60$ ersirso'5ccod es& es5o6o &o650u 5C&{o6.
n"5Od5:6 $XFo"eB SaOS:ed Rro$o5r., E&5 S:Sso.eB rno5:18 dSo$l
sra. e05 des sero '$$iFJ"'Sod esd$ da6:. +{n 6Qdc e666 Eq
s6lo6orrt!. SewSB n"o5r$ dC ao68 #o66g$& elod ao6en o6 Src-
ersro$Sde.:o6. n"o$g& dC, epS a"d ero::Oe5 oc.03S03S So6el$g
&ao6ed So6oir ttQ d$$oeJr aep er$g6 - "eg c.roldeSd Seor:
dA:. Sofuf 5U: aoSe3g is5c.c3 a"5 6oSo;5rg6o 6o6. po J.od:6ro
6:Sh$0;6aaa,5: do6o SQ er 6o$o CB $e;aBQ 5* S* 39n66:o0r.6,:6'
po balo6 Xwq6o 5r.65FSE 564 e"5 SoSd n"o6:@ dSS esecrr. Sr.dep$g
5S3 Bd4 $od+do."62

a$Soflr ]gd ea5r6 ]q3:.6go es3: S:er:oaod O'S;daoa.


esd: s65r 5r"65 o"6 3o6o5r a5Sof,u $$ tlUodod es $g66d
6odu6:. aS$o[r: ]63 essBld o"5 epor:S S$ ;r8o5r0 i.6g 566
SSSa.* Spc. So6o5r. esew$:ar(n:$, erodmt';Sra-. ercld "ddod
ao6o"n'o6 eo6g5$6 $0SO g56oXn"d *"650"6 $i.6'g A.OiFdF6>.
es65: 3:03a"6:" eoS esoe.Ft$ e"5 flEB: po6:$6,:. s"ofr5 $6d dfXo
$fd: f:.5fo"6 aSSoEu &6s bad.a6:. s6 69 sC.:$er 5:{5
S6o6ed5:on 8;bercco3 s.6ea&o6.

140 S56: $5obs


s.5, S$+8o5* 5r65eb ero€3 oc5: s5>. es65), el6$ qp6g Sf65
uud d,55De5c 65: S:e;:oaod a"56:n apso$;wCu. uudd gon
6'oa.ro> u5$6d{o $:oO }63 Seeq: *goooS So6ep0g $$ aos.
t$Q dS$o0uo€.r6r.63 po"d d,5$re5 $.c. dsoo $6 $,a0y0n
6o8#5:oc., d'oaror:d S*:u8o5r aoEB ap$fp6q $oS
fui$fud:erd ea6n"o5: SS.f{ Src" &SS$u6:.6o 65 e s"{ S:er:oa^r03
(a$So[r:) B$;iFeo ]8d esd,5s 5n16o s$u8o5rd J4p6" 5odd6.
$06"4:SS9e)) er6v6$$ Uraal dp8&i6or, i5e$$6og $cPg"sr
a$50cod 3$5oa dfryoer6l. s-C, au;S:SrSrES 5$ u8o5n Srg6o er
SSU: eaar{ 5r.6. (1975-77)as$o[r is;od 6o;6r.65 ea;5r6 $EJ"q,
516$o"6 R:o6o5r $660 S(r:o6o"crd 5116o elSgSS6 $O$8s.ood
Sra. 65 6p aod 000o6. erS;E 6aar01r${ d(r*o6 5(r:o6e ed :

"eo655$6 6ofue $S:o$od S& $gB Sfso5:on a.:.n" art$; 3:da"f,o. eo6$:
u6
$$3Og'rer ff 65on" a.:"m STKISS+6.r.

***
ed5$$6 foBS 1556o5a&5 sQoaaro3 eg5.iS.JF G5p.5 $60
ewer$:rd'dsuSn 6rc- eods d,a6:. oo:6: 6aavo 6cpu6 - *P
o"ert$S - *bo$ $5o5:o*65 So[u stro.S3 6:po6. 556o16 qp6SdXod
ca6.i5.a5 ctrep3 t$6$e.:o aB do6$lo. qo6emo6 So* zr $oft
Src- ctr6ooSq68 eg3> 6o"S oHJo eg5.45.J5. qp66d.Jod
AD{S6o"f es6.a5.JF wegoo$op iFbfoo es5h35 o"6,:q: ao}6.
;w66"6dc do6odQo ee6.J5.JS s'o"5oo6:od dra' RFo'q: aomor:.
seSodrS3 $o daCu.t'es sog,ooilod ao8$ RFo"d 53 +5-Op 7a
ar$q, e"5 6aa:5 e,r5B5 b65$, e.5 ae63e5c $56So dssqq:
irs0Kr:q: $56o;:n(u. "ee 5Sol, ewS:q: erS;65>3e1. 556$o: SoOerpg
6$3 eo$ Jo6:6r SCBe6. s"S, so@5 $$ tFtro'n3 ep$ 6561666'or:"
ero0r6: er6.a5.i5 ;ro6:5:eD. aos 51 deD 554u>, 58 *$) Ego:,
788 er6sr, 510 BEot, 626 56foel, 844 ado $513o Sra'eg irso"C
5"0gor:68.

arXepoA t4t
;$i:se3n"o$ ir6g 666n6 g{:65o SgoOS Ctr6o boflu0 ern
aql&$oa. er6;6 eri${+o *d6o aoe dod:"c3:6no60oo5g s5;$3 -
ewe>&?r5' dSUS qo6en o68 dot'o dpo eer$. egBr er063$
e65g5$ro $eec3 eg6.a5.i5 SirSoQoSs fF$ q{fu'ego5r$ eS$
dq:er dsg5'8:o3dpsB' s5625orn 65w6od3 5a;or:.to

aoaerno$ &ooss nt6o - 1948 o.6 ctr6o erod &gps


epor:d

tFql+Q. SoF: 5>6 .5*3,:o.Jd6:. cdefc J"rodr"s66o ;$oo $oEu


$6er *gooSXono6. e655{o 555f ao.5:c:o;$ esou 866#$oa-
Coa&o6. Br{o 1356';$o6 @*6$erod a"gd 186 $o6 5r"L6H)
eod$dr56. ?' $no5o6oe erg,6odB B0p#o$6:.

sdogBrA iFb5:o f.lbd sd6roc- ewrn 6$o ?:o$s, t{raso6oe


6$$5 565e;5u: da6:." a$$53 S0o05 3o daro 66p6 esd6$ 53.1
awQi:oXoa5$ Sq:$$So$o6rr. esdau: Bg"or:. ee $s6o BrA
aw$i:oXoA5 $6gec5er 4"5 dq, $a;6:.73 s'o@$C C6po5:orn
&S:o;oJe.:o o"5o" aw$bqoe6a5656 5go 9,rder Br.6g gcbodu6.
es6e Srcrtud efao6 6rc- ry6$ 56:5 !rXod5$ Src- es5.a5.J5
eo6;6 65 a5$oEu $ea:oaod e"Stin qpCo$pgu.

aS:S$p $$o5:od$ arA eag8o6 e{r6on" S5$oso6. 6g


dy5p6o
efid6r'U esd65 56p& s-ood 65 daU JoLd e$5 Seroa5
5"S6$cJ"JddJB a$36:. 5dog5ar63 $oJdSrpS a{6 cd5$ur5oo5:
@aS6 - er6g$$6 6ofis yood BrA e6:{uo$ g{o{fo doS:SC
arn g$63bo*6:. e*> 5do1$&"6 aufg es$:d;r"o 6S5o'er$e;ood
t1>aso"8 (es6gS$6 SOBSd t{:ae6) Sods.oo 66rp61r;$O6po6.?a

eodgS$6 608S yood eg$Soflu dd$orp Jer e{0$od afpe.lCs


3rA ep$daed eoo4eao. po66>e:5:, 8oS s.6g5{o6,i"$dreb6eD
es6{o$o 5 ;o*Cu. 66as$ 5SS Src- Scnpeudap6:. ere55 pu: l1o0
o"S5 dq: 5r"b &eird Boecd Bo6:dp6 Be;6. Bd $rod {)reJ"dg oo"d
d,56rrf B$;6 - "SSnug{o$od J56a e.SCu $0"1 tuSr3e &f:rSg,6"

t42 S56> $e6S


esef e"5 Soflr: S5o6o*SE CSrp@o6oC {Der.d$ SeDXD$S 65 qo63
&SSg'O. "egd5:S $Xog 65 qo63 &(>Sdpe.:$3:fi 55:;5 6gp5 t-66J*
doOd6. 5$J &Kr:sg.6:, u5: ySoS$ 5*JH Se6. lgaoB
BOo$odoccod Sofiud epoe e"5 Sreooecoe> dAo,so"CB erc+0r6&
6o0.16:."75

er65$$6 6OBSd esen 6ir$5on" s.6g6eler &no$o6 e-54 es6.


J5.JF 5r.L63, s6, 5:09Q fofur Src- aoXo>. s0, es s-eod
6irSSorn 6rc- es6.J5.A5 s.65t-56ru: S{Oo$$od Sa$fon' 5 a56
Sofd5n a66d6:. erdgS$6 SoBs iqhs esfD ;$$o 6Ur:o6
qo6en o6 Sot$Xood a1o0fl06ouoa - "5$86? ao6 aOflu $o[r
s6gselu: 55l 66d6r. pn ao5136o 5q aos d{p5orn
eir$6>6oXor:. Jer ${5o?."76

**.*
c61o{od dso6e.:o udBoo:S eeoser) dc pfrooo. ere55 {.a-
6 SirdSrod egodgs Bocpl$. per $o$6:u: o6'f:o::B eos:Srop5s
sfi. A$p53 &8o05 e"5 p6o 6duud 1975 a*p e.56S {DeJ.dg
ero"55 a.5 S0gro So8:o*t$. "ep0,rddB ufo6Sf0 $o0 $65 $egr,
ego6$ &&55 o#$o g:.c- 6SS6o8,"7' {rre.:.d do6:dr6 poB
Bd;SoB o.6'ioor: E* +* a$.15 B53s 6rqf SSbo*6. eoSyt':
ry5*o.:: Sro6d e.g Sdg &se6: : "{le.rdd! a$pt$ 561 6"9n
ao6emo$d: ina$oa. Srae! acg 6Qer 6rc' a0;o6. qov SSr
;r der:do$ e.S; Cwlor 4rc' e6JbgSo;$$66:."'8
12 daro 6r5:u6 odt:ooc aor{:dt 6ds sg8odn er(r$1s3
ipc-08n 660o*6:. ego65B er?:ot5p RfbJ ewn" i5:gpirsS6od
er$p1ed $e.1$5$.1o6.7e er6a&S:o0 Boo,:d 6gd$ 'Jou5>3 *FSSecd,B
d6oo*6:. er54d ero6:S aQ$uge 5{6 ao8o6. f$6 UA+6 XFsle;6d
ego6:$ i$p6en'd c$46S$rton"6:, sBS 8$6on"6.80 er o863 56*5

$er$d $al:od:od 5:"a- pd?:o:r *FRrGg$o 1$eiro eg6da:. a5o4 5o1

a;"6o3o6 143
o€*or:3 BlJ6 - 6'oa.ro.r:d a,5 &62 p6gf;oa60, ego65 a"5 CQ$
6ea516w6o UCgd aSgSrSS SoaoQoOS
")ryo6
s50e So5:p&66o6C.
o5?:oo Ss[6on" JnS eooa6 - "eracro, aSSEd ao6erno$ 6odo6
S$J%.8$Sito0, aow 65>;o 036; $c-o" il5)"8'
es fo[r: Soo6ods a:SSoEr:, Sd5 3,ro6r foAE
S;$o5:od$
6666 Sofo itoO $oda5ro6 ?:$o u€*olC 602o*Uu. erer 5oflu
pt6o yooC u€tcoo:S So6o2o$S+dpS e-S o.5.a5 eo6s6 6oa6.
es63 eed5EgdF. e6S: 1960 565od e5:asp$ Se"a"od 4.J5.*5'
n"O Co"gQ. 6 erSE 83"5" 6t5:e8 yood ESq"SXDo1e o6'?:o::
*e5oo$od (pc- $sde6.
od?ooa: XFS;c.>6d dde63 4.J5.*5 e5:aw5 Seae S)o0
f55 e6$Dsa Se6:. *S $Ouoa *gBr6:6c e.56 d3:35o"CS a$, *5'
S:eroao"d5*ol acoded Ep 6oe.r6." er6;0qo$ *5 S:ea:ooo +O
dcd $65o6o +€*ood 6oa6. eo6g5S6 SoBe sood io::53d
655: a0;S 663 e"5 po: ern S +€?cor: a,r&oSo6. eso65 S61o{od
6q6 5S:5 po: Co5:a$q: e0546 Src- ego6:5$ SQode. p6o u6o
ea$alrO *5
5035orn egoS:Si5: SerKr:$5c-n3 $d36. 5O;S 1;5&$6
tF65S es$;b8 $$o egB: 6o0co 56ar8 C6g$r.od6.8'z
8o6:{r6d;5.8. ero55 Ee:: des.Cg epouer: S&eFdr"6r.
eo<ed

Ef a.5 er56 8o6 aod 0{ g{op"od:.Q ecd$s aprr


6$drfoi$9oX6:.83 dal6, 8S;5 esfr6:odo6.' Ef ;$o$ esd$S
t$ao"E 5:o0 ea:g$d$ 1976d ersd dS RO*r5r.85 per i5:o0 dS
o5o6:+68 esd65 o.S5 *er. dpeD (Ed Sao{$orl5 (2) qgs6o) $p$
&65> 5:5 eo$ie:$ Sd;6. oEC per: eree6:u: Bo36 dfur$. g&
dq:dSr esd$S "9rry3 es05o6p$, 3:go3 es4(u;o" eo0 S$;6onr
e*+Uu. ee> a,5$0 EoSS y86o 5:6 eEr, *aelo8 Bg[wndo 5:6
o.o1n-O; 503$oc$6: tner ansm aoa. d:d:foCQ$ &rro 5d edpO.
so6$ C*OQo1S:...eF6'"'u ep0 eet$.

L44 e56: $ei8


1957d ero"S5 e6.*o::d Sob Ssdo66o @6oflo*5 eg a66,
qo;$tuot$ 1f&dar" 5rgn6$So6. 18 $o$63eo 66:+6 er655$6
SOBO sood eoe55 a'55oo3 5r6on" 6oa-O35$.1o6. eso$S 6rel.dg
eSS aer 6qo"f "ep€cd'd Jer 6o16?" 65 eedS$ SSgo
epo0rr
d*+6r. "$!iB:oecd eo6653d Src- egoS:S d:OoO $6ra6o <p6eco
dar. egoSr5 5$6 $oO 6.qn" $o:$oa60 pC*$. egoir$B o
erQSodpel A0d6dd6o&."87 & yoodd +6soor:B e.56 er$3:Q"
5S.1o6, 6i$ adt>6 i:d5 SoO eoe55 5*Fodrod $*e4o6$Sg $$
o.o51565o &grp daw6:dodap epCB:o$6. uud gSefg,o3 5:"fCf,Xo
dq., US eods s6c-cB;5uot5: eo655S6 6oBsc Q64ooS s6gL55rQ
5t*o6r. er6g556 608S s.ood erds eSob$ {u@5:ea5 ,}54:
&dao$ i.oirsd6r"6. s-C, 1976 es6*d eso6$ eod$3$rn &{a:oerd
$65{Sodr56. oo5r69d;SOB iF6$o Socc 66$oa- 5po6$oip56:.
6 So{uec5ef uud d55D6, Kr:ga:S:eag }S&l +6'*o13 $oS
1;5*6odB 5*;6:.
ar6?co.r: Jo;:5:3 i$od ere55B a,5 dp tFa6,r, "erg'dod
65;op56r d5c aA;oa 5So6$56o ddr". eo"55 aS;S a:oru ee>
6o8 : "SS: per: d6o aoX, 5O po: ao$e.r 6u;6. afp68 5rd $g
*6JS*.5:d c$o::oSo& 5o $d;.d."
***
d.god eodg$$6 SO$6er C8o56o 5g SS$ eo35 SoSro,656g6
So6ro S3:3u:, $5625or eo$g{o4oOilso$oo. e SOBSP ao6emo$
;$$r 6od da5$6:o "aso5:@s6 peo6ea 66g6r$8 Jero6 1$aw56ea
dAr. pn" es 65g$:od Sn"dpS a5$o[r:, es6.a5.a5 o"o5:$eroe dof
6oX6:."88 SawCB er{e:n6 t$a%.5edXod 65g;$o 6dn" S8bo56on5
a$fs$irqloo605 3pobo.J0;o, o{er6 ;$oBB Be65on" ${6el
dor:ode.:o 5oB 5o{r:0,r5OJ5r"L6o 6s 6F65 $5gB d?:Aoa.

tS66So 65ao55 3e65on dSdwhos5 bo5eod e"56


66r{po$ BOpdAS (5:0uoa Sd6oLdea) ecoSo6om er$rel $06:erc.
ar6e6o6 145
ireSo"d a,$ grtoo alrg,q. E55ap ;$td,brr$b osgt$Sg
epoard
66:(poo5o8 +54$5: esfd65 de6:." es $o{uec$ $aQ Jod
{o6rEr"odrQdsotrod tT"srg6 65arer 5pu sg[ ugs ffgsB SqoSod
dd66& $oiFor: o"$4$nr6:.'o qS 6g85er 5f aoX6a5 epo:d aos
{f6on 606:"po6. 65al>e5$B Soao6o0 61OSgG - 05;pu,::{pu -
5r:o5:n" $d:e5Qe6:oS: .5p3:o0 e6l ep5r;5r&oed @;$Oo*Q$
c5:&& 56r&o6. 6s tSewgliro +{uor esQs6fr6o pS 5r6:.15gu$es
@ o,,

d66:oc- dsoa *oX6Br5.'gl S soo6$o5:6540oo$ $o$5$o$ e.o.)


.5o*a6. sUfLSSpd e ?roX6&5 Sao6$oi$ esS)e:l doS:d5 $.5:6ea
egt:aol. 5uo6Q ep$$8 d$oc- l6{:e5cS 6oaoQo05 SSna"eQ
$;!ooe6$; eroatreap 56o So ;5roBB pn" 5185o 5o$66 SqloBC
o6$ da6.e2
ssoe sLssg8 $&sL ege,fu. - ro$*od r85 t6ar$56r5Q 6a
6655o 6f$o65g 16*6o S116$. esd S$o$od 65p.$$:o1s
6r&o6o$5 20 Sr[eo 566o esds @aw lSdna5 6SeQ uer
&$$5on" C653ro,5c-cB a{Sooo6. il6f seg$56 5&6e: 66e,
68"6 5f6go0 uoB 6i{o 6flo$ 5oA
drSo$46eaer:, a${96668
elo@e:) doXo::.e3 $$[a:oea:ds 6e6{ ed5:5>ooe Egf
(Fpdno6e.:od ao6en"o63 US $OsS &{orn 5$oS: &Sg:e$Xo
(uo{po6. e5o5:su6ea SSffS aob$ S65e.:o, }liarce.r 5:5
eewgofi 5O&:6o$ 8o8o50co e5cn 6$ e$6e5QBo;5r$5t:o - qd
Eooen"o6 eo65$$6 6oBs sood $Ooooa.
6 66er5rod ego6ro6ro:, ego6:5uQer &6 e6fro Sgo
da6:. +$ o"5o6:66on iFee;pCS $$6:dr56. esd $$o6:od p$g6
a5; o$S$oa (e6g5S6 6o$e s6eaom ed$oo$) ea8o6: p6er 65r
C6loeQ $oer: S&. 56*66 dKr:o deO. a€?oor, eo"55er 6a1>
666$ SoXc;S !1"S*d y6o'55o$o6m 6'oeeor: ero5r6 JS.b.
FLF$ $e6. *g" e,5;to&o. 6d65 aofr36 cr6 *oau5o6e6 S.lqd
6S;5;C.1, eso65B arSo5l6n 6oduCo. eo5:S 6 Byo6r aw&o$utr
do6earo{08 (a"dfoor:, ee5$) a,S a5rf;o SsBEp6r.
L46 e56: $sp68
65 5545 S:.d;aegS"C 6'qn" Bod; dayo $e.r:
FED eeFSSC
S*d u6op6r. erocrd, "eg do6o dero: $*d u6'€:oo: o..f dgipffo
e$o63Q 50ho0o6. egoS:$ eo$p6d erd65 $S:S5 5g fDXFC6lo6od
6o& 0363 &SSoeool6" eS 66:+6 sood a"m ea6r.'o 5p*
*g" 65 +5e rS$66 es drD no*6:.e5 ec fur 66:u5o fu$:o $6d
apo6. 6a erSopu:.56 &eu erds a66 e$o i$os S0;5 aero6
eo8:3er:5:

er{:p{Qo65 5O3: (r$:o $6 fooA: Bbr6. es dSoqo6dSr S$o


$6 &O3 eg ea8o6: p6oB es$)groorrS 5o3oa.
1976 5tp6'd o6:r$ti ugo65:rQo (uf:o $6aoo 6 eo$;SS:
SOigOoO 66:p e$3o6. epor:d a"gf Sert$Uu ;r5o$6uQer ;$16o -
er655S6 6o$e
'58a6$5P, es @s'6o eoe55, u6'$or: 5o6
S6;oQ6o$ o"SoOpS Ca.6a {r"$a 6o66S - ?:O"4oX6r. a"Ea
u5o5:6u'Q ?r5.e$.q:oX 5116o e Seu$6 u5o5c6:rQer e$@o5:oef
CdA{i" esb)5o6 L}6arS $5rg$ 5 J*$r" AerhoSd6: eeoe6.
"65;6r5;egr Srgoa-ero$, o{o16 5:o6S &'5$5 S*S o"dg g:.a-
JCctSy6o eg ip6:r
(, 6o0uo6."e6
e)!

6A3d ep65e6$oe. Ku$o S6 afawO6 6uQ $10o0o6. '6


513o$64 pS>p' e.5 &6PS So$58oiro (S$$6fi66:Sg e65ddb
esd) e{", epo6d rrS:o $$ o'5o6:5uQ +oX eos6:3sc {r$on
15$CoSo6.* * &O; r{:oos e55oo3 d6;c-SB {rrc.pd Be;c{:. er
S6o6lo &oe.ud e63:ol, "eag6d6: irsee.rQ $$o o"5e Robdo"
s%6. p6'*ou a.gerg EObS ere55 Sna- "er$5:, ee;5d $6n"
3i36:"sa sox6.

6 SotS 6e5o 3:.o6r ar&odrpSo 5:5 aer woo


eo655$6
s5$no6. dos$ es6.J5.45, a5ioEu *655{o8 pHf Sf"%e6tro
5g 1sew$5$:g 65Sfd 5r"16$ a556OnS $$;er Jero6S E0ao:r.
&6 *n6lger, *S-J $56o1trger Se::bi1: Snc- u$ enn" Bel*o6:oa(u.
o5$ouB 5116o & odg556 6oQs eo6$ 06so oo.is
36S0.p6. ag66o[u ]$c &o;agno$, eo@53 @q"5 (686{on tnss

ar6o;o6 L47
6dr.6 $Aron esd6$$S; $OS. ero"5$B 5:o16o por dC6o a,5 SroS
eo5s6o ao;o6.5g$66on 6{ser:555c-c3, pu: d0eQrtoos 287
todo p65 a-5 ${5o (A Prisonet's Scrap-BoolCt)n 6:st5lS5c-CB
egoS:S ?:nrp 6$drho':$$oa6. - 518e 6o6o 5So6 $aodser
cQo;$$io.ro ese;:"gio6e.: o"fl*o16al50 ie> es;$e doU"of Sa;o56
a6;Of 66&{"m JreUr. ego6$ 6t5:+6 wood
egoS:$dC e.56p6
fued:" 6ooo eo$;6 sio5rq. L6*c{r" eeox6 : "$5:3Q 5o#$c
ep&nd,5:6: Sgon Bo5 $$6:oXd!100"

d,god e#5$$6 $ogs sQoo 40 5* 6&os $o56pod em"55c


eo&n"t$ : "epelo6 e0655$6 SoBss Sfl c6od ep5e6o 6oo"?" eo536d

G6q"$$o1s 5do@an6 rrsoo 6r6on" 6o5a&5 ero"55 eg06r0


SrHnCo6:oa6:. "#6ir5:4Qiroosd* do" cCw3Oo$.:go e5$ *F5>
ad; @oSreXer 55: a66d6:,55> a66d6r"'o'
*rf*
1977 aS56 18 pdc ao6en o6 - eo8o6, p6erc5o5 &t':5e:
dq" ryUgdas; $o@e$oC trrodnoB. epody6:, Iw0;d $65[ss
iQSo a6r{:eo5:$ Src- 1$56o0o6.'02 erdgS$6 SOB& Jg}d&SJ
$ioo5:od 51643.0 ao6o.mo$ - "S 6oBeg s6eao $efgd. aS;6pu
*S eSSAS $aw$55:5 55ad6 er$ep"Q Bq:Kr$oos
$OU:ogS."'o'iS6) gaw&55:5 55OdS ,56go$ $o3g16:? ")56 55)
er$eryQBoKr$uO?... epo:rd 61&5o: 5rg6o es 655ecSC o$qn@w6o
1$56o*o1 653 es (Fger5 BSeo 65;6a pOLSC 155Dporp eo6d6:.
$no65: 5r:o6r S50 o5:;blsr 6SfH,
eodg6$6 S0BO
&QoQ65 e-B eB 5re &Ss"{ tSoOUg"dS +€3:o ffi4.6.
aro6:$s6 eeoS:e53 Sra- aso$S a"5 de ooQo, "1S86g,ofo 55o
sSoSS 6tieao q6. 5l S$o6:o $tro a6r6:,5r&qo. eoc$$ J56)
$O$eoa;:"gi0 56d6no. uSB Je a:rQ B&;d 6Sad.:rSSoe;p6)"'00
eeu16. erS36i$o5 ego65 ao6erno$ Jb;t$ JC;Ser @56Qoo",
abyt$ n4cdg &"5:o"5r er$ J6rc{:t5r&qfo.er6;:6c 5:eoUp o6h$

148 S55r $erb&


"so1flS Sgad5 goe5d dUc-Cg 5l AUUrer 5$E?" e51 tgdgSr
$Srqp5on" - "5 ir66rsr d15"'ou eo$ S3$o $a6.
er5g5$6 Sofiss sofoO
ee:8o5, p6oo5o5 &6,:5o dQSfql
ao6en"o6 (!556o05 5:6uc,: - 7977 a55o 19 - e"$$36 a$e $o05
$$o (so@5-a", e6&o5r d566, RFAo* $$, afsofir) ;po6:6:er
s5r.d.5$d6r56:.'ou qp6&d$ a6$o[r: t!6ssQn" odsoor: es $a$dac3
$ta:6d;.g6. cawsB es 55F3,E S$dr.cg esodr5 $$ er{5$6 se5:,
o655$6 $e wood JSr46 $;n6odS So.1S 5$ e6. ss, & uept{:
$0" uo5:5:q: s6po6od dSJ sood 66.$. 3o*3$6
Ef
5n9"6:$du6o. erspd ao6en"o$ 55od5 qroosr +$ $o;b5:doUu.
66+6 el $&$g,obgSob, ao6e$6{5ods wo@5
uell6) dars
$gd e$5;acg$f eaSo$ iFeo.rs3 e.5 s.g[ ]$c 1S56ouo::. epd
'a$e &$'. eo555$6 SOBS C8o65: ;5oo5: 'ag6e t$oeS, 13sps

Jo3:5dr56:.

6 Jo3:5 ESso i56r 6oa6: eo$;6 a3:"6o6 6ir$go.


& a5e J'gg 1977 !:13c50 25 e.5 eo$.65p5 d$ 5d;So6. ee dq
- eo$36o"e ao6erno$B $8d:aoer 6SJ df G3q"S$o1e
ewarafl65o.S: dog.'o'er65$56 SoBe vood so{fl5 $gd i"6ir5:4e:
6go{u5, }$ eoodf6 $aw}5i:go $eBo$ero 66ri{on" .$"fi" 5435
a$f5e5: eo65SS6 Bs 8erhodo63 a5e $gd Seos
s$or:o;$$oX6:.' 08 $oew5'C epvb5f, 6tu6;pC,rd $sd fu Sgg Sa6o
(&Js)B), 6€.1;$Eorn6 eoaf* Sr:r5n* $g 6 ase $$d 6$ 65)
*ilf JUS# $p SsSoXo.::. e#5556 sofis p6 er$:dper:
rqreu"ea:
d*Q. Jo6e 6r6ro:eoSrod - 6gds as.6r"xD$59 8o65 &9r q6r5:
Sra- ase &gd doer 5o5€cd: e5, "e$06: s5o6ro*58 soflu 5r5
Ctr6o iqddr"O"loe es$ 8;5FoE Sa6.
aer osgeemor SagoS:$o6om ;14:ot$$ i'niF6rSJ SS:05:oC
eo5r65rd
- -(r-- -(r-- esbtd:6)el:
- L-
(va- ecoS:€cba-oo.
6
S a$e i.6C) aOtgo
e t5ee95d

ai,t{o;o6 L49
sQ 56$p6 s6r6p5 dl.Ep;FeDilXoD. 'rpo6d RF{Oago' &in5reo.ers,
esQfr6:46$:do:roC 6a 65eo"g5 *O'4o6. OewSB 6a a:Se &$ e6$55r5
fg,f sQ tu6+o"Sg tu6, 5n$6:oXoar. & +6ro.$9 $6no656orn
esi$Sro:(u s6r."o 6cg S6 & Serr{p6 6o5 }$B JSUu er{g$rern"
6oc-0 eo$;&&o5rod Sgrtg"el Br6odrgor:. &$ 6e5o ier 6or-0
eo{ ,563 50;55yt'o aS ao6:e.:5gro::. d565i.g ;no5r$6,r, p6r
uo5:5:6o il6o ,5688 SoE pSoo 6S 65 $$SSg il6usB Sp55n"
$eSo er5:S53 6o6:d 6oa-oS S$aSfu. J5.B.ere55 SOL6PS
vloSl Uor{: d6:od ier6 - erC ;rp6oa6. OSO3 eg $eSo ie>
6r&o6o5od - S:.&oo doCo 5o6q: vlo6 6o6:, e.55o6 eg$b{t
6o6: ao8 vfuo6:o E6 p6O ar&$;.661 6oe.rt'r.111

rf*rf
sp666A,5og6d i$$.r a66$o6 665t[6, eg$dsdeer Xo{5 1977
;:E $651S5 JS;So 1$*6o ag0fo6. erSSEBos $q85o 5rf fuofE
R*16 sao65o esS:erd 6o60rod, 6gO5ofo so@S $$ AaoS:o
5$g5:S CfSo E&;or. i.g 65 Sao6oSg ue er53ea5$Q
epQs6
1$56o;$6ro6. so1!5 $g 6kr6od aS ffoEod, 6d:ecgd,
ao;$&>o;5r$& do$odsr. BHaH eF$S do" Xdgorto: a$Soa.
05OB 5u16 ae.ro 56 Src- 6 $dSo eso6o$o6. & 1$a6od a:Se
)$S e"5 'Jq:So t$o$' eo$ wo@S $$ eo05$oSo6.1'2 so1fl5 $$
es5oo8o0$ OL6 SOL6pS g5o6od $6{ iF6664 as5e }$S aer
$Qo0oa : "eod, Sg $fd: 5:d $>6 Eo6 5:5u3er6cS:otaroad, ao68
5: lfpSSoLe eed6g 456: 1p66?.r113 5 $*crCB aSe $$ ${56n
5;o6o$o6. e.S iF$6:d €"eJg$ qoe be6S$;o6: "wo@5 &$ &rS3Q
e#n56y6, BopdAS S$SBeSaSo3s
d"egr es66ot." ao$ ire$6:d aSe
$$ "so@5 AQSer Ofoo apd er6:o0uo6" epot:r 'ar:5'das6'St'o
($502o0o6.

S*g69;6:o0;p6Boa: iFd $e6r. ego65 @;r6od $5;a$655rc-


dn agO 66&, $E o"Cp$ sh)56ofD 363u ewB$ 6Oo0 &6f*6:.1'5

150 e$6> $el.66


C0L6$tuerod egoS:$ erdr{go er 1$*6 S$dr.Sg eo6p6on 6o616o::o6.
ese8 e6'$o> 1$46 3.6q.gqafar{g a"5 $1SS oo$o6 : "odt:or:65
$o" 5o" ag6 fDQf ;t 6F" daS aS;n d g*{$oo5o q)b eed$S559
3536o.$$5ge{rdr$gSl"6m 1t'Uo SSSgSS
S$iFooco6. esd6$ 6xb
fPt$.15:iF&er ry$d56o$ aap 6n aqeFdra"O. Sag 66npd erod:S
S$ S:.Sro o5$o>er 5ngrda"6:. iQSo @;n6 $$o6od esd6$
cpso Jero6 irc-s8, 6eefi"o{5s d$oc- sd;gon" 6od6."6 e,5
65op ea8o6: eo5:5:8 C+So eper 6oor:oe?"
ere55 6 iQgg6 end doO$6r. eS: e.S ea5$d ${:gc$rn
6o60rCd esd65 a$f5'6r. erc5:S $$d - g"dsoor: erlq"6eaps
*5;6:66 SO8S 5* 6i5: ego6$ a5oo6: aer S5;o6o;5i$ eos J6n Q
6o6. & Sf55od egod:S o6?:orc egdao 1$s6o 56c;$5:o0.:w a$e
.dJ{:" sasd6FCS E6 BSvd 6o8 5sd*o6.
of3 $5so5:$c$6:Sgeo5o6 6of dAodd e#5o6 6$6:o6p$6.
eg6.aS.JSdf5go $os 5Q1$ 65o$ dXSS dr6p ;$$se$ &oecS
Eo6$ e"5 $i5r:q: u5o6:u6. (ego$5 Rp56rd a$p6 er6.J5.JE tFo.S
J"6O ar"fr.S d655). ego$S 6oG - J5'.8. ere55c Soflud e.5 g$$s{ea
6o S5o$o*6Em &o;ag$ 5S. 65o$ ddSE ir"erg6d... "$p6eoom
es6.i5.J5d eld:55g6 po S:o0 (JUSgs 1$a6o 5o6 s6515;1ro$)
egdao Bfbo as666. eror:d, 1977 eB $651sS JUSf eg6.a5.a5
s655(er a.r*F0.:om$ JQSo 1p*6o Se6:. e#5SS6 SoAs verod
cg6.J5.JSs saQos, d.dod $aw$56rgQ ao6erno$ $hpo6
doOe.lq $o$: s65$g1er dgc$Sd6iFdr"O. epo6:d er JQSer e5e
tF66So 5F6er$ e.5 50&46on SoEu s6g5{er e0ouUu. er 15*6od
Ss *r"c- ;5r6H" &groa$:.""'
6a SOTSP 65:Co0$ so@S &$ 656ser g5$e.:$o e5e er6.a5.
JSs'a$e $$B aSs.o 6ot 5&3:QSL69 n eo05${7. g$a"6o dSoa.
eoo6:5g qr66d6 d"e;$ a$e i"gg 5r66rc556: ers s-o@S $$
es8o0o6.

ar6o;o6 151
s.5 6eeoJil er5:5r6ooo1. 1977 6101 225 JCgSo 60eor
3o5g;"o.>. d,Eo5{on" 6 JUsg€ ipps €,Hd a5e }$ 43 aeQ
$6oao6. erc6:5g es +$e 298 $ep $q)*. a5oE5J verc o"63
$ga:oeud ssz SHd 65; eo1s5$$c es aqSg6 135ao 15a Sgf
5r16d: 803:oeUu. aos S0163:$ecod ao6en'o$, er3r ;5o$>o g'65)
SoaS: n o6 gpc- es aQSf f-&#dr"6. 3.:.o6 epfu @oep$ 69[6
q)"u6d6od es iFd$ros %7 $gS n s 2 $$ eo@53 6sgol.118
er65556 S0BS Cu$edo eeeJono a$l 6fetn6d frlUo eo{fl5 &$
S:os fOeo: &8oso6. a$tr $g epOs6oCB $A '3ro6165
ep*povesr'd-o6566oqo5c 5fean6d$ egodfs 5s3:o0o6.1'e
*d3** du{o 93 $egr neussc ag5e }gd eodgQS
aS$oflr
$e* &QosS qrr{}50:n" $Oa6. eod a5$o[rB ao66 &ao$o
eS€co es a$e $$ SrerSd *er ;5ro63 553d6:. 6 Caddlo S{
$ogi$ gF6- &S$50;o6. $oergaersg 5"4 G5q"5$o1& 66e
"S
a$$o[r:S 50ouO3.6o6. ep65a6o 5:o16o Src- er ]6d 6s40; ao6.
ec, qB ase" &$ gr"eJtuds e6$56:5 $po3 s5;d6:.
5:6,5 $$$5 SseJod - e6g5S6 6ofis eood ;r6tror:, em"55
dot{:d:"Uu poc6: Bd;eco,}g f56fd oaarar6 $oaroryo: $o0u56ecod
of3 &$ 5lf fegr SdOo6. es $ad a5e $$ 56p&o6. o-5o5:$6on
5r{el6586 a:*0 a$gbp6 }$ a55o&. sc a$e }$c a,S S;5rq:5n
.5rS55y6,: esodrd G5q"5$o1S $5CS $65:oe.rS;O:5o6 ;ro6:5:er
*er ;5ooa 6ox6. aaer 6od e Sr"ertudC $$oSg dXod SO dUr
Sgper3 @sc{go S8*Qoaoo -
69,6 p66d.5od {r6uu:sJ p6r
5r0er:, $$eo @oeo RFirO$u:,$5g S,ro6$g€c S:{5666e $go*,
eo65dc ersodpb 58"* 5[e. a:o665v6 eeo6E5 Srerf 3]3ood
- "as$e $$ a-S 5e.rfir66o5."'20

aeo6 $o{C oQXA:{p u6*or:, ere55 bodr ew&o5:o5o


Jer aOlon eoQs6odS edelt$6:o6?
***
r52 e56> SeSS
eorygO5ro -6
epQs.6o ES.l CBd (1977-80)

6Oeer Bor$t5536 i1:o0 a$$o[u ag$er $gd Joo6


$6Sa3oB o.5: e6eao s(r655;5350d306:od do6. a:So $$dn
a66 a*r{}5$g }$o5oX a$$oilr:d $eg, asgf 50.15f3S8 G5q"S$o1s
554 $So *Fd ffgr.f6$ as5$o[u s6or:or$$o6. e-S Odb 5:.d ao.h
8b;So"S 15s6o - "d)o $ab65od ep6$5$go &oeo. Sr$ er$;E5d
uex$5roao. epor:d a$e $$dC $6e err{}5$:g }$o5: es6.A5.
J5o'6 Sr" epsrao6o 55;d6:. epero6 Bed 6dr*Scg es6.J5.J5ef
.$eSA 6{a$$o{:r 566&o8 er$;arso $Su" a555o;$$d6:."
aESSoEuC 65g 6 SpgS Kr.Jq a66 er6$5SS +0# 8.6$to6.
o"s3 v6eoo G5qr"S$oLe Sdcg S"*Q da6: (spo65-€"),866.J66
SoEp (dS5O, a$SSeS: (gaw$56:5 s.oEF) er irEd 660co.

?:{orr0 SSSfB ep5:6pel&n",3:o6r psawero fH ?:f;rn es$$dC


ig$n 5rlg s8s auo"Q da6'epo6$;5r:od 1964d e.$$0, 1967d
So4&o 656"$S:oge erd6r5Uu. a,5 Scd $d5o0orn, e$ $er5$:o[&m,
do@;$o[Sn 6o$5 daod ao.5:Cro;$ erSlcn$o 8On Uu.65 Su(-e$g
ed *A6on'?:cq.Uc egoS:SS Sug5 ao6.
a$$oflr S6SS; erdg$ a$s5e5: ($.aS.&). s5ueoSreB eqr3'
8o65 5o$66o 5"9"d a$SSeS: 1971d aog'd6 e$"q iFee.:o
serod do$ 6{ea .ap S)o[&rF 6o16. eso$$3 56:$n' 50 So563ee:
$or &$A:oeDg iUpS 5pS uo5:$6cn'$$o$ 6e{: ao6. sS, egd6:5
art{o;o6 153
5966, s56o 5g &:fie dr$6u:, p6ee"5o SSB4BfiFo5ro::."'eeo6)S
S0a5. eoodrSg esd6$Bo6 d:o 6Cd{ er6 3ro6r oSSe Srpg$
*0u6:o6.".. eo$ e.55p6 &dSo $o1A eroa6. vS, ipoa:S o$; a"da.54
v6eaorro$ GSq"$$oLS SSeg eso65S 55:$o'5c'Sg il60 566'$oEt'
&6$40oe6:.4

bsy$ 696 tfd,5e 8o65 6 aw05po$S6l'SQdc $o55gd:p"$o3,


Xo6SP"n 5g$lo5: 5p0o3 ud5r5:6,:.'6 ego6r5 p6Ud6od 96.r:
o.o8o6:on" J5n'oS itsotS:dp 5*3Cu. 1977 dgS# aQgf $S&oeu
sd:Sf 36 e6o 5g5$o5:o Sr55o $oo So;$ofl. roszd 6n e6o
22 5r.16$.6 *60 S6sE SoEr a$65f 5ro *dcn ego5:$d a"*Q dad>
SoE prir3earo 5g d5iro ?rooo6. eld d5{o a$55 e5r 5o6 506e:
6g $6- 1$$0oSo6.'7

a"*0 da6: rno eot65-f- $g SoX 65 d555 $$€ as4s


ao.3o $ep 5a3o5:C sa$ tbe5$o[& 56s 6Sd eoos 566'boEp
t6noE da(u.ep$ep p6$56rg &$er o6n" $e.Er 6r3o*q 5& a6res
$qr 5Oloa aSSoEud. er$S>c$ ag5$o[u eld6$ 6O"S5ro[8 e+0 5e!
ys, 56eE bo$. 6r.Q{Seao 36:. & $+6o aodrl$s.6' oeo66' ;5oo5;
R{y6. egoS:S Br:eQ da"6 eo{SBeSQ. JobS daCu. 1977 SrO;d
a"*Q da6:80 so1!*66 6q,.$5rol&n! E5$rD€a S5s.6o $a6:.
esd da), ege tuoQ de6: 19 6:o8 S{:gerd 65 $ogeSpQ
5et0::
o,,
SfuS-:qB
r Q(6 656ou6.8 er 5:o18 S{od O
;r5$or3 Sdeot{
;$o[&65ap, ero,55B 55pa61$ucno a"p oflo*oa). af,f5o.S:e Ugea
e g:, 5 6 e5- $ oEr" g dA dr. o 6 aq: d e.ro:: oa6:. ?: rp ;:eg6 O I d 565 p $ 5:o1S
55C aS; 6a60c 508op6:.
ase. &$ds *Q. p6$565 5po5: s:ogs $$od @ec{5o
6oder ew6qe:, &SSoXA. (!6S 56Xr6 RFAO* ")S.bo$ a,56, 1g&
565rr.6 15aw$55:g so@S Jo.3:o5: e.66, 1$8 56t{>6, so@S(e)d
Jo.3:o5: e.56,1$& SE$$6 d5ff ao.aos: e.SE 5o6:5;bog& $dgu>

754 S56r Se$e


de,ror:outi.'s$, $oB Jo.3:q:6{a5Sofr: 5116o d6oo 3 6:o18
93
566od 50?:$15:o6. erod, 6e 31 ;$oB Jo.3:o5: a,5 $o[O 55&
ofloSo6.

9o5$o6 Cdfr5:er 5;$oe*6od, ag$$o[l aer dog5 5:ogS Sfod


d<..a6 @SS65o &o6c-CB y6eao - epsr$$oc- epQy6odB 6d;SOB
of3 6BzoSBzO
oc, sorirsoo 5$6n"d, aer es6rpd EOoS:d6>.10 sc,
6cS lfpSe6eao *$3o6 56:er dg'gea:oa. ag$$o[l Joherd a"Sp$
(u1gc$Ea5 $54: e"5 Cp6o dfaqA. "SS: erg5a.p6:o[& s66AoaSC

o$ areQ de6: a$36. s.5, aro'QdadlB u€€cor - o$ $$


S65iro rr"656 eo$SnQ5gop 8&;6:. 6Sg s6eao 5$6? ep$u: aS$oEDB
93 Jo.8: $H S&,516 $r"61 i:oLS S66d iodr5: &SSSgcgrZaoc$6od
p6'*ooC a-S o{15e e6o Bo0,:.c6do6."11 aB Sadr s66 a5yc5:
derKrSdo. sS, o5;S S erdsea $5&: er$secon S dar5r. 6gCSg6
5S"1o6.12 5do@ 56.6 a"5 a6lOS 5r.L6d, s6:, i:rp$>o5 $5$B er6

5:"a-. "ds: $5ar3 B&3$ - epep aod6b& d6ss4p. s65 &$


$4f>g8n" d$;o6soo $gd erc6f;6orn$ 5E* S$r$a"o."l' &Sto
aso6 $6i.d 51665 sAd6rod grc- da6. +6'soor: BSvo ao& &$
S6ScKurr6S
Jo(d6G epbr56 esd6$ e6r;$5:5o-6. es Sfrdfo 5>&og:"d S:"a-
erir6ccom a&36:. 6 65pS pe$ $o[r: 60ocps3 $or{:t'r660 d6:
l$os.

€od $o[& 56o


o
i$oO a$Sofu ep$:$$oc. eg.6e6$$ S:d
*rrer56 eed d,55]r6. g55556 6oBe werod ped erg,6od ao8
$$3 eoapUps $(pveoo6o05 9,rdn" BOm6:. BD6er esd6$3
SXpd6
56gf;1:o S:o[866SC a65ar]Cu. epd daa, oud a,5 e$r$p e86C
SoaUu. ,5lS soilr:d do65 f$oC asg edo$ soFr ;rudd
eeoa6 "$g $eos.on 5:S::5 ::6 A.og"tugdqed, o5$6od
'
S:o0 $5;oeDopoileoD. e4;:6 5lO fOgfSo 5ro18 soritsd &
c<r"eo 6g5*FeQ56d6r" Bog ao663 &n,5: 6s65,+$ Oa6$ t55:
$$$ou."" epor:d dcoea6S 6bd 566:0f;n" o'o::$ c(ro$o v5r

a:.t{o;oA 155
-"6ai- dd6FS (edo6$oEp) odtcoo3 66:6u:56c. op{6r a"er
S$gb6el 516-."16
o.6'l:oo, eoo"55O5Ur S6no666orn aESSofr: $$ Sdduo: S$5,
epd cdd$666 @{:65od ssSaUu. u6r.d $62gon SdS:"ec
5J.ge6$o6- 65 SSd 65r SDsn eFdr.6). 6ad$S Kup;$eag $5S erd
d:.A S* d:sir s6, 65 &5$o Sro +$n io5ger S* sc& va:.
***
$55 $5w6o $SS UOa.g sdeod i$o[8 eoo:5'E$s6 edi:oa: #5
g.Edc 55 eeSoo5r$S Be;6. r{6od a,553:c$ Jo.8:m e546 Jbo$
Se:lKo$5c-pB 5*1Cu. aS"yc6... ! egobs eg$$: 66d n{6er5:5 aDBtu66
Sdao6 ap Xuo18 a5&6er5B13hr OL66eco aod6. sS aipr6: eg fX
a6*n 5s3:So6.16 epod, s6 s.o6t*66 6{:65o 5o" eos soBo J$45
egdOoOS eoQy(5el eg,na65oO BGSrr. SL65$S;8oho*6:. eg OE$

rfXS SrE"S a.6'$o ep6iru.B 66o5rg6r. """0 Cdaodeqr i$o.&


Sl66ero qo65:5r:o6r Jged 6od, e0546 Boecd era$6;o&" epoe.:r
es6v6el;,$ egdSo+6:.

dA dO aoe.:6wgf ss{ 156;o5: $aSreeell q{7" "$daod


Co.S$SB $g SgnoeQ a$ S6orco50.:o do lg S6noeSB
ep6:t$eoon S650co - do6r as66$."'7 *Sls6 o.JS.JF epQe6n
fc$q. aod 5tr56 boEp (66;w6 sood so@5 g{:65od
esd6$
$o18rn $SSa6) rtS $(u6:o€pt5: : "$dao6 aq:.6:o[8rn u6'i:or:
5o"6,r A6hr Sda"ot{ Spoo x$o$ 5533 BSe;o er$6 S0gon
as66d6. e55 Adao6 Sq"oQdr6'5or: i$p:(,r S6$goo.5d6:. erc.r:d,
esd $$o6:od Eo6emo6 epd Rp&d:95 d$r.Sd65 Sg el8 gtoSS
5r3:od 6c Hrc- Sood*.'
6 Sd,a.o6 So"5o S53.no'Jero erSA i.gi.Seiro6:od $p$on
S$5t5:6Eo6. "$B$Ser o6'*oo3 erpod 4.65 (A.g+5, er$S$$erd
5n&5 p66 66q:o6o )S i"6o.5c-C$ $o$63a$:E$ cr.o5:6:t3:m .3*5o6.

156 S56: $ePis


eeerfr, w436 SfroS:od aOASS{,r a.l5poe03 SgedBn'6rc-.1:*ut5>"
oS, $656 qP66 iI"55:456 6.S.J. e{r:55 X)6 S$5roer"6).18 egoS:5
sdc{oOo 6nc- B&p6: "il6i:or 1928 bEDso64 A"gq.S Bpsi;dc,
1999d @qp5;ooLe *do.d er*d6g aKu;d BflSS;6.: 6rc- esd65
i"gi.S erS:SruQ 6>&Old*er @5Qoa"6:.1'g $9i.5 3o$o6 doip
dd fPgg6 $6o.rp 6e4"6.20 esdtrsd$od &gi.sg, i:sg 5:{g s6o66
$SaoSSp$ s"836 S{o5:od 563u: $54o"0 $95:oa- ew6g
&*os:oX6:.""

Sgd i.gi.S E 55rAS s653,:.oo5 &9i.5 6a5 rpo$5:6 &f).6


In$S s6gLUSrSB E:lqrg ep&6n" *Fa6o5r5Uu. es w65[5$od aoao"n o6
Snc- es*F5Sdre0n" $gSgA. e.5$yCo p66dd eoSo:rq aboS5
S:SsSdn 6:Qo$&oBS Eo6enoo$C a"5 8:8:oSoe 51613 **g
a5e$$ 6665o &Kr:sd.1$oa. e Sddd e.5 $B$5 gtuqrfo egd:S>
er*d6g eSoSoBn" es$s50o*t$. er53:t3: ao6erno$ o€i:or: 5oS
,5r$, 55oN5$ cS0o6 : "esddrQSoo6: u $SiF$ &on$)A5oe."22

a"*9 dad: 19778 q(pd:6'6{ea ;bo[s ar"adoUr5s '56.;er3


es$s5$ou6." so1flF 6e66S Cdeo6 Sq"uC3 a6 e.5 ;$u:$. 1977
o"68 a6wd:5d qp66dec3 6"Qloo ddg$oaop"$ d6. q(pd:6'
erSB er1S5oorn 56p&5 o5v6ro 36hr SeSo eoQSpo0o6.
f56o eo$
6cg asser ep65' .5Sr:Cu dao, ep65dc tuSo d"e.:{ (Sd;oo 6'rc-
w6eao. "apaddr"S ep66dX 565ec6c 6{r5gon 6o*erXo5:oXo.
6oir5s e.56On o s.s, doSr5 6ood 5o6 $)$t$s e.Jdg#d:.o"
epC a$3:6c ad5:e,l?,:t':6ooX6 eo$36 ao8Oa53 er6s6 u66t.2n
e0ld$tuerod * Ano::"Q sdao6eq, SrQSJ eeeJ6AX'66 estcorB
Src- d0o6:$oc- crs?:Hp6. s.gepd, ;r'5?:or:B 55$66on" qt-ew&d
epod 65 $$o{B 6$;od L6$ d5>. sc o6'*oo G5q"$$o1s
wegodns3 BgS $$d6odd artfo6rs ersgd 6o6€cod, ego65
r{:S 5$ a 6r. 654i$ Sg e"5 $16& ef $6on" " a6 6> a5;tBo c5: 5: 5 *36,: ? "
epC +d'*oo $8;oa"6:.

ar6o;oA L57
;e€*oa:65 J"gdd 655: s'5;s+g $* 65qQ5;c{on"d, a6e
$$dc rX$5S:5 &Qo o$ Snc- S55$o0odo6. 6a $S5od
s$^.don" UcB:od udi;or: aB a"56. ;:o5toor: *A S0SgS56e:
"{ref
666 e08r4r 6o0oo6. epert, cgo6:$ 6SdS C85r $eo"s' ad6eJ56$o6-
5g$ir0o50co 6rc- 5S3:Qoeoo6.

ecinra! erc5:5 Sghr Sdeod cqpi'"Q8roeir65b6no6o.f a:06o


doS:rtOn"A.

erc65 es5is$S dod:: $S ag"6r. "u il36dr.U e"5 s$5


(g.:fi3Btufo) Er:H4er 6ognu: d*AS tuirg6 6s5 JSa&$os 5*;d
,Jr$ &o"0 es6)$odrp aod+Uu. 6"$?cor:, ero"55 - a{08 5rc- 11S
6ego uB RFS:e$ ;$oBeQ 65o5o droS &sb auir3S$
6o.$$sg5y6g" erddo 5S;*4. ;r€'$or: er$c$S ag$66 ftdS 6{
@o6o 'Jra-o0 $e6. s.c, egoS:S5r er8S5o a0.15 uo6:$er elf,c$SC
{ue5 1p.o6od ,J:"trepcg 55: d6p, 65so ep6c *6:55 e.5 B5}6
Xde.:d$.c- dfc a$JO. aB o6'*o::c aosp e.rQo0o6. erc6:$ irect'
- "&85 a.5 55; (fr";$o. 466$66n" t$&Bor... s.C exro8 ,fer>
i$oO a.5 ABgoAo"A $:OSod $ro6 d3:8e6ro6: AodKrS$, o.
5n63d6od3,Tt$.15:50.1, erSu'o5p$ $o$5S, 5CL6pS o ;$oBeQ
d;SSagendrt',r - o6,: Saodro $Qoo6o. s-6oo, $S oo6f;6
5fp{Srgo. gtodrr6, SdoUon lFedef,r. e6 $-&d6rer S56$3$ps
er{oo... s.S, 5r$o eopo6 $:$s56on ;$5 SSpaod iFeercdB
eSo6:g:oc- dao."'u

$45 i:ei.o8S
LQ o"6 1978 a*Sd esB:Osd ag0fo6. Cdapo6
$og8n" ar'6i:or: gp$d:ogSd SOb es&0s de;6. er546 (u5n6
66do $o6 lgaro$ ddSoO o5*or: 3ro6d Srgoc-6:. ilgd
perS>o6 "irdo o$o eS€,:o ddr" ercca:" €geD dAiF ego6r6 ep566on
boAdS 16Sohotn6.'6 eelfr, ao€fool SwSdrfugdc oSSeag$&:O
weSodrQ5o502o05$6o e546 Erc- b.oAd Srgoc-t5:.2? er 56ge;$

158 c$6: $ebe


$6:o$od$ ere55B er546 ql6&d6
A6gd{ g.:d8a:6" 5o5o$;!drgUu.
ego5:S 6ctu6 yerod $oloo" eirdro5>d oe553 rnf6o2n
i5biroos$ 5gg.

et da:,f pd,S a:6" o65eag $Cred a"66 @$65$ ad56


1$SSQn aod +Cu. ego65 o€'*o5o15d6rf)rd 05g. eC gs$ 65:45
aod6. eso$S BFo6 i*g"d 6gi6 qF66 @o6o (ro$ S$SS aed6q.
'&sd$q6' epoe.rr5r. 6d6S Uo@ XUod S:{ggd,5 tuag$o[8rn SCSS5
(eo6erno$ eddD6r) &.3:.&:9r.'z8 pd.S a1g $.c- aoflE eso6o6
5r16on"d Sr"g,ds'6. eropd, J5;6r $rC5 60o0 6oCp6:. 6o1$ Jer6
a,5 13bq"S$oLO (eo6o.rvo6)p *&o6nd, epert & @d.5 ArE" y#d:
sood 65P"55:o1S u6?:oa:C *Aou6:.
Bu{o 55 o6'$oo S55soo SaoS:5o6n $80o6. s.C, 1978d
esd6$ p;n $65€;Sd $$5ew0o6. 1962d pu qp66 dremQ.
er[6$oa6 pu$ 6O2oOS2e BD66 Cdao6 aq: ;.$o[8 u6'5ou>d:.
;w#:or E*d d{ $6:oi:odd aooqoE Ep o"&dsoa. &o5:oXo
e655: &:96d.{o. o€*oa:3.e0"5 B0pSg6.: 6ng.5f ao.f tXfr,6'655orn
6ei"d es esS(eo erce co5:eaoE Eu o"8 (u6'i:or: P*d 6odn")d
608il€oa:o6. pu 6o6:f,:5: 56gd o6'?oor: 65 $6g0.>5S eog.oS6orn
Sr:fld$S$ qp65$ 86h 5u;6. ego5r6 en"d CSU;or r$Brpo0$o6
(qp$:ea6 &Ss;.'o SeArd Snc-';1o6gp5 Pu 5650c5'epoe.:p $e$e:
u{o iu.1o::.t'
$5$S, 5eO:"C aod$oo ?rf;n S$o;$$da:. wS, $![B:oe.:r$
$ooo5n" &ssoaa. 6 erodo 5lr sdao6aqr$o1-8 u6'*ol
eoQs6$$ Jo.3r.od e5,65&5{}$ Jo.S:oc 56 c&:&er }c.r: e '563d
SrSndsuJ6s a-55;6 r6gd{ 85do56 5sS rc5 d(D$oc.:.6. es
65on" eg eo6o 5f aOSgoo: SodpQ$6orn 5n$oc-or:. "u6'foon m0
s6gec$ r$ooo ds a*pa qd....5l4 61asgs 5Q;5 6{eer *.}, a64x
pu0 a-b3o56o EoSpoAG aerEoa. Ciro6$oe eS3:6,r pen$ 5r$S

ar6oSoA 159
$df6o 616oo. $oirf;:er X>oos e6:, Odapo6 ep 6:og8rn ;u"6'$oo:
Bp SOc l$8$ro55 epe, 8158o6."32
6s d L

***

+€i:o,r: *e>565: E$nr spoeo $oQdd 655o0:r a"5 $r:95


drrg:oer:. a$oe6. epd trso6od e553$ero"55 5rc- epd rsdQilX6,
Jero6 Se^r56bo dg:oa-. o$J:d eoo"55 65 AD6E sCu si$s4oX6:.
$6 506o6> (ldsre5.erod 514o6;,$os s6:B (SBr"aS. "o$ $o-$ern
Io{g666e d$ryer: 68305o$. Suq:gorn em"5$ Jero6 6r{;d$ dC6o
$noo5 uo5:5:6o" epo0.r6: a6g0[ 5dog6 g&6."
S5p*6, $$6 $ol8d5 *q, erod $1O6o:, d8d:", EOCagS:, filO5:t
80a{o $oB esoee$ $oooSoSS ae. epo6:d 6 ap $o1S 55$B
fi"bp 665S 6o66:. sS er6g5$6 608S eood er6w6d +{oB
?:u;so6 SO"q Sq$og & ap oe $qr5p6pirsooo6. ws 6a
sAdr"d$ 3ro6r aw&o$ua ero::$ eoe553 8$36o a:Se $$d *er
;bo63 a$o da:.

$Sra6, $$6 eq: i$o[8n - eso66:;5r:oe5: eo6g5$6


J5.B.ero"55
SoBs wood 6qt 65o H.SoE SAS a6gofio e4std(r5er5r
6$6r$0o*6. $18So fi'o6r Sd4oe$S: 6$drEoOS t5SoS:
6$Soirp0oa6:.'n 6:5 *C35eg$ qo6d:"S 8On &6o0o*6.'u 64b65
es6sodp 5166625, egydrsBos: 6nS $56oq6 6efq0 5 po*t$.36
esOaarf SO,S6fi:.635 a6g0fo5 JS.eS: er536 $(rdrep
t$qdf)r5roe.rl., "e0655$6 SOBS yood ero"55 a"e$6$ S185o;:e0
5g $6:Srerore 555ir6odo6. erct$i$ a6lO$f egoS:SB 5:oO *6r
erflo$o6"37 eeox6.

#6ir$4o $$o o6od $sAn" eoo"55B {":6:o8. eord egoS:$


65$6 +p i!o[8rn 65; sood 65 .ilqr rr5e er6.J5.JS 65*eSB
esSedo 50;o*63 SapSo 6o6. io.8: 6 egdsea SaUu :
e.5 RFAOE
"ere55 5:o1S65 aad *er5:o6 erQs.UuQ 8o5556o $o0 a66

160 e56> $eb8


d,aCu.
" i,.ef 3"$dr"S S695 eoQe6Q So6&:otr6:.
ee6.JS.AF
egs-dape3 s6gt6$r# 9rc- ;r$3od 56oer $r63el do$tro ao8o6."38
e"5&&o6ro eoo"55 (pc- esoASO+6. "6'oaeor:d bSSr" Se36{ $S
n-5p a8$s&pi eirodlea,;'r*Fp6eo 5:5 5:"c. SCSrer &od:o6Ow5
ees ds&n5 ;5u.b saf,>. fs0656€ p05 erq"6om bse$q: 6qoe.pO
5e...!"3e ego6:S SerXfC ?:f;n" JS6r sF66 SoSdA. es$$56ps
a{o$$a*.:od * 6o6r s&f6}o $oot6f:r65625d a,5 5ag eoo
660o5 1$$6$o515o::. ep6 Src- eF6&05: a$e $6 .fO $o5
@6o{p5 s.erod.
ae>o6 SoSS{u: 66;, eo6g5$6 $o$sd so@S i.$ 6ro5Ca:"6o
d$Sq>n", Seogr"C Srodr ew&o6rar6:o 6al:65o 6:O5CAr6o dSS
d6. pawpg aS;:t': SB3,:B 5r6on" 65g a5e5 SffE f:"erg€
crpepel)
B&;ood - "*$Jg! $&6 S:o1sm eoo"55 6o& 6pc- 5reApd
qo6erpo$S ern" 6tpo"Q. er6:S:&opt$."a0

***
a$e $$'tfeSU5 $o$p o5*o::, 66: (a$$o[u) ]$
ero"5Ser

65e0,05S: 6r6er.sg a$66d6:. airqra er$y6 dsS ,:gn# 3:.oc5r65


b6noer"o6: 8b; oS&eO;$ eo5$6o 50; 6od$lts6t$3.

6eir6eaB Ceg&q"$o 0iro6:od eg6.a5.a53 e.5 er{5o66o


aoda. i:S So"5gq"o"e ar:5$ 1p68 &e:gro: 6$8 ep$:6poon
6o1"6$(Dgrod, s56o15 ap66oC o"cs 5ro21* .5016w6:er 5;$B
ep$:Sroono $rd;eCu. 1920 d6$od s"o@S &Q eoes6od ao6n"
6rO5$oo:5 Sr"6J5'$SS Cegaq: S:o[&n" 6o& $d:65 S6g, ]o56&5
So{d $rozrfr
u^J c)
ep6:5:oo'6dds 6pU ff3:;o+t5:.41

* SrO5S erilo po6oC Ce5$q"Sod S:o0 SoEodo::'on


es6.a5.a5 6eg5on'6o6. 1977 d:d eg6.a5.a5 Lfo"s $6Q rlsge>
uod $r.g,66r. Co"5SrySo ($o$46eaer) C{o5:od $$65od es6.
J5.i5 $*r5oQo6S B$pUu.a2 O6A:ry e"56, 03:5So@ 5oB 5016
ao,6e6oA 161
v6:o <r$S $6g 6{so$ 6SSoir6o*er$g$s}55 @al:65$o8o$5>
S03o6.as Boe.:Sa"$$S Sgo: Sit62or i{:3:;oaor:. SSOB a$en }$
6665od 6a eeoaSB J$45 63a6o eidco a$o dC a6$oF:5de-S
6qsq.5n16o t6665o 6SSoip6oder dso6.on 1998-2004 sercd
qp6&d6, ase $$ er0s6od d$;6p6 *55;, d$esS* &g 656;d:oe,rd

6$g dgiF$o:o 5g s.$tSr;, SoLds &66 eor:os, a66oder eo538


tFdleSQ. @a.re6o $*ev iero6 @o5:oXo: a66d6:. "nu
cr6.a5.J5 apoo6r epS:t{:eaon" aSo. }$ 6#165" 555ir0o.50
Xu6.5 epodo Oad5fr$. daCB $56o165o 5S356p6 S:o0 &rr56o6od,
aa8Sn f a6%? 5>ero5:, 66o5: oad5frff eo;5rerd aoXo::. ererf,
a66 BxbSaS$ $ero$ ep$ Src- 66cd eawgo6od $o.;6:.ou sq
5$ea"6 *** Sra- Xo{g}orc Sroodp $s"o $5o Oad5fr$ &fiSa;or:.
1978 eg6odod SreAd aie $$ 6665o BloSa&$ 6e>o$ 26
e6o $t.>n 665S ad5n"S 63fa:goa. (er5"16d er546 J5.s., J$o6>
24 a.6o $e.:" es$e::d 6o6.)a7
epQs6od a5;cna8o5: po5:Sro 5J966 Sfpger Sn6e.rQaS 6
B5:5a&S $eyo $e.rgo fnOpo $$o e-Q$ bu;or:. 1977 p6
$f&ou:d, BDB&)58 $om, ag[6 q]"66dd io8ood erg{S:ero6:
3o65o$ 50 a6o 5oX6$45.a'eood, 50 e6o Oad56S o"5e JQpS
od s-5, a66 5:ero5: ep6y,to a5g $gd Sra- B$SaBS 6:ee:
6es6rd JQSoIrg6:.
& Jot:o a"QSd Bi$SaBS $eo Oa;d5(t5 Cqr.il"Qee{godr5o dS,
5h$&6on bil6J doOc-Cg OodX56 1p$5 5:o65 e{56god a,S
g5:A55, 85q"5$o1e a"*9 de6> 5"Deo da6:.0'ieha & Xoode:
S5>fr5 b&6$ 5g qp66d6o, 3ro5:.65 $fpSerd 5r6per So{a}oi:
&e5SoS 6 65fi5 So5rS:sQ a6$oEr: 55:$o0o6. 6a Sdri:ee
55Od3o.5erc ur5o" 6:65f $ere;S: 3ro5r o55e bOQ xbo0 6n6o
$S$Serc s-s, as5e J.$C a{ao$eco s.S ag6r{5p6ds a$Soflu
rySo0o6.

L62 S56r $o"be


tu{o 56 a5e }$ }er6d a5soEu, eg6."l5.a5q:65: 55o6
16e0"055: si:er d*oc5:$ eSg6oSr 6dd6. 6665o aod:ec of 5C66r
5tu6 - er$;6 $d s{d5ro.
***
;$$oe3n o$ ir6g 66:u6 ei$ Jc5r6"451 50fr6:o$ Q5;on
o5g556 SoBs eercd c?rcpQ ee6.J5.JF 65$ ep$:Sroom
;$o;$5:o6. e655ff pAS ?:o;$$o6. L975-77 yerod
SeSQ
ee6.i5.J5 ,aad 8500 $oo 1100050 565r (30a.6o) ?:onoo>."
eoS36B 5o[u So+6C *o $o$o Soqrg 539 d6$o6. uQS asea:
do6: Sg &"$o5:o o6o6. d,5 ug{on do6,r do 5:oB 1$*65:o:
56;g16:.5' er$36 56$ dAod ee6.i5.J5 c{6eod eroddsoUpS
s.oou'eld. fo[r: Sd565o 5:"c- 25 a6o ?:04 SB o{er5: d6:5:o6.u'
ee6.J5.JF qo6e> &{0o50co a66 }$o o"a8o5: po5:6:oB
esodfs 5oEooo6. eod 9o65ro8 ase $$ ;ro6:5:o ee6.J5.JF
5:f aSU;or $o0oa6:.5n eg6.a5.J5 e.5 $o$685 $of e6C, ep6
a"5eag8o5: So{n" 6<fir6oro6s o6 ergES:oa6:. oo$,66od a5$o[r:
&$ t6d:u5od "lofcorn 65; o$ aer: ase +$ds, ee6.J5.JF @S
ea8o5: fofdS: $S5ern 6ox6 e$;6 u{ egdSa. a$e }$
Jo$oo66r es6.J5.JFd Soacoper: d6dogo: dKr:$uss eE.
sq,6SP6.

eeodo$ $o[r: 5g$65o. ego6$ ersee.rom$ ee6. J5. JFs


ap6Toou6
$$$o*6:. $oEud 65 Sd5e5Q 56q:S5e.rQ s654ocn6. pn , 6
ase &$d 6;$s (eg5sofu) a56 $$o a"g a56oo@d &c{rern
.5160.:o $g eso6$ obipio 5g[o den6r.uu vs, 1979 iwo;d arn6
u6: aof$ $oEr: erSepi a$635od i.gSgfy6: 5n16o u6'f:or
A$956$d 5r6ryry6:. Se5ir6:er er*F5CoOo ;1oo6: 56$dg
ed6:.uu ego5:$ a5:09od 'f,65 &ss's ase &$d ee6.JS.JS 5lr aao
56136:$g uo$S:Q g*S.f no$ (Fd66Jo $46r. " o6'*or: erS:SooOS
6 p+o s6eaono a$e $$d (eg6.a5.J5 e$r5r.er6 6H) 56;85 CuSo

arder;o6 163
ee405om SSr$e8no6. a5;6o::d a"*9 da6: a$e $$d ea8o5,
$dge5sB 6nS $o$6s5 SoQ es6.a5.a5 Sra- esc 1$56oud6'$gd
&:6e o$ Src- 6S3 aos. dfo"S e6€.>o a.rt$o66S {y.6:$o16:.
aer 50fr6:o: S$:$e3f S6:o5:od$ ISqFS$o1S a"*9 da5:,
cdao6 aqr S:og8 p€?co.r:5oS ry66d.Sb 6dr.Ae:oBr€,S Rpsdrss
d$r.Sd6)S 66gels5: 89"6. aima a$e $$ eoo6f;6 S5peo5F 6e:
5"3:35$odBr, e€?:or: Rlsed:es dfir"Sd$S $65dc$d oS fP6;r{o
5e3eu $ros a5 $656rfsQ 6s3o6:65od es$56o*t$.6e 1979
a*Sd egoS:S e655: SOE 5tr.16r.
el6a& 5:o0 er 66{:e5SB 56;bo5o @6odpo6.
{.*rf
ry6&o$ 6€556'eo6$6 360 566 SoFr 653 (!6q"S$ols S6c
a55d6c (a$6cr.S$o1s ido"d $o$q6c) ery{Xrod ffniF6oX6:.
ods":or:-3:oXod5o {:ab;op.o 5:f f:6gSqU5o 19"636 $8o6.60

ogi uo5:565 aoSo erS36 S:oS "lep J.no5od, 6oc$ 6egne:


66:od o#":ol k64"5$oLS epoa:$6ti: ego$S $oge5fod BoXoad
er$wirgon" 6{eaaq:. a$o[& erdr56:.

iQ6eo *e055 SOC afOrno0u S6eFSoEpC esd65 dsder{Jps


956"55:o1S $5eS Sfgfo i$oO o$ $go.JdgiFdr6. 1979 aa-p
p6B a5e $$ 6ab65od 5oS Eo6po6. EugBrdecrn ao663
5035o$ .J66$oEp, erc5:5 5:f;6reS. o"od ${A:oeod a$e }$
$oqrga:oo p*g ercr:lFor:o6. AEAIS66 S$o Cao6$er5: dec& a"*9
d,a6: 6{:65o o.duall" $oOS Uqd6:. ao68 566'$oFr bfo 5 $$
Sq"oeo
a
$5o ao5:68 afiFoafig?
So$ $p"5$o[8 s5ng. o"od a5e ]f,el
e"Sd bSi"o6o 56eE
SoSd es5o6$frd:$; ao6erro$ es $oSc i:ood ad*6o SoOfo
$fo SUeS$oEr $gnSB 6$i.g io$oo6Urr $66 e$6C 1$58o0o661.

t64 0$dr Se$e


eeod! 556o16 eP65d.S6 o5$ $q"S$oLSrp $6t5 SoEp
g55rea$5e6o de6. ego6r5 5 ogfio $rpd a5e ]$c $e1d er
e{igo 3630o6. '1$qrSS:oL8 *60 56sE boEp'egp fu8drd 1$Sueorn
S6o.ep 5*.1or. e66d,aCB 6q"5$olerr ,56eF $oEp doaUu eoS
1$$o5$oe 6QoOo6. eorpE So$ss ig{;. a"5 }ga€do6 A.d.ig5
esoe.p6) : S6ed .J66' SoFr 6ox6 sC erQw6od
"1$pSS>oLS
ao6ernofr 6oX6:."62 er pdi$oe sQ ued. $5:06o .$.S 56eF
RroEr ${:e5sB aoaemo6 US +6 $66 66$oipooao6. go6orr
tr60 566 $oEr a"54 $Sa:oeo SSpd,Eo Sra- .Jr65:oc-S edp$:"
doro; 50.1o6.
ao6erno$ .4So - a$e $$ 6arU5 EfeSQ. SFb{f ${5o66
J$,5o8
d6
B60co.

e Sogldo 5r{f +6t:o:r, ere5Sor ae> 5:65 6g-6.dboo


er{ropoo y6eeo,r S d,5o a,5 a6o$ o.as8o6l dsq$$ Je>
Sd;oarcd5e - ep$ egdtrS Boe6:. a"g66 ao6o epo6om, [S$:a$on
866)dr.d 5$o6. epo6:d $S6" d6:. a,g cs6p$ ergfo 51163: ao6.
$oEr:50;:.6a erddg5o. a5e $$d$ q66 S$o o"o6:5:o 5g5$s6po
Sg $o[u 6ooEC ssg efl1}o6:d** Ss;u 1g{:65od a$5$ ao&
ogi &16s +$ Sp5gon c653:.S$ SaXA. $of o556S SD&66
6$;6 ogi SgnoSo. oo6159$ oS ag5er $g Sg5*F6 Pos
dgo;t$dSindJ"6. a5e6'$668 6r"c- el dae,f aoSr$s..S ucpoS:6'B
4,5 dq: cnQo, "a5@ $gd eo6ob S03: 6o.Jtler e'5 $od{ 6$
(arsewoo) S656o6"63 eo& ?r{Oou6.
a"-0 da6: '6 ao&o5:5 J53gr5' SLsgd
L$#:6So 5rOil6n"3
od'*or: a,5 og$o ea6>. eS 8gS 'ae$@ $o$rCB s65:q:'.
$q"o6564)S eoo6eQego6:5 $$co'5d5:. ec, "$$d 5f p{srger,
QL
J50Bu$ 6Xo $$S6Q56rfe &flBgero."un - qd So$ars3 s6eaom
erc6$ JQ'5n$6:.

a:"t{e6oA 165
epQv6od 65; es gQsood o€soor, oo"5Sel d6:.1s5; a,5
sg[]6o Seerod - t666so Seseard ee6.a5.J5 ers>ao6o a,5
e5d6on" 56ea$$o6. eS3:6 a"*9 de6: 6At 6S 55;wSB e6eao
ep6 vSil6or:il,'doCo $d5e5o'egd6ea 6$$ Boori$6r 5S3o6.

es +5$od ;r€?ooo a,5 ?r'5;o6 Sa(u : "eg6.J5.a5 B eo0v6


criro dfc Sa:3o'5c-c3 an$ aos JS:a'< 6d6%el dS 6oa-O3o6."65
eg6.a5.J5 p o6:62f eseD$o6 o5$o a$p6r cpd*. er +5Sod
e€?ooa: e"5 Sr'5s $a- de6 : "eg6.i5.J5 65 'b"o5r'e$ erd
S6i"o6o
fld'e6&od: o.$ eod b6i"oeQdfgfo 5ro06."66
***
1980 agS$od $65qa6 aQSo$ 6o6o $$po6.
56eF bo[rp $548 56y5:oa6:. Er:eQ de6: JQSe#o 5r:o6:5:
edA:. frad 3:.o6p aw&oO o6:o G6q"S$o1e SSSS a$SSeS:S
er
65, 5166, $S6otn6. XDdlo e aUSg6 3vo5r o6ge 6*Q.
&S3:o50co $So u$ 6;$ (asSSoED) og,5QeB4:06n6. 60&wd6$Es
af,SSeS:S $66 a55€co o"5e,6$ 3$eo aS;55$ Srodp i.ecg$,
60d>e:$ ;$65 o55o SrpQC ?ro'56o5:s oS ar0o*6:.u'eg JUgf
o€*ou s*g69 $os iFd da6:. em"55 ea${$95&n d ao&ilsddr"6.
Je;So 15u6o 5rd5d 6odn" 1979 e$a6 85 aofi$s.5oci.o6:6
oS5fdd 5S1e5lw.e6. egoS:S 65, $6rgr6J o{g}66 (qo6tr sotflS
$o$$ 'J66:A6o) 6d$.5ra6. eg 5d v6e;o 6pa- 'Jre6:.
QoXQSgo
o"s ero86:g3d6d .5r.6$oc- ego5r$ Agi6dr"6. p6*ou o.en d6$g:
t$6dr56.ut epor:d, ao616s5 eg{drs $rpQ 4.6*or: S:S$d ;re>
yero soso dSoa. (66:e6 eq"5d6od.J5:6eo)

iQSo 136r6od ao6erno$ 60giFooo6. as$e tfd:65o $o$p


*{I*& d$oa- C6:;$$5to6. doC,: $o663trer 186o 565: ry66dX
eo8o6r.r$, e$oOS 6 $3r"d abyCo 16ao: 5:$ 6$3 $6:$oon
es8$o6. a:Se 15S65o &oSd esd:p dKuer &6666e, er&S: eods

166 C56r $er"$S


do5:eoo, SQo'5e.:o 5oB $Oee;5rer: eg3:3 e-S es$6dr{>C *dcr$
503ouo,::. ;5oq:gorn as$e @4f>65od erp556 t$$eoo 5r"SS lgaroB
(ao6erno$) So6o6 $o$d agOES ;$o0 6>Ss*O3o6.

60ee:: BerS6roa:. Bu{o 520 }Sarcer> ffo"oB


$651S5 JC;So
SOZ $gd wo@F J.$ nOOoa." asS@ &$ SoqrSaoo 328 5d;So6.
a:$$o[r: acoo 93 ;.$o0 168 S8it8ouo6.To

$64$0 qo6e $e:53 a6dooa.


a5 a5e $gd agSSoEr p$3 5$o: c5:o6:gln 6c. JCJgg8 &g
$easoJFCB *fl {aSSoft) w6ea$oey a$f5e5: a"5 dqr cpa"6:." 6b
S6ee$rer: Jero6 56;lwoeSB crO6oS:dU:o1dw eoe55, ar6'foor:
fbdgp6r. 1980 51!:5 45 d65 e.5 $SrS,Eo a6$s0, ego6rd a5$oflr
5615o 'dodc 5d5e5o' SuSo 5f es5:6$ dop$oo0 a$e $$
S$oa:oso6. Boec$ +61:or:, ero"55 5)Gbd 5,6 d6f a"5 e6 a6Sof,r>
e50 arUu$65J{gl* g556odaUu.
a$en $$ 5>6oF a"g (a5so[u) eo$:S:$g$ 51gl5 45 a0ho6. 17-
14 r"9 da-d a$e $$ aw&oO s6g5$o e.5 &e3$o drooa. cn$ 1$w6o
"i.$ Sd>goS6r Src- eg6.a5.a5 S6Jp do66r66:.?'6S9o -'aSSoEu
5{:5oo5O5 }fl $o0 aa:.QOQS1$'esC asSSoED ep0t}o6$e,o6. 'ee
O545 u$ Rod*o"S ;b5&o5:$ $oa-O? 6 i"gg aSp6rns. 5Bo"
555ir0o*o.e i"L6g aS $5Q BaDro'73 epS Sra- 56or:o0o6.
1980 51!:5 5s E dda" $9, pesod as$ofiu $$ aw&osr
S6nd6o a:ono6. 6cg rsoo 5:oB t$ss$o 5$6c er8{, 3683 Sroa
5o"d.6od 5*36:.'n dasfur 6J.o BpipSoF rpo6, ao6$s6
5.eo$6'o.5f $er, 6550$"6 alq"6or, OL66eJo Src- ?:f6r. daS5f
5r6;5;u$ n"C, (6$oEQSJ** rn$ J55Cw es6.45.a554 ep$raco{o
S"qpf ugo6+6:erao86pire5,e$a:63erS
65;uUus6:.eo54do$;t-f
i$o$ SrSo eo8o6, po5r5:6 35o66 acf o"s aoX6:.'u

a:r6o;oA 167
ca d66pd sg $g ees@J;FPJ Jd'.B. ero"55 $56o*6r.7u 51!:6'
6$ a:ofs 5rx'6$#d - s'g &g e{g{:8m JqPs -;wdtooa: $son{y
"ar$@$$ Sp"eo:, s65L55nf 55: 66y a66dc$. wC, 1pa:o: a,5
sae5SoS Jxbgs.sg goda$o6 eo5r6:er 656irooo5 ed * +$
es&elosB s6eoo."77 $Q @ea"05, iQSo oi:Xo 656d 6Seof a6eoS:s
5:.c- +€s":o> B$36:.

i"g *6 sr16o esdd, es s{ 5Dn* d6d po"6: da6.


5rg i.6 6A 15$ao55:oc-, a5e $$ S:os ess6psoos
a5$ofiu
$$n 6cn g56o*6r.
erer ers6pso$S eg +$ *A - 'e6&o6. a$e &$' (&ffi).
***
es6.a5.a5s 616o dS*Soc- sq *6ei'6 &g er&epucB
s6eap5 +6*or:, ere55o C$o5:o eSB 6hS $6;Oeer$ &o6o6.
1980 51!:513 uE e{pa6 SLeg $o}58oSrod eer 6o8 : "re:" 5;o6
$6 a:S$o[u {":d ao*ers $OSoXO. y$, 6a 9g J.gg g'q *6, ?:$6o
ee> S6:oagSon 6o6. a5o4:5orn SSpaod eoQ 5g"o$: SoSS: Afl
dgerd & $g es560o$o6."" il6't:or: e$.JS.aS 69 sdd65
,Jp3:oJe.:o o"5e 65 L*$S, 5g[o de6:. erd fSo6:od sq ]gd
uo5:565od 6$8 iFdcp$ d$oc- awgl{ Sgn6. eso65 $5o5:on B$
ee6.J5.JS tscrs &6e ewer$:r6'druSc so,a6:. "$gd 6od 3"5tu,
do" dS. ")id e-56d: do€.po"?e er $o5epQ rtooO es6.E. So&es
Bzue6 : "Kupc$reoS $54:B epe.ld'd So6 erugo$o da6. eso)d e*.:6'd
So1 $54: ueaS:5dc. eoo6:5$ &5$ uer $c-Ct d.a6. are.:d'd,
eoe5Sd qero6 ipa-&& do$6:."

$e6er eood 6g boSp aw&o6:p6rog nB6: eod cSU; 5ote5


%e5f Src- $e{5SQo6. So6;5:o8 o55 5a:ecod Ag $6noeo>
6$$o6p$ $cF6e, d;$c es6Qo5d6. epood 5:oo6 Sa$oa$p$
$5:.e$d:6:od - i:W.6o eoiroryool ($:8fuo0 J6E06oa: go0.ror:.
168 sscilr $epbe
$1p$eo5 SSto,a$'e€S:d5, 45.46'.Rpo6 qero6;rfl. a"5 SBnoesB
da& ego5od qr6on bC$o5:e.:o 5956 o"o6565 d68B
epoe0.u$&Su{ e"o68 $0666.

;:"S5or 65c 6hpo*o$:$5; eFdo.6f uud dESDf a"SA.


ego5r$ a$Sof,u
*f$f e"56. prn 5d6r$d o5iooa:SoX ?:f;e6.
acirue $$ a{o 5tr esd6S a.54d e5*oa:s'56! eo€c6'' eos 3:o56OES
po$5>ti:.80 wC, Sp6ge S6noeCB S6$on a5e &$ $r54o50co
uo.d 915:obg8onoso6. esdtrSoOod a"S 956:$5ied o"d?oor 6Ss
epStrgs dEo oSe;rQ emdr$ A.g S5r"d6od ASO,oatS:. a66
$$ferx 6 c(ro6o 5:5 oer6od (sseJs dr 5oxf;s;. ss, ;ppd
epepo6 eoo.glo3 5god3. erdtrotr-fpod eed e"5 t$86 da6:. "u5:
60 5* $oa-oo. dpg ea8otr;.go S:oO $6tuo;5:9$ q66o$ er662on"
I
Cer u o S>s5 oer: oXS:. "
8

oud f:S6$dEdS O165re5ere.:5 @oeer$ Ag,h0a$:o Sof$o


$fo fCdo::.o0 C$oa:o;$$q6. Bnip5o"5 n o$ #e$ed ed
J"6r.sg 5*6p o{5od e"6 ee65rq.@6oQo*6. p66d er{r3oer6
*B"d 6rc'esg{6no: FoSerp6:. abpCr: e*u5o6 6dr"6$ ;no"d
doJ:.o$:$oeDq6. dXcdegS v6eoorp Br$5o"5 n"o6p es6.a5.a5
d53ro5e.:o 6545?:8d 6po: eoCISp$ Boeo$ n'o6 egSos5 o{g$ a53:t':
epd 65e0"05d @sfoSo6.
eserf,$OSQ 0605o: Src- 6oXor. OL6gr"e5 ${5135d6'dC
6tsps er6$o 5r65d 6o6. & eo6$f$ $eea$e:: o{3eo8d gos 13
SoSd;cner $$a.So de6r. o';rd 6rc'65 5$+$$5rU6 SL6gr"g5
5fd $no*os $$oo:o;5:$q6.
6od;r€*o,r:, eoe5So aopsB &gd iFdeo$$6oe.:p J56r
a:6erd6:. 6od $$ uo5:Sen5sB $$ t$ea"Os 655d $oo6 *cSr
oflo0$goaro6.

ar6o;o6 169
tug SoAd S{d
af;6r dd56 $oA6 aq:e$ 8o65 &o"5o(rer 50$
n"So $06:e^:rQ (J56, JSOC erS:SOQoaOa 60o65o6n ) 'a:.6o;o6'
s$;5e6no }u: ar6?:or:g edo5rr8n" 6oa6 eoo"55. tSaO
ero{r6>.
o68 eS e.r8o5: ao6od er ?m$;6f,:er: eso6oo0lt6oiroo. ab;t':
elo"553 +€?oor: Jod ep556dp, +6'?:or:3 ero"55 Src- esod es$$6o.
eoen @6o{po6 e$f;0 easSd5: 'ar6o;o6'. S"q}g ep6&d6 a$e
$gd eoo"55 &5 aie $$ p6o5o s:oo &opel: So;sder +6'foor:
&c3:odo6. eeel a5e &$ 6dF6 esi$doe;.$ 3$6d$$oer"
*96e a.5 eofl@dr0B $a;Uu. 'al5e 1$4b55o a.5 #6ir5:4er,
RF(rOago, egw6e€o@56ea esd $r"6 esoae:B 66;eao 5$o6. e"e.:$S aa

50;o6. ainre Bro6n65 S6no5o Sq.e frpgd €"e;$ J5:45 a$6gr6:.


1980 AUgg6 $ao S6K4Oo$o6 ao615e.5 ecro6:e5 Scr"ocroo SrpQC
e6:, egd$Sd aoe.:r$ ego5l$ ESso 8;51ry4$oerr, eg S::IO^S $iFO
dss+6'.
s{ eo6e6od aqlaoos p6&o6: a$e }f, 3:.o5r aw&o6:u6
g$i:€{ea$ dt',l aoS15y,5 ucpoS:e5 Cqf ;ro$:Src- 6oecb$o;S$f oS
6o8 - es$ dr"6sooD, eoe5$ a,5 s8.16 es0t-$oirs3 ftr.1Cu. epd fSoOod
ee5.J5.JFs 5:"a- so65r6od ao*o...&$s qel $6fpel0d
&o.1a6nood d.55:oe s{r6on" &6n0. }g 6*f & frpgc
erea:Seal$u Co$0

sS Jry?
del se:orr *966" 6gd$50$ 6ocar &$B:o0o, 69 &g
6)se5 Spe c&dno fud $$ do$Sooo ScSQoa6:. asyd: 6"fg
Br0.
"5d, Bg"o" esi$$o€,rp 6o6od3 6n 6: 6a eeg8oi: ae,6o;o6
Sest5er:.

,l€**

t70 C56: $e$S


Bo65 qP6o

$g (1e80-e8)
eoq:.5O5:o - 7

3,:"o6. $0${$u6le)),
6o"6ar6 pd*oul (1980-84)

1980 &6o46.

ep6&o5: ase &$ @6o#6;s $o6o{o.


5'oeroodc ero(p og$aS (}o6od p"6&o6 as$e $g
eraep$635o aOBo65: a,5 ee405 $B*Q. SO3o*6. es b$ea
se3eood 5c5:do $oa $$ s.6g5{or 5rr"6 Sdberg 516o 5E 566o
6"Sr* Sa"6:. e"5 3*J Sean:e.r: 6hOo;rUp. ee $o6ea;boe
56tr.$5o5o't^:rg5'pgd So*aUu. Br:{o 600 Bda"g S655 56fo"
5e;er: deUr:. 6 $XF$dg Bo{o 54,632 S:oB *Fapd,l epo6:d Zg
a6o S:oB d5oo o6: **" - $XFe$ S:{59d5, ea}S,6q6(Fd,5,
Srs6 - $o0 bsa6dr56.

6 28 pt': @6o{po6. 55So Sopdo S:oBB


66.35o Sdoa6
66aS 6Se S6$o5per 6-0";oJe.rCB 5*J0gl a:Omoo. vS, egdav
d:OngfrlCd Sopuer6:3o 1$SSfter d6:Sn, aos SQ lpoa:Sod
$ssfto eSoS 6o6. eg Sofisd $0 sq 15pS e65602 J5.8.em"55
6sc{lQ{ps5ne$50.1o8 : "ecpar! 5:d afOSO ooSrBB ap s56od
15d6:6tro do6:oe."'

aSe $$ s{ $eser er @odea$:oe B66So.s5:6p


eU&o6:
s655{o$ 6%& $6:QoXor. & 6e5od S:r&o€c 6ot$ $o6:q)

ar6e6oA :-73
v&diro, e.55o6:iro65$o.66od a$e $$ 5e5od 65gp6:-u6o
rtQ &uS:, SSSoSS S$:ero es[5&ro0o6. Jero6 ao65t$o0cdoFo.
i@d_,

55:"16o 5r65ooerS 6eL6pS 55>oo 5n16$ e$6pe$o6S eg dav


Sdd i.g uo6:5:Os;5 &56ea s.655ff d:XdoprsQ sobo6. (1980
5ta:6tUsg6
s et6 tuentu66
e)
$on 6Qd & gs:ero r$6 65 ac3s a8o6.3
Jstu6 Splo 6t$e6 eod SSerqqlU6o$ a5en &$ Jcg5o oi:aon
JQSo S5AS epoA6oosoa.n)
es $o6o16o 5'oarqr 566o $Sgd €od $Uu;d afr6o6 Sd
ag0ho6. gq $g 66$ ep6$c3: o€f;or aro(-ry $oo 8pd $64 565:
;r"er63d5lecf 616o €"BS d6d B$od rno$6$;n der6 a$o6
esQ5r;,$e:: $566o 3er:6r, ad5:ego5: Fgooer de6. o6'?:ol d6B
a5r:o6 3:"o5p $6FaS ce36 €ud$ X)S$ B{g' 6:ee dr.f:g"
e$Qer: 60o05 ob$S:er 5r$6625o da6r. u5i:or: d6 aSs.e:
65505r.6 dlp5o5:, ao5:1Ss5 ueoS:e5o +p6 gryeSod gcS;er
es$r$6of,Fo).u 6a SoSq $$ es6o5:o Src. g5$uq:on" es 1$5625d $ase:
dy$s e#Qo0o6.
erd...'rnofr oil RF{0aeo'.

e5?:o.r: eoe5So es6.J5.i5$ 516o yi€.:o $o6& Je:n 6oX,


a5e $$C 66dS ecoS:EB $S;5oc5:5: 5p6ge g.655orn erer$::"5
dfOS n"o RF56:6 ep{r"e5 ,3"?J"5 dfUS es $X,6SdB trsa:6dr36.u
dSUSo ep+dtud pe BOd$6 s$, es Sd6: 6caPS a,S sdq:o qer
ee6r : "sr6&o5: a$e &$C *bdS 55o6:o*55 5o[r S6ggo $oo
5O;$eo5o6 dr56$o:6 S"qA"g 65 es$5 &q:"o$B'n"odo6: itsirOago'
erc *6:::gc-Q dgoi$$dSiFd6r.A."? ca6.J5.J5$ Bo6i 65ae65
d$6u.0 i"erf - "eeo5:1$s6 po"o5r6' n O'rpodo5: SSreeo' Sgnoee
S:5l: dgoS$6erc 5$o. a5So[u, e6.a5.JF dSe5o$ 8o65 a5l.d
*er$>o6 1980d eo6p6 S6eo$pod *er er$o63Q Boeo. e6ir[6o
o{5o."8 ed53:"or5:.SoA5$ Bo65 6356 emsdn e$;6 Oirdpq>
r{:$dS$oo:" eo0:"6: : "1980d a$SoEuB Bo65 eQ5ado 5+b3o

774 s$6l $eSs


n"odo6 Rr€irOao S6no6o 5g 5:Sa:q:5 5J"6dglpo:r"t5c. erodsc$, &$
5e5o SrOpB 6nc- u$B S53d6. qSoe u5: Sp$orn 6:Qo6.
JotS:Sod erbp:f,: SS gr"c- e.5 55o6:o *55:6."' 6 er$o63Q a.rrn
36on" +$ 6ea:# e{oo5e.rQ eo6555o {rg*F635on esooSso6.
$oiud, &gd es$g $od5;eoleo eo508 esBn6dwr$g6,:n,
il655oiD6rp JBhS J5.B.eoo55 S S6nod $:"63S eg3n6oa6: - er$;
e.54 t$*6o ao6:$ ;toq:5on" 13SqFS w6eapo6.to

6a S62gns; Q54oo0$ 55$ eao6ed roo6oU:". ad 'RFfroaso'


s::fD6rd ao6emo$ 5$ ead6cr"CL 6* dbo6, n'5Oo5:5d 6$:
{5o8C }565o $SSoa. er 50eo"5rQ&a:06:ed $5"q 5(ro6eed
&QS(rrSrSJA : "5r $€;o*Uu n"odo5:o6o, iF&Oaso - 6 doC,r
epSJd

Je> &Kr:t$@or?"11 a-S $o66pod Aao6ed So6ofr ebo6 : "*


5n63S dS fgodeo*S:. ss, &6 a'oewor: 6rfs$dd eod 15q.SpS
Snf662S frterd
e"56m eg8r6o5a&o6."12 naCooo*65 6a 5r6:p3
Jero6 c6$S SJgo doSdf:. i.$ 5s01}dr.U ego6$ il6soa"6.
epor:d, 'es53c d s$6o' (eg63 cd65) epd aro*" eg"&d6a"6 6e5sg
da& eper Sep6:."

p.6&o5:a5e $$ po6:$Bn Srr16SeS 5f;0$o0 r5'*o>


g$S:orn ee6.J5.i5 3 5p6on" 6o0.r:. 5*16. "6r. 6 i"g 1980d
6$oa. aSSoF: eo$ $$ 1951d 6$o6. ee6.J5.J5. eo$ r5,1of fo6
1925d 6$oa. asfo dd56r Soea"6ro. dcSd. gob .1r"69r"66)."14
eoo"55 516= "6 s'q $g e6.J5.JFd $$ 56on" ieu5o6 $oacoqpoer:
?red,S6. $gd fd:5s eg6.J5.JFd Soacopen 50h6o6€,ro +6
5S66 *S{3 Soaro6o$5 &{td5>o."15 6, sq i"g 65 6 $6noe03
es$)itcaom eg6.J5.JFd Jero6 $oeco$od$ 9o65:o8 ao5:6 uo5:5:Q
Src- 36135:o6.16 (sog6$a*rod 1973d 6a ;5n63d a5o"5 *oFsE
SOSoaU:.) 65:lqr u5o5:o6 e5: B63ers &g alsg$6,:n"
So5refii6oir56. $56og6 $$ $o0 50;$ aS5oSSoF eg"&o5c s6g602n
So5:$66drg6. &gd SuSo $g"er 65eSQn b5o66 ar$*rc'8oSpS
Sdsd co5:a:6606p56.'?

a:.6o3o6 t75
S sojp$sor ;u.66.5dc es6.a5.a5 dog6segoo5:ps :rfi uE
di$od epodt5r d$er S6:S;Sc-SB v6eaSrdrSoa:. eg6.a5.a5 $u65
a.56 rt$dKu$oou" BlJ6 : "ildf:o:r 555*F6$69 5Q es6.a5.a5
er$o633ld 6o6. ss, daod a$;:6,: er6go6 t$awS(ea 6o (883:d)
eo5:$t': eso$$. epoc$d, 6C5>f $6r, 55: 5rg"66o$$d6:."
[$aw t$Son"er 6Q.2n"
e)
*6&oaS ;e6*qr eg &6oar5: 305 d6 elS
ePo(p po"$oC $n:S GStrorto 501e535po6. eroS:s Sag5)f eooSom
epooSOoOS lt68o6o S>o5: Coagr6. esd$S SfF;Fo$S:ooe B$ver
56:6o 56 S:"O;oXA. eso50 Bu*eer o6'?cor:5oS '5rQo1or. i5.8.
ero"55 5gB Sgigner 6oo0,6o5ot$ss daSSf Srep6 Sr6:3oXfu.

+t*oo olse ee 5qp1}o6oo$o€F


1$5o6o eods gtrtrea o6:o1eo
1$s{5so0o6. 66ar0u dc S:oecerd, S;$pS, Xo$UpS Seod
o#>oo 65 g$odod e"5 u5r"5o Se6: : "asSelo $$ coygpo6. ss,
d:S aoSlfs6 peoSre5 fSfoQ.SOpS;o e$55o. ao5:$s5 ueo5:6'
e#drd; 5n p.6&o6 a$e $$ sslEQoB v5, egse J.$dc
$$o$26ss s.6. SoSd SSo, SotrsSSo $$o boSg.dogi3 5r" i"gd

f5o d6:..." eo$p6d Adbd 'modo6: RF(rOao' eq"Sop *0tp"6


So"o:oXo6:o€.rn oE6legg6 56il"u: 50;5 eooaQ 6rc- o€*o:>
g5$Soa6:. "eg5o@ Sr" Srtoir. 0656er 6air e5;$"1, SodB egd
sS.5:;. vS Cago w6:" ep$ S$5o55om $SEo*Cr. "'?:$rar&e8 5556,
u;$5{arSawoo'er$ 55oo 6$33 S6S4Ood CO"Sd: n"odo6 Rt€(roao.
S 55of e"SE $;5p$cr5$3, 5g$ *55p$ 565:A5o $d6. do656
eoQs6 do@sueas:ro$6.""

ee eFo[SF po.in$B 5$ea$p$5 $oO3odt' aog"d6'


5er$6"6:e))oeDilx6.S6$E 6$45 &deer6 $Ef ${g666S $XFe$
3no6$eroboa6. 3:'o6n aw6o5:ud d,erg dSfU$ t{>0o0 argf
egodf5 Sos.s 6o6. s.s, & dd"q. o5tcor: 65 g5o6od
gSlde6r.Fgg e"5 sg[d64J.5nc- a*;Ur: : "56518 55:;$o At$55

176 S$6: $eSS


6 J"r1666oC soa&, de4Sq r{:6oo dS: aa"55od ao6ols.
6 d.J
6a deSB sdegS eso60o.566efo6. 5a S86S 5u>;$oeo. 66o5:ql$6
B6eeer 556d & do 5f 6Sfoo.:d6oXoo. 55>oo &SSQo6."1e

,l.rl.*

odBoo 5oge635 1g5o6o d*S * SrXF$dd iDegee8err" -


eo6g$S6 SEBS s.ood eoo"55 p€troa:er5: u5o6:e6rn $SdSS -
J5.$. *g. $€poe6r. 5 d$, eroDil eoo6 dd66$ Sq)e6f$o6-
+6od Srf6{D6$6rrF 5D6 6&5 6 Buir$36 56o *gr. $55o16 ep66
d.5od 6'oewoo A"S*d 65p"$;rgo6riuen" Scda6:. epo6$Suo6:
ero5l5 e5o6:o6n" eer:d0o6 5n16o daadasg 6r:o6 d.oewo::d
Arir$36 e$ eoaS ap$o6:6n A5;S3>d.

"es6aarf doX o.5: eaSd:.gsSr, ugoS:e$od$r ese{:5f,:...


AoX a"5 ew&oO u6m 6{o6s.oo dS esoS:q eeo6?reD$C 6ox5r.
esoS:S JSyEd 516tp'S5655 dor6 daq: 563c-0 eo5g S6noere

1Se$6oa"d, er {eeo $oO d$ ego6:$5: t5r6i$odr5$:..." epS a"g. 55


g"Sof eiu5:oX6:. +g. OQd g"$wo @w6o - "5r$oer: ep65e5om
65g e$o 66draoo $tro 5:A &9i.5 e"5 d.5on" 56pa-os
eaQoX6: Sd. Sro pilgn" aSg esfc ;tuSoo So6da:6?..., epn
3S eed6q, (aq0) 1$€;oui$. eSB eroirs aS.1S a:Dzu S$J
Cg"o65OOo6. egoS:$ erqda:ercd -'*S SodS ;r$,5rir5:oc.r6. es6
o{ o63. es sfrd6od u$ es$$ $5,r'zo ...dS ,5ooair6dr.$."
eo536i$o0 ag. boSr ar6o6:;r5o $g es6Q6:6d%6. 3:.o6r
aw6oOucSg! ego6:$ e.S eo6&d6 5::Bo |r6arn JBn"6. 1979 ?:?:oa(u
o"6 '{o53 a6gd Sls5d *gn ea6: : "dS: So6on" bot5:6s.
io6r5od, u H:reroB es65p$o$ err$5o:...eoo>d,'3ro5p' eo$ foq
e.5 ;beSB Sp05n" SOddoJ0:o 653:. 3roc5r65o er$6 e.5 ;$5o e6.
eo6 e.5 6q5o.ep6 e"5 dSS &qrSo.""

a:,6epo6 177
65on qp6$d6 a$e &$ $X'6Sd SaSS:f Sr6:gdo6r5: *g"
es

SpS uo5:S:Co. anryS SaSpS es*F5$Q", +€t:oo gSsUoS *edSU,


"?:5:6oOawCB Sa:pS 65&5" ern SO5o5:o Sa6:. "eeo5:5 e-56yCo Soa
6f6 a,-So65n" fS$$56;68, e"65S 6oti; daeern" S{Eo5e.rS;e+d65
s$5o65on 86$40o*6:."22 o5*oo S*S SoJo6 +*go3 dnp
$po6{y - "d$ 3ar:6oXXo. egerd S$6 o€?:oard 6a dac3 yoEdr
65p5a$o1&" ess C$5o aSJ6. esd$S EdBr $$ *UgSff s{ aQawcl
Sor": SodeS; atr.16 : "aB S{t{r}C; $o6Oo.515:5; a5$oEu }$
v6:. 6 a.r6&oS: a5e $$ Se&UpS &$. aa e"5 aw&o5: $$. ea6d:
JQS$sS, aos. 5uo5>m mS ao6en o63 6q"5e$o1& SSSiboS
::Boo0d* $$ - erc t6a:fe Bp 665orn g3*6o Sd$o&.""
$fF$dB (daAdaSS s.65:p5) aq ao{o S 6rXF$d66 6a
es
5>p5ee8Q (og") cr5e ;5o&5& ao6eco a"5 C0g6pd, 6 $*,6$dg
S6er S5:5rO;5 5$ +Sofr o"5e;1:&6& ao6oo SO4 AO1Uo. 6 $g
So*FSdoB 20 o{er 6r}o5:o o"s q:6;ouo6. es d*f ep6 *er
?rftu{o. er636 5e;gef Soao{o 65g 083: o"o5:6:6c B3:35cnCS aS
es Serer$
d--
t5o.5 o"6 5$ +&o5r.
tufr$:36 e$ eoX 6r.66 Ao"B S6,:p$ 5$ oeo$ 1970 665o
S:od $$e 6o"5 S8$5:6;$6:rn doa6.5$ +Soin3 es6o";oSg&er
aod o"ud d85lr6'hoa6:o *fSfo oLUgre5B Bgesdr"S $"c- $$8,
S$e S55 & ao6o s$i.Eo6. S$ a:1U:e S*erf - "eoS3g6 6$
9o6ibo6 0830 po6:$oB 5g|66on" Src- 566 Urp6od, BSr;e>
6r$od eQS $$so5:o eso6oSu6r - 5rq:gorn ap5$or:S, a#5o8bo63."
5& o&oUl.B es{A:[6:p5 es6.&.So6e5 eootp6> : "S$3 ero"55.f
$6poaoq.u:ileo. sC, eoo65oX J$a S eoi$ao6o ed'*ood 6od6. "'n
6 Sg $$S foeeS (pa- Seeo aS;oc{:. esdSr6 e.5:$5; argo6:
{u5a:oe5oSog - ee BBogo;e5?:or:8, d.SoE8, AS.A$.CBI3 BflSS
BerSo6. "1980 5.{5o er6o{odd SS AAbg 3$4 o"5o" Bo6,: $ep
epoddas:...esb6'd, erur55d ersd dss 6e aqgg6 $s o.gS zsSe>
6'$o5:o 5o65 aQ. 5e;$. dS: aod .y65 &KDSSa-SB @p"5

t78 056: $e$&


d.yod eog5$on eo6g$$6 SoBss s8o05 ao6erno$ $oS
s-6eao 6
deSB S60il€+o$."
3yo6r eg"&odro6rq: 65+6od3 e56r:S:* S$ oeoUr er $$3
c6e:l $6:Srd;u6. 1980d Src- S$ S5'$o5om$ es bcdQ. 5*;6.
es S;lo5ps€ 1980 6d5od 'o5pp6'Sna4a5, 5:5 epasro::9r aAoOod

erod:s 6U"eA, eoarSd endf*6>oXO. esooS 0oo653 506{e$o5:


$(:so5:o do6:6o $So eo(05 tS66So SaodSoS $dOoadSoSC 5&
esdbo*6. ,6t# esd65 6$ 6{ S$er Becrdp, "seg$r. edtrdgirs5ero
5g SS, So656$ 56iFdr"$. s6eao - Ar"S6"Od Aq"3"q)6{ SS)
555{n 6:o5cdn6o dof:epn3 a$Sdd5:...."'u aa 9o666d cao.
5o&e5 3?:36 5a*.:od - "Aaard 5Qb6on" 6o60,:o eo$a S$ ea8o5:
{r5*ro. t666S soc-6od cpoerSo$E ipd 66-ood 6gd epdcB
@arPerfuu: 6o6-0."26
SEu a$$o[r: voo S:o0 bo6r agr6o5:a.6 Sper3 $*F e6n
Sip$oooSo6r$ S&g S$a4 fXr lgdra$o dSreg 6o6. e56dr
eo6r.go6:od Srlo... 1998 - 2oo4 sood e6&06 a$e $$
esQe6od 6$;6y6 66p$6:o1s segooSrod $$ o8dn *pe ier
$8oo6€. ero::d, 1980 565o663 $966 5& 6s 6cec 8666;tr$oX6r.

sepo6 soodd o"a55{d e"5 0830 Jo.3:. esoeco5erXo 55:${f


Sngoc-6: - od rorqod s$ u8dr;$ sxDBqF so6 ;o.a a$5o6
bo6 5ng"c-6. sB d0$ v€fior e16Xdf6:3encfp6. eso5r6 &r16tr560
3B:35crS 1$s6o -'*6t$ u5&6${o: Sgn(u$oeood er af0$ SSrB{f
$S A.g $$A:oeud ;1r$ot'o6oo"! ep$er 5e$ n'65f 088: io6:$
(&saoeard ) 6er6re30? ".

'n"odo6 RF6Oago' 5DfD6) Sod a5r45n" S$ otdr$ e6?ror:,


ee55er e$$oouQ5 eqF;FQ Sra{g. 5u.16. od trOdES a"6o
i$oO 6e6+5o p6m, epod -'bodr'b5ewoo S:o0'qotd$S'S6ewe>
1$dr6o E6n 6 a5rf;o $no6. 1970 SdSod ser* S6$5;6 Sra-
edsp ;:"{ aflfrea.
**rf
arde6o6 L79
aipql.d 82.6 'a6o eood, 55
1980 565o eg6odo o.63 ep66d.J
$g a:"oA6o:o16r.2' es 6d5od asilqP 6eo"oef 5r"66r. S{fSL
$Segler 3:"oc$6od sgierod#ss3 dio irseor:. er$;E i$oo B:"o5r
6sBs a:d*6o $od:Sobb ep5$6o 56pto6.
6a sg eso56d5og so556$ esQS 55:$5o Spc- w6eao. 6
$$55er 3,ro6:$od SOO6o et5:. $$ge6eao e6eeorn $6u:
e.Sg
$566on" ?:oflit6droo. 15$5o3eoo fr"5 1978-79 +6 5rpt'o a6o
;.$o& 1979-80d 22 eeCB ?:Cur$6o .$boso6.2t cSOp{o 5S
SgSSoSr 6o6o arn 5:doooo6. S055$6:o 6o6o, C6gE 6ores 5:6
Src- & (Fap$o ?.prr. 58o6. d.yo {o5:o56p5 *Bg So$erQ
Jc5:d45erS S03o6.2e 606om 1981d qP66(F{:65o eoodg"&o6 655C0
i$oO o6 Aod65 a-er{ (cnrnb sz $H 6r}o$o) 6:eao *50o0o6.30

'5016d a,Sd,Eo epo6 6:eao &s$Serc epd aurglo.


eoo6g"&odr t655cQ
eobpt'o daod Jo6 a:Eerp6 608S 56;&o5od 1982 d 5'oaro>
653pd &:ep# e03$o: e"5 5c-6$er: C6585on $E:3 Sa6r. tuep
d5:a:dpi$o 5g,S S5*5 Ce;a8o6. 6a $o66pon bodp adgrcg! SOnS
egoddser$ as.e r{:Qog ($XFe$ 3rot5:6o) $6:Sgrn a$*f 5n0.1
doS:XOnoa.

5'oa.ror:d 6
Soea.$od - ea8os apB odB6o $6o egodgsg
esg6 SoSdo e6eapo6. eperf, 5:oo6 66.H (oa8oO) $06{5 $$o
a{6 6€gXo **f 55$ S,roc5r6o 5;$ 5o16o"o6: e$5e5CB @a5n6o
563&odc dd5:Sde,ro er546 esoSECSo$ eo&Soa. r{:ae6d Art5d
edd$ Ssfltn aSd:AS $6:pf oad5rrfi $s$ 3:,ot5r &&95 $o"5{re:
eso666se$ o"o&boa. iFbF pooFd ro 6:o6 Scitsdr'6. s6s$
95635o d&SL co"g{:o: S:*fer.3mo$ eg{Ssq. 6:0$o de6:. es
SU{*FSS 6$od Sover: 63n6. sQ fioeco 6t$u6 506 s6$Sv6:er
5S; es SU5*FQ. d:t$o de6. es 696 S6$Sw6Sr S&3:(rSrB $SS
so1fl5 eaSo$ cd6:6>q:.t'

180 e$d: $ebs


qer Jo6>$ aohoSod 69i6ry66 dXodc e66 e$o 5ofr6:o6>
Q5;on", r$ase6d eo1fl5 $g - AQSod Ci$; $ero J6:r$6oS
1$633,r$o6. ero65:5ro6 565r" es e$od $6:6:5gEF$Jsa - a$dn
- 6d5 ag Sgff3 wo@5 &g SSq 503o6. es fl5od asua> 6ea.oye)
esp.6orn e"5 S{ d"eu a.r5o5:S (8.?Jo5.J.J$) S03ot$$odo6. 'q:"Sr'
eood $Aoir:el, ir0a:S>el, eg6oSo:, $r:boel. ee $$; S:elod
irfloel55o s$€;o 55$ ero66o erQ$o.gCB 3rJ.105n 6oiw6olo6.
ioaw5'd eoQ $ero 3,ro6gf o.5r dQo6er$ 6:666:qSSJ
er{ Er:6po6." t{:ae6d ery{Sg.oB, 466 $ero3 5:{5 aod fOS
SgergloB C6$orn, boawd'd S5:4er, 3ro5:go ;b{5 $63oaope>r
56QodC. 6pg a5.B.eoo"55dr a.5 6o.ir6ea. "5ro qo€6 fi)6)
tIo6$3e5 aoda. $5r: o"Cn pe> d6Sod+fo. er5;6S;Co dS:
S5:4er S6$QS SqSo n 5o w65L6a$od $groeood;n&C."33
1980 56$o es6odod SoawS' de30r:o6:er S$a%. 3ro6ge:
5:fS4,1ff9 $m6:.'n 3ro5p, SSr4o 5:6g & ern"o"Q$;$od a555:"cB
ec$56: a$6'bo6 0ot65od. eo6$: ar>5$ 5d 514Sro6>o:, erfle:
O[eo$ 558d5orn 66*6o d* SCglri" Eerr$d3 5*3t':. .fo56dd
es6;$ 6 d.Eo 5:oo e$o s8i)6arer$ 6;5roE S* afSf:"c; Sp$o*6c.
oo$o $o0 3:"o5r6e:l$ 6O$:3o5ro$, 36:4o$'pO*S'erd $dg5 d,Eo
563c-oS 455;1:o til6o0out':. eg 65on i$ae6d, Soawdd 3.Sr"sg
$;$5go: bo6p o5568 65Fd {r:o65er BrhQod, eo};od S$$6u:
3:"o6r aw&oO 6"o"38 51J.65 (6rSo o.o6 aefrroqP 6eeosu:, iQSo$
$oaoQos$S. 1971 u6 aog"d.s S$rq du5iod (D6r"6 83 o{e>
;$oB 5o$o"6:er (3no6:$u:, ;lo$oo:) 616:; donS i$o0 eo$;o $*F
6a5g **f 6oo"t$$oX6. aog"d6'56;g15 Spc- uer 6ro6 a54d
6o&iFoJrUu. Bov s$r* er54& 5:o0 b{fS ao16r.'u ood es31o
e$odc S5dd eo"g{:er 6 9q deo.osoo 5:.63o 5g e5>
po.Qopi66oXS:s esos8d5 Boe6:. arogr"d6 $os 5035 66spe%.
3534 $o8:odo5roS +$ 86ro6 SE SegA. aB 1979 $oS 56Q"d
6o6.

a:.6o;o6 181
daoCp os{ @oeg6 fo5aEq6 56eo";$ofu.o*e fieeosS
5O;5 5r6po 5g bo6r6od gonSoSo6 egodf53 erf;o 56c6oXor:.
arrg&r66 aiil?p 6ea$ 6a d.Yod 1p68 $er$d rgogd agoAo6. eg
aril?.r 6ea$'Xop6$$d:Sg8,rot5n aw8'36 esd 64S 6.JS$ eo&boa. 654
SdESJ"O asir4r 6eo5 a66:do6. a:uqr fieeoser 8o:5&55;69.
3ro6:6o ?:6:6:6o d6o goa, i5coSo aup B:Cut$6o 36o J(..&Sr
6o60co Bgpo6.

6 aso.p" 5Q5;. 5w6;o5: Sofr.6b **f


fieeoef op55e
@rrel) dfo:r5oo. 3ro6$f 56;65 5a dd6:o 1920 (8D56 JQSe:
6uuil"6) 6E5od" BOn, 1940 5d5od dACdar 6dd) S3$po6.
ss, ee BoCo $odepg6Sr aeUap6 8:"odn eo5:$t$ ;$*Fer.3n o$ es
egodfsers &rfd$ 6:o$aUr:. ei$ Brot5:6od S:.g:.AeSs epSuCu.
eoef, eo1fl5 $g 55Sf Src- b"o6g$ doJ:"odf$er ilsfi"$er
tgo6:6;o dQ.sc *Fb ao36o. epor>d 1980 665o e6od wood
eo$s.6od 65;ao6e rr"06 -;!irse3n o$ wdr. o"$B$fo so@5 &Q
5r5S
ejo6
oer Sr0iFor:o6.
ae>o6 BsdJ e6&o5: a6e $$ 3vo6p 6:rero S:os 6p6on"
6o6tr$B 6o$%el &6o0o0o6. 6"qm $S&oeo 555XFe$d
6o;5u$5p d$J +6*oo 1980 565od SQSL & 5n6:p$
6sXgdgipo5J"6. 1980 565od e6&o5: ase $$C ?: $oo 3o53
J"0e) $QBo6r6rod0
e,/Q so6;5:o6 p0out{:. sS, o"SB C66on O

flUfioa:d Soea"$ro tp *o96 B5p5:5ggn ) e6g5g[gf e.5 55


dXeepg s.6eoiodrsor:. 5 aw&oO &$ Src- b.ofirgog aFddreJ"sg
$;1pp6 .5rB:o'5e;o dA:. eg $ad 3:"o6r f16o erce 6d5r5d6ps
;:.e56ood 5r:shit6oro6. er$p:d bofugf osge aroos) a,5;n"$
So{uoJ$ e-56 5$ea p6UdXods 5)ufi 66o ep$ 6r6;fu.er 1gr$od
a:OEo6.

,1. rF rN.

L82 S$6> $e$e


1981 bEDSo 19...

5So 5a:de6,rdc 5;r$66o e.54$on" d,{*g{om So.5o5


ilqSJ (pflio0o6. es 6aar er5e6 e"5 66;5o So56pon" CocS: 5o5po6.
;5:$r SS4o 1gr"Spo i$o$ 6o$oo esep0con" 606 ;r6d
5*36. es
Eu{o aeqr 945 esoDd, epo6:d 558 a$o6 eg day a}o 5:5odB
6:.66oa6r. eod a5 6635o.38 e d63;eSB Sood$ 5e;gd p6on"
"Dejp 6rob 696e>$ ad5ro65o da6. So6$o68 J54n" a0n$ 6$o
es&So*r5:. Sd Sd 965:" SOoa6:. Brs.d;5:5 66$6 6$4rn g"Ea*
efd6 1}gS* $or:our6r."" 6 S)d 5no;&3 SnL6q"6ps 5oSo06
uo66ror eg 506odd 66o6 s.ood so3o556dr 6156rg 6o5:f$5
Se6l.no

6 - o546 [T"irfc S:{5666s


J.$r.BJ"g $6510;&8 6:rery6eao
BroSn {:.}5;5r:oor:S df6o SOf }sS 6g6u: eosoOd6$ fi:65e.ro.
eg 606:o d*bf 3$pood er$36 $o$6:f - "Sfg bo6r 5{:foo

$S a$erf3:6> Bbpo: 6oo5$rdc5:, ffs;o: Sr"G- d$$5r66:."" eg

ry6dp 606rgs a$6u S6:$Sn ao856 eodrgUu.


c-$Ho6r56r, e,St5:
606196 p655o ?:0ho6. e"S 606:c$ d 6sreao RS6.dSEeD 50; eCC
;1:pol:o$a6.$6'6 6066 ?:.oo6 56oF ?lqr"S ?rHp6. es& Sv.c-
ds6e));br*ar5:."
e @o6od 20$ degod gpc- a"e> '$g s53.n5 $an5er: es.
6 So{ue;Ser: es 6g6f oS Bbs, 1$&sd*;C Coi.o::. eso6r5s,
596rooe e-Se;odrg6. 6 {r}56uer 3Qo6oc 6$po;$S5c-SB 5r(o
B&s-Uu. 0.es6. eood546 p6o o{e>6 606 es;fudrduerd 8roc5r$:eQ
56db 1956d #6S:6od a
de6:. 6 $o(ue.:s agohoa es6.J5.J53
do$ps 0'66"68 sq. pg 6r6od.o3 66ro8 $o563eod 6 d.tod
*er @oe$ fOaer [E{bod3, a]odB sre6. 5u$5r3& 6n6pu:
aons go$er ao.fso6 a65r[6 Ser:$ssoa. 6g6udf &
5:65n03cS:o $o(r:ec5o$: J$p655p6: SdOoS 6d66tsel: asOfl

ae,6o;o6 183
6oc.03o6. es,3ro616o 63$e $5:o5:od oad5{$ eqp6: egoddsq:,
arilql BUur{:6s dfod ige5}er, +:O}5 ddge5ro 5o6 a6op5
esoaer5Sd iForo6.

606o?
$ef66o $o&ec6S d,fo5{on 3:"o5r$Spao e"S4}orn
6o346&o6. dod:od 5o&ooilsor:o6. 655r eo8o5: dt66 ep656$3
eSSdB awoiFor:o6.
**{<
6 $S:.o"s;&rgBrrSer $Sr{$oa wo{}S }0. 1}o6 a$$$$g6;
"
8.8.5v6u6 6{oo b;oBQ., t506:er 3:"oc5r65 Rr6no6 ESgegQ
Ber$:$S:oc. alod3 ;tp6bo rH 65 Dop6o Sgio de6:.nn @5r
G6q"$xDolsao6en'o$ar$d5rnogag&Qu;$oc,:rego6:sS:6;5ro;6.rer
So6so$ a-S 1peo"05 60$"6) da6:.nu dSoU:.oX ap;bo1& pSho6
$JoBQ,,'6 a$5;5nOpt'oq: oJr55 SErawCd esoS6d5 SOhod &{o5:o.
6 $o{uec5p do$ 1f$55o a.S a{6}oa: 6r:"gQB esd8oso6"'u eos
$56ou6. XoOa so@S $:o1S 5n$et',:6F, "& $o{ue.:S BSvo e"5 ep65
d,Eo S:oo 5og$ Su6 Sg Uu.$oOo $16 do6" eooX6>.a7

;$6;t"036;e: SSso 65o t6d:o$o 6o651es6afmC 6


epo.::d, 6
So{:rec$p dOn e$5o6:5o d*S a5O So.g{rer po&o*6:." "3po6:"
$S:"aod +r6(6:elrn 5:o"fl66o 606e1 $a- JS.S aSs-636uo$,
co.gaa65n"t' oad56g5:.e*"D. +S 655 alo $6odg Sr"oiFd 6
S6rloir.q Sd3e6r. 6 $6ri.dro$ iu:So 506:q: er$u: sUu.
"5&o 6 SgnSS cnoa:&o$oX es63ff65o eodgod &u:po6"ae ee$. ee

eo{5o5ruS e.$ er{5o5:5o *44o6. 6


$o&er5$ wo1!S i"$ a*SoXXo
5rc- eo6en o6 e"6 {rgirod qp6$. 1980 i.$os 3ro66oc eo@5
pb esSQo'5a-SB ao6en"o$ $"5frU.:S dQ"$ do6. qo5:5:6o"ir6ea
- a-5$36 s436 ear ir0$oF S6ES 56E5 SoF es6565oC 'Se05 3:"o6r
S5r.5'$ 5e3ea: dor:o5tco. eo65ra- 5:u$66o ;t55r0;6:o So{r:e.:$

184 sS6: $ebs


ae.r'.S. SarCB es $;5)d6od S6e6SoFs.og5 i.gg 6r"6p 6ox6.
6Upo6 S:$ wo@5d3 rd.1a"O. esd6$ $6S5od 69d p.6 aSS
aOES 'Se05 3ro5r 55J.8 @6625 Sg5$536 S:6;$0pa$o5:
SgOdBoOoa. 6gd0 550 ee6.J5.i5 eqrsD $"a- 6s 1355625 Sao5:5o6o
s.ba-$B Sir50o;roo.5o

6a 5;rS66o ;$6;$o36oer Syodr S6raod Clq..$3:o56o


SoX, B6 65req. Sp0o*or. 6&dpt'rd S:{5666s S:e>e:
eg$65od Sf"{i"q. g60d a655rerB eogl}$od df6er: 6ile6. 6
;b6;b0;t'oer: Blf"a$66 o5568 1$5r6orn 5SB:o*oo. eo5p6 e$
;5Deg$ol8 ep$o Sp66 eool &.Jo.B o.o5:5:cS: J5:.E.e$:5o$5
*pa-&6n Spo6{", 65 $o6&Sf Sip$6exf 5OS $pfl66o 30;,
596oS Sir6o$66a5o dQ"Sn 1$S6oat$. a"5 505 bfO * $ger6s
e"5 $u6 lSir$Son" S$$da6:. "6 So5:66a3pe) 5U: ao;S$o&.
sg68 aod 5O.1ir"d 50$ Bf66auer do6o&, Srpo."u
CawSB ig"od 561eS do6pod65oi$ r{:6fi:0; eaBrod6,
Srodr
egdoo$a 3ro6$o $gd: 66p, wo@5, J.o.J.8.Jo.B y6r. sc,
e6&o5: a$e $$ ;po6:5:6c u5?rol: erbp63oe L977-80 oB a5e
$$ &poer Spo6doa ao6e.r56d6:. 5:o$66o Soiu0c5 aoflS
66u6 e.5 s655{er goSod ee Ur"irq. 5o602o'50r$9 u€?:ooB
epor:6: ;5r"$o $$o6.5'z

3ro6r SSpao ESerSQ. AQ'5r56o $So eoe> 5gSXrOo.56d>


u6'?:oo Ep0!.63

Boafood J.gs sqJ6o d$$$oc- OdSo Sfea er66d.Eodc


p.o6d66:o$ i.gdg er$s5So'56o o"Se,$$ aoo ?:o;5:5:d 66%.erl
SSo6.un 61f13o5rd ep6on" $g 55om A"SQ"$gr {:rc- &{0o$o6.
"
"o5483 S" $g 5d J"S+S ep5>Sro &0* Sc8o$o6 5o'! q6oe
epecdd 6er:$a8 @eiro"65 epoc.r6: $$ uo6:$6 e"56.

art{o;oA 185
6a 6oeo"snQeg6.a5.a5 6ins$o6. a636o"e +6t:or, oe55er
$$n O"qb"o5r Sof er5g$a6o i5ro0 SbSoSersB dnS S 6d6@Jfu.
eg6."r5.J5 er6:$dar. ec, 5u$66o 5o{r,:0c5 66ar6 e6.J5.i5
5oo6: a-51p6g66olo$o6. EE3:6o"6 oeQe;$S0orJto$p? dS US
b6no6o @e6$ e$ $c5t$SSeJSr"?

***
1964d Bpo6p S$wagodc $66eD, $o6>or, 6:irod:or 6666
{e3*65oo505 a"d 3a6fufg &Ss$;er '&dS b.o6r 60{6,
ep56oooo6.* d56E cteqea$oEd{p 1e67d 6,gd e6 $562s
$653ros5 66e6 1981 56$ 6ofi5 a3:"6o6 (65625o a6oe agd6.
ac(nca n**S"aE 5rc- pdi:oa: egdS$ $podc, 6e6ry6o e5cnd
3:o5p S,$S: f,u:;$S6q:t{:e5:S e$o$ 6o0r(u. sS, 1980 6d5o a"5
g6ps soo. Kulp$ea5 $5e i*erf B$;ood - "5uS66o So(uec5
6Uuod Sd5 3no6n 6oAEs e6.a$.a5 650;03o0o6. 8:"o61 6555l"$3
6 '565
oer s5$6o. 6 6SP ABb SdOdSiFo>o6."57
3:"ot$ 6o&6s o$ 650;03o05 CpSo *bo6 S5o5ro*55
Cd5
$oft $65$ea" 6$3 er{o 566:o6. s65o5{orn ?:{B{ 5o?r5o3,
B6aE so"po 6r65o;5d $o$se6m 3>5fo So::5 S56irooo5pn"d
- es6.J5.i5$5; eo;5lno5p5 Sr.556$rirer o"S se656{o 556f. $oEr
66;$n 6r65P* d:Sa{6: (16a6$er$) sg6 s65t$;5no $tro
q;oeel.$ 588:o.Je.p$3 SSdrS{I"o0oo6. es 65on" Sof,u ;S:egne a"5
SoEr 56oE 5638 aoe.lo6. sg"d Ce6 6r.i"g8 5Cd{yoe.:ro6. wS,
erQ68 dog6f5o p66"6. es6.a5.i5. e.S; se5erdrcg e,$465on",
SQS;pS egdaep aw6$oO6. 6S $*6$oB J6prc$ J546 Jer"
S5$$.oo*d,5o ddrd 6nS s{ea a$;* aoeooa.
acrsod 1951d er6.a5.a5 epoa:6:i$t$ ee6.J5.J5 J.66rA
erd
ag$$oEu $96{g 6o3:o0o6. (19S7d p6'*ou $.a.C 6floSc-CB
$dog6Br6c $o3:o$o6) aS;:6 1981d Adbdg e"S @o.6E$ SoSpS

186 e56r $e5S


iF*de 6o66o e5e sd53ro6p 6o{5656Saod b$d*s'$drop
S$oro0o6.

esq)trEep6dC a,5 $ob$; ai.g$6K6:o $ea:oero3 Bo65 SsQ eo,$S

SoSp6. 6065 a"6 &ere>$gS'qo456.58 e,55y6 55 A6nn $.655:e:


6:0uoew$B aer $QBr6:o:. Sd$S 19428 eg6.J5.JFd de6.
;r6'f,ror, ero.55 eg6.J5.JSd $ooa 6r"c- esd $$o$o. epond a"$f;oe>
eaSofrf J6f, G5d66Jo $o6:g:oc- esodrs &[&o0o5g 5qr&6o sC
a.5 Sa$6 6er w655{rn 6o&iF+o$ S$orc.5r5:oX6r.

ed5 SoSrS'$6$5od $65 3wo6r SoAE 5log66od e.5 ?:$


s65L55rQ $*doliro$ dr$oa. 1F45, a o $ef3 3:o6rbe:
$65noptc Je$6"4doc5r$ Cd5 bo6p SOAE dSgS 80 s6g15i$o
5pc- epd.E' c65 3:.oc5r 60(\5 (es6.a5.J5 $ipv6od) a,5 do6o3e>
S5rsQ6nSo6o0o6. Eo6C o6p6 506rA::H i$S 3ro6r65od3
egoo6$o dfi$Soo, ;tu$ooc,
LE{6q. (65r.696 d$ern" 5rb4r,
6r6on 6o.5tco.
50dro; bo6p SSragod $ff65on dao$er d*
6oSoX;f
sv6om esd sod fuu$66od $6 aoho6. eg
e.5 3:"o61 6e3;rUu5o
Sd dSS 6e3$o : "3ro6r{63odC AAd aqrQ$6ron 6 der d:$orp
a546 $6r$6p$ og5o 5sorod - $5 3rrep,*** 5 6r5odms,5
$o666odsc er$3p656 t$Oo$ $$co'5d5:."'o *$o6 $506o*55
SoEu el6:55g6 s65w0$ 5ro60 Sra- e.5 3:o$S0;o6 : "cfr56 3po6r
$$c"aso 65dc5:o &doo6: $sqaqqs6t$eao er$S;po6. esv6eaom
6:$ $6raoC erps$od a5go$pp6S6$ Boecd 55$ B8:p, $S$:oe e,€
S:0uoarom Soac_e 6o6."6r
qer 3r.o5r. S;$agod eso66r es63s$:62 d*D$oo er{ eoQ
6rCSrS
'drO
6 6o&eg w6op6 ilg$ 6d{ore JQrSrSoor5{.:o agofo6.
* epodod &d53rodr $o{5, eg6.J5.JF gos 6$6on
Ssdo$eJod $:6 (r:(eao ?:on"od:c 5:ed6r"d oger 5a..1or. eod

ae,6o;o6 187
5:;rfl66od tg82 al-S ;w63 e.5 $S6)c 6rQ aod6s 5SS*
6fi:o8$6r.62 a,5 $o5636o 6Uu+6 er$46 ee4OSon' s03o$5 a"5
$56, 65d6:o, $06:o16o g{Seao5:o1ee FSe eog" o.;lr.Q epoudS
C&:fr"o i.to X$n' SCSJ&o 6oda. e0546 wS era$g 5:o66odS Sgn
5035 6"ew0 6rc- (SSead6o[eo o"se rno618 $oleQ da:n
S$8:oduc5:. 6 $6 Se5$o $u:.6 6S3eB J5;doa eli Sgro8
6'OBoSod - ep6 5do0r: irsor553:t3: Swl6d:.u'

sS;;5elo 6Uu;e6 3ro6r, ;$poo3 ;$65 {u(eoer d6od ewn"


E:onooo. 6{6 a,e65ds 5:6g5d,uo 5:65 ry66odc p.6een5:d,66
5fle0"65 So"56:$n0duu 6 8ro$635 So(10,:5o: B6l$6r" $+;oc>. 55E
o5r630;5on" eg0h$ C(rd6o v6>.

$ero esQ"6on'oad5irp S$ooo$ Oq"$op 6:ae'd {rc' 50


itEee.rer$ $$5:o5156:. so@5 $$ f:w6o dSSS; SS$ S,rofubQ
ABb d66Qod, $r:goo5: epi$r{:oorn oad5ir$ &S6:e56op ery{iro
S$o dQSl SgnerS C65 3:'o6r SOA5, eg6.J5.i5er a"S SAS5:AS
&S5:5*.1oa:. S5g 3:"odr6eD, Ca$g $ooo B:.o6:$el gOS 6 dASd
6o16. ,SlS a.5 du6sog5 uo65:t': eoir36 6d5. es e$od
S65boc5r SOf15, es6.a5.a5 epSoo0o0$ 6 {rSfsSg 6:6o0 erir36
$dd ep5:d+S;e"5 a6;0f, 9ledo5 ae e$o6 : "erit"36 Sdd 6:ae6d
aeerrqrd: Sddn"d erc6o8 Eq:Kr. ss, 1980 56u6 er6Q C.?r5.3:,
eg6.a5.a5o Ssge6,s"s 'eoir36 bd6,, ep$ 5o5e.:o eg6o0oa"qD. es
$$o6:od qp6r5d aoh5 e"5 aQ5er $*6o nr6: 6:Ss$o6.
135*6oC p6ono nEf5:f 'rsozu"pdr bd6,, a5g.$e.: eg 6On er5om
g'd$, pS 'eoire36 $d5, ep0 ?ro:o05 de6:."67

eg6.i5.J5, C.?r5.bor eg5ero0o0$ 6 {y.giroC SdogSBnA }16


Src- do6. Sdo$ar6 doU SolU eS$ Seroag5 5ug€$p.5d6: epoc.r6::
"5lef66o So{u0:5 66od ar.6g s'q *6Jd eo$;Eou(u.
5:66r0pt$o5:558d5om a.5 ry6 65g6nCB eg6.a5.a5 S$EoA sa$
eso6d SoEr 6o+6 6g"oc;oed fSS5oi:o d* ee6S6S: ar6
188 CS6: $eSS
{:a$2-oq"ohrd
'(,'e, Be+6.68 6 SCd q:"6om ar6 foft $0il6d sc6
&qpn"o ?:f;oo5oS 5*(4o, r5;S ${rn ergo ep6&d5, e6TB $OfiEC
dOS f e 5g oSrr$$e$ Sr.c" 5o50.:o aE0flo6. es6$ eetuE er$S'5o@ *.

!f:f !f

eo$:E* a"5 SoSS; $ea:oood aS3o*t5:. eoo"55 ern"S eso65


5:.c'a,5 a5g6 SgnSB 3o65a.ti. ee6.J5.JE e6gg6! q0r:6o6 Jf55o
6$;an$ 6$45. esoS:S 6o@ 6{6 6:ae5d$ SrepC aoCS p6e:
+glO. ego6r$ 6B mo$ erdcfirawdS S6q", ec.:;o 5:tr Sr.e)) 56$6J"
aoda. pfl"S a,5 ?:gi ({oqroo6ro 6o6. eso6C B.io.tuQ,6r.5r€6,
(n6Aog6 dSgSwS da, foe 65ue 6,5oa:6q: eSS ,50ger635
55ser: aod$. *5r"66'5 S:o0 eg$6& 6a 55oe::5q1r66F BOAS 5E1.
pd1:o::, eoo"55, ar6 o"n S er$Efo Src- Rf$:pF 6:o66 O{5oSop
tuQ o"h5 6{sQ,56oUu. 6:ae6s }ooo5 OB05o Bro6r eay
R:f;e5 ao6:SoEp, esd6$ $o*Fo"t$ ;tpoewS'd:ipeo r{:0o0 fuQ o"Ss
S"f6 $eSo 501-6 Sr.c- 56;r6:.6e epero8 6qeu> 565 565
eo&:5fuB a"Sd eo$$ooo6 - bodrearo ;b{5 erc6:Soitso y6eaon"d
ao5:6i$o$ eod6:er a]r{Dd, fgd6r5 cl.a},q) epq:o6 s}658 SoddrL6
da6. eg $3,:.& 6'5$ ertuE&C eg6.a5.a5 p6 esSQoOoB.

6a s6eaorpd es0:Efo eg5.A5.ASd deUu.u6'*or: 65 13r&aeo


S$55o, n"50o6:6d $eO epfi i"gnd S:fso"$dro S6J S5So5€co
$oE s.6eeo $g es5.a5.A5 pO es6Q6ooS*56r. d., Sda:S e6eaorp
So6 $Sraod fqf Soee;1l"o 69 eoo55 $o[r *5C 5Dsnersdr"6.
u€t:or:, ero"55o SoX e{Sorn *er *5uES BFA 65 6sBB a.5
i69o6 euo0 eSgSoSr fE-6. a"64 eo&Efu 5ng6$ $o[u Spo6o
56S,50;, $o[r:d de6r.
1980 565o uBB estuE& So& e$q. .5FQoa6. Jepd
a"d1:or:, ero"55or 1940 565od, ar6 1960 565od foE:d e6Ug
Ux$c, EBoooS cp'oQ5oba$o;5r$ocar 543d, eperf, er$Efu 5:"4'

ar6o;oA 189
ee6o SfD$oer" 5tr"J6. a"g 63d ee&E& eoir3rnerSS 5r.Oel6dr"6.
e0536 eso5rS er0er qr.66 cul.5Q foA6d de6. es $oAEd 6o0u$;
o6art'$ 1 982d 5do1$8n6, eoeS&or $;$4o66$on" So:Kr$oXUu. 70

il966* aoec 5$g" 656n" SOSeFo$"6. er{&:16:oo5r56r. fpd


Scbr.d 55o9,6'1 5f;c erc56r 'E-56' esc bo$&rT"6. e5?:oa:,
ere55o e>6, 816, &el Sra- a$g5er Roo.03$ es5$6o, osgorn
6o60cod tlq"$6o ern" eg5go6 SSS:oaO. 6a $eQ e$ 1980
565od r5:a:e6d $o S5$6eo.o s6god ewm 6Sdwho*6. o$
6oSSS $ofo er So$63et' es6.45.45, s@58 $oir5od go$
;$5;boprtro Ciro5rod 3:.o5r rBe# 56;65 eso56d5oc €.S 3o6 5rd.1
s6gl55rQ 6oB{$oXor. 'Sr$oer$ SgsdSon" e"5 $oo5l:$ JaSd
S:$S:oe $os;5156 $6o$&o0' eo$ C{.,,6orn $a6o daUu. es
$;boj:od eg.&oSr p*d u6t:or:, ero"5b hfOoS, a5e $$ $$o
dQsLlga6o 6cs coSon &noa.6 g{5o oSoB 5$350s Br.6-&
agoc.:S: ;n6*o:-eoe55 egoc;d it6-O.1
'5r{ eg.&00: **d ABbg,
gngoos S pfi:{6o 66d 56
r$ago"6
P*d ABbg 1980 665od
Er:5po6.

6e p6$5o eoSS:6,:5ra- EC$oSo6. s$, o.C fiiOoO 456J" epo6m


egodds ao5d6: - a,Sa eg5.a5.a5 $6 soflua.oE arer$::.6'd565
65p. ea8dngs aod e"QS aso6:58 ewn" EofD. elqDil, esS $i$6e)
;$S{e\S\
dd S0dd6Xe,
r $0$6:er
e
fi:Oo$ egd65 egodds 3odu6:.
"eag8dnel e"5 SoOB fu*o 66epo6&. er6g6 iln3 6o0r:o6. 5D035*
6oc.ror:. S:5 ecrQ$, $$$C,{:@o $KISC &e0 esSSSlFd eg S>.Bd
aro$6eo" s$u6
d565. oor:d JQC$o"o>oX,3ro6r aw&o$+5o
oS bgnoeq dgo$$56o o"5e o55on" 5OS 6od 6*SQ. ego6r5
epea:5ea:6u Co$$oX6. eoo6:5g$ S{n 56;S5 e66o5: a$e }$
Jottr$S;ep$oJ0u5o6p$5368esd65Sod65:SodSg${r0odo"6.
es, eo6$d Sir$o $6oo, sQe6od sod yep aodeco 5g ed'$oa:,

190 esdr $tp5s


ee55o 6gJpf ooo,fSo6rp5 5163 .Seo $SSo5s efl1p"o5:
5S-6.edB
6 6 BOSSdter
L''
doSre.r03 es$sEo 5S;o6.
***

65od $fSc a:Sofiud es6.a5.a5


(19808 etuoe5:) JQSo @u6o
$xb$506:od fcd*a. SoEud ed56 s655{u: +9 oH 5$:"*6, 6g
&5')cr.ce$65
oo e ao,sod
4 c$drhode6.
eP, 1983 il.6 6p aqSer $os eeEJFJS w6g5{or A83)g
$a6oC &gr$oo dar. erfJg! a,5 6gs5 eh5 a"g$ - "Jo6 SoSpS
egdeqr a65agro5:od,66od Q5ew65es{:o O.*f Src- Jffi rcS$S
ee6aFJS w655{o: 6}0
acgSt' }flSe.lse E6sdd6."?2 s-o@5,
egEiSJS 66J{"n" go$ 6$db5cgl erq"6o 55: d6, sS, "JSr35 5ro6
55o5:o *fSer e aQS$ eo1fl58 €.er:de6:."73 606o 5tuerod
&(SA.oorS s.c;6' iQ5er 5r5, 5r:c365 s"%dAS JUgerSS aaa)
fep$C;oa:o6.7a qB AEbg d:d$p'J6o ve5:. 66od agSSo[uB aop$
6,0uew5o$rn a$;Soasn$ 3ro6$er el aQSf ao6emo$B d,tard,a"(u.75
& $g egg[ 66aB edci.$r $&sf* u6?:or:
$oeel.$o.f
1556o*6:. "$ofdc sQ aoh$6er JQSo 65o6od - Erq:gon"
iFOoF dars - i"gg 689r., (Fp;eQ. 5r3:o*or:."'u $$ tieS
s"6g6o2 ero"55 (pc- esEaFJS 5cS6S $d{on S:"o{g",";5n $ofdd
aged 5d 65y aofioB" ero16:.77
$$ sUgS$o u6'?:o.r: cpd;wipS &6$46o0o6. esd63 e{g$orrn
g5$n"6:. 66nadrpB e6ea"Q &aol7"S3 €Fdrno 5:eU5:S5o$S
o55 6o 5 6;&o6. "aoB 53r& o"66.6 d9 55 eqr6665r66: "
(er6 JS JS )

er5:$o16:. sod! ar-Oo6:5 $aE 6rOeS Sac 6"d$SS, ua?:o,r:


;no5:565o 5oF: SOarE 665C ed$oA. (L8.6". a9d Sa6 6r"As'5 56C
eoc6o d5:5 oo66:g6nc3 s6eaPo6.)

iC&6 Srlo 66ro5 1983 e$a6d atu3s436d e$,4$5$d


JQSer asomoD. (66od 3no6$er s85e6od 6od a;5u3 @o6o

eorfio;oA 191
Xoo0 aSSoE\r12 $HS, e$S$dd Rq:.:5rsS 6o6.)78 sC 6 &O
JUg# Aabg 135u6o doOepcg esEaFaF 86s4oooo6. aoornrno$
Sr.c- 6al0 AngSS '8rodr' Cuo.S; 65drho0o6. a5:r3s436
doSdc 3r.o6:6o$;5r:floo i$o8 6{ea So;}Ss +6n$o drooa.606o
StueJod, 66l"f eea6lg" o"o5o555ods 31155 es;dS; sE36 tlo6od
eoc;;5rfro $q,nur;SSod, aiu3ds 3:"odr €"95; sotf,5 55 eled
dK.:g:o6." sSog Aab a.54 $o (pc. Rer5d6.80

**f }ss sofo JUsf r-eJ$g 6'56)


s:{516d6, 6q66d,5
a5u3e836 aKS$d JUgf Seaso5:o sp6&d6 a5e &$ 6*8
a.S4$orn 6oB4$de $soa. as:r3sd36 JQSod do66o SSo
A. gi.S$ ar:68o$o6:5: e.55dd ;16'?oor S$S6-6C 9o65:o6 he56

dA, A.goE Sepea:das pu$ aarn er $$dS tpe> epdps:dr"U


$p$oa"o60 e5:O$od $o6 egdS:oo6:.8' i$p6ern"S ea5S$16p$
ero"55, ry€?:or:s S$B{f o5er5Cou6:: "ae}o6 eldfeaod sq
a.r65eeB,r65 6S* AdhS g"Ea:oa:5 doS:a-Cg t6oOQ&Sf*
5C3:$o6."

tut1e e&o5pBer6oX, o556 e{o6od eddC g56:S{ead 6ox$c


B$-p6:o0r:$;
qJde)GO 6a i.066 Sdo"ep 1983 eBB ad6cc6q;"or:. 6 60&S
$$ ao{o $:o0 S5>$
eo$nirson" eeEJFJS, Cd5 B:.ocir b0ir6erS
dSoa. eo$36 x$oO *S iSpu, Jb;pu, 5 S{o5rp;r, Jsoo6
Er:ir;1p0co d6:oa- ;5pe.rd$;$r.
u'udoS:StSr.
*rfrf
*0165 egpeo5: a$ (Os{>er) 195 6ego $50 yoo Sro0
3ro5:6o8 ag6 6d,5d ercn{5do16p$ odn{5d er@ S$6l eiro6rod
5:6{u(ao ag66:6r$ 6oXo::.82 e.553:t$ eo5e6 e6roo5:o doddC, es
ee5rodnQ 65o$o dS o"cba * $$6$ g$p6s, sawoB e6
rr6ro$eood$ $eiu8 a$3f oS:S 3:"o6r$o: 5afu36:ocr6. 8:.o6:6or
io6n" BD6Ag,Sroe1p6Elogrq: eg 5:$6: COS af;e.:"S3 a$fdd6.
ee boftsd 1949 &6oa6 22 e$ege sods:o6 Srodr d*el
L92 e56: SeSs
$ee;bo$3eoo cgl*ser &SSfa; es $$61 5o6SC {g&$oa.c{:.83
$56o165o S*35 56p&S *o@5 6et 65o e Sg{ifo$: eperf, 6o*oC
3$or:o0o6. epood, es &o5o &o6ead e"5 u5o5r5u9 - Sroc5r d*q)
eg eg$6eadB 501 er Sg{*Fer ;5ro6 1}HSd$S6c-CB ep$:5r&oa6r.8n

er Sg1*Fo$ g.o6 e$6od 5e;ea#nS 6-qrroo$ q55O $o0 5n16H:

#$er SoSo2oo @$So SS$f,:;qO. & CSo '6 6)$6), 5156,


3o5 doeroS:o' esd Soeodop bodr 5p*, i5u$o beu: Sra-
$5Ss";oo:. ee S5:S5 19805 6d5o 56$ esepil er50{66on
6o&i6or:o6.

es cr$CB BoBS ;$d s.o@5 ;$oL& o"61 605r"5 srr1 d,Sod


3ro6:6o9 eeo"65 Soo5:p5 i:pt': ioe6$ S>o6opo 5:f S$6rc>
303o*63 esdfq. sqfg is4t':.85 ooX od5 65s6o Sr6:Ud @S35
a:S3ffSod, *8d cd5656:c nxiod, eod:"{5d o'$:a$3dr$ }Sod
$oao66 3ro5w Sro6eel: aodS. a$3:6S46 $$a:ep S$a6s, sa$, es
S$f:q:6'oAo0 er$ed 5:o6eo0 656of;Oo*s$ eo!&broE Sa6:.
eg 65on 866edpo0 ego6$ &;5poE do6c-C3 1$dg5$o666o
'5OL6C
56 SSaff:. Srirpq:rp epo.pd erero6 165ec5o: e,56, doti: d*d
$6r$5 6&lFeor.
v5, 6 eso6o Bu:X)dS so.1s s$06:o eeEJFJS, $d5 3no6r
60ir6er$ aer ep$:5roIoouo6. 6 $o5od a"SB Cao5rSvael
S$:8:otvo::. esood, 6 51r"6 5:o6rro$50;e3eao 6;5rot$ siro6oC
eSB'aw1$ 6r$6, psod e6pooS: ce3eeo'eo$;6;re> *o6a6ion"Sr,
15aer$ Cd{ron e#god6n {o 5S3:o$o6. epod! epd *$ 6$ea iFee.rSB
8:el$CE5c-SS s6eee$or:o6.

so6;$o6 sS* tFdJeD dSagA. $r.6 $$6:e.: spSo 5cS:{pod,


elar{gd espooJrcd io6$od t}q"SSa)Qile6? 6cg trtrreso
So[u 50oE as3o6. bo6r d$e n"{oQo8dg eSpo$oo a,5
e86Es so*Fio. 6634$ps eaSo$ S5f$d a,5 $;5:"s5 eas'

ar6o;oA 193
eo&5w55p5 eoKo6 6$o e{$:&S $o*pooe6o.tu 3:o6:"
65r"X,66pS
e55d o"e*56w6o eoda mtrp d$$odps c&o6:o e5:. s-s,5 E66
asfslg6 dCA6on" 6U36p$ e505$o$, eu,8o5, dg Sfo56€a 506
eroao$ e5rodreao f0$$po6. 5o566 AeSdgierco$ SrpS &elE
epfltlo$od - "e5ndl:eao eo8ioe6$p5 a8i:s$o. a6 $8.1a$p66od5r,
6:{gqp66od$ 1L-14 6e6no werod er}Sr5gp$ Sff
ue.:8o6on" t$-#e 65e6odB 5Q1o6. $erp6o66 6+Ssf $dSon"
6o6."87 er 11-14,6e6no so3: 6a 65qro6od ;5u$oo $erpvoo. &
a&irs$oC &16q"0, q&*FS SAbSq eruS o033 o0os5 e;bo5:ead:
eoc; 6wo eipoS:ea rn{o3 @5ne85o. eeonil, fi"Sr$E 6i"S$E5
6:oSa"ir 165 degod UoooS eSro5reao e4r6on g5*6od3
503o6. eg S5:drSB & 6Spo6od ar{pO Kuep5er }oS 65r}oo:d
6o6.

400 So553eo 6c{:o6 epd ealro$eoo &,E5 3po6r 56ir53 e.5


;b$s er"o5r SSr3fSo s65bo5e.rs3 esg46ss3o6. 1983d ;Joa66
566d 6a $:*F$$3fo"Q 6O(rE 3653:.o0o6. o.6" 5dr.6 pil120 5
degod Sro$e$ryn SAo dssc es $S:3d5od $as 66trorto BroSr
6t6%.S$Sdsoa." 6:d so@S oo5:$c5: t$gn6end Soe, egEJSJF
$66rer eg dagS:f aoX6:.8e e#46 $6alo po3.65 i"6 &SpoEs -
$6)6, e8, erdrsgod egdp 6e55 3ro5r esodr"o 6$fu{6ea -
86656c-6o. ir:e:5on" e;$a$3dr&: epol5 effin{6d e$5:o66o
5$6o"ooX6:.

oe"63 edpoo$ 665;$o 1983 $6oa6-66oa6 Swlf eer


Bodpo6. es d55;5rSB ilo6rp, $d5 bo6n 60{5 dd$oe $ea5
S6a:ero drLds dfgoa. domaerod [e;5:3er er o5rqdd ]S'ax*r.'o
6 drg6d Cd5 b"o5n $OA5 s6g5{or e6}66p [T"il'f 1gao5:
5Sg6 6on"aerQ 5o0?:816. * c^r5o6:Q $9
" f5:f
gi"oergsC
geagst5:o, duodro $SOo aryod so66p 5o)t$." ercd, e436
x$oO 5o5$5ro rsa 3d56r egry6 555$seod daESg

194 &56: $e$e


3:"o6$eroSOdSD osgeeros;$o6ec$ 6 dr"L6 rfuo.ser esdl"d6d
ao5:erdO5 6 SeLd dn15 Jo6 e{r6on, Sago5r5o6on" d.5$oe
6od6:&Oho6od, 66:od $o563ef - SupSorF 1990d - epero6
dr1_6o5: 5rf502n C0So6.

aoi5:&ot5: sd s.ood Soag"d'd 3ro66e: tr5$d daod bo6r


5inaod ddroddso6: eo&bo6. oo$5 eod @d55 d6o s-;:oooop
d55;$o d{fSl. ad;ord boF flogSa'd roSpo eS66pS erdaQ
a,53n"$ 1$$on o: d&"e6. 65 a6og opSa-s3 J56r. $ip$o
dog:dpC6on" ep6;5r b5r4o e#5o6 beLdPS S5$da"erc6od 65
egi5rdpdl:sOa6:yo da6o. er54t i$o$ b6:;ohb d5;nS $oaw5d
3:"o$ ?:5;OBilsSc-CB s"6ea;$d6r56. e$od a5d50g es6$)
6l&S?:f;o6:$qd ;w{ aw0e 6o5r"6d(1rg)oXf.r. e$od 5 {eaod
5a5u.o flog65+d es$5(DeD o.&SQ"d, ir65o: d+6" Eod6C
ddr"oddsd fo5:6o dCEolU:.'2 3no6:go$ 6{eo 503o5ero $So
69 a{o $oJD6 ep6f), ecermod co&iForo6. e€c5'0*F6 o6'too
SXF 150 $o6 eo6$o3 $0616 5eo 6{eo 5-03o*Cu. er53:d o6'$or
e"5 Sear$ ChcptJ: : "esd! e or:o6 ;5redl"* iF6(1rd. .5:"Eod SsS
ee405 ffi n6po{od aS;qroa!"e'
1984 5Gr5'7$ e:r"Sb &1981156 &On a"5 'S63 ;$Ss${' C
c65boso6.LE46og Je og855 &op 555{ ed:55;6p5 eo5$6ee
do1$3n, ercf, a.5 Crr05 Sroc5r se5'56ea 5:o60 5e"10u $fo * fd
ag0ho6. e66d &C6 b"oc$ eeo,66eqro i$o& Kr5r6 600 $o6
6e3*6go e Sdd $flq6. 6a 6e3uCuger 5ro60 a,5 3ro$30;o6.
"SSr4 Rr666ertr! S.Q deegnu:rn 6oaw5'd ;5r$o iF66 rdper5od
daEoXo. 6:55:6g JeoSoB Cdeer: d6. s.p a6p:c$ SQ 6$er
o"o8o5, 196:.a:eo $tro sss6g o;s.1 Bge.lsg 16oos;QoXoo:.
t{l6o"5et' o.$45g e, dSq. 6OA:S$o8.'e4 e {e3e6rgo e$o60
a$6-S 3:er65nc- a0;o6. "epard6d e$:;1ro6eQ.i"il" Sao{ ir}er
S:o0 S&ho0 &e0."eu

arXepo6 195
6 &e3;wo3 pU&o6 a6e $$ $;o55 so6o6 5r16ornd aoA.
ew@ $$6c (r-o;Jo5rer5g 8:urgs ee &g 6$or$$d6:. "SSg
d;:ooo5:odg eF0i1, aon e6o3: flo$SodC S6;oeo*0" eo$;SergS
$$$oJc-CB $oaw5 OdBc er{g{:t': 86$g0oat':. es6t$ e;r*F0;om$
61&5o;r0d eeox6 : "Soawd'd B,ro6r$er 5$$5S e66o5r a5en $$
SfgdO. a.5 aw&oO $g e$od dSero a"Se 516tp.S6695
5g5*roo5d6:."e0

6o6. epeo6 fr8d's6o s@Sq.


A83, SOBS eo65Q6d iFSaS4er
r{o{65d &*JCr'e{Hre ao6erno$ eoS}3$rn &goflo0o6. 1984
3: ofUd egd: +6'*or:s 3:03:o0 $gi doooS:od3 $dod 5pA
Sob5o.5:$ox5$ 33:po6. SoewS'B $dD6 6*t $obcoo 565: es
6eA"6Ss ;r6tro.>, ecn55o5Uw $S:$ooe(u. s$, ee 6eo;1:
sglduoo6odB $o6i,rs3 ed*on eooAsoo.Sd6r.n' @oDp,
a6mQo6 a6Eil6ooo6. 1984 al-S t5 d6pfo $o5:D6 Seep e,Sgl0n"
$5$doodrQ Su$8oaoar. 0ot65*d SgS3, $dDd aorno$ 5:{5
pOoF &6od$oo:o6. epor6r daro 6t5:+6 - 700 S>oB ?:S6:el,
gSSo oodr do $oB a66ren, $og5Sa.d $*F er60 erL$5Uuer 6
#ee.:od &re* Sd3o5r6:.'8 eF0fD argegl 5r"f)r$Bg$ $gid;cnoo$o
66pr$e pg4}$ aen $S d5g6 .t aoa.6: dSero Ssraod flo$Sod
Sg 5fr5sP5o So56.C3.
'egfd{S ef *6'*Od a0h$ 6 $rgec eg6i5J5,083: w6g5{ur
$5:Qotre6:. eg 6Osa;5FoS, CaBqSp eSrB 69 08h o.o6$ff50er
Q--joJ
eeoa6 : "S>5o (5oaw5'Bro5rber) Soaspdd bo66o {1$6 $6o sq
$o563eo 66aB iFee.:o d&oy. s.s, qoaopn o6 SSod fpS
50&46o. 6 6o*4eQ d:6a: S6:plo."
qd sodo 5f
+ga:o0ud 5r.g"6rdr u$'too:r - "4"66 p;r5CB
er65od a6op$, $U6pS $$$5 e6. &drd oerrq) 6 $S:S6C
er$g6m, $$$on, $ipiF*6on" SOiU6oSSod5:$ 6FgS

196 CSdr $er6S


e$SoAQoX$...sC, a,5 $6 til6* S:oa6od3 aer er66 p55o
8,5DgriF6ero qd au56i.o, qd 05oi.o s"ryos $6:5>oer:oXo."ee

Af*6 eefd{S $)n$S e"5 Bo 6ct;r6 s65 bot5:" SofiS


e$:a53dre eSrrq $5o a,$ Serd$ 5%er, $rooa. er6p63 boew6'd
3:"o6:$o 5:f S6rgo e6,:er: Spc- epo60oSlFo6:"or:. S g&69
g56"5s6g5o2rr o"S 5dr"5 aile so$e6:6dr56:. n4666"6 bodp
SugKro 5:o.668 erp6Su$ er{5$on So6:e6:6dr56. (6d6S
6r5rry6 es S)eQ$&rr" 50;S Sg$dnn er665;r$.6d6d afp6 a{6$d,5
;i:qr5$:o1e.) 1984 ?rloa6d & g&rd AXpSdc Soo$ro d:os
eodn6S$ - 400 Sd$og 6p6o - $ereSuo dn16 3653:"o0o6.
eso6orp epoo6oo$$ a,S Gr$ad $ercr6r:o C$*6oi$ 6oS, 6 d6rLd
SXF6, dq66d5o $f5 eoSS gn5lee @oeoi$ t$66r. $hoa.
6 1356625 19Sa er$aUu 65 dA $o6:o1esB S6d6r.Sa $oE5 56
;tr:f$o6. "9Q 1e.r*4u: s6f Seeq: dQq ag5o, BSso 9Q. y*,
el s.{d }66o, qd eg dr.L6" esc a.5 $185 ebo6.'oo 5:oX6:
566r"5A &Uod 60 $o ;$oB 8:"o6r d*e>g6 a"5 $$s$d aeoho6.101
es dasp dr5god a,5::f; xdgoF....es Xtssgond sed>ftps i"66o3.

egerd &.JS6 SQS;. tuflo puSer 65g sL6o L*S$og sS66orn


essegr$o6.10' es dasp e"506Uu*6 e.St5rn"
d*el esd,ton de8i66w
lgsomer da6. aw& o55e, S*ogle 6*S f"&oeD eFO $ScSrXD
3:.ot$6o$ er53flo*0 - epo€cr iu:ilQ ftboE da6. 6a 655;!o
o.a8dperg: ep66om 6oa-o{ o6'fco erCIt-}dnQ. sSJ"d&", "J5pd
S eldr55 esroodr S5"g a65$od6n, C:6e 6odr ;S:o6eo SSu$
iFee^:od$r doU:pgni.6{ u$ o.o6d: JUSf 8:"odr i.g$,
Relt$$otr6irrroa *" $56ou6:.
er$a6 8......

ebea $o*F6od rr;5u&B $$6d5:o dSS +SUpo"5SB 1566re


'aag6oE 65's s.:r"5.3: Sepe.o dsoa. ar@ SSa:c $o;Spu sd,
J$;6po" e$>xio6eq.ei"q dArO - erS;d aas6o6 56ofuo.
aer6o;oA t97
a,5 ea8o6: 66g;$od BroSp 6e3+Uugo &flse.ro eda ue>
efi:p$ ciro6ro. 6r;F6sag), 96616€5 uQ6u6l0n $56g8 6Jbd
"6€5r"6 arJa Jryo6 5eg66 dp e"g 55$ ao6:6.'r05 '3Jeocb.65o' oS
SSod aw6girow6o SSB:Qod sS, So556p$ Sa5$o 55: S5666 -
erSg6 eso6>5 epO&o5ro.5o1$eo$ 66PS e{od &S$fer$ 5!eoe55,
e6'*orer: Src- 5:6655o 65go$ s.6r. eg6.c.$o&e5 B3:35o"s 1$s6o
- "epu:5'd ereru0gr, eruglel ego6:5 eso6rp $6$45$el5;5gf w6C
BeD@oD."'ouoe55B &f;aroo6 $gd S(:so6:$e0n" 6q Srer$c.rd
Ura- qel esoeDo6. - "elrr5$ n o 6:0uoao eso6m 5:6$o1$o"dwel
$6od 6:euoao w6:. i53r6ox. egof S"ar dQoe.r6:. ss, u$
;$6&a5$er $6od 5o1$eo5:u6:er ep$ S$6:S6r. "'o'
aer 5:6 $o1$tno6e6>o sc eo65rer 5&oo$ S6no6o Jo6*6"
ffsSpS 6dr"odd$o$ a$ 56{g" do0uo6 $c, 6:$Kodos
i"o6:sd.1 ese6$C alS st5o. 6 a6E:o6o.5016d eg6do6e*65 $os
$o>ewew 565, 3.66er: eso56r ergSod: Sgnoeo3 5p6on 6ox6.
'eS, 1984 6Uu+6 $6$o6:er Src- ar&Arfgf:"$€ e"5$16
065bQoX6" epotr85 C65 3:"o61 60A5 uo6r5:q:.

qepo6 a655rfg 1$ao$ esQod 69&6:6o€ JS:45n do0uo6.


65o@ d665 epQtloS:od : "a,S $515:56: SoSofrO? epS e,5 @*65
3$d dod t$ep6o SoX, a"$ $616 33rd i$a5 doepo6"108 egord
epo6d a,5 aqlo6 6pc- 6o6. $66er3 $oo, oo6>6er: eto6 aoo"dbr
6odg.10e e"5 seSdgf cpd.5 tFp.S s&"6J d6g5:od ]floeo$g 30
$:oa $Co6:6 J"66OJ ao€c6rg da6r. "o{o50d 5:6&a5$o 5g
a6p5gp5 a"5 $:6ea - 66ao $So iloo"c-od gtrSp (B$oso6.rro *S
$56o16 6e3;rUu5or.5 eaSoO So$Spo$ S$ra8 6odeS s6)."111

dod:r Snec$ B$;ood - u$ esoSpog) eoo5$ar$, 15$S{o


dur6.
***

198 c56: $e$S


5:;eS66o 5o{ub$ Sioicod 5;o6o$5$, ee&"6.! 65g5>
S&o$oC gr"6- (S%$seercBo0$ &)dB eaSo6 &$ eo@S. 1983
d * afgso es6o{p$66, S655:5 a${u Srd;5rqrg$o[6er - oo$
5dn5ooX, r{:E6er5'Soe - eg$5:odr56.qd$ s6e0o$on ao8$
So{ue.:S s-t$. 65 *O ao6:eo::86-Cg a$56S e.5 wo@5 ;roS:$ri:
a&p6: : "ao6emo6 rgaad3 rr@ f:$f, @peD CoEoO,3ro6gu:
el5g6 @$5u: dS$fc-eg 563.06o 50"1ouerii$oX6:." es 5l'o${
eee"66 6555rCB e05.5d eo@5 &g 5166, 6o5S eoe55 Src-
e"by$o1t5:.tt2

5&;r, 6 $6:6er $g6 eiro6:od e6&oO a5e $$ 5r6on"


e16:td 5o B$36od - "d)$r i"6rOA
.6o&it6or:o6. +55oo:: a"5
i6368 ${a:oea:dB ecS5o"r" 656' an &dr 6r"c- e.5 s6o5:o
3&J6. "Car$), edrS53 SoaoQoOS e.54 655a1>od gpc- ;0"6$ocr
i"gr$d6.",,n
qaer 6od eoo"55 65 Sdddrdg tu66 f6g a6ler4oe,rox6.
u5?:o,r: $Sa:oer: ?:o(!.:5 X,cdd aep s€oo 6eb5 5g$. em"55 J5:45
spoo $g wcrSero5:od 5n6-3s, e655{erB?o3o6 $Scco, eecgd
SOottg6 Sr$o60co, So[u 6O;r6dS 466 Sofod $o1$6o$er
ag650:o.... ad dq. 5a".16. A$prpd udtror, 65r. ggb $odu{on
EBB: esd 6ci"6od $$c @6o0oa64 eo$36 i5:o$ eoo.55 (o6?coc:
SSdt $C) 3ro5p €.ec6: $ee"QSSo.$$$rnt5:. 3:"o6:" d"er6 SO$qS
BoeS:6o16:. so$ 08h Spc- es 66rr" egd$o.Je.:o JQSo$6orn
;$o06. eld:"66 eipoo5: 655i$o 6pa- 6 6O5ES 3oc$6{ eerg$,
eg6oo.5e.rc3
ol,
Aahg .66dr"6Sdc6:o6. egoS:S 65 ewSvd
S
ee6: :
"DdtrorB, e$ aS3:$6nS do"flLlolper: o"Ec-sB s6eap5 sfidr"f
er&"66 S;w6o 6pc- e,S8."115 e.5 6.5d u6?:oa:.f &&lt6po$
em"55dC ar$ 83;po6. yC, 6:5Ko esoAgOosdc$. S5; 5o6:$ xboS
653 eeEJFJS $03$ '5016 &eu: Src- ego6:5$ erea:Seo$u lpqp0do
Sao,r:.'$$;wo6:5:er 6;$d eio Serbo;$$od 9Q6o5o $o563ee:

arfio;oA 199
3ro5n eapel) Eo8:"o;$sS ad4o6uo 5o56ip16o3 er5s6o a$;S
136o
SoB6d $5e53{o er$eo,r:'ep$ ego$$3 esshod6.
ar{o 5:6 eoo"55 aBr6ot{on'o6'?:qr: }6$5odC qp6&d6 a5e
i.ge 5r66lrnd coa:5-6. es $o$636o &doa(ud a66$$g $651S5
JUgf *ogi*66 &$o Srt:tuo 6air eso$SS Boc.r&o6. er JS;Se:
6,6n" egdsoS€,:od SDsEeFdr.6. o5'?oor: s6eaom 1970 565od
erS36 a;S6o[r:s SadS BfiFoS i5.J5.RFo6 aS;6 sohS*;Uu.
6.o'd aons &$ 5:6ond ego$S Svc- tS6E" $fl"a6. eso$s 65
sp65$ eSS dpd e0636 $$o per56eao t$OoO &SOo*Ur:. esA)
esd:oyd 6$g 6$ s.6o8g $o3:oo5 ee ded - "a546 $gd
6e3&$"66p$ a"e56eao 5556cdo6. qo6emo6c sotrs$$o Sroo
aodofc-cB s.SoSSod 6d56o, a@So a54d SS: 6rQoXS:." erdr
Src- $:os"Qss6e:l #&oooa : "083:Src- S$rrgsfer Sg +S5:5g
erd5odeO; S545?l$, 6rgd Sg f6raweo3 Sf;S>o,r:o6."116

55u5$Sod dU:er So$c-s3 eP6&o$ a6e $$d egoSt5p


esoAS6oa6c eos$ss4lf:. a,s e655{ u6.i,:or:d Son 6s
erdSo6eQ Sgio da6: : "& Spe.:&: 563&5 &eSo u5: SJ;d5:, a,5
s$g 3: ge$ &Ssg er goSogerd egc,:$Sc ao5o6 ::$$opo6. " a.6?:o.r
ao0*3(u - ";$euo eso66 eryO Sogd aod bo dosr6o$:dr6!.""'
198a eo$a6 p63 bo6r ew&o5:o6:ooe $,E;d:.SB 5d;46:
- '$c3:8:gt'o epod u€*or:d:'. er$p6B ee&"66 655$o e"6
6a$5o6:so6, a"5 6$c 5o$6o$$o6. Srodr oSgU S6:$5ecod
aod ea8o6: 1$d:.a:5o €"gS Rert$$Se.:o. s.S, $5:'85 1$dnaSo
5A16? qA er$p$on S 6o&iFor:o6.'18 ere"65 6655:o ea8o5:
Sgewg$ 53:poi5:S$ $Sraod3 trt$;$B66od, ep6 ieoi)66:od,
ieo6 56etl.5ro3 eo&Qod, 5 B:.o53 y6eo$6:od J56r"
6ser"o5dgiF6il}6. spu ee 66g$ $rpg$ 456r" S0;S;o
do6dsipo$"o.

200 eS6: R:e6&


A5p656$od...er$a6r 31, 66d$o 9 fioO;o 20 C&:fuo5:
1$q"Sa$oLe ao6erno$S es& (SS:p erc66{$o e.0.1Jo*ee.

**rf
ao6erno$ f:"6gd - er5;6o"w 5:*S$6on JnS$t$6:5;
eld:"65 65g$o a,54$0n" 56:n"Oltsooo6. $6r6er, So6er, e65fu"oc$'
fOfE w655{u:.... epo56r JSg&5546 C5:35: $OgSg 6o8i6o5:.6.
er536 66g$ ${6:o.6: a"56: eroX6 : "ddo er$;605; SoESd
esero6 d655:o $no'5eco $S:oabo sdr."l1e er$p6 So(Der$og
665{lAeoor:$ a,5 eo"5dg[9oe;6 og5 d6 56 a,5 afliree d,a6 : "er$p6
o"e 'S:5r:', 'ilgiO' erd fflfArmo er$o e1&Be1d 5r0#oaro6.
er$p6565: ';5coQooB 558d$on' Bro6:6q:'eo5;6 a,Sd S;r6b. sC,
ao66 ir55do5:a&5$;6 i$o$ - 'S$4oB Sged5on" p6&o$".er'5$or
Snd fogc 56;&o6."120 eee"65 65!6 pawer6d'3:"ot5:6o:, $>Qoer:
50$ b$;o erQera$ 65o$o $h i.da.6:."'

1980 5E6o es6odod ao6en o$ bo6r esi$gre)


peo56ero8o5o:o *$06 $5o$o*5S Soflud 5F65 a{rwQ. &o3:o6.
ea8od, $5;:"o5: 655e5Q deo.:Xod esBr u€*or:Sq $S:fo"o$
$Uu"3:o;$5:o6. ;16?:oo SS;$op eee"66 66g;5nSB 6n6orn 65;
K$o$od, $g er& $d56r$om 555&Oo5oo egB:So
ee&"65 6654$o
3:.o6:6u a$sde dsoa. B6rqr.c s$5o65on' 55cd3oo5 $of
(egEaFaF), esd$S $Sr.Q ao6erno6 SUegooS6C,: $oebo doScco
Jod S0[6o!
ao6en"o$ ir65 6{u;n6 earysd uolt 6aa:.o ;5n6osod
.fea:dSSoa. 2,733 b$a%. erg{Ss$aod 6aniF6:Sg eo@5
dr:5po6:$er aa,5SU $a6r. it€bKuer t*H$ g" do6iFdpCu. "' erero8
a,5 egod65 e6:o t{:o$ e€tro:: dSSo ad$c.: b5:4er S&* e"5 {.rg-83

$o6s r$*,5ugp6r. a-S S$4 [e56, i"oipor:, odi:or aoded


6ero";$5:q6. Boecd ods":o.l ad5:68503 f,er:f6U cqac&, egoasd$

arde6o6 20t
v6:el e"546 5:"4- 55 aog93 .T6a65:oc- irs$$q: 5d.1o"w
y6erea6r."' odf>or>, eocr55o: efp6 dddrodeqr S:oq8 3:.S.
56So6seb qoEB 5:"c- BS6. 6q66so ($dD6 6eo d5:o[eo6o)
Boe;S 6ofiod3 6n O;$ erSSeQB:.&B $-34B$p6. s.S u{B EOo6C
Sfrd$$$erod, ese6 $$ SoB6f lF6(D d6:o[eron"C3 esdaq)
G5q"5$o1s eeSoo5ro $oo d6n" - b.sB d0o6$oc- - 3gooo.12a

$651ss JUgf $Sdr"a SSpep fcds ed5n"o6 G5q"S$oLs


eodr56:. $5$66on" ?16:5o6 o{eeu:S; r:od5reo6 65 69 fr655: tf:ps
66;16 darg! fSSfrOo*QsoU ;$6F" 55$iroo55iF5e.:o
6)JI"6
elo6:$ 6e5SB er$o 6C,:&o6. el O{a:,f a0f$ es 65:Svo6S ed5
n"o6 aer eo06Qo;rUu : "e,5 Sr*Fd;{o dosrerdo6od o"$.$ogn de:
SohoOlFd:o6. qA 6SJO ${pa:o."125 t66US 6}6 5n{g$p$
6165625 53:.6o eg 5;$o6:od e.5;rS:tC SflSQ t$8:oOo6 : "6*S8
a6:er: 6{o (eu"S y ar6ep p:"5)."126
a,5 3o 66ap6 -
86oa6d $65t_SS JQSer ae6mor:. eg
1984
aUg# *o@5 $$ rS4o1 aob{:$Q dsoa. "5: ecal ddo o55om
6oa-d, sBirsard s6or:Qo6" epoe.:r solI5 +9 itf* dso6."'
"&d6 SOfr"EbOJ OSO3 5> 6:5:3o uns- cr0$e?"128

i.g 65 63*6od - pU&o$ aSe $$, a66 1gs6ryer


s-o@S
UAeJSd &6ef b5:4 Sofod Soarcq"er: SOE 6oeo$S $d Sd
3B:po6.12e5oew5'e$Se J$e,S $56oL6 6SS9 eilo$, $5:4 S:eQ
bo5r65o 5:o0 d6:n" I{:Qo*oC &iroE dq. 4o1AS;wd esS56god
a:0fl5 es$o66"6 J"31"5 6e36"Qlto EBb SS:$oOo6C grc- so@5
$$ esOabeeu: r{:3:3o0o6.

Ad3:$ e.5 3ro6p 55Od5 $$n" SnSog so@S $$ 55o$ s[eer


6a$ @*6od s3:po0o6. ABSo 651ga.6od 5:6o 6a(r Jqd6r. Je6e:
l6eegSd e"d a"5 So56pod OE$ '3ro6r' er6; t6*5S &Ku$Eo;oa.
eg65r"c- Jeo6 esod - "boaw6'd bo6w do" SEr4 @aoS: Jeyo6
'fe.:

202 e56r $ebe


irs0 ee0Ep..." @o(rr epero6 6OE6rq 0d3: esNDXD&o56 eo$ eo$o
S$;er es 1f,ee05d ?:o"4oX6:."' eood o6Bo:: $Sg ao"S(eaS: erm
6$d:.hoi$StrXo S$o esd6$ 1$$on o es8dr eSRg$ es 1$*6od
6o3cd det6."'es @*6o 5o56podd a,5 e5605 LgAd$S uod:$t':
Src- 0a3od Sort6."'
ee6JFJFg q6 a"5 SoSb $o$s. a"5 ew&o5:$Q b"odre5qr{:q{g.
5rSr6odo6. ao95 ew&oO $$ o"C 6a?:{$oc- }OlFdo6. aSoB
$66 ae50? eg $$o5rod $e.ryd eeEJFJF 65o65n a$;6{Ooetr6g
er536 CirdneD Sq.t$6d(rrgrile6, : "1984 $651SS AQSo$ ;5uo6:
eg6a5a53, AAA3 5:{5 56:55o6:o aod6. (er JQ6o.f) 6 $a$$5o6:o
5rd5:po6."'3a a"5636 *€'?:or: 558d8, oLdgJ"u5 @o6od flOaito$
*f $ESg Soft s656{ uud d55D6 es JQSo $;bo6od aod:006:
5s"1, +€'?oor $6{5od$ ABbg 55sd5on irsedc6:5g ed5 n"o6
sotflS3 Xr56 $0s.6:.
*o@5 uud d,55D6g S$5ounur 33:3o6.136 es JQSe:
eso6>6:
g5a6od ed5n"o6 Era- - 66oC 65 6Berf - egEJSa55:5 Jero6
&6 aSU;er dof:d*. "Jo6:5c?" eoc 5:&o::' esBES 6dJ$ eo@5
eoQs6 6SSQ a$;S auau:: "5O$6>o ir"eoD." eobyf,: wo@5 d)6"*
b5:4o 5d aoa.
eaoSS{ $$5&n 65; ercr55 er aQ5t' }$ aeo bo5rs$od
6$fgp6. 65 e$3o$ ArLdrtil aer 6:$n 5r{r$d$oXd$ Ao6$g16:.
Srot$awg{{ 66gn" o6?:oo do6 dS$d f,uo3 iFd ddroc eoo"55
(v0ou6:. eps - 1. n"5oo66 (XodSUrdO z. $o (eaf5). n5Ood:6C
sagofied soQdr sd)Es 5r65e5 soQoJrc eogt5 $$ coacr:.fods
eoo"5$3 .5ra"o5:n" BObo6. eoe55 EoecJ 6 e{o5r.U u6'toooB
d6S.aA. ss, es e&dr.U *6Tooa: Sir3d6:. "6nS5eS So6dr Sd
$5o;,$o0
O'--
-- r o(6 e$ ElrUu"
ipddssrcr: o'
epc 96&daUu.
A)

exr5S Soirss s-5$ udfoor: e"54 n5Oo5:6 dgsd f6o S:o0


5r"L6d, il"$dfr5 epeD da6:."u Bo€cS eld fSo $oo ab65e5

art{o;oA 203
SoQdp 6rc- u&:dir5 3a6:."';16?:or a"5.$e.r e$Sloa{u : "SSrg
n'5Oo66B Sngdd: $6tu6o doSe.rCe Jero6 SSXeQ. eo@S $$
lSdnnoSod u5: eser$gonp 8Obo6..."138

do"d3 6n"5 irsd eo$;r6go. m5oo66d 5p65e5 bo6dnd


6oS60co epod naoor:56s deE dr:6o do6:oo ero66. u€*ol p65on"
er*Fau"gr iEd 6S*Uodg an"u:. ?aa $obXogp5 e"5 soss<r"avB, e.5
s6edg $65 o5l$o"13e eoooJJo ;:.6*or: 1$a6o da6. Sr65eS
$oQoJr S>eooa:o SS;6egnu:n" 5o$6o'5r$5; e.50sQ 6a0oy
rP6oq"5J cdraS$Ho er6. *;$6od S:.6SeS 6o@ ao"65o 69
srr56o$o So65 df5go +€t:o::6.1n0 bo6o$" Bo€c @a6oC $gs;
ooa6: : "eoSS s.gd,d6od $t65r5;5r65e5 t6*6
e"5 a6gof, qe;o
apocrQ o"od erds $g $ol, 66:*uor, 3:gel...eoo56w egb, esd65
esdS;o $So a5c6:,S'6ero gcbo$o6."141
es aQ5t' sog5 $6625 erm 6o0uo50 eso66r eoS:$oa 24.1
$g o"ergd 11.5 Sg d"c,:$ e: $$c ao;5:$oc.r6c 6a3:"oo5 u$
sQ6:od. daod aolorP FSdBSs'68 - $E - a - e)tE' &o"$od
tu{o 515 $*g 403 $gS s.o65 iler35:o6."' eler o.d5n"o6 65
edn"o go$, 65 6B5od es65orT. $gS tUS $$3) au1s"0 s"q
erp6dr"q. 53$o*6:.

ry6&o5: a$e &$ e"54$0rn 5:dplFo::o6. d,Xo ar:g1o s>f aod


do6 dSSd fo"o$ 0d3: do:3$o6. esod 66:45 SooSd dgfO
foers: e"65;6 a:SSoEu 5ra- Rer:;$p ao6d6:. eoe55 essip$oeS es
JQSq: '668 tr5"n' $$o aOn$ JQSonr o06$o;:eCu. eood €5oo
qo6wn"o6 ;$6eao 5g aSo05 Koe$ S5o"d so1!5 $$3 eoQ Seg
$QoSbSo5rS eoo"55 erQ@o5:o. "er JQSf so@S &$B erc66
{u$&ao5:o eSevn3 v6eoo 3ro5p a-S. eo@5 }$ {rc- b.oCrr }$
n"d fugf Sa-oc $OSoa. epd a0flo6. OE8:9{eo5eeQs6$4oo0o6.
so{}S (o) $$S 9{ (S:"ot5:. }$) eo6eo.Og€"e.:S erc0,r6$n6r."raa
dsfdJQSo SOo.q: BepSd f$dr.sB o"€Tco> 65 n5oo5:6
Sdna66f;od aoaU:. 6o"6o6o eoQscnS3 Sd;o5:on" Srfo $Sodn
esd6$ 55136>. s-S, eo6p6 eood gro66od 5-f3eS egodd6, Aox

204 c$6: $ebe


S6SES 6dn" p$:o0 eaSo$ipo5, groJ d66i.d6:s .6a3ro5dSipdr"O.
&d5 Srodr 5O{5, egEaFaS, so@F SSOB ere55 gpc- e{o dKu$Sg
6 +{o0tr pd$o:: (63r.o5dgeFoir.6. o"S 606o - ep6&d6 ag$e
&$ eoeaOdoSrar&o6. esd65 Seagobo &oo.6:.'ES:J *gF ao&dp'$L85
'$cr"ad5:o &o65 ($Suquer'tgSd ;r5*oer &dxD 5:"c- $boa.'nu

e€*or: SOOBdfuerS 616o lpdreBo0 n"50o5:6 $o0 69


SAS:qO. 65+6od egoh$ e.5 135;1l'6o sg eso6:s $8d83, $& voB
til5;6 eso.ro6. ea SHdd erc5:5 $Qd eoo"553 5S3:o*6>.14u p€?co::d
6$S oU:rtr @o5:.eaod so6 6p6o 5oS 65g a6gofp epa6:aE5
Xr6d$r$ilX6 : "a"d*or Jo6 6o06on aoa6od, esd$S cr.Ed 55
sFg"6d5r. & aQSo 606o 5s eaSdro3 56;$ A6o er5:5:oX6:.
esoSr5 pedSod Sr:nn&sdr6: es6 eed$58 dSoo er56r556ir s6:,
ei$ Jod @ee"Osaf;on" CO3o;5rSqS ea8o6 {rgiro A&SS$oa
eo$tr es36S 5l"6-."1n7

es 1$o$eeo 6]rn* SOB arn" $SpiFoo:oA. 51656 eo{tuo;rC,:.


Si$so S5So5d6:.
***

ar6o;oA 205
erp"goSlo - 8

a5'eooo55 Aah' (1935-89)

1984 iQSod U$ $$ f$Ufearoips3 665eJ"sg s.6eeo6)


cfaro.:ero @6oQo0o6 088:. e"54 $6 3oo sood$ er$53.6 aaec
aw&oO s655fo $Srd.Epoa. es $S:"3eoQo68 *FapS Jo.J5.RFo6
B35So"$ 1Se6o - "dOu5:S es$o566d0
frOd af6 Jo.B:er 6%6.
eode$o6n", Cfireo" $;t"$aq: e.So.C 66e6 e"56 5o6:5 a0hi)66r$
6oXoo....erQo8 $eo,5o 5$e^:od - 65ee.546r eoobo16r "d6r *er
5$$g-S:", "ge:nua"$" $t'1$46:... eeo@ RrS6eH, $63o5 Sr"L6dr.
5gS ar;*sg froC 5o dou:"o er5;tns$6 S;6trs egd,:d drs uS
er$5:6do6."1

epo6:d 3"c-6& epoe ier Jf$o6€ eserf $)n$o6. ee;O$orr


es

So3o0$ eg $;5*deer SSef 6$d:er eoe5$;om 6ox*. $Sa.S


aow5i 'foc-oom 6dr.6 de6:. s6g5{er Jo5:f 60S5 6q6: Srg5lf
Sf;6:aX6:. $CoSrE uo5:$pd, e"$;5:oa"Q af;6: 5o$$oQ50;o6.
pxogon" aon$ Rr6o6 e"d 66c $6.go.f fo;SSoXA. So.:o5f St$
aE&e5 poc- 5>65er:, O.per:. 6Ad 3o5:6 8o$ Soc- fraSoJ. "$od:$5o
een dS:. eoDil o5: e"5 eg6o5o 5fubod, aw6oS SOd $ggoo66o"
Ssa6drg6:. SOSeu Jod S$on" 6oX, 5O$ dCo.:O.Cd so5t5r
eg5o6orp 5q)6 5e"2 eo0.r6: RFo$.

e
J.$r"b.g s06od S$s a$5o8 65;d6:. @oDil b Se$56 6rc-
65DC 6Xo$5g esQtlobdo"o r{:Oo0 ?:6S ebpd6:. S6r$agc Aod

206 S56> Se$S


s;bo;o ;$5: oX, csr Bro.5:$ oa ao6: 0: 5r[6 o ad$er S6 gep 56o 6a 3r o6p
ew&o5:+6o $o56S.

$65[e5 JUg# SeegoS:o 66:ard


eoodfd Sdeo$: ]g
$O(gOo;$SSc-OB e-E 556$ aUui{:do6. JUgf ;r6too rnO a"S:${
5r6e
oed
hqpoefu S6SoOS ut'oe 6a$ p6S Sapo6$ qrso*t$.
erpe ;r$ 65: o55oc $$ $*"Sao 56€ $o$5o dadu. ,{f
esEaFJF e6g$g[n" 6S$bS $56. arp&c6r es So{r:oc$oi1:
r$6dS$oe.l6: : "083: o6*oor: n o 9{ $6noe$B ad6s.0*;5
(ae6:$g,erd doer SoA"g) Src- eg JQSod doro $$ Rerg$o6. 6a
$g J6;a$ydc bgnoeos 5r{u$o56 ,4}6g 6,ti}6.fo6."3 eg
S;$odrod +$ $CoOE s6g5{er, o"o6r5:f per SroB ABbC $r"*S,
6:9 a6$o[r:S 6$6r$OoaoS p0o*6r.a

o5*op 5:6 qepo6 erfl@o5ro t6ry6o dr$5o. ego$S $odafer


$€Sqrrn"
e)6qJ
3tcra6. "5:So 6d6Oouerod eero6 ed6$$ ed5Ser
do65r.f6. a5Sof,u 6$6of;6ea epda ao6 ag6t{t5r. eg siroS:o 5:og#o8."5
esdbs ao$6re.: Spa- A$36 "5>S5:oe $odBro*-Op$ C&d5:o
e.5earo6. XDS i.gg sd5 bo6r 6oAEd iryo6 Soeco{o d6:. pn,
SrS &gd ;lu$o cno6:$eloa6r."6

eepdC otE?:o:r S"qn S6er 6rOsoKuS:& Sr.dJd6. aqgf


$eao6o 5f er63664o$ as0h6cgrn"Soa S$eca-O5cp! so6:SS
o6'$oo 1984 JUggE 6easd6o 16oo0 CflAodoOS 12 6:o8 511:goos
a,S Sodc so5r$o*(u. "es 5a)dd e€cdd, Js" af,aO'656ornd
${:5oo v6o. ego6:5g 65.5;rn, ciil$6on eA6po asd)t$6)o65e"7
ooor6r em"55.

ero"5$S)Sflrd 55o$g6368, ed6r5 ao663 B3:po65rg6o - "eg


5o4oF (F6 asSS Sffro o.ep ddrn",65dr:$orn a0ho6. &$ ':ogd
5ooo86 oQ espeo$: {gon" e65o5:5o $n aO8:S ed:g{$ Cffra
e06"8 es $cpo8o SseJod - "S)S $Q d.ea:ar5og, 5d 6o8ilsorc5{

as.6o;oA 207
erfl@o6:o 55n166:n Cago vd$."e p6'f:oo 6ra- &o6orp a,5 afl&o
da6r. ep6 5rc- aod, qerf, 6o6. "qr66ol: a$e $$3 iFooo5 €"9
a6o 5nQ, 1971 d 65g Faw$;o5$ abp6,: 6rc- $o6...a.d a.54 dc-
5$erod - qo6emo$ fr.Ugd d6p5;$ors 3"Srdr.e b$uo:658$g,er
e"ers 6808d$o6."'o
e)

1980u6 JQ5o3, 1984 oB iQSoB $63 d6od eo8o5,


ioeo"irt' tro ;1p63o $codSSoXoa:. epod agono5, 1984 oE
q6. 65 Bfp$S;S6on
"iQSo 6Oeo Cflfro CawCB e1>5o eeq,"Sddr"#

.:n{ eo}S suSo $g erodds, oad5(r{, i$65ro36er dxod


3:"o6r d.0rargo$C errr A{r65OroD, fifi6o $aoa:. e0o.156368
1984 JC;6o 60eo: 5:d65on bqo5:od - a{roa - er A,0uawgo6:
Bo{o ao6e ir65 cpor6: J"Srdr.S 5g', +at:ool ao"$$5 5g"
eo1fl58 ar66 eso)6o6-0.

6 Of6ea i$oS u#.roa: 5d65on' ao5:e.:66ipdr"6r. Sg€$O


S$, ercr5S ego5:S Bsvd coaq-Uu. eeEJSJF $o6& ${rn B63c-sB
S5l dr:.

6 504oF g$5 as35 oiF*c 19s5 eo$a6d npo6Srt6d aoh5


aw&oO e65$fo .5o3o0o6. *Slf egEASJFd C6"JB $o{t6 uo6r$:C,c
21 5g dD5$6 eptuE&S ee e6g5f S6nda"f S$so6:$&n
Cddr&:oat$. e0546 65 es$doe:$ ep&6& e,5 erLSrAd qer
$o;$5:oa6: : "il€'|:oo d, eag5w6 CaoS:ed d ad Up5:d agroa
&SSoea:oXO. dS ;c"g3 ySoSS S6rldrer ,5FQox$. ioq:gon
SSah &6n" dA &Ssg eagSrdB a550co p s{lf e.5 p6o. egsd eg
554$8S eoe 5530Qo56o6. eser. 66d3, aco6:63 S66:6:5g S;bo$od
ewer$:rd dSUS itos e.5 $od,6o 5o;o6. a,5 egEaFaS e65S{
&SSO;S es Sod6o +6'f:oo rn68 a*.15r. eo$46 66eea5ro6: a$ u5:
eo(;$or:o6 5$erod - SESoEu *oS d565 n (u o6'$oa:c rrdil.Sw
Q
SoOSp egdSo*6r. eg il$od eez05 er{g{re0n SaoS:ed SoQd;"

208 S56: $ebs


555ir0oao0 Sr"c" esd8ou6...esO{a:. }$ Sesr$ig6ea a:6rn 3 do6.
eoa &$ r6.S*e ,*6J6." $g 5ee&(g6ea Src- Cao6:ed So6dr.
$oU:"o esc ee rod,Sod d565d esdao*6. H*f eg 66d a6S6.
S6f;6ler Bosoaor:... +6?cor:d epOn"t$. &ao$ood R:o0oir 55r
do;$da:. eoe> $o5*g 6&0o6. 5o a66d6doas o"d5> es6o s"d6...
so6*SE 66;:"6 Oa:o5ro'd SoQo6r do erSaX 65;o$, $oso65:o6B
e$bder 1$56o*6 - '&g ses-Q $$ eo{gge esdeo $uS 3S
es$ig8l$:'... 6 a"54 u55o.f esa) o5?ror)d: aos" $$ er65$6.: er5,
epor:d er6 ee4O5$$5 er546 65;ero568 eo$i:d:5e:n d@6:."11

es $5rdeu> 5rfe5 s"q $g *6JSe SSo er$5{ea dr:5oor:o6.


&ao5:ed 3o6o5r *O a*O 56$d 6o6. egd: $SFq 5i'co66 ed
esodr:o6 : "5r epSJ 5n easd$Sod eo6;6d soBo so3om aer
qln"eD eeEJFiSg ad;R:o6. s6eao - eeEaFJF esoe e,5 5:0r:oa:5ts, es

6:ea:oaod eip 5:5o 6605 eeq"sdrf


e.5 qp6$S egd: ap&o$6."t2
B$p$Sggrm 6 sq J"g (ABb) ?:$5oE erSees;198odd &ao$ed
SoQdp S5adBoOoa. 1983d el6:.66 66gErS1$5:$oOo6. epod, esA)
esdS$o o5?ool so";wo3 sUu{on }t$d>oXor.
a$;t$ egEaS"rSB s{ $5:$5 Ss35&o6. sa:o5:ed SoQoJ:. fa$d
+6*ol: SoEr: a$;6: : "1984
S:eooaod S:cer. &ago6:ed tu16:896
JQSo 6t$u6 &gd ae>5:o6 eptcddB 55sd5on SUos:50$6. s5,
d"gf Sao6:ed d6:." saobed S:"erg6 B$pood - "e5) eldr{gd
ea$;$o66 Co.3eao a:Of&eo5; Rr6no6od Sa5$5ro6. e$ ep€cdd,
em"55do 6H gr.6- &a5$5ro6." es fr&d AB3: i.g e$g{ 55eS
dfgoe 56n er{5oa{od 6$;ca:o6:ed - trofs $So US 516 rt6r6s
$o1$6o0o6. eo6:S $Q0tufoer S5o $6o0, 66CoS ao6r6B
Bgipdr"6r. aqg"B+ "d5r SaSo do:ro; 6o6"13 eeq6. Oao6:ed3
65 $od$scB $;5ro"5o So3SSorc6. erd> B*pa6> o5?:or:d "5:
es[Ssro;roc o.$ $ogd6:."
**q.

art{ogo6 209
6Ur:*6 Soee;1rerr uer S6on 'feodSSoXoo. eaird
eg
&aos:ed e6: &$ er{g{ 55ec SfgdSc $oddo 5o3:Sbo6. eg 65cB
esd $6o65; a6t5el: aSoCSr o€fooo$$;od
P* dO. pm sgf
so6;$o6 fapfSd 6oat$, $o65>o0 a3,r{4;6:p 6o16. Aug[o 55
arf (esEJFJF) eS5itead tuEoS e.de.S 5$3^ &$ eo6$ $6sg 6s$ant$.
o S&q o6'?:or:3 ern dOS5pt$.
eg 65om 1986 $ Serd p6'i,:o.r: 6$ o6(r&n" es6g[ f5SB
eSsg$ ero"55 *O 6sS6oo6. eeEaFJF eroa:$orn$ esoAgoosoa. eg
$o661oC dqr6 r$4 esS s56ead - "egEJFJS 65$ +6{":o,::5oX
eoo"55dl 5f;6 eo0 q:o$oOo6"1a ero"55B &fArceu trg n C, 5 a66
S6no6o 5g n C +5Br$o d6:. egoOS ue Co$6, $5:$5o 60fl,
e6g5{o puo6: tr6&od ooir$ttr. erca5:E$ eg *vd6L6g 6.q
eo36ry5o 6OES e6g5gn *Ofqo6. eoo.553 ao6$co$ *6: aode.:o
Sg o6$oa:65 6e6+o"SB e6:i$eoorn ercd:Q6o3a6t,r.sg a$fgr6:.
e5$6p5 8s5 SOSeolm
'eoo5r6g 3:a:5Uo Bro6r ew6o$;:"cr$B
6$Sd66el:l$@o' sS o6'?:oa: p$oat5l. sold erc6:6i$F5 erd
elo"553 aos $egraa-Q 6o6.

1979 $os 1989 56$ e6"55B &parcec6 SgSfseS


$*Fo6:$e0m 6$; &s, 6:e.rd eo0oo6 : "36: eocr55, ;r6t:q>e>
1$$onrer oSgo6$o SE odo"q. erS$3$n a.5&0 odi:oo et3:t{:e6:
-'erJ1o fi:0o05 $;5r*6o 5e$oX6oo"?'uS$o eS oe55$ eotiloQ
- '5$oX 6oe - ercd e$$o6?' ss, od*ou3 5o s.ard ecr553
{*f e{6:d:g6. esd6$ BoerJ B*pu6 - 'er31od 5o$u6:o asp
SSeo: - a"gd 18 5g 5d6$ $o85 oS - d.gf 6:6eao a6o
$8e... e6'$o> $S$ AOSS 5g$ ocr5$."'u
***
1e86d ero"5Sc $9 r6S{rAad {rd;a$errJ:d: - 1973d A"g
o6$l6n" ere55n eS: Je> Jc$$oXd - eda5pS {rSfoQudfoocr

2to e$5: $e5s


essoo0oap6:. ero"55 Jo3:6 egEJSJSB o3"55;ot{gom 6o0,:ro6.
5:dS54, 66Sd eorr5s aSgS;68, $$fg"o$: BibUS:oO Sq,sc
?:6:ger6 ew&o6:u5o 6drn,1$&$g,e: PLS 6dn S&8:o5a-SB +61:oo3
56&o5:on 6o0lo6.
s.s, 1980 56$od dAoC 5{fSJ S5sdS bbpos p5$or>
65:45n" epo5o SE"e6. e $Sper: Jo6 aoom 6o1o6:od;c.6?:oe>
SS eocr5$ Sd65S 6rc- eo& So8:o$dloo.

6605 erq"5o$od a$So Bip6:{e;l Sr"o6rbf egodgss Sd5


3:"o61 6045, egEiSJFer:, 66u6 so@Sr; a.5 bo5:. d"er:aw5o$
$e3eao 6dm a$.5&:o$d{p Sq)*r. eror:d, 6 €,er:a.rgo5:C
dd6rb6&5Jd$0cod - 5r6:dr5g $$o f5:SUed"q) d'tod eog{Sg"e:
3ro66o .5$S e"5 pilg* '5r"q,, ufB Sg8d6orn &aw$ €-€;f Spe:
5166r$1 5n66gbo.
60ee$o 6qP5o SoarS'd Sp$orn S0bo$o6. o e6 a:uqrd
6a
S5:4u: 60 a6on" a$;$p68, +foe CS{ $e>u:n &t#oa: 6oa6.
eru$6368 S5:4 de;eouS;or es $eroQo* S6J o556C (SA $*5c
s5.6on
ud ds. pg 5r$d
e)l
'3podp'epod a"S 4p6oer 5pB:od 65o66go
$a6. a:$5 SoF Qog55+d 6$ 65gS:od ao6emo$c e.5 dr"6oe>
S*bq. "a6 6o&6>6 &p6e! Lryiraea S:b"e1"16 eos &536on" 6af{f
1$16o da6r. "e.9;54 S$4 50;6on 32 ;$oB 3,ro6$QSOBlddrO"
soerp Jo:RQ*du6.:." eod, 36:go8, 3:.oc5r6o3 $S5 ao"e,rd
55e5$o er cfpQd do6s Qog55ard 1$a6o. 'egfd{S AfBp6'66
flog5Sodc &dD6 acorrq) wO;$daoo. Qog65ed 6o6eao 6t$o6
(va- bo$ s$lno6. 1985d BSc- $os 5d.1ior:6 qo6o5r s$n$od
s5:4 &ge6o) aroeD Bol azo $o6c 5o?:e6. egrd{S ?f*69
$6S5o 5Bro05 bo6w aS65'S 1986 e6$d S5:3 &$u6:er s.0.1
dof;aUu. q6 aOhS 6oc6: ;5rlo 66o6 ;5ri:se3rno$ 66J"8C
.5J"6eJ"Cg 3$odn o"$58, (!5q"5$o16:o 56 e"5 b5:4 iro66:6,: BE
de6,:.'8

ar,6e5oA 2tL
&)66 ;.$os S$4er b.odr$spagod e.rda$S il6e{y$g erEAF J5,
e65 Seodr Soir6el 6s 3;,o5d $o1$5:od $)sneFo$.oa:. eool:$S;EB
66eeilr"eD t{XocQug6:. 35:4oo561 55o v$a-sB e6eap5 }oS585
s-6eee:: ss; 6oao,> - a.Sd ry6,, e.dd o3:, e"Sd 6:6g{o$o, e"d
$6&6{g $of (eoed'6f)." 3roc5r65od aer d6:.
e415g"o 3ro5:6o8 558d5on' scg ea8o6: $$o grer&)
5e;er3 @o5:6go aCu66:5;;$6{ e$o t$ae6.5:$o 66$5 eo6i'5o5rod
O e(i
3$p$S:e,pn"
----oI- -a(- eoszd (t' s.otn5
L &0g) S5::
d-
S>e>er$, 5r:Soo$ $U64,

'EpS:'(8.?ro5.;.i5) eoS ac;So e"Spod dasn ce3eao dQ5o6. .4 da5


es e{fod,t' Fa-0ern"
L g) 6$f a( estfiSpeo$
\
Ea
S6:n' 5n$oa. 'ePS:'x!p05
1$d:.a5o - Oad5ir53. 1981d eoS;E t$a:e6 5oe6$ole 5r6$boEp
iFooB 5gU oad56g $e.rn s{r6o $e6:. 1985d esd Rpeo3 tS66S
ad5rnt', Oo56o6od 3it5a85 6666o $e.rc ?:o*6r. S 6oe6p;5re)
606o -1985d 6:arr6 cr5 a,fSfd JUggG 1S2 $H$ rp5:, 149
$gS so6S $Q nur35:o6.'?0

t$a:e6d Jerfld erg{$ero3 Sgsd$on" e.5 5r0c&: 56p&o66


esero6 gr.er$d epQ6aguqr gOnS 6q66d,5, AXF6 o"Sf $"c"
65:g:e+o$ 1985d 6S5{ eo5:$eDri. 6$; ;toeo6:o$oE dp55
(dD.b), o.or1$$5 o$"65(SSEE)or 5o50;o*6. e d.Jod SOSP*
5:o3:'o6:$o aeil4l 69S au$Ar>5ecn" r$Qo0$uti: e5:i:$ir6
d3:.o$." (e.5 esoSu 1$s6o ew&oS: aeqpd 6a S:65for 5:e:
3ro6l6er: 52 a6om aoldu)." d*"4:. 85roE Ae:o aodSod -
%{d i"d, # d: }6" (El$Sa&$ 5666:ep,506er gOb 60 e6o d"0gr

$6o;10).23 ery1bg'o 3r.o6:go 6H dSr"oXr Siro 5$46:oX6:. 65


u5SB es$:Spoon esd6$ Jot$S:{ 6o"ir6eoq: Sra- 3nodnd5od$d.
Aeir6eo3, ep5e6 66rfDE5 e5o6o Ca:$6 6o;:"6c. $66 eo6e6
66rfrrE5 gJ#6 Sd;ooop5ut':.2a boSp 5;1l.aod n dpo6: 6"*
$$Cu 6:"c- b.o6r65odd Cb"A:.9 5s3:o$8.

2t2 c$6r $e$&


5Eu Ca:"O:. SiugoB Broc5re5$; c5:o5:ga$c-CB y$oSS
6so.os.el> (So"oe"o s"6) d3r"o5r. ea{sad SShode. esd trSd6od
eoodtr46 ep$:d:.dmer ego6:S ep6,:r{:ew6t'$ B:.oc$.e50g 55Sdgodil.6.
epe>o8 eoodtr46 eo$:oirofuf e,5 SoSpS 506 b$4
5g;$, a,5
dd5n. a5$ Srg$od:6 &c5r55 fuoe5C 666gn. 6og6 dr:iro, er54654d
Eg**,5:5;n 6543 t5>S55 Lw6. er6S *A s.Qcn5:. q5$ So.g5o6:8
3{p.Uead }5oe5d nS e,:E dSsda.O. er5p6o"* eaSo$ po5:$erod
$Epaw$ro dSSd+f,. sS, epo6:5> fl$;om s.Qe5: 5$boSo6.
ep6i$ Brdec 6d:55odd 696, ;5::So, S6JP* $o 656gtto $ootug
S5n3+Q C65Brod @o66go dep6:. eoe 1g{:65 o6:ogeo6oCo0
sQeS 15$on" eogd$eo 3:oc5:6o$ SgSdSon e"g eas8d$ SaEC
d6o51ion co3odo6$ S"$$oX6:.
1984 51p6'14 o.6,: ercdtrg6 ao6:o&. es 6aa3.d s.Qtr5: e5:
esSos5 d65'afioa5 ffFd $$'tlfo0Q6f* 1S56oa"Uu." wQe5>
36555o $s6o airq:ag6:or eood eog{5:d56 3:"o6:6er:. & a*n:a;,$f
3.5r"sg SpoS Serlood e"5 rySlUrrSSo 5o $oS2;& wpO. epodr6s
sQeS: c$:g6:ofg5 546,6&o"5 ero8 Sug$ry eood546, dg&e5
6rd SoE soft $os;{o;e:562on" 513:o'56o tu6o:?:S6:. e$ d6oo
506:0$ 6O$6pS uo6:5:&m 1$u6o a65:4oc- a*g{{6c-o0 $o5:6go
S*o6:. eoe> 563&5 6 a:irua5 S5r.5 $$ a4ar56 1$aw665;$o
1980 5d5o 5r65d t&6od5:ooo6. 'Oasd5{S6: Soao6o0 i:ode:
g5rfr5 s36S$ erSrer: $R: &eo' erS; soSod Sa af5*o $noa.
erold, Sro6o sAraS *ilo;$ 696o5: $oeroQoo s{ eoa:&db d6.

5&o. 6 sq eo8o6, $556eao $5dw$o dSoo &epod (apqr)


erqr06po6. *Qo"S: a"Slo e.5 a6;oSB 65 bgnoeQqry s$ooa"6::

"& erd &oooe5$ .5rdo8. 6qae So>$n" Sed,SS e4oodr;5r:


5o"! qotS:d E $ood [nir3ea:ur, fl8ofuer, p65el: 6oerUu. eo5e8
S:oO 3o53 S{ ,q5:o: 6otr6:. 6 dr"g5>f Src- er&"8r1$>u:,
ac(rua$>e:: 3oB 95d 65 6f6oe.r6:. esod, p $oo eqf6:eer 56
Jer edpol$$od (dO:.oSg:od) epe> 6a 8oB S:eer: eQ"otror:

ar6e5o6 213
(${yoe^rou). aos" &t-6e:r, eo&dr16er eg63o d6$ereln' &dao$a&
6oa6. a5;:6: dsoer:oaS ?:S:g S6oQS &6 qer sqr6m s'6:,
6"$Sro66om $6u0."27
***
6ot$ v6ee"o $g od'*or: ePilq, io;$Soo0 ero"55
edoEoaO. & eog{$o 55ad$ }$o f5:SUetl"ell a,5 e6eapd,8,rodr
d.or e.rgo$c sg6-$6o $So ed5n"o6 so65 d$q$d6seelr 516'6
v6eao.

40 5g 5d6$d 65p"S6:o1& ero>$ ed$n"o6 ;tuot5:n" &$C,


d*Q. eg655oo*oS C$oroi$$oa6. d'oawoa:d 1985 &doaUud
esd6$ e.5 g:Ss3odps S6r"d,6od 1$Sohou6. er 1$$o6o66 "i"966
656 dggc 5oi"d+$" eos uronso Sa6. ego6:S t${:6S" 6$'5Bgs
aDBtu66 oSes gnc- 555og6 e66 d6od a$p656$ J6;ctr '5r$
do65o6 $6dpo6.28 ero"55 rt6 $S5:o0.rt5: : "e"5 &(ro5ro d5:
a,63:$o0. esoSr$ 65p"SS:o[8 erco$ AD66 5o5636 5"erod Aefrp6
$awQSnuQ r5n66"oX6:."" d.d06a:$ e6eoon" e$Qerfo aS;S
65gegrn A.Si'Sd 56dS e665: 6o550;5 ee86 6:tr:oerf e-6p$
eoo"55 6o1$ 1986d 5:6do*6. er +{ doSS Boec$ 66p$5:og8
ed5n o6 $oc-e &6g dEdC eoo"55 ao63 50.;, $oe6o AOdOdS
Bg.tS.'o

?:f;$Shn, 65"65"6no, $o$46ea*6rn


CSL6$&Orod, autrg! a.er
S$aBS ed5n"o6 *po6rodd e$6p5 er$54, $56{5o 6 d.{od
::530BiFdno.r:. epo66r$uoc5: J$";lr$ esod epS58S, e$66e5Q 6
d.go xra ao6d6r.
1987 51!:6'65 6 dar - p66gge5s3
@e5865o @6odpo6. eg

oE#6f espo6 fiSo c15o6:od $565 das3 8o6$ a,S SoBS e66d6
eoSo6 po5r6:o3, es0s-6o3 B{J*S oorwel) ;5uSBBc3o6 - ep0 e,6
$5eEdta:" 1g56oso6. 66p5$oge ed5n o6 aro{:ger, *;b&d e
esaSo3 se6$os 65a.6odB SQ;o6. EooS gSp5$og& edsn o$B

2r4 S56: $ebe


$tqbao ero6 6{ea ep$:o[8 &.3:.boF & esdseael dA%. BoSe.ro
&6o0o*6. epod, &.3:.bo6c ed5n o6 65 5:o1-&5$o S:o0
8o6ooo6l. so@SdS er$;$38+5ro3 a"5 ;boO ep5s6o oflo0o6.
Soecd +$ 0.3:.$oE B$so ScnUu. s-o@5$Q i$o$ e.5 56o $Oitsor:o6.
6 5OS eg 66o6 a66i$S;JUgf 65 $qr6o,Jr3:o0o6.
$66{5od ed5n"o6 *liro e.5 $f,:o $$ &A;d Bu5poo.31
& er$ er$ Sugo Sr3l.dg o6rr$6 bg*. es&B ee$ d4 {0o516 er
$s6o Cc-$O*;t'o. egB: 658 S$Sq @ilooeJr SQ $o$63cl.elrr
lFo"6do6. 6s e$$ s*ooo$ S$:o S6 3er5: 179 6wlo5>er
5r$5q 8o6 BBo0 &cps$ esd8ooo6.t2 (epo65:5r:o6>, iroo$E e>
1$s6o ega:S $$5q sq.;5rfuer &ea: f:"1U$ fi BBoat':.) Aod$E
er $ao6$os (r:$o $6 fS;S ::€ 55 &6r3c q:e6: dgoa. esodyd),
?>6rgo6 $Bpog, $666pS SSoB Soaro{o dtroeu" qpe5$ $pc-
S$:o$S 65ffeoOo6." qa o5o5:$:nQo '6'53 S6d6:o'. 6duap6
5o563ef *o. Sodepf S@o $6 S5se5$o$ rnawgofisoS:;bod
a6&o.:Xod 3ro6nd5o dc SoSpS espS$oi$ 5r$:o S* $i$6roon
66drho;$Sroiar 50go6.3a sS, qd eA.ilq. a$ypd qpeS$ 6ra-
s$:o $$ sqosdbod, o6 ;5ugo $dB6qoo p6sse J6:c4o6.35
& $Ocre5re Sg sr:So 0,0r:ew5o5: $aw0ils6:o6$ dd6rSt$ ed5n o6
6d>65o - $S&oel:d US $$Ssl a:aw$c 65drho;$ss rr$:o $$
&6:3C'agn6rn' C$or:Qo JBo &KD$50;o6.36

elep ;fufloex,$ 1Sao656$5 edsn o$, 3:.o6:6o$ Src-


5A66gon" erUogr$oos egd0oe6:. eso6)$$o, 3:.o6l6el 1}gSer>
SS$fc-cg Seltrp ec.@SSA Eseor 6ooo5c-s3 5qegl $a6:. aos
ao&o'J$ ii:Boo;,$ $o6pQ$6'56o $fd: esoS:$ Se35 U$ UOoOS
S6eo"$pd ,ag>.CE Sd35, U{oq"e StQour6:. COL6$$eJod
gSoSoar{o 5:tr * U{oq"Qst6oo5 tu9tu56 d,fo e66." aSoe
J5p6: aono6od - aS:r3e836 eSSSd JUgf (o"d5n o$ fd51
XD66rd) so(i15 J.g 65 eL66H,URobo56o $rsp oflo6 $noos

ar6ogoA 215
$$o6oC. 1987d a6fl5 es a$S$d aQ5er wt36d er$o63Qd
6EOiF6rS; 5po5: e"5 5:oS eo$e,aQ S poeor. eod trSoOod
esfs*Sd
&"oj
drr6 &66 61$do6. i.g+Sd 6ot"p$ &6SoAer e66dro
.5FQoa6. 6.6S6 dass s6g6o2 SdE,5o@ esoe.p6) : "er638 JUg#
s €36d A ar3dgo: s. + e; S 1$ o6 8;o 0 5 anso e eS;: t': 6U1d 6rpep dr. 6.
JQSer Br5g"O6on" as66erod a"$ $3$5 Sof::"U$So 5reUp...
S06o 5$6? es aQSS JBo3dgrn epdd* 6&#oo15 SoyE $efru$S
o$uc5 '3:"ae.:r6' fuew8,r$S' eod agta'tr 6of$ oo5:6:pirEo5nt'o.
Sp6o&, +&63:do 5 fo::d 6oXd....""
e"5S;:6 a6ir'6e>"d agru $6g5od S&oS i"g Sots 1980
565o ;:.63 6 poo:B 5dg$o6. 6$ 6$ ec3s oor:$anoc er$16o5:
5t$6S; eaSoS:fpu: ?:OnlF6od, Je>[:u. eg ?:6:r{:5o$ er{:$oer$
eo{flS $$ tFosr6go $So6. ao6:d 5 6gp6 do6u6o d5l. dsoo
&$eo"q #Bto'5eod:. qS 6a so{[5 i"Q J"nqsSg aero6 .56gd
J5'.8. ero"55 def56 se5.56eaB 6asf.5o S&ox*.

;$$o qo6$;fuo6 SrS5egrn 3:.o6r aw6o5:o5o JQSo o"5e


f;6S&o6. e"5 55$ e"5 d,0.l> 5r15d: d?: Ao"Sod aA $Sg58o6. 1971
$oS ero"55 6o"6ed €"ocg6, e#c6rS66o o"5e ad Srfod $Sa:oec6
55rfd a*9 $6o;$$5,5;s 65 rc66) ab;$$ 55r:361 5;r3Uu. s"s,
1986 p63 eocr553 $$Cs.So 50Ao6. ic;SS fre.:a"erod Aabd
;5:"63 e;t 0. u€?oor: Sg dq io6 aoX, &$8, foEu SOoEB eso$$
SddtuE doXt$, doa-O. 6a $6no556p$ Ddd6r6g, 5Sq66 Sdddrdg
$Sg p6:{5o eoe55n q6ye.:od ?:$oa. s.s, oSoB ero"55 Jo;$soa6r
- e5: JS;SB u5?:or$ SeOABd6r, eS o5*oo $6noerQ
SBS?:6o.Uu.

*{€*
$6
e$5{:e &p$o 5:o0 eb6:3$ Sr.Sqe ere55 S{ ba6o6$
&KrS+er5:$ox6. 1986d S83: eo{5$oo5r55 eoo"55 5"p6 $poS:E

2r6 S56: Sry6e


eeEJSJE e655{og 6qr.S w6556:2errn &SSoaO. a"6p# *ep
i"e5ps 55$'hsS; o5366 $160 $Srr"6 dh."'6q6(sd.5e Bo6s ,*
Bp$aea s655{}o1$croa:5p5 diro"6ead SAo 8s5od 66254:}6:.
6a065 epofrsew6) S65&o5oo6:o S:oS ge5:3d tffitna$) b?r"S.e
Se6.6d6$g $er*p6"6 eeEJFJS d 8o5$5g$ e"Sp5 edog boFl.
#9l ero"55 Soa5o5:iud d:d* o$g. 6o5:c;$a- $o[r: So;rE i$os
asSSoEuB 656ot f 6$p"5o$ &SsaXO.

1980 5d5o 05$ JSS Aa3)d SU}n"O.


esEJFJF s655{o: B6
3o6floo:d u$ eo$ESS 5erQoa6. 19S7d estuE& epflo er6&di)
s%B 6oa6 $oo $$ s.651SrnSB eodc6::og6:. $coOgd d&gaao
5o6a.6 Src- aq6c. 5:64 SoSpS R sd66 g165 naaoo";n6g 6.55o
dSSoeu. aotrtll : "eg Ddt:o> p 6H Jbprr erol$on" 6od+Uu.
ep6 Jo6:* dooipood eeEJFJF (eraas',f) JSreS $oo5d fofi:
w655{O; A83)de So3:Q"{ das.g6S 8ofl.5rc-0. 6a }$ d6oo
o€?coo $$* $6669J"65S ere>$*e6:. SS1 Src- $oEuB epert
5oB:o$e6r. u5: dOo6a5: Jo65: Ag"S.s.C esd$5$ dorK::."4o
' 6a 1pt:n6$od &e.u ;$6-50; 4pc- egEaFJF S:o$ Affirdg
$oho$o6. d&1- ;rO rtQS$:6:oou. : "1987 @o6od SS:Er:oeror>
@od Od3:d 6o.s s65502n 6q.$. er5;F5 o*ui 65168 u
6f6Su36:. eod$l Sna- ABhd 6SSd6eJ.Cg SoB:opr$. ed$: $65
ssg $dger ep8n"tir. 'Aabd Jop 6o0oo6? S5gad 5nd*er$p6>
ea8dro r$0os SS CS eroeQ$SSC::qr$uo?...'ae> $sgoo$
eg dr:E $a"68 *O SdopS o"dw66o"5 A:"6."n'

erer eo6p:6c Aa3rdg Sog5u{f Sogdd ern" sooitsd: *A


SdogBn6. eed65 ds6 eb$ Seroa5 SuO6$eJoO 5;boe.r6od
'5016
- "A;.AS $gdg &k <ro"S6.Cg UfeS v6eao esd6$ t$ase6B
3o65apdo v50:o. t{:ae6 C6o66 oa8o6 $r6a.er$ 6Sdrdaorn
SOOI6 So."n'5do$8n6, erfuEfu - 466" Sra- o6i:ol> no n'odo5:
RF{OaseQ 55odBQ$ga"fl. ero6:" $;5raoC eo$$erfo sS:;S:ero;

a:,6el3o6 2L7
So{u66 56.1eco p5e
;1o$oo5: a06d>${ d* S5iro SSo
ScdKr5rugb.
Jd-- "eg dard BpA p5: e,rn'der:K:r...egod:S3 t$ae5dp

6& [FSod d>ero 6eeover: Eq:Kr:. r$age6d Sqiedro,66& $oo


6r:54 tgr"Sea dp5 Spc- Ar"69 erm dq>(r:" esoe.p6) a6;Ofl Srer deS.n'

1980 5,Eso o56g E{soe eorw55 }$ 5:6 $gr}Qou6:.


esEaEaF $o8r5arfc o5:qp66on $goEg $56&oa6. epdSSoS:od
65: 6:Qo05 $irqrp6 6r6J** e655{Q E}oo:3 &115:5*;6:. oer
5o35o{$ o66'p$, 3o5d6g edo6,r, e6'e6 $oEr, (r}355e5,nn
6EF5 xb*Fa5o 6oe6. e"5 so1fl5 o.o5r5:& oQ@od:od - "eoe55
eper 5ro6 uo6:5:og 606r6$e6. oo6, egodr$ $;5rS5 rnaSo6$g1
e6. q66 ea8o5: eo6:$er$od er{1ge eSo d6:."
eo553 epd6@ eio dp a5pel sas$>. em"55d *s. 66aB
5Q1oa. 5$ t$6p$ ;ndf:o::3 56n aod ffoa: S:os ego6:$ +er
JBn6. ego6:S 65 gSonf rer 5o5e6f 'n'Sd ctre{ 65po6
daCu. 5r:Soo3, 3:"oc$$o3 ad &U':go 6oa-oS u6o*6:. sE36B
$d55 $oSQs eQ$go.awSofiodC 370 epQ66eeQsoEoeoC 6d5d
Soo(u. caw03 aSfo a,5636 a$$o[r egdoSro. vS, uBS p6'?ooo
er656gods Oa3: B$B4B$soa.ou eoo"55 aos. eo$;ods sd8 SoSerJre:
S5:$g 610o0 6$n u6{g. 5*315:.'6 }6q.6Qod e"5 ew&o6: OE66S
6dr.6ddr.sS Src- ego6:S 8;5roE da6:.0'

eoo"55 EeoC *
36o 16a$om ;tofloo siroS:od Aab 4"93,
eeEiSJS-e?J.5$ oB 5:{5 r5r*Q.66o$dbo6. 5r:Soo futr aro}
$o{r:€,r$er: BrSodrSo>. "EStSa&$ $*Q., eog{$erQ 6f6n" Sd.;
p6on" aS Bu5sd6r5oD" er$ r{:age6d$ 50$6:oS o{5o5r$o
13313o5:d
dSS ao;E,8S $6'4oX6.nt qepo6 bo$ 5o(r:er5oQo6d3 goc-op5
So{uec$ a,56 1987d 6q6 6d5ds 5>6s5d aofo6. 1b0 i$o6
5$eFdr"6). e,5 3or:g;$oa n o6:56-6:.6oBss es6:6dB dS6o $ff:p
$o1116 5*%. So6:tuo*Q 5S.1o6.ae

218 aS6 $e6e


eo6;68 A83) gs)g dfgsfo Sr$oo Sg s6Dp6a€ SgSXroq,
60& 6od, aB eoQ S:erer 3yo6>$o $568o3 CAoOo. 65wap68,
5e5e5 bo[p 5o6 5165** $epo $Co$6 s656{oB ud6r5:el>rr 685
erSwae:: SOpoSogro>. (66a.6 sood +* +H ogi crSo3
;toerSa$o16>o: $"c- erdr56r.) ed5 bodr 60{5 es{565odC Ca{
3ro6r Sofo CS:JSeOldU6* 15o6o1er @6oQoeoa:.uo SE3: gra-
Xoo65 S5:AS SdAgS epi:o: So5:oC t$roE d$oa. eod tr6:o5:od
6:o6o SSIAS SlOff 66*p6os5 $e.ro$: eryf$ergoc ?:AugS
6rc- u5o6o a0fep epd:$ dd:"on ABSo 6e6ro$o6.61 6 6"5XFSB
65or:6 eror:S n6Coe*65 & t$d6elq. 'RpAd aoESOo6' epS
eoQ$$o*6:. "5r Obd bo5p o5g6 eod a$Sa&Sudp, eog6:ero;rg
Sr.c- u{3 u$ botS:$oo e$)$56d)."u'

e 65o6:oaofu. eOs*;or. 1980 6d5o OSog S{$oB SoEr:


"g
$aar6dC eoQ igu: 56$36 5;b$5o5:o$ $pSo5:$n o. erSp6
S5r$,a"t' $flSL a"5 egEiSJF s655{ aer eso0;p6r : "1984 Je6er
66o6$ .& $$S5o5: Stu6q:56;6e.ro ag08o6. (FS gArddsn a"Sd;
afd esEJFJF s.655gp 6o€.pri. SXo.6:o0 JC$6 ;$o6 Od8:
eg(u
sr6556E 6otrt$. & Stoder d* fSg6 qo6o63 OOh 56$1eo:
6o$?:$6o ero6 s65L55re 6oc.por:. er6fo $oflu e6g5{d Si'6r.
d:S (foEu) $o5636o &6{ne 6a fc$qp$ 6o€.po. eso6)d, 5 ae*
ASod 5w5: ern" dq:ir:."
+6'fooo ;no6:565o 66+6 s"eod aOE$ a$6$odo0 65g5a
JgS 6 Srodr ew6o$ar6er oS56 eaod> d*# aUSf 65 tFe6o
'5r6i$o6. 1987 S6oa6d ireSud asOES a$S$d AUg# ABh
$"cJtu sao6o $0o0o6.63 S:Sso"$d flsS Sofo iUSg6 565
sad6ror $6o5J.no6.541980 565od aer d.5odc dOSO til"*#
flsS Sofo JQSo SadreD o"a6dc $65[S5 aQ$er$ 6Aod Bers{
ueS6eeQi:p0ouocr.

ai,6o;oA 2L9
&S0eealrod es$oS$t'rdn$g $$ 5p6ge$"655on ero"55C
$$ e#5$en 1988d oodlo JS>;5:o6.55 eoSp63 dAod aaA
;wo5:$8n" eoo"55 $e$ ao6 aaso6:5:o6od - Bo&a5d, tr1o6g6, b
$:eA:'d .5rh5" EE$ erod em"55d: 5$a66:oa6. (a"5$3:6,: erer
;e€Boo S$3:odo6.) a$p:Co aB ego$$ 61610g ewp.56$ 5rr!
* *{.
1984 S6SL&S Jc;Sf 6o.ago6o $o65 ;r.di:or: Sf, &ga:oer:S
crag${ o.5e B{e.rSB e"5 5c-6 pn"S 5$o6. 69C USdS: fcd60
+5?oor: 66;$n" epd:Ov d6;0co, 65 881o5: 036; dorot$$Eoo,
5r5o5rCu4d0 a-rr ;5r:5ro6 Ar"6 eoS a:96:8 aog! s.offo $o6:oo 5o6
s.6gtS5rf SDsniFoiFUu.s6 eo536d ego6:$ ?:obdo 5r"616 eroE (*6'
6o56:o $SFO 5616 ?:g dSS"C ep3:Es.C fr66&o6. eeonil, +5?roa:
up"gf 6od*6 ydr. "eso65B ea5:;1l"0 s*6'OS15r'66 5&:6 esod
$:S AS4f. ego6 er5)ao{o ?:{516:61 51s:6ef d6:" erce.r6r o6'*or>
dau s6 ess sa:6 Loda.5'
el o{arS ad.8 lfofreao rer qr6ES &ird6:o. eso6:5s od?ooa>
erSSeS;6rQo05 E5q"S$o1S ed5n oB erB:Oy Bdp al6&o5: 6eSO
apo6od e"5 $dl5&n odi:o.r: r.:Uu de.1Uu. & C{o6oC o€?:oa:Sra-
ed$n"o6 SH 65 536gds e;p*Fecono 1$56o*6.58 e"5 65on ed5n o6
65 69 &6o0o0$ So@o'drQs"SJ"nQD $*JUu. s.ol05 $$3 o.er
bSgBr5on" 6od a.5 epQw0 S"ecf B&pood - "ap.6&o5: a5e $$
1$SSQrn 5 $o$6o$op;r so1}5 $$ Jo;5:$da o5*o:cd. eso6d
eed$q. wo1!S A6;:t'n a.rn" .JrKu6:oOr:. 6od6."

$S&oer: JUgf f-&it6oo:, $9 ,6.$,55S xboO aoir63 5*;5


u€?:ooB e{5 f5:f5 J6:6oa:o6. EeS: 6$,5 aar:e.6) : "es $5:o$od
+d'?:or:
"BS er6Seo5g Srodrawel dn$$oX6$p€$or: epo6t$
esoeDocr6)."5e i::g.r$:ea5 $5fu 6ra- esd eoote(u. "&daf
p65OB635oa:S q:63oe Srodrawer: d0o*6r."60 offioo Srboac

220 eS6: $eSe


$465f56: qo*65on A$p6 : "1980 5d5od 5$ oeoSr 3er$ 30 der
6r.A"o5roJ o5f:ol qo6 es6$eo $So 5o3:od+6r. erfJgE aaa
po$6:er *e> Cawo::&n" aod+6:. og[3 &Sr$dfDgrd ep$w6o
aodas.c$. p€*ooB a6Jg do5* silO..." ego65 *Sf
6658os5S;t': s.655{o: Seeo *gOoO '$63' a$r:.S0o5e^:o - 38
5gS,559o"
dr - es6r5:da.
o6'?:o1 65$ 5'OgS eser$fr6 S$oirQ6$ $ea:oaod 6&*o6:.
o5*o:: 6:er:oa ?:ger6p5 a"5 Adb uo$E:t'r erSp6 SfidFOJ.
r$Q$(u$oor ae:l, eooX6: :"ewgA Sr$6, SuSo 5f o"SSSro *6'9,
;r6?:oa:3 S65 S6$tr5 agofc.u' ed'5:6po *5 AaSo $coS:E
'56;o:
s655{erd Snc- Sdpooope:) S6:66:od6." er5$6p$ +dp3 Joa:S:;C
eo&3{5, s$i63 5o6 Cf1d6r"g6 $i:sod:o $Eoda. o6'too:r dc6od egaa
65$1eflSo5ro. erc5:$Bd; er5oo"Q eso6SBQ.S, $gd eso6$
S63oaoq"Q dq185$oa- t-XS Sarq. aod6.

egBr JSydr 5eo:rC 65 t{>Oo0e* er5y6o a555:oa-


Sc$;$$oe.y aod6. epd $6:od:od ero6 e{S eo$$dorn 6ng"d
oo6tor:, aoflfud gr"a- 5ea:.d es;:'dr$orn alwsnder 6$ 53:"oda.
60&aS a6gO[ 566'e"56 e"5]6 ed?:or:.f ao€c6rg $fSC ;:.foBB
#5 Sed:. "p #5 ed's ea:6r6r.o *5 Jg,6. es$6 wep $ft6on'
Sngoc-6:. 653$oa- 6sr3oaru. $5l: aaJs p5l3 ag"o. er536d
;w6'*o: Ep$$o c6SEoXA. ego6r$ o6$g5d '5lO p.Sf:"oEdS
BbJodS.d!'eooa6:."62 e"5 Odb oo66:c$ Sna- qero6 a$d eroX6 :
"o6'?ro::d ii5ro8 ap5a"{ef esd65 565om SrSoBu, eo$u: absod
es6sdo a$55iFoo:u....epeo6 fo6rrpf e5$a$o *5C go& bo&e
.554ad4. eecd dSePd er5r5 J536?."63

es&6 SS;$6r"q Stu6 (6r$;) 95 6o56od SOS ;:.6Bor: eog6$


aodo. 1983d ee&g &eJe$ 8o65 don 0 dtu6$t'o s6oag5 dgna6gd
?r0;a0ho6. esd$$ a"8o.6: Xde.:5'd 65656o d*+6c. 6oa:5
6Q5ot6O6o5
LOd6 $dloo 6odd;o 5g eo6xb Sra- ar6'*o.:: aog6$
ar6o;o6 22L
aodocs:. Sfu6 ern"S ep6;5: Src- +6'*o>$ 'ew5d'esC B:Odu6.
u6?ooa:3 466 ea8o6: ;ro5:(:g"rn *gd AoSoo esela"oD dg 6oa5c
*,1" 66;$n"'E$Q' eo$,'5.:+0' ep$,'aomb ewacp' ep$...qel hoSo6:. 6'
o{ $0r:oood fe* $;$o6:o $Sirsor:{, }o6:og6o 6'c,: o6f;o::
6s *gBr6:od Sos o6s* 8oe.r:o, iue$So d6y Xe*u6. 19?0
5d5od p6'?,:oo3 Srgdn64d So.JdSrPS pdE a:6" & S$dr.sg
6pE odrg6r. LacdA aod)b a.SOO;$ $$nap6o 1$e6o, "6pE eroos
Boec$ pdE so65 $g o"o5r$Q 5Oe6. es, er636d ed5n"o6
66;$e6n;rer S:oB $o*so.UuQ ?r0d,S"$ 6ox6. eoS e0546 658
ewn" d5s g.:dE aer$:$oX6:."65 es 66o6 edE a:tg" 66;5rn'
+6'fco>s 5o5e.:o eg6o0o;rUu. i53rr$ cdA fF05d 6o0:r, awd
SoA6o sod ;re a$bd 13cdE al3l" ;ndfcord $od:o1erf (ucp&$o
d*oUu.t6 epero6 $o5:ogef 5r.b5 e.S6 5&: 3a:e6od - "E,cdA
e5: io6565: en"$; epo666d epi'ue(p. er63$y6,r dot$ gr.5o3
eoO $45 efrot': s5>."
uer 5>oB er$rScoeos;tgrn ard?:oa: er{:A6O s6:. "ego5:5
a4)6" &qm e"5 g"(u erer;$s5'e6€co $"c- SS: .$"6d6...eed65
&)60D $$3r. egoS:S J$45n do6 5$oS$ $$8ood a$66e(u"6?
soc.r6: ego6:S ao6:6, 66o6 wercd ego6:S3 ego66o86 w65502n
6sdb$ 69 Sg'. o5*or: go5od saeom er{>d6: J56o6, opfl e$3
$aE a55o6 $oF. "e$ ft66 g.S dau:5$45S ern a$5d+6:" eotr6r
csd6$ S6$ 5n53o@ $o8.68 Eos E83r 6$duu: po"SboF ?ry55,
J5.Jo.{DeFdod }t:: a6g0fi 5do16 g&6, o.J.JS. esQe0 eSE
ESd" Src- 6 q;o5od 5n6:;do6:.5ff 5do6g&6, o.a6Ep3Arer
e5:aw5 yddd 4.J5.*5 666 6666roa6. o€fcooB oo66{$&n
dO, aer 6QBr"6rES 86$5r"6 6pc- 6 a;o5od ddp6o. $odro16o
s6n S deoS'Suo6: dO, <rag8drel, a66 baJi"6 ErgnfoSloeu 5{
5e16 $6oQod, ftea: aSso ht r* de$a s436 6ofsooo eag5:5ro
$doQod6. 6FBf 6o$6u$end $gfworo 356:, J166 oBS $c-
aodc.
222 SS6: $6"68
- e 56rd 66+& seood
a$So 6r5:a"& ery"5d6od 36y5:ocao
G5q"S$o1e u€$oo s-e5erc6:od ,515o S$;6. u6$or $$ e#$
$5S $d3oa:56;:f,,:Src- og egoS:Sd$ 6q6.er Aeegeo6'*or:
e5: G5O"55:o[S erdrgs Snc- 5:O;lr5dc5:.

eo{5{:&n" eocr55 } g SSrf 6exto55p irsoo$ Sebo$od, ;r6'i:or:


aen eo65f;6 so{$o dE od, o.960 5:{g $oaoqp"q: aoe3aso6 a&S
S'€ eo$y6o 6o6 5e! sS, eee, aE66d6:. eS J6;655;d:
Sq:Ku$otard aoa6. Sird:"eD 60.1ot5l5:otcnd ao16. ;ren e{dnt'
5s0@o6:o $569 ad64,S 6ilx6. 6dduo8 tXa:ApS 568^ a"56
aen s$36 : "@S) +0 16$# eooo:$$368 5SB od*or: epod aod
ff65o 6o5c BOf:er d*oe5:$ sq. sq. $S ere55 65 poo3 tuoO
555ir0ode6:...+${frr @eatu16rer. " odt:or:B S:"c- eo$E 6oc-0
- eaSdro S:o0 65s t5p6o d* S5:# ere55 dO epO. sew$B es
d*# Aab, eeEJSJSsd po65:o5o8 o6'fcoals6 6sd6. epero6
eag8o5: 55od +6'*or: a*So,5a65coa- w$6,rs&5L {g5e5g5o
eocr5Sd:.

oe55c 654$d&d, $gd ry6'*oo e,o€co sic-Q a66 $$er


awn" 6$:Oouor:. 6{o aq:.$:o[& &.8:.SoF a-S SoS6pod eer oo1t5l :
"il5?oor e66o5: a5e $$ $oO SBiFuoC s6:$o0,r:oX6"6e $O1rr.
epd SXooS:od wo@5 &$ Src. udi:ou $$o rr"elo do6:J.noa.
"ed5n"o63 Srodr f.ogr suO. eo6r6: v5?:o> e>o6 eod:$6oa:d
erm 65dr66det5: - eir:Soo$ 616o s6:oa-" eooa6: epd fSSf
udBood eo5:arp6o $SS a"g so@S;ro$5>6:. elo6$;bOSQSneco:
Sra- 3$p6 : "egd5>$ ;$5o 83:;o6oe Sotrt':.'ff*' ec 5g5et$...
ASOB 55: 36p6:...5n6r 6oKu eo6:S Jert{r ao5:63 e6C."
es O6a:,f e.5 $o6$od so6 S:oA a6;Ofor u6'$orc$ o6n"t$.
"5:6r oe5S n O 083:$ $6dS BpiFe6$:$o0ooX(u?" eCB o6?ror:
6$ $ipa dUrad e-S 5g5 $S5b, "afle.:gord J5388 ae;b."70

*rrrf
art{o;o6 223
o.6'*or: es oaarf Aa3)s 560 BggiFS{Fcg eso6:5 Sgfi{6
66dna;ner 51163: v6eao e6r. ese>ds Bger"Cg ego5lSB p6go aros
s-6r. esd$$ Jod S6-3{r.5recom, Sg"SeeSon" 555ir0o56erd, }$d
eo6$ SSSd$oo608 awn derKu. $06" B$Jood er$36 608S3 6a
[lodd: e.5 $5rO"5o.

eroo5o s:o$ e6?ooo *bo6 $5o6:o*sS $o[u hg"oeor


Sofd'o555'epda troflu dOSS erc SoSpS
e.o0car$o;5r5:o0.:p ?:0n"t5:.
(l6reao. SofC do"fl&drqSer"i.6. sS,86rt$er0>$ 53ro'5t$. 6
&iro5:o ade5 $668, Krp$ea5 $5tuer siro6:od o€*oo: .l:"e6:.
65o$ dfi55 epotr6: : "Jo6 $oO i:$iper 6od, erQ 6ee>
er$&dpepo0;ool - esC ;1F$ $o[ud 3a:et5:. sro€, eeflt]oJrq.
rggo dos:rod oqrda. *s, sof a,5 s$o5:o &sssguaod ero6r5r
a"cB S$>a:d 6o6-0."71

S o5g6 erda ,:o1U $eo xlo$ SoEu SU:;Soa. p66ddo epSS

eewse::rr Srodp ear$ o5g6 S656oo 5gS Sd8


a$l das,S
5:o"g6$eao: $6g5g.oo. S SOL6 &eo $r;9 u5'*or 6{oC
dgo;$$iFor:oA. epo6rd esd65 AB$S SeO?,€ B9gr.66$
s6oo:o;$$ur6.
ee a( 4"63
eJ
5p6on" a5r
aL
6aas.dd 1988d ego5:5 dSS a"5
155o6o & eiro6od eso65 pe0B eof;o6$o6.

o6'froo 65 g5$o6od 15$So$S S{o6:o...


"1757C9 qp66dAod 4.5:;5:e+oS (5o5:Q{g.$; 6$ao8dr
So?:58, don"5 Soar:B 5165 ?:6 e6o a0fo6. *$ 666 aOhS 6
drgiod - fl_dod Jo66:oB irse6,r6oXd, a:o$6 itoO eso6;$o6
A$6o SrQilec{l.5o ag6666$o6 - e#;d ad6:eco{ 664o6. SawSB 6a
qp66dd ds{S$S S$ooo$ e6o ep6. e*rd0 dAo argo eoo6:d
qF6$5$ yd5>.""

6$ *6eeon" $gd Sda:S 56;t':6odar$$g {o6o d$oo 50g6


$eerd $o&16o sda:. spolns J"666 56rf,,r6:$g $OSqD Sr.6. (6656

224 c56: Se$s


6a.ir6ean ) eg ddrC3 s'5eai$dr5o. 1980 5d5o 05$ erc$$
aopyoEdO er5;6[ ]6d e-S Segsoaco{a:S SSrdaCB es86rr 89.6.
erS36 ero$S $:5;e.:5 C65&o.5oo$od eag8o6: *6,3q el6:d' s.fuS
5Oa6:. er$p6d eo6>5s$ p66ddod so@5 $g 5556 aer QoXflsgp
isdoas $A$onn ea6:. d"966, goS S&$ $$o6ood "S$ 5 64yer
56o5>..." eoo0.:r o6foo.r: sogs 5of r{>OoS Sfu eS$ &(rdroil:
$$So*6:. "epo6:d d5o a"er egodfs Bo6:6:oc.r$:. aero6 So$6er:
5 SofEu (F5r"566dr. 5r Sof (0ffi)g 5:o6o"73 eeo16 *6'*or.
{. rf rF

$$ 5:oA 616o s.6r66s ud*o:: &SScq s$o6o 1980 565o


o$g{ }gd 563es r€*Q. }$ e$6&:o$e dsoa. epodsSr, '6
&6 fASTUB
e) Le, Oir.,o'eo5r
€( d!'
arusrc( f.b6$ 5Oho0o6. 6 yeroC AE3)g
esi$grOos5 $66 efrd6o Sa:icod - ep0y6od a5; so@5$$
6qbds" SeA 5166625 e5e bo6p a&$slos $$6o ddroc
3$or:o56o.

1987-88 vood 78 oeer $eD'e$r.d$eao'$oo6:5s f:n66625


16$6o drooa. 66:o6 1988-90 sood 94 oeo $ea:'S:$sp66o'
eg

Ssor:6'c g$6o dbo6.'n t666S es$sodc 5so5r"d 6r666ps


s6gt6i5ro 65$6o w56o s"g eirdSr$5 s5:. 1975-77 e#55$6
5O&8
a
sood ess.6*6 a"5e 6:o$e5 60o05 e;$.506 5r"55S
boAd 1p$6o dsoa eos;E so@S @d:55o.?u eso)d 1980 665o
oSgE 6 espd6ea, p6tro $ooergs 15$6o $oOecod s"gf s{o5:o
5&6? S$erod - lsoo 5tr a.6 6e5o.
e eipo5:eao $ooOd se3eao rps, eso6>d SdSeoo SecS
$ag.cB
mc, e.5 E S"ad}*d a5;$368,?6 efi c5n65635d s{r6on" t*H$%.
egSQoOoB. oeCB 40 $Od65 a-er( eredrQ ($Sec5er 6r5od
"1
$olaoa::$ Jo16 s3$oso6.7? eraoef doerdro3 ad dSo *rc-
dcs eoas4lrsor e Sooo$ .Jr*u6. eod eg $;$o6od duodrer:

ar6o;o6 225
qr0n" aods.78 eipdS:eaod cp$u& $L6 6oos$ SeD6 es6:6 n4C5'el
$oos:gd Jod tgaw66ea Soedod to"sr# ercr:d so6;$o6 er6Q
.::"{ ao"sg 5f S:"U:;n d$d ss};Uo d*;r$." a"5 6B f:r666253
e$o6 - "es $0d65'50"1553rdg" e S65:S d5 SooA 6r'dJAS, t&59
o6c BorS SSfn 6odo.Q. eg eSoB 6o6 aod o&B a636pe 5r$
5Qo5d esd ug)."80 eg $oos:6'Sed e6arf 5>rSd er6ano"f 556se5
aoda. o"oS 5>uSd g*g$ooe sru55 ep 5:5 &6;$$58, eg $oosrd
s$3 $$o5:oC rs6sS dS:oc- $ssoaO." 1988 .u-pd eg $ooo5
tunogsd;S08, aoo66d 56:ep"4: ooa$* Uegr$dSeno:r6). "&
$ooSrds S&noo &eo;od. eer erg"o56on' eg6e.vsB 5d5:"t' epocar
5a:3 da6:. S"B Sr"J.o 6Cu*6 6:n65625d e$i:sp66o $OoOS
Er5po6.
ere t5r65625d 6i"6p5 $Od6* a.5 &p"6ea 3:.o616 a$6d
q&*0$o 5$O;.5rSoo,5dco uo: - Srodr €"0uargo6: CO3o;5r$5c-CB.
Supo 56";55 er dg: 563*,$[a:ob fd:5e $o6:55 fr$eo$S3 Sa
Siro6od e.5 erd5o66o 6o6. "Der5:o6 aero6 SooSp dSoo ;rgi
$6&a5$o w6eaon S 5"+6r.epod, e.5 65om 6 d,tod a:aw$ t$ae:
5r6qp6J.e$ ?:o$, il6&o56$: as6r66>o6."83 $Sd afud$t^: 5a6o

"$ooSrgfo 3,yo6d$ 6o0.rou 5o.! eser Sr3:o.5e.ro e5e 8lo6 p&s


SQeea @oeo +o FQS 66n"5 6 6 $13c. 'a8fs}oc 1$eser
a$Sde6r co€,p66'6 $to{o d$oc- 15aer Jr*er aoSo6orr +63
f:n65625d $$6o dQox6* ep$ eo$$ u5e:"5$out$.
6 q8$tloc $Ed6g Crr$od so3o$ds,1$$6o dd;.on
sawc3
s$o6o &SSSga 86"* &g (voEF), bodr &$ e6r.86 ere.63
655;ir sB ;${ 6: s 03S s' o Ssd66 earS o6, ;rod:$r$ e d 5 n"o6. ecino a
eo5:58 bo5:6o f"HS gr.6ASc.$3 t5r66635$ qep 66dr.flouo5;
egd,:S 5S.1 6otaro6. Jo5>Sod, eo5:$ crSu8 J.Ld dS$ e6:6 ffC6C
JUgf wo@5 i.g 6665 @uec3 6S:3s e*F50oe6r. aspcir ASB4
SOnJr"a, es 1$dr6o &Sopo6. e5po6:ea, 5:*Fep66 SOoSrg 63&6o

226 SSdr $eb8


0.9 56on ed5rro$B 55 afaw656d6. pn", JQSo ga"6od
65S$q,el 6 es6e$ naad 6Sa.o.Q. Je
Spoa"o$od - "oo5e5p$6&g
eofl

d.egr cnacSdo $tro * e5u6o ad5:$e6dr5!."86


5d! e
$ooop Je>r{p so@S i.$c g56o doods0sdr.oa:.55$o
esc SB3:3 5&o" er0o*o6p? Sgrasoa 1$aer er $ooSgs ,Srddco
Sg Sroc$" d,0rer5oS Se3oo (AEhg d"eg, Sdep) erc.>oo"? dS, eotr;6€
Kufr6on 6{boc$ d"0uergo6: 6 $oosrg0 es,}56Q" SrUu;oo"?
6a Sodrg 5f dAn erSSo$So SroS a,g co"5dgi es6so6
ead&d "56 66pso 6o55 as;dsr, dr5 arJds"."8? 5o
epo€,:"r$ :
3bpc-S3 5ES esp6o dSfy6 *"U:o5E$ e,5 S;1pO"So 5$ero6,6a
$ooS:6 1$$6o $oOepcg Suod ccd 6o$d:u: 5o$5s3, eps qp6&dd)
a$e &$B e"g S$66on ?:66d:pSB s.6eai$dr6oD. ee d"0uee5o5:
alOod ?:66e.:o lUffe^:d> es $ooO6 $Ooo$ $ew66eaB eo{o bdeou.

f989 &65t-SS JQSer: Sd;$oB 6 3:.o6r €"or:eu"5o5 d$dpn"S3


SSom 6o6.
o
***
*
Sf65od 1989 a*Sd &oo&6d aoss e6606 a$e $$
aw&oO e655f $;5rSee:l eedr"65 a556rQ &qrr S;$Qouor. &
Cgdr.Sg AB&g eoQ $o563eer io5o5: 5$of5;d erd;65o. ee
S5n$at' 1989 55oa6d a66i$5; $651eS JQSo$ $g
$5ro6r{$ouo6. er AQSS 083r g5*6 w65t56: Co.5i:"6:c$ dSoo"*6g
eobp6 C(to5:"q t$6S*Dgro1t$ , "5, $g 'bodr6$ ueq.665,{"IF
d6fu5e &$so.1oa er aQ5t'S."88 o"$:$;$65[sE aQSoB OBBr io6
cs;$on" $$on 6o6od, er6p6€ $xFe$d s6*s $gd $g r6rercos
a,5 ep6rp*p$B 5s;o6. Sdlo eg fS"S,{od (vc- od'*o s62gorn
ao8iFdrct. sC, egddrs *gb6fr: a$5o6 SoF 6;1la$O ery{fsQfg[o
do6b.cg &Kut$n" $dr$do $oo ao5r63 J$rs. sor Bd5:o6 616o
s80 pd5 ftaSs d65:o16:."

ar6o;o6 227
er&"63 665;5nSB ABSo 65 egQe65 $E6rS 1556o5ecod
.ed5n"o6 Src- epo6r5: 6ea:n XD666S 65aeo: SfgooC C$o::o*Cr:.
eodn{gd e$5:o66 ce3eao $tro c65 Bro6r 6oAE 6o?rS5
'8ero"gS'(do$ff66) w6g15$rsB ed5 n o6 t-666so ep$:5:&o0o6.e0
JQSoB SQ66arer Sr:o6:n 1989 S5oar6 9$ 563o a$o6 Sd5 3ro6r
6045, a56oE65 s6g5{o: ar@ 5156. 666 €eog5 s656$:o
$653:.o*6. "6 €eruSfH: $pS5 3,ro6r $;$a Scr3ee$B 6o5:ff$
do5:ero" ees 66656"6d Sfpo6 erpdgos 1$56oat5r.e1

q6er 6odn", a$oa5$a5r5 &g podrs:t'o wQo5: 65 So6


Sofs 58S3Uo S* 6d6%te:l $oS3.n"O. 1989 aloa6-er$a6
5"$f eso65 ;loSooc dU6o6:oo $$o irerlneu,Ed, ?rdrgE $ere>
$ro 6Qd, Bs:Sa&$ $evo Sso e5r36d, s6:go $$o op6oxrud,
LEd6o
$so ao6:d:.6d" qP6 $5625o s65Bro*6:. 5e.:q6 o5[o
eo g{Srero eQ$eg$; 6:o5rga$6o.

65 $Sr"Sg gr"ertuC 56$o Sod:Cco o"5e B:aw$ A"g$r &g


o"E$1fg &f::g:e5's3 s.Qo"S: e"S iS4S go6:6go dqod, SdfS4
&.8c.SoH 'SpS' e.,8o5: 55:56e6.o rse 3:*0 &Qo*oc
6ip6iper6,:6>ox6.&.b.$oF e"5 5c-6 66o6 65 &6{5od0 sog5
$og rqs
od-g)g)
RrsiroiBodsr, Bs:ga&s $ero &0 dgrf.*s" go*,
'aSe65$$'S be30r: d,a6:. AQSer 5{6s$.1a"o:r. so@53 ig&d6on
a{ }$u: aos dqo:). epodr6$ a$e65 }gd $6e }$erQ65
(3455 rSoO 5-f;far$ 53er SaUu.
56oe &fD6r5o3 a.5 aw&os gr"cctu
eoe b6;&5 dXrSO goe5d erog515d85: Eo65 Bq:6:d,6o, 6$6u6:$
BoBS &.io.B., er$;o$ 8o6$ er0ho 6ea 5O65 Erc- aoao.r:. er @oe5
65rd 5er6$s $$ ed a.546. esa - qp6&o6 a$e $$. esolld s.b.
bo6 & $aSO 6ioe.5, EBbo $:6S Sg ${>awto3 s65&5:$oa6:. exr
SaqO 65oe5, AaSo'SOb e"5 Sodu$ Sre.:&:n" 5638 ddod so@5 $$
*dS*%. ;$$503:oaos c$ooot$5roX6:.e3

228 0$6: R:ebs


5$ }16Q 5r6.16:oX6:. 6a
${a:oeard ere55, +€soor: S3"O
5e3e.)) 1$s6o ero"55 Bu56$On d5$de 69 S:oO iF6 $e6:.
C o€tooer ea:g${d$ 6o&&sdrc{:. er aQ6gf ero"553 S:&4basoe 6o8
563oo$5 5g$ a,5 d:bed$. egd: esds qp6g 5;$o. e*: eaSdnf
J63:6,r ;$6fi" d6:. s.$, pdf:o.l ESeo eag6r;5r6e, esdr em"55
BSs.o easBd)UU €oer Soaf6. era.5$ il"tuS&S$ 6$l>e 6,Jo.r:6

' 5:fI\oE bo6 1ge&6o*6r.'n ero"55 iQSo a8r6o6 fdd SrfSoE $oF
lrr.erour', "er6n55d, 5:o a,g s55pp$ $ca. 5:6 (relso dooo.
5:o 6pf:+so do5:6:. 5u: aU:rcd6: v6:...var€ fu6 @51556o
s5)"e5eeox6.

JQSer{oeop 50;5 suosQ d}5o5g - 5 e-54 i"$S cg6 s5r


a*$ e6C, es6r$o6'od ${&oer: S6pCodco6S *O";oao. erd
aoho6. epQy6o663 eoerod a"5 $$B 5S$o ZOa $qr e+O.
ed5n o6 s.o@5 aero 1984 &doa6 dEf5.ac;So u6 414 $H $o0
1963 5&eFooo6. a#oeg6 Ssr"5 $$ s{r6om fer cn$# 65u6o $b,
Xur'6, d56d 594o;5r$o6. 6$g gStro zoo *** 5i.o$c
foor
eg8o05 $.h.SoF a$e55Cao6o tBS $gd 56&r6po6.e6
a-S arQ6o aoEo6 5rg6o p6&d6 a$e $$ o(ro6rod$. rgaa
&6oa6 uB &651&5 acgsf - ao6emo$ S6J Sf5god - do6,:
dgsd $gB 5r16d: sao6rQSoa:6o S(:r5:5gA*) & JUgg6 85 Segl
$6o$o6. eood, $op dq, 55 P** ?:ot5r$o6. CawCB el aQSf
tu{o 5a5 66Esd }eo3, zz5 };:.t' Am iFd dsoa. J5:45n"
S8;5r, 6g[ea o"$fd. 05og 139 Segr ao;SSS; a$e6€€ ao6:6
S:oS S:f;6> ao5os eoe5$ $665od Od8: C$oercOo6.i:osQ&$e:
$65cQ5s s.Bo.boE $6$5od tPEbdSo 56;&o6.

er aQg$ tu{o iFpS €.gC 5s;$ Le.J) 1984 uB +g


S.o(i158
,a6o S>oB 39 erySB 5flir6o6roa:. a5o6518 e6o €.0gr Eer:i$$o6.e7
il6# SU 8c{:X:awer: eo1S5o6:u: }0o05S. so@5 }g
$o5etsol)6od, ainre eg $f,d: XDQ ee0v6ods soJ aod6.

E6o;oA 229
qero6 $ogo 56 Jero8 $$erB eo&qod, air'ua5 S5r"54"964
Sra- 5c3:o,Jlno6. o"o6565od p&Er5er qevoo6 Sogog oo&aor:.
sQo"S: ;rer g$n" S$ragod$ S&6'o(roa6' 5po$ $SSftOg Jo3:5
da6.6, $g *fSd es066 ioflo s65so"5oo5:o xbos 8:?r5e Sss
c-rr ;$KuE erir36 a.SUu. 6{6 6d,5d ss6's65?rFS epd 6d:6nsg
asp65 $eFSB 8o65 63SSQn 5r"dr"58, aw65o 6Cued e€ ?l{
5065HpS'$R:'6psB 3o65 a-rr eg6.B. il{l6 {pa- }$3 6en6o:
ss:oXt$.'8 epoud 1989 ;r6d - eQe5d Bu56ibo5 $gd as;ry*
ego6$ Sr"dJ.iSS 3QB34o;$$oeuoX6S ep$o6pQd 6n0i66oa6r.

y&o"S> 3:"odr aw&o5:oo"Q eo{go5:So dgSoO. o.C 5:oS


.l
$eeD SO;SC ego6:S 6$ &od .5OL6C S3$o;5:9S 6oc-0;o6.
e66d,tod 3o6$enS aD66 S:oo d5;1$q"5 S$$g 'erp{g6' e5;
e$odSSC 6oc-Qo6. el eop6g6 v6eaon"3 eg
CAdJ.SJ egd6$ ryrl"
5f# - $rq:5om &$er, aw65o S:{5, do" - 50d:er, dn55o ${5
8;$erecO6rgS$ &$Co$ 6oa-Qo6. esep dS 6oe dod, esd65 eed6r
$eroQo65 (3:.o5r ew&o6:o5o ern"S) 65 tra8dro$ eri$$n e.6
aop5 o55eda6p3 &Sso;6od;:"Ur:. e*> a;654irsm, eciruas5 $5r.5
$$ uo5:565$ o55om CerSdS i6o.r:o6. ir.dJ"SS q;o5od s658$
o55cr Srpg 6a SogS s.6eairooo6. o"od airqras S5r"5 $$ a,5
aop5 aw&oO &$n er660o$ er5s6o Saw0o6.
esered5n"o$ eo@S, sQe$ ain:eg5 55r.6. $0* 6$66)
oe:rper) SOiF$oc- s.J.6$dgeFdpoo. qo6>S: C6{on e6&06>
a$o. $$d JC;6so S6no6 Sdoer, 6S65 p&5r5o 65g5;68 er
$Q Sp6gornd aqSo aodB 6flo6. a.6'?:oo de4s6se556ea r$6o0
JQ6so b5odrq: 50;e, er$$ $$d$ aoXO. eoerf, es6JFJ5,
&?r.sb, aag6o56eo.f $;!55o$od eoo"55 $eo.Osaf;on" &gs
JUSf 5&3:out$. eag8obon edt:ooB, eoo"5SB ${5 erc66o
56p&tl", 61960 $6g ?:giro ;$g6o B5:4a66d6. qos 5 a66

230 c$dr $e$e


s6eo.o5od Src- * e"S4 Sp5gd 3:"odp d"euewgog:C 1989 JUgg6
AEhg 660o0o8

cro8o5, cflASo eo{5o5c$o 1gs6o es aQ6f OB3: i6r{:6s3


y6etru: ae 6u;or:.ee es& : s.o@5 555f 5O6o Sg aof,r5Sdc.ro,
Bi$5a&5 5:eo5: oad56$$ 56385 ($&$3o5$, ee&"66 6655:o
s.6eaorr Sr8ir6oo5 eaSob 5p536o, BOCaSd 3ro6r a8{rs}e)
€.e.rgi

$5625, Bnot$6er A:aw$n' 65J daod '8ro6:"$$' Tleroo$;


(3eoe$6o) 555, er$S &6ruo S6056ea, ?:61r$6l{ $65666e Sge>
asilq*. 6 s6eof 56 iod66$ OBb SadrSB s-6eo$orooa: o5;6
35.16o S$o.

epor:d ABb 4665o [5;5:o Jeo6d 6 S;$o S$o6.


erp"go6:o
1980 665od eoS;65yd 3yo5p 5f# 6ogS5; egodgsos
(eo{g5eqr6o) Er:6c,: es6a5a5, SErS3:q:,6t5o5 so155 i"$, O6OS
OE3: a.5 d"0o a.rgo$n Je> S:er:t$$o1dr 6a erpgo6od SSo 5rao.
&Sa:oe.::Ca*0 Stro a66$$ofo 5rc;$er: 5S, epQe6o
de3;ot$$oo0 BoSEci:6:od, ABbg - 6S $oe:.6aooS mc,
S6no6od n"C $oao6o dg:oa- - d$oo Sof66p$ osgd $1163:
SadnQ &Qo$?:$oa. ea8o6 Sdceo:, 5S66 esQ65e itsee.re::
aUU $$gG 5oge.,g *6eapiF6$trS$o5:od,3:"o6r ew&o6u5o ep3a
e"erEs (083: o"5e) a-S $5:Sp6pS 5s&6rd 6(68 do.1o6. opc6o6o
5$cJod &9.5016d eos 6$45 S;bo5:od eo6p6on''i.$ aeo 6$
"
&{6o5}4o6.
dSrOC 8b $god B+$dns::{ sodg. op,49 soxFsbo J34
6 daQ$oo*ood 2503 5$45 e6:oc- 665$d $q> neroo. eaSos:
*gdq drf,o$ dr"55 eo$5o5:5o 1$*6o - "1989 o"6 JQSe>
a'66ddod $r"65 aCg5o 55Sf5: cro&,aoo. eood, &$o 5oo5
?:66eco, wogs $9 ag e6o $&il660co, eo165 &Oo$ o"$o Soe:g
66iFieco."1oo

art{o;o6 23t
aD663.o dE$de iqES ere5sB (!5q$$oLs s.3:.SoF 5{
seAps 6ep$a& S{Soa. ABb 5166, d$oa- &.8:.$oF 65p$$o1s
s.d6ogcp! s$, ere55B e50;o6 eg esag6roo9r s6>, eoQs6o. er
dSrAd $r"65 ee::f; $$n a$; ABhs el6g85 o*9 asg $$n"
dote.rcg eso$S 536edgdrddr56:. eS...

5rr"6 eoSdpQ eoQ6&:o*Q 6o6.


1. 5>o66', 2. 6ro66, 3. 5"dae5 - 6a $r"6 5$S5Og ocr55 aoo
erQXA:$d eo$;d ea6d: 5a"6n# pU&o6 a$e &$ dSf+lSC
&o;agrerc.
***

232 S56: R:eSS


ery"gO6:o -9
$o65, 5ro66, Sr"ded (1990-91)

1989 tdoaAd aa5uS $eE $oF 96p"5$o18n" $Xo"o$5*6o


de6:. as$e65, 8. Jo.B, 6.e.3r ero6 0$$$q Ser5SSg'SAS5 6ioe5,
?:d:(rn" Ce3eap$ gr"eJ$r. esSe:: a$e65'd3 ;5:{g$eo (d"AS)
uo5:$p$ 6le>o6:o R:oF dr65, o.on1$$5 0$.65, 0.3c.So6o lo{5
aoSo 1*6: dc:cge 606.6sC *o1!5 5:o0 5Q1$ &6:i{:erel: uo5:E:t'r
ad5 lada ier erQSpo*6od - "eg6 ao&o6:5 Jo::6p5;, JooE
ao&d6pS 5OB:$9od6... esSe:: eoo6:d da:.o::" Sgno6u6:oB,
n odod: S6no6+6:oU S65 &o6$d*..."1 6sg S6,: epipoqloe)
iFgre.:u:. ep$er S.8:.R:oF $:oge$foC3 so6i$o6 $d:Jo s"q
135q"S$og8 eo+5e.:S Soel SooroaUu.

* aog;,S5g 85 6:o6 $d:5er{ ar6&o5: a$e }$ $66:


d6,
5:tr a.a.roo6 6Sg egq"6$8 6o6. &.3:.$oFS gro@dro5g $OS
eoe553 dSiffS.1.s.s, 5:$o ao65:Sr:o6 eep5dr# JBeSepn"
eodn{5d e5:$o66 Se3ee.SB 0830 536$6;o$og6 6o6. 6s S$o5ro
G6q"S$o1SB $:fAQS;a56 $$o5: - ;5u+5om ;r$:Sg,er6 - $*A:e
ti0o55r.
1990 $ED6O eBB erdn{5d ea$oo$o COg}XoS &65 3:"ot5r
60A6 1$58oso6.'z 6o.f A.a.rooH 15$65o Krt66$ 6a eso6o a.5
f6{n 516o6. "5Ee 66d &.b.boE t666S" Sroits+os So$p
eg

Sfod$ eoa"55 Snc- 6oX6."' &65 Blo6r 6oi16 9o3o apg{qrr"

ar6o;o6 233
SoB6rQ d6a:. 3S, e5oXoo66 Se3ea"Q 1990 eo$a6: a.sa roDcr
d$o6.n eg hEcS0B-ep$a6:B i${g 5o a6656do66 J6EB EerKo?

eodnffSd e6:$o66 ce3eao sioS:od SBQS * 665t[6er


y6eaon", 656C er6 6{eB **f a66$:{ e$S$d JsJgg6 ABb,
a5e55 &$o 5:65 $k f6erer: 56;o d6o iaoav6:o6. eo{gF sg[n"
eeEJSJF S:os OdB:3 Ss.15 $do@BpA a-S $o"Je$ daUu : "as$e55
uo6:5:et: *o1fl5 A.$C e"e6no..€.&6no..ooer:4a6. ero6;b1e5 ogiB
erQs6criro 55:33fu s6:."5 Sdpo dsoo $g ${:eu"eo S6d s5, eoQ
Srero Sgnod e,S BUpS Srodn gr"ertu Se3erSB Sdot(BrA
65 }6so6 lpdrrnod
er0ftrodorn 1.{&:o46. so@5
epudodon"d - sdogan6 gofoXo3 drrffieoa. aep
$o563eole.:: t$age56' oiF$6n' 6c$bs a6go$ fp65' qrd er s&drQ
r{:QSSS:oeu' B}p6: : "qIs) (8.?r"5.J.4$) BSve) egd*rtO oops
uo5:$Q eo@5 CdrEoOoB. o{oe es6+$, eau$Eer, 456
B;5:5a8$ $ere.r3 BoBSe$. u$Sy6,r a"Ef *S eg556 S$o
sq,$56$ So&sdr6. e"5 56d s.o(Ii5 tSdrU5d: 65 J"gg 8o65
es6ry$ uo66:$ pg€ :c$oa. $S>36oe?...."6

1990 b13c6od o"$o e$55do5: aon$ JQ5t' oel>6: **#


EB3:ep6seQp5$o dS6:oo. er.6r.5515dt, S5glfd6erd 6$ &o6
ae:o5ld OB3: epos6odB 6o;oa. eafS, t{:atr6od ase5dS $g
$f ewe.::d epOs.6oCB 5s.1o6.
7

6 Cagdrer: er66d5, a$o" &$ ee65{:ES em"55O e.54$0rn asr6oS:

**d atfsuoS:$&n '5rbo*or:.'qotdrt.Dd'6189 - eg$Qq


e"5
55:eQ $$S:$g ero"55 +56S 55 $q:OL6orn 15i5r0o0o6. em"55S
Jer $o5o6:o dbo6od - "6dOU56 JSad 5par5:5e!...es6.8."9J5
A* 6a s'$"Sd$r e.5;5:ro SBE$ 5:&od soar8 6o&,$t$Q.s;
$$o5 56o"erp6 $o@5r63egod '::"E, dod a.5 $5rS:5$ 56oo.
SpaUr:5o"! es6ha...es $Srxbg&er Ssbod a65rsa6 eoe55."t rSJf

234 S56: $ebs


$gd $d Suq:gp5 eo$S:t'r 6D60 $Sfr"6 dA. ego5r$ bo6p
asp&d6ueS3 oo36p5 (3{irqr Cpuo) ae6o6 s6:, $oS5; bo$
S>da:oac df55o $oo 6de{a$ $g) 5o3 so6{s do6s uf6sfl"
s-6:. eoo6:5f, ero65 -$o6 $5o5:o*58 SoEuB erQddr56c. eoo"5$
eed6q.19s6d )$ 6o.S s6g5o2$ de6. q6$on" Ch coo"55S
lF6o"6n J6r$6r. 5q)6. "1990 6ego eg6odod 51160 Sr$fi6
#A eocr5SS ela::gi iFdeUun &gd ian6:. oo$,eg seod OaB)
eod:Se5$B $oaoQo0 5 oE6{$o eo5n0350;;w,S$bod $o{u€c$e:
BSs.o, 5C3:o5S $Oeeiper Stud ep$ Sr.6er"Sg 15o6:6go d?:ofo"e
esoen6) a610f, i5.e5:.

eo{gi r6a3 ersd aurgs€, tpdrU5od grc- Bodpo6.


&gd
@p56:o1s S5s $$o iFd fdog $o+g S&55'goe5d 866$Eo6.
e*>o6 uf;o6$8 er& "B:{' 6:C& es6r$6)o dodol$eo dber6.
105 Sdo a66od dbed eo$p8d 6$$p"5S:o1S. J6eEboE 66:o6
B6J$58S awe5 $55$o5: eo35:o uo6:5:c$ ireSu$ 8o65 d5er5.
esd$SB 4pc- erf, Jerp;n 6$ @fuar 5g$ sano0 egec,:o
'56e5'SoE
ae> aod6.65 s6$s iregu3 Suq:g5:o1sc Sdpec e5g6o5:o. es
ag $cf:S: 5f esds epASO esdSsou> 6ox*r. o6 Srpoonp es e$od
ase56$$dc go66:o6 edpSp ds agfFdr.6:. s(rfi"o;s.8:.bo6
dSerds t6#r6so i$oo eroEoat'r.to o"od do;irso.::S d5ry5 1990
esds 95 6pd pOod a-5 6:fF$562$ 6o?:gn6:. @q"$$o1S s.8r.
So63 558d5on" o{o $oA p6oef dSerd er $5625 S653:.o'5c-SB
6o6o b55:or:o6.
O

S.8:.$oF6665o SrOiFSo$S 3$06$6. s.s, a"64$0n" 6o$s0


$oato6. eso6)$ e#$6p5 a,5'ao1$ewoo S:ode>'S 1990 es6& 7
oC;65p.56:o1& $.8:.boE 65 ao$do$ &ro SaerO.

o"s*d - $o66'55)65 Cs6g.


***

as.6o;oA 235
oad56g $upodc p65 eewgofiod$ So6r665agror. o6
qooe- 6eqru:m eseaod6$ de es$sael dC 6o&6co5: 6:6$e65;
o.(-qo
506:er, A6agi,Srer$ J6f esSvau: 6Opo5€ro. atpqpd o"5r&0 o$
o63 22.5 ,e6o $gs do$ oo$ tFdr6S aa€gn"gE$r, 65;6 a55dfr
de.roooJdo aeoEo6.56g s55on" ae 6$ee6 *** "a66 3S:5a&$
Srere::" (eAS) essacd S6Sf S:ero $So $tvS de^ro::6p 5a;oar.11
1 5d5od 6geae*e:l Spc- 6 €,ES $e.:"oS 6d,U?:$u6o0odoD.
980
6sB s.6eao sr656 S:erom Bb;ad 6>eer - ;Srqrgorn dr66ep
eaSar$ arn" J56oo. eoo6>5g o$ 65:$ 5og5$o0$ 6 eaSo$
erQeeQ So"5 ad56 6on"f Src. 65r $ero$ Sog5&:o6ddro$
$06:6go de6:.'2

SSrO e"5 o{ adgrnor * $e.rd


ero:r55p68 do5@gb65od
aos 5Opo5a6d6:. e*ro6 6J"6f oJJS, o3:i5, oJFJS S655u:
6qoo. qer66 65Jd adSrner er$p856$ JHreSn" eog{S:ere:
3,:"o66s€ e:fl&oxo.odt:or:, eoo"55 6rc- qp6$5SDu:rn 6S;aSe
656;&ob (1977-80) a$o65 g5r{5$ 5e3er dgoa. 6 SfuA$ 65
s36SS, 1980d 65{>o.5c3 $a$o3ooo6. -6a S5:AS b}6po 1gs6o
3,743 Bi$Sa&$ Srero6: 27 a.6o Oad5ir5 $e^:.o$ de.ro>o*Q
6o0ro6. eper as0hd eoQOad5{S 503: auerd 52 eep$B 59}o>.to
6 ;$o66'55:AS C$aS 166rU5 boto$S: Sd; f6:dnsB 5:{go66
JSgSu: aOE, ao6erno$ 136qFS$oL& eoo5r56:. es3r 6a SdASS)
S54$?:$3o6. epdfp 1984 66rud eoee6od3 50;5 G5q"S$o1&
edsn'o6 Sra- deUr:.

1989 JQSer SOeo 5g $Si:oer:d $$o oelaereD ireol.

.
Sq dSS{ 56pgr6 &.b.SoF G6q"S$oLe eoo5r56:.. ego6$ eg Sdd
BS:548$ S:ero Jo.8:o SoqlS 11 .a6o 6:oS 21 aer.S3 B660J.S\
6;$Sotpt$.ru *S9' irejr itoa eoQe6 a5o.65$$S aobs*p1
epder6o0, AQSod a$o.55&$ geo"05 Sra- ;!o65'S5:AS SdASS)
err:er:d$$c o5i"5o daoa. ,rl$ abedS g*6o Je>' aoddod -

236 e$6: $e6S


"€"er: db 5o&6otro S.Jo., b.Jo. 556Q: Soo65 e5e $o&6gno
J5.b. (sr'6oo8oE egF irsbs), &.J5). t8ffi rrgeSe5/So56) iF*%t."'6
'€,,0$ Sgnu: a$368 eo8o6, S56q. So&6oaoar. aS e0w6 556%.
$o&6ou0'er$;d es SpSo BSso Srp9.
*{oSB JQSo gee"gsd FerilEpoo $Qoe;.6:. 656eo ${
S;peeD SrEr&oe.r6:.
gEJ-J ,5fu" $e6od eneer: $obc-Sd J5:45
dSdndS6eo:r. o6t' tS66S $qn$on s6g6rSo o"d;e aer 6$45.
epo6:d eg5edf JQSo 136eo"Q6dc 5>o6o g5:fi5 sdag (pa-
eo0u5o66n"d a:nOiFor: aodA - $.3;.bo6 1990 es6f; 75 es @Sec5
dsaodgepd. es sdas ep5>er> aOEd, do5gg55 aa65n"t' $n CB prn
6:ero esp6on ofl$oa:.

' ;$o65'g5lAS eroeQC.b.R:oE dfaqS lgdra5o dSed


SewCB
6o?:$5 p6: 1p5625S 56n-6J6o. egoS:S Jo6 irc-&8n 6a @e6
de6od - 65 ;$o[8SH SfFJ6roS: Src-. e"S4Oaar 5r:o6: ir.Ldd)
B$p6:. eoe5$3 Sra- esd dai, $oi:og6o B$;t1>.17

d*S 6 i$ erc65 ea8o6, Co46:e, dn CB *fSB dboa.


S.8:.boF
e 51656 S:e>oda dso"oyo 1$s6o apapd erQ5a6o 6oe.lCu.
ero6:Sg qS a5e65 ar{o 0.8:.R:oE a$s.d e6t1l6r" 6o0r:o6. &
JSd dSerd'a6oe dS Uoa:6S p6 95625s
e"54$o q:oi'u 85g
dlfio doSeppg a6r1:d:5; 5:g:' epo0.:p 6'oBQ ep6;:"6>. so1!5,
o;$6ryer $.h.SoE (6S0JSC a€r)m 1$6oSo;rou. sS, aBr6o6om'&
$epd 5 $e>s3 aod 6rc- B53o&'epoe.:r &a1*oE $ao::.
5Eu
s.3:.soE dss lfSersd dau:go 563:5eor:oa. 6s5g erfl
So6:ooo eri$$S; Sf*, $$it6eo eoS:6:{ 58"* So.dXod 56r#g
5S3e6. 0"S$ooe 6a Sgd"q. $56S{g" ereep$op *erQod,
ergls:ero$;6 t!55eJ5$ C6bQ" bHJSS S65$o t$562$oB 6m6:.18
er$u: ${:65'6d56o epSa }Sra6 Jc5:6r6er3 e-5 a5r$o f:"16$. *
5>o6o cd65 SA.6Jo 5g 6a$ ep6saer: 6fliF6:oXo5:C 6noi665g
ergS$erer Co.g{:o - Srq:gon" a"gf$ r":55pu: - 56o"f C6$S SSo
ar,6e6o6 237
$oOe;od Jo6n sq1oflo*6od, es$g rfg sXU dSso
{oflooo6. a,5
er{6o5:So 1$s6o - '6reee5, 5:{g135d6', ea}S, 5g"e.:6dC fd*;e.s
5oB 05; SB*f Src- 6 15562$u: 3ro$$ eo&eo>. $sdas, $e
$geaod6r, 566od$r a,S6E aod eo"5$:o lo6seeD Sod&ouor:. 6
1s562$o 56ef Jer @Birsoro5od, s{5$d6ds aod6d
s-5
eo$a6 14$ Serp ;$oB @eeer $dpdr6. eo54& $os 6 i$o65
55od5 665;$o s0;t5r.1e 3ro6 aIfo @oeoQoEB a4oooo6. (S#165
6e$55, 5t':6$o€cd a5; ea*o6 d$o 1$d1oo...
cg,g*So, SreoUr"
B6s A*FE **q. 6a 66ga$o e.54 $csr$ $61:so6."' 63 c6S$
$f62St' 1$Suporn osB:oo$ 3"60 *6 ed5 na$54:. e6S:boew6'd
6r$*. 8A:36 oaavo $e.:: a1:o65 55:AS sSaS$ S6bqp
e.5 po.$3ea
cess66{ $so" 6eb6so $poaosd6$; 5b, 56c$$o€c, esdtrs
Bocp6,r6:od - d&5$ 364sS ip$$c a3r6o6orp ere3$u8
$ir5:o16:.'o
*bd6 S5od:of:55 $o[u a"5 ecBp6o6 6ger$ dSoa. '6ro66'
Bo€cd
gSrAS c$a5 es$q:$ ee405on co8:ddrO' epc &;5voE dbo6."
'erfpa6'C $oEu qep +Sergco0o6 : "5:o65 SS:AS cd65s
egdd:6rsfu6 epdro 3oS:6o e5e 3ro6n 55*ewQ'aAnS S>erer,
8i$5a85 Slelo:, iroa5>er:' epoe:w So64el doOtro Sf$ c.A.SoF
6{>550 533r d$oa.""
OB3: o.o6565o - ;5lqlgon eo$Srero uo6:565o - 6 5:o65
55lAS sdag S+6Jeri$ dlore6n" esar6o0o6. ss, ec8r6o6otr
s6:. ere55 errp egd0oaCu. ;$o65 SfuAS $+6J erS:er aOEd
3po6r Ssrasods * S656 Srepe:r dO ftro.oS:5, erc6r$g 4p66dd)
aser &$ f.el: en"go$ oero$EoO p*gd S&iF6:o6S eoir$ ecoaUu.
eod $$o6>od aASo6: o$o6;8 6pc- SerXSr6SS:5:oX6:. eso6:5c
egoS:$ e.5 $flgirg"Q Jot5rSoX6:. eod&:ecod - '6ro65 S5r(r5
Sft6:3o5: OeBo 5ged$o,56:. eor>d, €-OSerd 65geQ655:ero &desi

238 e56: $ep6e


asOn, JSOBJo6 e6o er{6 53$o doUpO ; er6ypu Bo{o d"&S
Oad5&S 50 a6o cn0c6:oc-.5pc-O'.

$$dC erg{$ero6: 6 6Se.>Sd ocr55 ir{er{r:$o SCBcoOoB.


yS, 3655o dQSge4[S:ero &o"5{:ooe eotr5$C rt g,5]rgp6r. elo6:S
6a Cd65$ a6g6a5g$rrn 86S4oouo0 5$racf6:." esddo So&5
S655 s6o 6oc$c5$:569o$ 9o65oo8 SEB: eodr$er rnoS:Sgrtt.

sQ So56;eo [86o t$ae6d aof, oad5&S &Kr$rn;ner$


6655o 6gS& e0546 eog{S:uo scr.5$:er S6fS g562Sod *dogoos
$o(r:c.:Ser esi$d$o $g aos $O;iFd6. erbp6 50eo"a$o6gd
Sdo$iw6, epel6fu 5o6.$6rp5 flCS uo6:$u: SrSooB 5g&d6orn
8:"odp $ipa:odS eoQS:eO;55o df: a:gYr6 e65g55r03 SC,:o 5$16r.
er $o5:6;o er546 S6;OeoS03o6. wS, a6;rdc 5:o65 CdAg AAoerc
$$3SOB C6$5od d6r'55 p66d,Uo 6&30sdo6. dXo epod t$ae6
SoX a{a Sci"! ab;t$ eoo"55B *S"lf 6:ae6d 4r"6, + 5o6oS
fp$oo$ 6{eo 555o $oE6 ew&oS: P*d er5S6po6.
;5:o65S5AS SlUu;o: dfSoe.:n &.3:.SoF {6g0JS dAS f g
ep$:er:

daro 66p6 - 1990 e#S 26$ - $d dot$ ;5rlf eoar{5d


e$6>o66 Se3eao @6oflo5c.r$B S65 3:o6r SOAE 56:5506: 6.656
S55ooroc *bdS S5od:o*SS $oEr: a"5 fsr"d6od $ooa. €.0$er
oad56$ 6*65 ee Sir"d.5od u5:5rg6orn 50;56;68, eg6"r5"r5 65
63$ eooe odr{5d eSpoo5ro 5:d do@Soooo6. egoob ccr3ea
t&6od s65155:3: $e$trS epodom C0Oo6.2a
es $So"d.5od eg

S5r.S6od oo"55 Enc- $floX6. ;$o65'SfoAS S$$g BSBgBp,


a$o66 Se3ee f$$5 Suot$$i$.1SOBS0 eocr55 eo.5e dQq6.

S doto65 55:S5o5: SoSe> doS:epp3 ercr553 $Q oeer


$$o6. e"5dar eo55 6S p6gd gr.eJ$, ABb epQe6 lpe0Qm
A.e.r,
JanS e.$$36 a6go$ 6815;$*pa35d Sngof:r6oX6r. erbyd ocr553
'6>o66, 5S:$5s 664uro 6$od a"5 egd5S 6$oA.

ar6o;o6 239
epd e.6 p6 66d:"15!

e.5 tu5a6:3d SsS;rF S:o$ ao6:o:do, d.5ods Sa ***


;$6)dr., $6der Sd5:e.r6 1gdre6oo, $508 epdr65 Sos$ 66o$t6
oo"55 SrqQ"d aCo$o6. 6a dr"L6 ?:$oa6 25S Br6oa.50. er$a6
305 d6o"6 eodrs5d s65 3ro6n 50&6 e$5:o66 ce3eoo @6oflod
SXDdFs g eo54&B S6:$;ro.'u ;5ro65 c365 16&5ro, es$ grpe a556no;
XD66)$SOSo6:$ 6s 66drL6 e"5 5:o;$E6er d$dr6$f,:6:o6 - esC
eoo"55 Sfr3{u. "6 d,{.5oL6d epd eodgod ac3ir"61Saw65g5:o."26

***
1951d $56o96 p66d,Uod 6$6:{oo$a85 865:o"6 (r$a:e6)
S:o66od ero.55, ego6:S a,r65 6a$o 5OS ?:$oac6 25S 6"aso da6.
e"SSpra$ ee esodrQ tS6:6So 6S6:$0oSc-sB a5$6e>d S63rr
a$66d6:. dc44C qe>o6 SXrro(: aos e$5.1c esd6$ {o5:Sg16.
a6;:Co ero"55 es RP$u6 a$o66 656:$6eo S(ro610; 65 1$$o6od
r$Q$a"6:. 66o5:"td CaoS:5o6o s-oo$ Sdoe$$ IFapS $er6 ;bo6
&$ s6g5{o$, 6dSo0 er546 em"551SSoEo*Uu : "6e6ne; 136o ed8
XurQ6ro dAf 65o$o eso)$ 6 RF$u6 5:o6cnQ S13iru 1${:65
$d:.odd io56f;Oo5eco eg0ho6. a6pdoc$$ & so1!5 t66rdso
eldn{gd o5:$:o66 Se3eo"Q SJSdBffoAr."27 er(a&Sro$ egd$S
tr6r'eJ. aS (66o) dr16 @6o0o*Cu. er 66od e-5 pEBF S'0065
6o6. Jo:r6Soeitfi w505 ao6. JogcS pLSSS 6o628. selo8
5$6er5; 6erq. ao$E;$o$ .5rdn d sF6&oO So6So"dnCB 56;eoo
6$o" &o;agnUu. o"SB Suoc5:pg a1:5se66 otu6iods td5 $ooS:goo
e
5r3: oS$ ) 6qn o ;5w6 O n" ;tp o 5: 5:,T,:$35: 5 0;$ p5 63: S: er5:qc{:. 2

66d:.16 a;o5od [8dre>ur, s]o5: b$aoO"er e{r6on


esoS:S

5$3:ouor:.30 ero"55 *er $5$o6n 66dr16$ 6dr6rdSSoaU:.


t$ae6d sQoaarfd 600 1gp6u"t'o0 BqF, b0 fdf esd6$
1$SoEo*Uu.316a o:pLo" 665c &o;agSo6l 6Bl.E a$*Fa5. fi:ae6d
ego$$B $irso6$&,5p6 40 5g 5do@4n6.
240 e56: $el"ia
,

o.966" 6"qn" SrSf)rBS 5$da6r. s.P, ero"55 66dr.Ldg


i{:a:e6d Jepo8 }566o oflQo66 ff3r.o5dgi}so$"6. eo6-5 eo6pd
536go. eoo"55 66o B0;5 1g& grsoodsr 1ga;u: 1pfr36So Sf6:. es
dSroLdAoeJ B0;$ a610fi o$o.B.3eo g"befoO 5:.& - "(So
a:eo$od$r d*S eserracrr ;$3rCq: ew6:ol&O 6odarUu. 6&+*,
e.5 eflbpod 6fo, 665o:, 9Q o.ea.o Ag)SS, ercr55 6e"SB
eod:ge;So$ $565o $O€oS. 'F. @o"S...P. 0*5:' eso€.:r Seooq>
$E, Sa:"Uo: d;woo5rt' eroposseJlm es ilceq. 6p-c5o3od+t5:."32
e*r ;reo"Q ero6o,5dC +$ 6{o 5fg cRd*o$. $dog5ar6pd
a.5&0 $5o iOgoa. "es(p Crod&66o 5:5 aS;a.SB deger: 666't$;5o".
5{oo"5:o$ es e$:{$o ?ro6d:oerQ Aq1&S5egl66>o6."33

'8 $ro.5:'Sueo ${5 6So5116 $"$Upfr"$ &Uur$6pod - g:ero


d5l, fgo da:, Sgo d6...aro*. d$ooe" JXec& 6*Jf" @etue 56
dqd. B$ga&S 6:eo$ Bo6$ a,5 Spu$ err8o6: *6dq 6BrfS
a66e>5d erox6 - "d$ ABb esflSrSS s.6:. s.C, eldr{gd
eIo$o66 Ctr3eoCB $9.5r3:o0$ eso36qr5o u5:50.1o6. a,Sdf
"
o $g BpSo d&, o da;.$ ds: es &$n 6o&:sdes:."34 em55
66dptdd odirorp i6ar8 $566o sose.rs3 ipd fasogf -;bo65'
g5:AS CdaSfg o"06o;$6e$S ddSrS&S ergl$ero oXr:S6:er ;:"ev
5:o6 5s3:oa6:.3u elE;6go! a.5 do 136o ufl'sSASs asgfuig$rn
86S40o,5cco d6c' eoe55s 6r&& iFeCu. aS;do +$ - i5c4?o$5
eweaod a5; eelu8 s16o B$es 66od $oSndQSg - ero"55B
5eao.o0;Qoa6>. ero"55 epo,5o" 6rprs'd6:. a"S;fo eSuB 5e05ps
epor:$ a.5 o$55:do .JS$S 55 Boa:5 $fug'c, el 6$o56 eoo.55 $6:eJ
8o5o 6gn6,:. "era.55 6np7oS Boel5:. aqlo6 SE-6...."tu

er 6go$g63 1Sa$o0 5035 Spo5$ ero"55d s{


e#3sa"5}Q
So3:o6. eobp66pd a"6'?oocr +o$do0 ao6:e; 66dr. 5C,l5r 65g
eoo"55C 65 6g5rd 658 5a$35o 5o6a-s3 66oir"Ld arn" dfp5tr&oa.
a6;Of, $5$5o"5 r{:} eroe.r6r :"6{dr16 @6o{p5 dar$ em"55 d6:.

ar6o;o6 241
dars d:o '5r$S eoe55 d6r."" 5Eo.
dr.L6 6"qorr, eld)d) ard$er ?:$S
eg 66drld 6ea55F erC, ercr55 S5o6ro65sdo, $S:fU SOhS a,5 $aw

;wo5:5:&n eso6o ddu: eso6$oX6r.6sos @o5reao dss f:"65 e'65.f


ero"55 eeoa6 :"erdwd5 66dptd 569, SSr $gd 6.Q$$o6ro s6g5{c
5116S:.""

e.5Sago [96o e?r53c 6a a6SSrQAEBr 5r66rd t]6o0o5dc$.


epo6d a$;:t':'eodr65 655i$o'fuf * 66dptdd eoci'55;tu$ $6bo
sd5 boSn 50A6$ 55;d6. er$p6 s?r53: $6Q esSE Soir6 e"5
5o56pod Kr:[c$eo5 ]5tu ;1oo5:55 e4{fsQ55{o da6:'"S ere55
156o8? urd6q. d:$pu 3:Oedr? J56&n 6s egoS:S 6 66dntd
$hoat$?."" (F5rE An"&dr (e?FSb) aoSS 5p0:o0.r(u : "abyd,r
dS afpXoS. erdr{gd ee$$o66 ce3ea a6g;$od ere55 }fSL
;5rec cagd:. s.c, esdOSB eg epodod ecop$, sa:pS $45$o ddr."oo
e.S$;E S;br5SS, a:6;OS,6t$+6 sood eee"65 66g;1:o $$6:o'6:
epo>5 fi6ot6 5:oS$ - 656. 8n"&dp +5$c 5ged3$6 : "em6d5ro
erQ@06:o 5$p. eoo55 $6$5od 083: eg 1$awadg6rQdtrg aofsind,
e;$aS3dr$ so6o erc6?:{ 1Saw6655:orn tf"}o66o do6
dodde6:."4r

***
6e a6rfi)dr5; Soee6noQo65 aer aqlo6rr $oAOQSL SSg
eoc,:5'0*P6 edt:oo. edr"65 a5g6rQ 1983d eso6$ $Sed3out$.
1989d 56on &gd: ee a556nQ 6erB$$5c-Q. 5*c- egoSr$
55sd3o*6. es, a$;:f,,: egoSr$ oi$drol eol5 eoe55d: +$ daSS
65dr8o0 66o 6dp6 d*oSS, d65:oe e6c5ro66o 655;$ SrpQC
1546o dE our6 $46:. eoe555oX abod *6'?oor:3 Bo:Ku -
bo6r65o oSa a,5 cpugSo6 d$n s$oc- lo656p$ 665;$orn
6rlo66o 3o6d, eS 5g a5;S;$d:5 p$d5n"er dSoo a,gd 5o&6o
s6. "& 66dpLd esda Jero66od, a"S$o e0 JBzd 5r0
66ec:$dd6r6r"o' r{6 odiror ofl@o5:o.

242 C56r $s"5S


RP6:^rEd ao5:q:d6ri"S ao80853 eoQetl>er u€?:ooS
eecrDSS

5Oa6r. dgod SSS 1}oego arofr-Srfloo {r(oer SeanqesoOSS


,Jrhotp6o. Boecd a"6'?:ou ero"553 5zu6 $e6r: "ecF55,5:6.g hoXpo
5f +56 dQqa. u 5p0.: ec 6 66o{rl6s Bodcd sot:05:o8." es
#5y53 65&{ }$ e.56: d3:35o"C 1$s6o, a"ffior #566 eoe553
lod 5,53a$3o0 1$o$6go $a6. sC ercrSS eroAgoo5db. esd$S
66dr"L6 S5$Eo Je,rnd C$oa:o;5r$q6.

66drld eocr55 SS o€$o::5:5g eoflSwu$B e"5 f6{rn


6a
COSo6. "eoe55 dESga 65y" ers p€f:or: 65 5fr".56o aloo6r
oiFodpUu. ere5$c o0orpos e65$o5:6go da6. 6$ $16cd a"5
exro'f5o5:p$ 5w6rp $ea: 3SSo56o63 ego6:5 Eo6$gr(u. eS,
ecod:63 ;5n16o ego$S 65 ue36:6god eoo553 eso6n Cera6-(u :
"eoe55 sd:"65 dr"kl dESgA e0546 a"6 65(u; doOc-nd 65J,
e$eel"fD66d Au6o doSc-Cg v6:. uer Soderd e;1r:c3 epi$$ood
aei6t2
il$6*Sg 5:.c- eSu J54&3 B4oea, Bod66." drg6 $r:nang sq.
ueoB e"5 &(3:oec6 UsopO goSod S$6tn" eoo"55 RF$uF 89"6.
eobydo esoscSd $eo oOA5oSSg aoX6r. er636 60fi6rQfir*SKu5:oeu"
o6:d5o6Sg ooe*6 : "6{dr16 Soca$od ;r6'i:o.r: o.er erSodSQ
8ocw6:. a,55dd ego5r5B &$doO ao66B SfiFeerCS:oOoB. a,5
65on" eoo"55 65S oQ6&:oS 5r.fD$eF65\6)n" Spc- ego6$3
epSbo0o6."a3

sS,66dr"L6 eso6 Saodr$o6o e66:o5$ +6.fcor: Sra-


5$Jd5epdr"6:. 56;16 esd6d ee6r : "66dn15 $oo5r5: $t{:6r$g
S$ a,Se&os:o $;$on" addr0c5to6. odr{5d e6>;1>o66 $e3eao eo$
eodo 6a d.tod oQSedon a{6per p$d5n o$: $;38$o6."aa
66o6rt6 $6od 6o6n" oe55 e0655$6on 66o 6s 6Qd aaa:
SSrdesB agh 50;o6. 1990 o$a6: 17;rB er SSr$Aod 56go05
ad 65d;5tue.:od - 'a:"1ud JSpu etr55c iF6(oer erf d{
e.54
66:u6 5:So 5o dodrO?'o5;16 o6'$o> e"55ndcoa6 - "S.b.SoE
ar6e6o6 243
t$665o 5116o 665o s-Sr66>."a5 eo.f Sir.d,5od SQ Sea"er $e.:r
eooe C62go...! er54& S:oO 5*9"65 6& a.64drr ere55 66dr.Ld 5>6
1$do$u: $Obo*c{:. p6tcoa:3 Src- eri5r6$&iFoo:oA - }$ e"5
C6;o5rSB 5d;$o6. ero"55C 6$5 6$o5:'96 5r6JC eed* dd5r6o ero8
S6goB 6ab55o $op&d, (Fd:eScB A83) 65 5r66rs
65$oip6o;5r$f ercd ) ($p"S$oo(_S edpe5r dO:"OJ 5Qo6.
5$ o5:.16C ero"55 6$s@6o0o*6:. Cao5:$odon 6r6J
es d6r"Ldi

ql65odo0 3"t{l6r, SQOaae,t' erdr{g3 S*% 6o6. sS, q6


fln'sggp$ $65e;5 e6:. e"5 J$;So J466. esod)d,6a S65el5 5r:o6>n"
S$s6d $noO. o *6 $q:g;$o[S ag$e56 eob$t'o eron15]5
05r.65. ego$S eo1dS:erer$ SgSdSon dr"55 - Sr&o $"ecfu 6166164
JUgf epd dS dOs$*6. eso6)d, egoS:$B 6 dr.Ld 55rg5o ngdA:.
55 e$od3 eo6o/u?:$S 5f;Ogo0 eoo"55n *d* dOrO ep0
eee;Sdo6:q6:. 66oiptdd ero"55 ir'ge85 6& fAB a$o S66a&
$Q;re6. ryeu.o$65 Jo6 eseer66u, ag5e55 uoSr6rp$ 6q"S$o1S
S.8c.R:oF "8o665ffS:' epoerp &5J0{r. 6il"X6. 8o6666d adBo
$oS oflQ$g$66 Jo61$;5r5od fe,$; e.h.$o53 arm Ber:Kr,. eC,
er$a6 225 +i:5g,ofo SOro G6q"5$o1e3 a"5 66:l{05 $a"oo :
"ero5SC eods $o5ro8. dcp Sr" 516615, $d;5e.r0B Sf;S6o&."a6
13Sq"S$oLe s.B:.SoF S:o65 S$AS c36S 06o6od 65s Jer
E6vccod Bbrd, a$yc,> eoo"55 $rc- epert &.8:.soEs a6ve.roC
bgn6. a6p:6 S.B:.boF 5de.5 S$o$o &SS"C &cp0. Jer"o6 S$o6:o
6s$d6>oXor
er$a#u 22 e1-& em"55 66dl"Ld 6fsSdc 5$q6.6 d66:oa.
89o6 6qJ.5rr$ipo$, eroyt$e)) ?roe$6d 6n Uu. ero"5SC St6di.6r.
"toa$J%. aw&oSr d6@ 5$o 9o6 elBf; dQoao"aT eos 3$p(u. eood,
Bo€cd ero"55O 6$dleal :ros.$6C &SsgOeArO. dg+o
S@ddo"s eg o$16 BS;oB SQS; u,"e$ 100 $o6 a6;OSerB rn$,
ero"55 c@oOS S6r3ge5XPdd BoB eoodQC $65r{i"g Jo9:er3 n"s

244 e$6: $e58


5o aoEo66 dOd$6).48 eg 6t5:*6 ;tuqrge$o[& erorl$]E oir.55 e
eodfs 55rB{8" BB:;S aSre;er : "($a:e.: t}ra"* y}6e,ro $tro ga

eple6ea 56g5: 6665o &SSSon 5Q;o6."ae


J5.B.eoo"55$ ff$s e"5 er&O d55od 6oaCr:. 6
6:$y SUS;
@o6o eooe eo5p$6 SXpEd p6$ eS, eS;:60 aw$oE cn$od3
5Qo6.50 eodp6p5 @6p8 eooo"r, S6J es ee86 d55od eocr5SC
So$$Sc-CB esd$S o5o5:u6 J5.Jo.6)eld ae;6:. CewSB 194Sd
i:*Fo3rno$ ir6g a0n$Sydr", 1975d eodg5$6 $Of;S e6oOS$3:C.r
(egEJFJF ntp"c3 t{:p$ oaart') Egf d$gSp6 ;16 Sod aS48 eosQ
db$od ercr553 aer #56gom 6o6. e"5 S*F6dr[58 Bp$o6 Kr:qrom
,6o6. eoo"5&c SOSS &er.d e$;:C,r rtQ SS$oo^rt$ : "er6";63 ero"553
eo$Eo6 - eff5 S:Xfer6p6 se6q. deSS. es dr163 (pao$oO
erf5"65p5 SpoSSc esd6$
'1F6"6. eso$$ asBr"oJd6...dd$:oe es6-rp6,>

egoS:$ o5116 rt0od $rgot'o5:odo6. ":t


65 dng6d i54c- $floo$ 55Sd5on" Jero6 Svo$er a65r365$
eso$$ e516o5:5&6:oX6:.52 epord es6p63 Slo6gs SO35 u{o$: aS
JrA,u'6a $6ro66on &65 3:"odr 6OAE dfgs (effir{gd
66oUpL63
eseo6 So"3ea $o6odo $tro) aro66o $5:56e0 s65t-S6:o 6q6tfd.5,
ea:$S,5ege.:5 *## 3:"oS$ eo&So6.un eoo"55 eo6fi 6Uu+6 aoflS
e(tf 61 6:o8 S:6e8or6:.55

eoo"55 66oipt6 dSero epSvdeSo. 6gsoSpS sa55o esp6orr


gd:,aoo $fo dfgo6. 66oC i$;6:" ds
s.5, S5e5s05 o"a8o5:
&6on 3:o6$o €,erargo6:C er$ry6eop$ SOS(S S6oSS 56o6
Src. ero"55 ESBa6g"6:. eroi:$;So&oos 616o $$:$Sc-c8 a$66d6:,
B:o$$ $S:Qo'5a-CB a$66df:.

66oiptd doe^: BflS a6;of;f


Ca6> loda e"56:. ego6:S epo0.r6: :
"er 6Sd:"16$ 5S;S S3o55, &566o eoS65o. a636 O6a:'S bdo@
ar63 {rc- e$o66 $aw}56eer es 66dFL6d eoo'553 o0o;ror.

ae,6o;oA 245
@ao: ere55 &o"o56 5&,iFd:oa6 'E @e5:' esoerF. ilE q)bd
ero"55d: 8ro5:6o$ uo5:6:ti:. 65ew56ad - eroS:$ 6O6"6gGg Sr'6'
ar6 Afp:*" eda:. sS, erc66 @aw66ea$ $5g"CB ot'oSPsC em"55
J$;t'r eoS$d6:. So"ctr esdS:S Supoop S6:n s$o2o5d6: SF6-."66
2019 iQSo 1f,*6o $e$o5:od eps6 &s e.5d;&rn6 : "d6'fior:,
ero"55o $6q"gs8, a63:Co 5O ar6 $nQS; $6q:"gs3 5s:6 dc.?."
esSE & asilaD aB : "e,$g 3ro6n55 6e6$ €"q) &flr6r<:e6o50 erS3r6.:
an$ S5:3d6:...esod dG."57
***
er$a6: 22 eL& ero"S$c s5rq&6d eed* dbs sQ 6o0.:e:
66r+6, eosg&B 1144 gd$ecf 6r6odc 6gd eeerd Af66 +6'*or:
cr$b83 e"5 dq: e+t5:. "1$p$S>o18 &.8:.SoF 65{:e5CB qp6&d$ aS€F
&g 65 6r66s 6ssoipoo;$$odo6." a.5 &Bb Sxo x:6ds5:oa6:
"eg dq: &SSaU;c-SB o$6 6$;o"d5:$q:083: $[a:oe.:6 ]$d aos

6il16.@of,)il, +€i:o,r: e5ed afl,S 6"655on'd>o es dp$ bo3:oao.


o{oCB sl66 65$oir'6ea5: o6'$oa:558d5o. s$,5r }$ o55on"
d5;6 erS;Sod.6o e$;$on eso6o8 d0dpo$ dro esep dao."
ee&"65 e5:"oo5: Ce3eenCB C$oo:oO$ d6 er$afu 30. es d6
6f66f::do6. eobp8d 75 do ;bo6 e6g5$er eldn{gS dOSoXO.
e$oCC a:5e66 @$o"5SB o.o6:$t$ fup56:o1S 6ueod:o SoE
dr.55. ego6$ eo536d e.r@ S$f:c es;roS5o5: So{uec5o ;5ro$
s$6e.ro $tro zO de: S:oB its0(r:o$ So6&:oe(u.ut 5oo6: aw6q
56gn +5*oo er$a6 29 ;p6d eodr"65 dOSolO. eS:5gAd3oo5
So66po er6. eS, $$ o"os:$Sn er{5tndt6on" egoS:S Ssa6dp66.ut
ae>o6 SerSC udi:oo *o $$ 65502o16:. 2002 ci.6 r$age6
e(r# Src-. b6nod 56on" eg s(ro6:od ego65 $gd AdAi.6. s.s,
6Cu+6 65 oo5:5e50B JS36oX g;b5o offio{ Boec$ ed
SrodloC.:.(u.

246 s56: $ry5s


S:6e6 dAod eS6 tloeo Xoo0 SSgb Ko;5nUu 40 Se:
65o5ro
i:oa 56*55:o:, $5'5;od d$er &6 edn{5 5r{6 tuqro"56odS
SoBs$5B doSoaO.uo e6;# $e$6or 6oXr5, +{c $55ooo
&SSfo;S $ofi 55o6:o *tr$q:. 6ox6. e5p6d s?r"Sb e"5 e.$r
::$15:o6. rp5:$o66 Se3ea 1}6od s6g155:o 5156, $54$:5;dr$d$
a6n"o5;6 es C$o5ro. so$, So65ro6 do$6&Sq>*d e6g5{er H*f
an@SS5> Jd4,a6. o"$;5r-0;3d""{d +{ o$5on 5Cbffo6. erod!
6q6 6dE a1>qr55:o1S Soero5:o SoE dp55 egdao 3:US itsbss>
poo6 Sa6. es$g $oa s6g5{er e0548,554d 5cir6dr.6. s-s,6:$6>
5ro6:oc- Ssa& ao6.

E6er 6odn ,6gd $Sarco d65od


e6&o5: a6e $$ 5166164
6SA::gaeS sa5SeBr6g &e35op s.8:.$oF tS66So €-&ir6o>o6.
cpod, ag 64b65o 5:$36n0isor:o6. epen ag0h$ sQ doe.rt'd -
$q"S$oLs 66s 5>5 e#::$${ a$e55oo6r5>e: eg6o erspilEd6no:r.
$06orn a$e56'$oiFoooa. $o15dp6, dSerd g0b 58 $o6 JoSod
du:sore Bq,5rile6r. sB dai,fd ed5 1106 $66164 1990
S5oa6d 5o@del6 E5q$$o1e eodr56.
p6&d5, al5e &$d Sra- po6:565o 5163 erc6o 563$ 50.1o6.
$r.653"0 Ef fa6s" s6rr3 6{6 n6poSod) 6ot5o3$ *$*6
eoo"55 ersp6d do65 $0 d5 555see. 6"qSs*du:oao. &gd
oodr$65 age65 a665pdd$ Srodr agr&osrp5ro C65$Q$gofu5 $&
do6,: ec53o$ e.5$0 +$ e$$$ 5$;5on 6"6rso 6o0;r(u. o#o:o>r,
eoo"55 6o6 e;63o: epor:itsm$ $5.5;o5on" 6$y5:oeooa6. eooS:Sg,
135s

6wgd &$S fSfgd6:. pn", *966* a.50 66od e"5t5: es 56sd


6o0cp 6*J6. $$ s65f:"ea fuf ;rg So6ol6ea 1968 ;,$o0
erc6:5g
J"tlrdr$ 5o3o6. 5Ei:" 1990 $)n* $oB a"6?ooo: $gd aop5 6$
s6>. eoo6:5g 083: ere55 ffsodB sr64 55q Sso aogoa.

exr 5o;5 s{ e$5{:6,: 5D60 ir$fr6


66h. es6a5a53 *ep
a$:c.odrS. g:453 @irS6. 1991 Ert-abod $$ 66"or drgno.

ar6o;o6 247
ero"55 6$o5nld G5p"5o {ooO }$C aroS:68 &K::5:epo5:5:oXda:',
6a sq ,65** eS: ;5roa 65o dn1-6 dfgoe* s$oooa"6. 6d65
66oirl6B 66i.66 Sdo@ BF6. 66od ero.55 66drtd3 J.6O (FBr'E
S:$6a5. 5Eo eocr55 663.6Q J$6oa-er{ &{o6od JryoB '56;o,
$o1g6ogo: dSoc-d 5r:o56r$ de6:. eo$p6d 469,r fpgC 'eoe55 e.5
u eo 6:gf,:, es o5: 5 $ oc- Q $ $S> ee el, c5: d: ee" el es o$ 5 5: oaoo'.
5]160 XDSfr"6 6€A dr15 e,5 ar46r @awSSu.*FoJ Sr.Ldd)
es5$>$o6. S"ei'6 *655{od 3.nS eg rJrl6 es8o05od SaoS:5o6o
sda:. eorw5SB5$35SES Kr6ot6 $o5$ B3o35o"S @w6o - "d3r n"o
d5r.L6g eoo55, o5*oa:o 6"q $66 d6:."" naaoo"*65 a*;da*rod
- "6>5o Sf5p6on 519o6,15:orro. 1991C $$ eo65$o eo6n $ d9l
65 agoe0; (s655fo) ei$ Jo;5r5:o16r. $9.:50dd aw0er 6dr.6)
dru ero"553 5p3:ouUu. s.S, eoo.55 eed6q.f:gt5:$rn ?r5;Oo*Uu -
'*65$fo JobS erd6 ao" ee666: 6E&d. 6
Citoiro 5:f 5U: foEu
uo6:565od 5o@6o*0; 6o0r:o6'. eo*r dfq s6g$g$g esEAFAF 6.5r
Jobg SSS $:S:ir:odd (n{&oo.il.65 $Ss) Co3:o6."62

e.6&o6 a$e $$d aero8 erc6{6 p5:5}5o a"er es6:6:n"


,$e.r: dSSoe^roo. sc, a$er65, wo1flS $gd 5116o eoo6f;6 iFei.ro)
c6o56o J.t{rdr.3 6o€.ror. SdcAoS:o 5a)bod, Aabd eero6
eoo6f;6 Sdo.O; A56r", J$yt'r oo6:ec?:eg:S6:. eoo6u:"e Jot$$?
ere55B, d$e S5g dofltldpu: 6o1o6:s esoSo8 deriu. s"s, es
a66" JS;&n a:o$e.: f6d6.
erc6$6 ado"Q. JS;E6$yt$ $$Sirsd:ry doOercd e6&06>
a$e* $$3 a.S SO"5o eo6. epd$54 JS.J$. RFo6B ag.n Bo>ir:. esd66
Srqqo epoe qero6 $6 56s eoa-6$>. e15o ao65:5:ro6r erq"5o$od
BSrl$6e,pn"
o,/ c( 6
Ces$o6t$,
e)
o.669:6: epor:S RFo6S o.5{":oo 1973d
$$ $oo a3rQ0o+6:. ys, a,5 5a-B 66;rd ego65 Sf, df Os$.1a"O.
(sB a"5 &q"So). iFo6 AoXtr $O 69 i$oo io8: $er:g iFd SaUu. o"SB
$65erdpeu erdS$65o eofo 6&o6. urod E6OE BedFor:o6. ai"yd,r

248 e$6> $ebs


- eeod 1991C -irso6 P$'"666 $$ e65t-55nc3 89"6. esd6$B
nEXPdd do6; $65q:Sg 66 @pe:) a*36. eroS:$ 39"6:. irsolrr
c6eFoIr.6. eodeLs$d 4564 6e::b s&d &a6:. es dod 86r5rd6 ---
f6$56o $tro StrSerdqp<t"cr.5tr"JUu. $e55 $So gsd6d.5u5r5:,
esd6;rp 5+5t5:.63 erSp6i$o0 (:sor:m 5$5$oearJ 5$da6:. aA
s.5e0o6o s$t$;, do" S;$o:5g uo5:S:Otr 5o6a-SB $$ agdc"
s$;$3.
{.rf*
eo1flS &g SggS s$siroor5 k5qr.S$oge 5o6dp6, S*oJ
1991C 65 1$6"5$o1S 56S8 edo.sr da6:. 6"od 6:{5o66 JQSe)>
eo$;n6ga$o6r5oD. ee aUSf qp6&d$ a5e $$d * o$ge fag

@(r:pecon 503:o0o6. eo.55, 66&, +d*oa: 6466 oo6$ooe a.d


ersdg 3ro61 S:ea:oaodev 5OS SC$46:. em"55d: @p.55:o18 eo{5$
ep0 6Oh6ra- SC$aUu. eoe55 Sasd6o $tro .fa:3a ;bo6 S{:go.f e.5
6a:dbe3e;or:o6.ercAd6S5oSerS*Soa5ero1or:,$gsdo5reloX6:.
doCo $Q aGe5d
6ag\ 6 $16 &er6o 6dpdo6.6a
68O5 1989 0-6 AUgf AA:.D 225 $gt' rnd${, * J"O aZS
Sgt' nsds 68o6. aB eg $gd B6)r$6r. 6Q"sL es63sa5$cB
s6625o.65 ero"55 Srg6pd b5 5eu6 edE poe. 56, t$ae6d
n"o6sx6 fSo s:oo aodB 6m6.
eso$$ n"o6$66 Bgua:S{S dESgf"y* erc5:5 554J e.5 0{
6fo, 866:$616 **d 6$1 s655{ 5r6:3oX6:. el6d 5do$an6.
er$36 a"5 SSo6 - il'ar$a5 sL@e: 5>6 eoe55 J546 5o65o ?:$nd,
5do$Bn6 65 derd '5r3cQoa6r.66 ego5:S BSwe: s5d6on" d6re:)
Hq,ss soa85 SSg oo5:5:# zt 5gi eo&:5 fu 6ra- 6ox6. 6d65
eo$p6; n"o$Srt6d ere553 iQSo 65e6 se5irg)6).67

63"0 aQSo 65u6od 3rotir65o 66od J$gt'n dsou @Kgecon


S55t$do6. ero"55 {68 f-er6r$ eodgQo*6: - (5: a:o6:6oo508

a:.fio;o6 249
S*o*f eo5:o& ABbe aer: $05:.op.
"
lF* s{: ES'p bo5r e5>
(p See$)'eps ed6eoo ;$6o*F5o&" eos 516 610 B$p(u.68

r$ae6d BrA, ep&:E $ o agoec c65Broo5$,


1980 665o SrdJC
1991 ac;SS KuQdom alo 5gsd56s, sifu $erer bo6:6o3
o.oa:&er0 gO$ a8b 1$ir6o $no6. esd $foo6:od 6g66d8d
ar6rfi:6l5g e$ aS5$d JUgf AaSo eodsqro $05d$ +sg$ $"a-
se>o6 dud sca:qo6. * @*6 $699 da, a*.5E 86o$ 0a:65
dRrS $g s.5, a$64 26 e6o R:gd o"aa erdg{>o$: SBh sodSo6.
($o65 gSrAS €,OR:6eer5: b+6J dss oad5Ap 27 e6o.) SDeg$ogs
,dSBm BS:5a&5 dF Spce BoBS Sege5 bonc ABb $od$o6.

JS;St' do6o oSo 5:oB egEJSAS s6g5{u: 083: Saso$o $5o


es

ao6o63 8OE 1$a"6o da6:.'o 1984 p6 ep6rdoo itoO $eer


d6.1$qem"55,6Joo JSaSog a5ro6>n eS: ep06odpel Eer6Spd
a"6;B do:65:o0.:r 5rD6. es6i5a5 do$ f$ps o66.6 5f6 $a6o
a6l'u6:$; $;bo6od ero"55 So[ud 65$ a,55;6 r$66:o:5p5
$656eS d655c Sob es8Ku"lu: &SSoaO. ${:gE o.6 d6SE
$5r.6ES 65o$ d655 B&p6: ' "ere55 5r:o6: JQSo 63aeSB
Bgepofr"6r. 66:od ao69u;6:. oS;mo esdKuso &fuScoX6.""

$g
t$a"6 $o6oesB 5p6on" udf:oa: eaS$fd 6o$6p
6o8lFo5r6. 1,991 bLa$od a6;Ofl 5uu55 a-S $o56pod *6'?coa:s
o6 : "5S:E to$J%. dr.g$p5 ((}a"55o 55d5:oa- ) $*ruSepo1dt "
eo&fl .

;w€?:o:: 55 S$agd6c3d e.5 5g5 SS5, "eoS;r66;6n '$ng5'd$ 5o"


S56eos: a6rlteol" eroX6:."

esd6:$; rd)6" 865:4oeu" 503o6. 66drL6 Edbo, *655{e:


eS,
5:r poo6 Aa$g 6q66d,5d $i$Srer $SoQ $3$o*o5:s SaBc
6:Qooo6.73 +5?cor: g.ssfos 8$pood : "dS: dE$dg ipddd6rss
1S56osS 56ai.6 5rc- $$ eq6 6d5d 6665o Sepel: dd:"o$$oa.
JS;So 1g3;ne$3 e"5 ea6 &SSS$;oA$ $oS 1gaw66ea 65J rSC
o546 iFdd soaf-o; 50;o6."?a epe> o6*oa:C S:o0 iFd
"s\
25O S$6> $oSS
doOSc $$ eo&noa.66od eod er{$os dot':}g Osd d$ +€i:oe>
f.&irso$.6. 5P* 63.0 a5r:o6: awglgfS65n eso6:5 ${g1$d.5d0 e6,5
CgSd f$o S:o0 5:.a- acod3 6n"t$.
es .)$;5o: tu{o iut',l epoBqrm agOmoo. tu66 5,5 iFOoF 1991
d: ZO. 21 $o6o16$ ed5n"o6 &eq:5€,5o 5:o0 6&:t'o.t'rd g5*eCS
Bf€co.'g
es$rd 8A6oar:5:"6d J566e ;1pS5e.roao *o6d
an&piFie.:o ae0Eo6. @,ero5d lpaod ;c.e56eao $65d eo546
1S$e5cB $ir50o56o $So qF66 eo8 $6$ aomos) ed5n"o6
roB:o.Jbd> (1988-89) JdEBa e4{*FsB e6eapo6. edsn"o$ S:$
65p"5$o1s epo:rd 6$ 6sgg tf$r.65rc ddlr6&5 i566e
@,::6ozu6r6d em5r5p SrsSaeoe.r:S ($6rho0, ir6;1n03o6.
*:1.*
&.8r.SoF lrdrnoos ';$o66'sdag'g, Aab d6€S 'e5>6>o66'3
${5 SpiFeBr eps do6f6r6r5J wo1!S }$3 o"dsrno$ frUS
qP$d5rrel: so8$ $$dpe $5eQ$3$o0o6.

605o?
tu{o 524 d5fd $gd wo@S }$ zsz }o"o$ du:";5:o6. eood
a:ew$e uer 6f6d 6o6.75 rz0 fluogBegsc (65od 5oX40 e6o
a$45 $gd) ABb a5&oO flo"se J6flo6. €"9 a6o grc- 083J3 66
iS;Ser e6 11 e6o SooS 20 aeCB ?:0ho6.76 ero55 r{:ao'Ed
n o6SXE 6:oo, f"569 i$oO 5:"a- Ro*r5:. esd$$ n"o6SXEc
6o;5:$q6. 66:pd eood esd flSo Sro0 o6: $$ eso"5Sd:
Eoa6. o#:o:: 6rc- o{ s6{6;,$oo RO*6:. s$, er{c
6o;5:$o16:. es 666Jp6 a$6a eo:r$ $S 6:"c- esd65 o{So$ n.r:{f
5;136.
ed5 S65 Sgd US $$ afpU So6:pc3 Spo 6&ods ar6&o6:
a5e $$ 5$3o6. Hlgiuo esoc.r6: : "1991d cpd5n"o6 S:6e8os
ao65iFd AEb 200 $gB 6$gf sSroa- du:;s$ aoda. erbp:6
erur5Sd: $q"S$oLe eso) aod;F6. es 1$$65o fr6on' Jodeoo

ar6o;o6 25L
aoda eo$ga Sd sildS:o."7? JQSo 6oeo cffreacag so656$ dfu@
aO 83:3o6 $06"d 6o5C er$B:Qo6. e"5 fieo"oser $d5 1f;e6o -
ed5n"o6 *r"6559 sotIS&Q 25 $gs esdsom RerJ$o6. erod, so1fl5
&$ eoQs6od Srd;Sc-S3,1S8S{on Sro}Sc-SB 5:{g da- 25 $S.!"
1ee1 2e5 S"ofirs ]$ soaon 5tu6 6s, ]$ eodgf8ri.
$
3:.&. 56So*Fe$$ J5:;so6. es65a6o $ep $QooS $Q so@S
s.Seoo$o b.$. $6$oi:se$ 6q"$Sro[8 ero5r5Uu. q]6$d5, a5e ]$
tFo"S 6e${om eo56Boso6. es $eS{ }$3 e"5 oo66t'o s'po.
1957d $Sa:oerd 16daooSf36 S:os +6'?:oo:d: 3ro5p
ew&o6o5:er (6S6$ $$ uo5:5:&n" s5$6:6lox6. sa$ 6$0
6rc. esoS:d 6s5{ o-o$$&n" JQS w6e.:o Sipas$ 5o! ss, egEiSiS
esd'5Sex d6rn aetro::. eg $6& ere553 5s4er5;d egEaFJS (6e4"55.

65 n"o6555 $5:$5o 5g eoo"553 Jo6 &e5$o ?:Oh a$g$388,


esd65 559 6r.H6625:pS o5*oa: 5g aer
fi:UuqpSod daa6.
&Sa:oerd 65r i"g$ StBcoSc-SB esd6$ Jod soom a&5dr66o-r6a
ero.553 BerKu. ero"55 ee6a5a5g e"5 s5; 5od6o $o3:o*t5: :
"$gia:oe.r:d 6sS{ }$ uo6$&B a"5 d"6566P5 *do" 6o6. o"s3
epecddd> $pS SS." 6a $oda0g $e!"O"So 6:rc- $S3R:o6. "&
e{o5:od ao5 5o;oao;oa 5fud6:. 6nc sfl dsqo.:soe. }$ osgan
a5lfprfi eperSd 6ox6.a6;f,:6 JQ$oB a55$wQ5(u $&8:oat$."
55 (SSi"6SC eeEJFJF &6$40o$o8 esS dOo6:n"d ero.55 6e>
sq,5rile6, - "ao5:Sg 56pd6o $oeo"5rQ o$ e{o SSSSero
dd:!."'n

64srod 4o6656:$d el6',


E5q"$$o1s 3:.&.56$oit'e6 Jc$6:n"
53$ eocw5$ 6S6{ Xdurd $fu.1oX6:. o€*or: eriro da5&Seco aB
tu66J"0 s-6>. sS, er6 ero"55$ Boc,rd.:.fo6. e06363 p66ddo e.S
ro$aeQ J6:6-4oe$o6. 565pS EBo$ope 6#:65o 5f6 65o d6:.
BE J45 eoodg"&05: (65JSQ (oJS:JF)d ecomcr$; $65 ?16o6... eg
ESd S65pS $o$46eao: &$6:e+03 ao6. 65p$$o1sg 6S6{

252 sbd: $eSS


ud6$& $o0 &{o6ro Spo55 eo556p$ $e$o6o eo6. er$;Ed (eo"56
ABb JA8S P*g s-6eop$) 5:o66,;bo66 aSg5r0;S6:$orn 5&ho0
50;$ ercr55 - 5o546o$ erfp5 '5rd4e5' (erc6g.&o5: eb$C qF66
Jc$r$5er) C&o6od io.o6 i.gUC nU5aro.:dU:oXOt

{.**
esgs bo$el$B 6Sea s"6eao - a:o66 ;,$o0 8035 Cueo"Og SOn
66;c-CB t666so 6f6 6ap d5>. * 'd.to 6+er$6' er$;Sr"er 1356oJ
SFda# $Bd aoB5;c- 6oea"u> grc- 686. qp66 $d:65o esQs
So$46eaeri$ dfgc-c3 eooAso{d,6 es$S Sogldo $o0 ao$0cido6:$
erSS6pS 6:eee:> a65c-CB ero6g,So5: 655S0 Sof $5:5rod Sg,{o
dR:oa.

;$ood &6pS $$S5 Ss)erod, s"Q Sa6rern' esSS 6orn$


o6f6ror{rpS tS#:6S eg$65d: s5}6e.:o. ?r$>a&o"6 5 6o6od
eeoa)il B$raB Bgroox, cd8 a:ga& &(u$eo"ooX eods 6s-er
er56ap"Q t666S Sao65s: SO;QoXor. 5oB:5q> 5:.c- af,,S
[Eder:
$"655on s{oo5a-sB a$56e,ro d6:... aero6 6ofr6roQo63 s6eao,
F65rr i.o$ yood BD6p, egoS:S $ErQ ao6rrrno$ SS3'noOS
'RI€ilOa:o'S6nod (Fe:obo. 6 esQS Op;n{6.Qn
$o$;ootpood, es$q)
so@S Sgnoe0d G6q"$$ol-S 3:.&. 56Sofse6 $S8 B$3-O3 6o6.

eoo"55 Src- ad 6gp5 Sr6:pc $osoer:s;5g$. er6&o5: aSe


&$B asgbt:5er e6g e5&6d{o Spo 6 er56aq"o} er$o dn
So5rot-6eaQ eern{S J566ept$e;$C esd666>ileoD. erd Si:o$od,
o"a6d: So$g6eoo 5g sdt 5o?r5s i$oo, +{ ?:$>ac$er S:oo i€d
6o&:6on"S 6oc-os $"c- 6 5f* $6:5:oe.roXoo. eeEiSiS egd.:S
$0665on" do6. 65$o$56e0 esd SoS46ea a:"6&o$ $oS6sc
6:eo?r$Qo55g do$o eeEaFJFs do0;.c$do6.
so"o.o r6$Urea eoda aasg6 6r16d: 6s;o6 56$ Adhg
es$S
JeoB S$$g rrd*. 1991 a:,p66 er $ofte 5wo0soro6. G5qJ"S$oLs
3:.S.$6$o6se6 6et:6so dX 555fC srO;s* $o$46eao3
"gg
a:,6o;o6 253
e6&Soa. eQ5$o Xo$3fr5 SoF, 6o"5a$o[s i5r+gs6g502 eo5:6u$
ge

563 t6o"55:o[&B SirSooa6:. 5ro6rn' dot$5dS s62gon" Url]or:


so:S 6floda6:. sgi i.ogr.tuS sa"pq. &Sso; *er66$ $o@S:e>
sitoS:od p?rs;o6 sqr;r"q, 6* deUu. 6od
es$g 6orn$
$oE"tugdqer ;5r:o6Q tFd:6S eri$;$& d6:oc-, sg[n" ?:$ra6u: ?:$
ep5y6o S$3bo6. tFd:6S 6o6 Sofer 69,0565o 6Os-Sr, Joa:6953
5o6 9Q 6om$ So8iFor>o6. eo$;6S6$ 9$; 5o?:5o &oer
ep56{o"ern" 6dr"p$ 5bo* Sr6itsdroo. SSOB 6 d.{od $0@a$o:,
o5&66on"f Cd4 66&{ ?:$rat3:oi$ 51 e6o 565: es$XDeQ" '5$o
5d;R:o6. Jrt$S +5&eo$ SoaoQo0$ eo56{q"Q }i$Sreron"
a5ro;$aCu. a55g.... . 6 eed 55erfu f d g gS U$ 666S sp-uo 6r$5{u>
6plo6o0 6oa6:. wS, eoSfo A"g, J.garo05, epQs6 d5:o[eo6o
606:oc o"6 el5:963 cpSc-SB a.5 *ea6:5f,r egSS6S:oipJ6.80

B:.c.S6$o*Fe6 135abdso &SsqlS So$g6eao: Adbs a6e0coC


RSr*.@q"S @s${om 5Og OEb Je> $3o6oa0?
65 g,fet' e(u6:oX6: :"p?:S:;ur, SOJegl,Sero SO"oCB
eorr55
B:.e.1F965o J65:A6o $d$o6."81eso)d +{+er $ds6s es8:}or.
;tuqrSorn tu60 Sr$tr.6 dA $;o6o05 &gr dOrF 6oa. 'd.JoC cagg
$56o965o'e+oS ego$S &droE da6:. B:.S. 1${:65 Spuo 5g sq.
esOSJB Boc$6:5g a66 daerevn' a,r65 Src- Cd8 Uue6"oB apissoR:
5Qo6 erS ?rdEo*6r : "$030353 dr5$er: 65p da"f a56gn"er
do::.qSSo6. o.o.f fl:oS:p5pd o5r:56er das3 cd8 S:"US6Sgo
es$oo ?r$6o Sfo f654ygdB an"o35$o6."82 es, &giB:oo5d eosg
Sgno il6oQ &"o{u6:{ +€?:o:> 5rg6o 65 e$62o; }$a:oer 56d
$0$6o de6:. tid:5S e+$6 So"uo 59 ego6:S 6$ eo$odgQ0 iod
Seubn $gio da6o$, er$S S:oge $S3irS bo6 UgSdS aOp
@q"S$o(-& 56So$se63 ESyS:oa6r. epood es 66od ry6'*or
e5od Seobn";b$n&Sot5r5: f:$3fr$ bo6;1uo6: &u6o SJSp deCu.
wS esa Srrd 5oS& dSf;:d. 666S ea"ilq.65, J.g S$$o05$r
ero"55 Ear:6:o3., o{uSB 6 S6056ea SH Ad8r }Sa:oe;6 }$
$i$$od ooe pp 6*erd.
254 s56: $e6S
$oflu 5O+6 eoo6$6 56;f i5n16o 3:.S. 56$oi$e6 &e"eq:
SOL6P$ 56;5: o"O&eo. $$d *er$:o6 6 6665 Co6:o15eeQ
Jqo6reJ.SJS;b$o*cu. eC, B>{orn tFd:U5 fU056eo Se"uo S&o5:od
5116o do"fl tldro: 669,or.
5:o66 S(ro6:od OA3: Cd;gon ao&il6o,r:o6. vC irdae5 S6056ea
a&o5:od Od8: qrue:x$ p5?coo 6$rn CSSoo*6: : '€al6'do, g.S
do....CS 65o: SQoXou, sU bd;eor. 6 85 oo"Se erc6g.&o5:
$Q6* erSr3sCB 5*-r.erSfoee p6pSE 6oc;oo::. &eag! 6re;c
85 .:p*e$o6o$ erd sS$2,;r"oc3:Qo6. ehe.lcB $o>oa,
8:ger3
dgiFoo;n, 6o6:fib$5a-C3 @o& si$$4oooer"6)."83 dsffd
+€?,:or: 1pSo6o &o0r$;e.5 Jo9o n 0B ee'ao65o' eob;56o'ao?:o::S'
er6 C5a,no6. egodr$ 1$8S3o6otrUu. eobytS: o5?:or: &56ea a*3t5: :
"d5: aoboer5 esSd6:. ss, eo?:oo5s g*arcdo6 dS esd
eroX5Xb$obil16...$5K)rd 5 qp5o 6od ;rg[3 ero.fr S$3oqo6,
5S3:Qo6" epo0.rr $o5 6:er$o"5: eiroS:eeQ u5?:o 65ir0o* 6:. 8a

1991 ?rloa:6rd lAdo$od a0h5 o"6&o5: a5e $$ e655f


S5r"ddod * S6056eac ier &5:o2orO eo$; ero.8o 55 563aono6.
eg fi:'d'5od ;1lo6rn qp66 tf4t 65 Sq";roi$ a$O;Qfl eoo6g"&o6:

655S0 6L@03.5a:d Suof: do*6:. s-S, o€t:o::, 5D60$SiF6


d8lep es Sfrd6od S6dA 6$rn e#$S:o€.:p Sngoc-6: : "esa)6e$
ep65 eFSSrl. JeF 6oe,Do6"85 el$ e6'*or $8;ou6. b&p f60g6ea
So"5 SioS:od er"6&d6 a$e &$ a-S 65S5{on J SSffno{f, es

C6Feq. &{3:oerd (esQe0Sorr. ) 55&d3oa.o$ S$ouo*6:.


eo$;dc ero"553ro6d Srgnc-6. oodg"&oj:65SSQ 6dr.6, $Sb
51-o"0; eoo"55 55sdBcn6:. fU056eo er6$ee $$Qou6:. elerfiS
$$3ir5boFp esflsoaod trc i5rg6o dosrdcf. *Fod, tu6e 5$o;
eo6g"&o6:65SCO 6ee $$sdi:o 6S$Soo esS$6$$ epQtlo6rbt'rdr
Sngoc-6. eo6p6oe (F1b65o &SSS; 56Sg S6rooep6r."86 &g
e65*f.r 5o 5r$oc-64 epo56p o"CB 6.,r$6.

a:"6o;oA 255
essS,dao, 5,n* sog a"6&d$ ase $$ r60s6ea Kos46eao3
er$tt$oon C$o6o &S$oa. es dar eoe5b exr;5rgog 6o6$ir6d, $$
C$o5ro $der aoda.
ss, dxodg cd.8 ?:$ra:coo, sd4 s6r6:q>, 6o?rberil:
es$$8o.56-q fS${f }$ ae erb";$om 6g[0 $d6r6o esEaSaFS)
s'5;d6:. 1991 sboaEd og 'r5d,8 as.rtu6'6:os,esJ Jasp icrpou
$e6. a6 $606rea boK46ea$ OBB: SS:$o5*e. t6o{D6od dAS.
1981d Jerpd egEJFis Brod:. ro&ou dagn" c?r"sbs b<rJea>
d$od, eoert e$"}ri: dS egddso$ QW.p S6cqq. Ed$ cq:ino5:
S5sd6on" '$5d4 aw66s5 6:o5,s eg6a5a5 bo.Je,
d$"a. ercd, Jfy6c
&B$ 65 S05 Sepo$ efu$om Sr$eo6s, epero6 65S $od6pod5:
es6")Fa$ erc6:$ So&46on s"q d66s erseoQ' aoeoo6. epor:d
a$"16 $o56pod egEJFJsB o{5o e,ecd 0sr6 p6'$or: v6. s6 epd
Sp$ em.55.

tSSoSS6ead erdpf eri:e6 q"u5o &6o6:od eoo"5$ &SSS;


C$o6:o 5:o66', ;bo66 SAdr.# egoj:S SOSon fgSir0oO$ &AS
rtr6
dqoa. & $r.6 s{dper OBB:B $o;$ SSopS irpd. i:o66'3$6g
C6o6od 883: eog{S:eno3, d,e,r: .5g dOSf 8o6 S:ero'3, Ser6p$ 3:eo6p
oSg6B ${5 S0niFor:o6. eoerf,, $o66 eirod:od d.0.:{ 6e6oeC3,
(6:o65'5${5 S66S"d) bodp Sirareo6So $A:"qS So$ae 5:6g
6a8$er&o6. aby6o 1$So.I Erd4e5B frqr aUSfo c(roi:od $g
S$BQSJ eoo6f6 eueg Cp;r.OB, a8:6o6 eaag $UOSUeap
ig8d3o*er$; *oCB $65 E6$aiFor:o6.

dAqS Jer 6o0uod &gm i;$on 655650soro", ;bf;d625o


$oOc.pg o6$or:65 Js;s dgirsoro", ero"55 er$ s5od:orn +$ aas
5*q)6. €"AS 0ad56S5:, e;$;$o66 se3cecB, f60g6cag ABB)
ep5r6room 6o8 &eo0 J56r" A83)C egdaoXd6:. sC, S:o0 agohe,
36: aoEo ere55 5n16o epe> 6$ So6 C$o6odd $$C S8bep
5*16.
* rl. {.

256 056: $e$S


eoP"gdS:o - 10

a(rqrud$565o (1992)1

fZOrdi:ee ea:,o $;lnpgB, esflS dr6:fr eri:"35 & ergnbe


S:.d i"pfg X"6" as0ho6.2 er.65 a5po6o 5>6 A]r{Dd esQ555o
&raQS166d d:o-eer: J6rn6r. 69g 86 gCSerg
a-S aw&oO ,5$n"
5r6od0 i"Cfq, drf;od loerrer: SagdS:o $OoO aod, 6 dAod
0{o{i.SJ. t06E }oSS eo6;d i:rnoo$b 6odogio. eser aofaod
eot' 6 daod aoflEat5:o epodtlr. S:e6 5rg"t'o6:odufla:". $r.6s
$s$c# 66o S$p6osg &03af;a6.foa.
er*i"35 fu eoEb esfc$se Bo65op$SpEB qp65d pep
es65:
$6615, SJ"d6*,Sroe6r. a*o iDXDt{ld d5$ aoaS 643:"9"o$,
es56$: $OQSg$;rauSc eo6n0 55 B5s.er S6;5:oX6,:. es6CB ig&d6on
ilsec-O; 65; 6:eeell 6;$$ er$>6noom iFede.r$B eae65o$r,
egotSos>, s5:4os: a"3:po56od cSoS:oIr56. 6ng$6, i:ee psgod

a"g $coSE e:s66' ;1r&o. esod, osog o:o$ f,tUod a"d $6f6:e;oe
e"Spfo6: Agi6o$"6r. _
;$eeo3 ")6p5 Xod tfes $$$g *pQid:er Xo{5 s65&S
$$55o6o. 6"qm *fu5d E;:oSQ. 583coS 6o$e s6:. es psgod
aod65: do65 *der46u:, a6ac-5: BoBS [s5Eel, $eeB BoBS
d{*,n"5O06:63 8o65 So6oirer *u56:er 6ox6. ercd, *}5e:
ealsgo 5:o0 es8556do 559o6o $o a$od eo6d do16.ao$d
SoQoJr (6d5r5 So8$d 56:a.6 vood +6'?co::5669 aSs.6Sduer

al,6o;oA 257
aSSSe$) eS55 p5go $6$er$o6 6q6:.3 ese, 1761 a:558 145
i"sSq, 5{ arirooos o{SooB 6:ee }s6:er 556 a.5 eas"Ssd 8o65
p$$er *6:. usoe 5on'r66obe dO dO ]:CS aon er booO
5035e$.
e6" &r6p5 Boe.:S 6a p6:5go 5Sho0o6. e.5 '5o16e6:dc qer
cpe6r : "a.$ 55:$:pS S65*o"Q$e es{56god fSS5oOo, 1$;$8{ee
5ofls 5eq: irsed 6ots dseFsrod...5:eeo 666s 0sedc65;
es855 5eo 5:f coOolUea aof,r$po6."a es855 6eer *u656:e:
esde{ 6gofr:o0, s.o;ood $$55o6:o d6:oa- o5rgiod3 6mo:.
606orp el drf;od 30 de 5:o6 i:ee p0$o 5:6sBoirf!. 563e:
5:oB &sirso5r"6. So4 fado 5:o6 6goddr56. oSnp$o $oB
O{P6odrS6:, do" soBdo{:a:gr6:.'?:&5 s"6r$d 5ss 27 s:oa
foee *a"S6:o: es dlfod;1:6e3o*6.6
eeep ee e6o (r$ao ioee $6FaJ $e3ee $5iXSga.:n65 dfoa.
esoded), eo6n0 pSSo 5pc- arm epo$itsou 6o6€coef BSS4SoflilsuerS
S$a$6r. Sra- SoA{odS Agoa. s6ha, aoo6 $o6{
eo6 eogn00

Bsdd @6E u$ 'f,;$3s.;r;6:. AB3) ,65*6 eptuE * 2019d a-S


SoS6pod B$36 : "131 eS* fOaS S:eeer 6a $Sfq, &foC
$6i"e,D dS Seao6:o SoerSr. eCB $Sddo Jo6E qp6$:'epgQ
BBouO; 50.;o5od, 200 So56;eo $e^r: tpBE soSd er0$q:n
a8so."7
6 i"s6q, e6" SSd $6go Jo6? er{ SiroS:o 5545 ?:td
i:fFe$ ftnir3earo uo6565oC s{6oo5 *bo6 $5o5:o*55 $o[r:d
ad Sds apo5o 5:o0 S5o5:o *SSoS Sr.oiFi.6r. eserd 0*'66 o.€*op,
erd Sp$ eoe55, $dog 8:'6, eptuE & Src- 6 i.S$q, 0tuf; 6er5o
esr6: ar$d5rnod$ fCSq" 5u;6. i"Sfcd, oto{ 5eao5: s6s6pd
a5p68 5>S%. Boe.r6od:oao6:C ;:r* 56r3e6. el8 6$ soo So[uS
dao.c; S&dSSSg er5 aSaS $6 SoEr:a"oS J$. a5. rf epsera6 8$;6 :
"irer 5:o6 16aer e"5 sp55C 6ox6. $5 d6od Sofrd:er el$368
258 asdr Sebs
a53EB Sr"oipdr"o$5, 1O6f,;w$ ar65 5:oO Bflisoa:5 66:ed d,5
S0ftd:er uner arr{:5g-o65, saS $oEu 5oB $ofer er6S6o 55: df5
eoXoS:o0uo€.r6. vS 6
$5:$5$ SoEr: .5p* $eao 36:. 6 A6od
3,ro6:6eD eoS;:6r 6oat$, a53:t$ aoX6:, d6 *rc- 6oC.rtir. yS
ego6r eop5gon 6oXt$, 6udp erp56on"d 6ox6. eoe er$o(u66p
$Afu"Ss"$ sd;gorn 6$; 3:"o6r $;$ago 6$o6€c e$:rp 5 a"54
$$sgS gSso S60303 c6ss Src- Sgio $oodp Sr$sdg 5rUu5:iFs6o
5r&rlxo. a"Sdd JSypo" Sngoc-O; 50;o" eodg ffo6:er e"dfuO
6" LFA 6 ea6- ea {5$ $ oS o" C g 51163: S O Sr 6 S, 6 6: ;rXoo:. "
8

SS; Segnern" b"o6p ew&or:p5o 5p& d$o6. dSoo 3ro5p


d"ec{oe e.56m SO$ 5r.9.6e.:o $$o 5e6: - Srodr awSB @8SSgo
$3ro$ SoSo5,
Qd(,i
e,5r 6'od:6d ao:nA a5re.r660f,er SoSrero $tro.
$oEu 50o6 aep *5*55on $o66 5:o66, 6rda05 Sarci";
oQdtoos 1992d9 gSdaoooa. s.S, $S5$r $eoi1l $o[u 6oap6
;$6rit665rou
d46
5S3:RFo6.

* {. r1.

sof s{o5rg6 aaad ere553, 5r$fr"6 #arS s55 6o6;o8


do"fl1}oiru: SQaaoo. ;$5o 66 eoqr.5o5rg6 af;:SSgqr* e#S{
fsod3 ero"55 66o6 CBr ia.p. aab s655fod eoe55 e$r
Jo;$95;$rSrfDOJ co5:$o,56On (u. eoo::d 5D60 5r$fr"6 dBr Src-
65 es$dro5uul 9o66s 8oS erssf so6:tuoep6. 6a sdF$vf ,s
SoSpS Jo?oS - ep8 BH o"$ES 6q66d,5 AEb eo5:$&n"
(;tuegi5Jo[8rr) 5e56' SoEC 1991 arsd Sd$&:o5eco. 6q6(Sd,5
;tup5$ot-8 s"q $g er{5$eB edd6D&rr 6o6e,>o 5r15i: e5:, eso6Q
erc6?o$r$d 6oeooa6.

&83: uo5>$o $$rirod e $og $roo6 B$po6. so6>Sr v6eeo


eedr.63 a6g5wQ erc6?:egrSC 6C$Q51 ipo, 5;$n*Fer 5Q6. 6
58.* dSoo 3ro5r ar&o6:e6 dr5go i$o$ 5o;sc wt5r. o$ se65
$o1$o"o$ oSrel 6ra-.
ae,6etr1o6 259
3ro6p ;$6od 6Sg65eSSd Socndd eqr e.56 606. 5gc
'$o1$o"odru6:er>' epoc;o6;. 6 .aq:d aod g:ir3*O $u5KuQ $6sr
de So6er eoo0r6r. $p6eaon' a:d5:0c 135SouSB EOSSo6565l 5*
(66:ir:er) vfuoS: 5** 60+6. e"o6$oc'eu.&5 6"Kr:$oe.rCr:. 6
3:&$6;r.6:eD 855g5Q do. p$5 6qSU $6Qoe.r6.e 6 aq:o5r
SoBS ep&p6 d*%,'@qr6-'e)) epoQ.r6>. (zu65XroecQ $oS66od
'eoqr6-'eroe,rp6r. 5$ ereno6 1;5da"S$ $$o: eopS$o dEoe.rA.) S*
ipeerdr.$p6 eo8o6 3ro6r$er. 185 degod CC6 o"awgf e{5>
503i6ed 6rD(be:lrr 1}q"SSo &oe6>.10 205 6ego ;163 o$
$o{3:eo c65(:.ead 8o5}16 C65&.$" $ewar#ufSodg e}n"6:.
(12 5gS, e"S$s *10o"56 de 66o,r:C do" eSS do" eperirsereS:d
aUrr$dr 6od a;ir{6 3:.o6p Sd:36uQS:od$e esoc.p6.)

egEaFaF aqlo s65ireod esqprpoerno 666 o"6:5-gQ ?:od


eoqpS$el:oe.por:. ero.l56pg8foEus ?rfa"6, $5646er 6 ep&;r6
d$er i$o$ 5r6on'S 6ot$6r 5oD6.esod)$ s6ead>A:e.lod u$ *er
eoSg$ft536p 6otrt5:. 6.qn" $.fo.36oo6 6otrt$. ero6:5g a"5 Sp55
3:"o5r Se5reg ce3eoo *g.f $6g$d:5 Sce6:. ;$So ao5$;1uo6:
eepsdrf S5:6${qln 1964d S65 b"ocSr Sofi6 es&epio.f,
1966d nssf ctd 655$od, 1983d eodr{6d e;bS:o66 co.3eao
465;$oS 6 6OBed;5n6:3 50;oA. 1990 5d5o eg6oqr$B'esqp6-e:r 6a
ea8o5, a6gfrf €Soo e6o 6ng63: sc5:, eff so6$:o6 $6:6qr
eg6a5a5 3f55o 6:o$ 5s35;n* 5**."

& 3c8ry6 5:6d$er: eee"63 665e1rSB fi"Sp 6a$ &SS;r;oa:.


wC, *{oe Su"dS J"Sfed, dr$oC S>eo" p$5oe6 JSOB anfl
drftq:. 3ro6r egr&o$o6:o d55$: *r{So JUS# SaoS:o. 6
$6:6er$ 5rg5o 3ro6n65 655;$o epSA Aero6 $0$lo dC d55o.
e5>Co 6€S$d er@ SSf> Sga8oa erc +$ aDoorr 5$u3e6:. uS
Sd5 B:"oc5r 5045, ara6o665 dager 5f US 6'o63 acoono, dy6orn,
S6o66om SCbqD 6oC;pt5:. 5"S 5.{oe JSOB;nfl 5o5,r"5pd:er. 5
egdaoS +sb a6rer: e6r.12
$oSe6a
260 e56: $eb8
a"54 SpSg ap6&d6 a$e &$ uf3 $6{5o SboS6oda:". rggr
oSgs 5]160 $SIFE #&,5e56So6erd 5o$ &:r{e 6555ne$ffood
a.En" eocr5S 6p$ Rgn6. $dlo Bro6p ag'&o$o5o eldn{gd
ebrso5:o S(ro$od'o5r:6nCB'S5;fSSo6. 6 66g;1: *Sd Sr"c-
*fo5o, Ot$J*,tuoQddru:, Ider46u: 5o6 oe>n u: JSO boq"d o$
6rfr$B{o16.
***
Sa er$oac$&S Sp556 tuBaD5e.> 6q66d.5 5::p5$ot-8 5e5e5
SoF d6g€S ao6:e.:S&o6. 1991d eSrq:g;$o[8rn f55 $5w6o de5
5e5e5 SoE erd:.{53 39"6:. egoS:Sd}e.r esd$S 6:6&o:56 5u60
Sr$fr"6 eEarSrc- 8g.6. "5:o66 a54d Strcro, esgd 56eo" (ar@SSf:
5:d 66oo, el $5gS y6:) epo0r:" SeB s.6g6{o: Sueo $qoXn
5e5e5 3o6, a$60 ;u$fr"6 dArer "&*rr$p6
foodd ;$o66 Ccr3eoo
dlo" eo$lgsg da,6:.'3 es dfDEFd e$ 6655o es $$6 6:$S54e:
2.77 id<ro dr.er$ *5OoO o"SS S653:"odr $Oir53 er$Sho$o6.
erodwS:, es eeod6o (5r$6r) ad6b @s6o dfu:q a66 Se3eo"Og
S1033o5:6o @6o0o0o6. (l:f:" $6 c?rOodo"s 6 5no3S6er
as6t1:6rd dqoar. SS:o$$ esd.Sod es 5r-o3d6og 5e5e5 bo6
est)46)." do1$ ${:65 ao60853 $pe! 1$q"5;bo[8 3c.&. 56$o*Fe63
eldn$Sd0 $Ofrd:er SSOqp "aS;:C,: u5o6:56p$ 0$4o s6eaono
eodn{5d 563&5 ge$o{Ss S$o$$S:oc-, a{665d519{:65o e0546
e;ba$o66 Ce3eo"CB es eo56ap"Q Jerflu eoQ6fuo0 ;5::o5:$Be'eS
$06:S;if o4"15 elS B&;oo:.
eod:.S5d e;$;bo66 Ce3eao $tro SdS bodn 6OAEd
$$55o6od SCd&" ioogn ;loo6Bg"erc 5e5e6 $oF, i5u60 SrSfrE
663r eseeJ56,:6oX6. ero55o1;$66n of tF65fg5 505{e+t5:o:
eofo$do6oa6. e0546 $6:6o ee eFO $$6rc 6r"o.1d$ 5>o66o 5$6o
tuS*,€ qS 5 a66 S0&3es1 e;tu epoAsoo$a dfn ng5of5on
B*pa6:. pn" epo6:$So o$ e.5 66g;5:o dfgrU:. ee 665$o
ar6o;o6 26t
ESq.SXDog& 3:.S.56So$se6 @{:e508 55Sd5o y5r, ero-55,
e6'*o:po$ igodSo w5:. dSoo 6q66d6dc 5e5e5 SoE g{:e5$B
i5Ad5ornd er 65g5:o @6odpo6. 6CS 6Om Sege5 bo6 e.5 ogog
daUu : "e$:Soo66o S$c-SB d$ So6eea5pfla*l$ 5o"! aoe SS1
a.pSo{ sgS $ooer$&:6? o.8353."16

1980 565od er$6p5 3y"o5r €"era.r5o$ ap6&d5, a$e &$ 5g


erso6pQ$ dodc ao6erno$, es 66)p6 ed5n"o6 Jerfld sbfgpd,
ererd abyC,: 13Sq"S$oLS 56bo$se6 Src- Srodp O"erg0 65p6
A$;:$SerCB a,5 eg$yaU SSXHr6. eo54& itoO egd6:5 dXodC AA6
8:eo, S:es, eogr6eo,68o eoQS6:od So65ao$o @6o0o;rt$. epod
ABbC 5513$5g8*o6r aw&o5:o5o x1:oO 6a Sed So1$eo5ro 3ro5p
rSS6%, d6do6:oo ego65 &5*ro. 5pS5pE8, Srodr $55fod
$o1$6o$u: a:6$0.:o;luSooB esoSgd5 50ho0o6. o$ $p"SS ep8n tS:.
o"SB B:.S. a$;$ a:+au : "er546 S$6lC o$e"66orp aodb 1p*F3odp5
eSrS:oBcnS;Sra- SO3o*o$;6 u 1$e0"05." 55 eed5$$ 6h$grn
esd6$ 199117 $oS63eo6odSr SOn 1992d5r 3ro5:',;fuQo Sgne:
t68$6:erd SrHe6rdr"d 6o}6.
.& .563o 5g e"6sod5:df:. e0636 '56;$ $flS;. e-S &fl ae>
8$;6: : "$61655 6.65S So&46od ed5 Snorir 60A6$ es$$ d6:.
$$:Sg 5c$Q$go6 eoo ee $of aco6d:6r$ eoa. eooS:d, o$ 5n65r68
'e$o66 eo54d Streo, 5:o66 eo<;d Strei"o'eoS Suee:: aQoX6r."

1992 arp @o6oC 65 6:66:o158 egdeo d:U$ SeSeE AoE


$d3"0 5r$6, r$$n se3eo"e:: @6oQou6:. e6 fu$:o $$ esdae:s)
S6:$o.65p"5S:ogS 3:.&. pon"6> SF6.S06on" - S@o$$ esdee;.i
OS;Bos, se3eeer $EoaUS; y6eaono 6q66d,5 e$ t66e5e eb35
dos:c-cg n$fgr6. S$:o$6 $os ;$d erd.5o e56od 5e5e5 SoE
(6r$6, t$$n ccn3eo"o) 565o eo$4&.f eenooD."

5Ee 6s $Oca.;5rod egoO6dS 56Sofee6


Eo6S 65pn$S:oge 3:.C.
- eorr55, CBr, odt o*o;$ 56;o5: 3:0*Cu. o55o.r: a.5 $o*F a*;Cu
262 S56r $e5s
- "56 Boe.r$ eodn{5 66g;$od 8o5}16 53:"QSg}{:5o6Q3:OB:oS
5l. gF e, + 6p B S 0 6l u: &5 O o O e- B:p o 5o &. " e, 6JF JS 5p c-' $615 o 6 q.
$
er$s5$oO, rgd 5r"ge6$C' 65p"55:ole$ KrrOo5o6.l' qB dSoo
$ftSo6og erd5$o56$. iod [55:€{ea gonS, o"6:d$p5 esEaFaS
$8.* 5rc- $65o6:q.rySr: ep66 S* fogO cr6lFoa:o60 Bi)6r.
S $6>$o6oodsd8 F5uqpdr ;bipo6 eib'5o1$o5 S6$ipo5.
6o6ooq: &os5 e.{o.::S *B,S6o6 66" - aA <r$5og5e5 Urr6o.
1910d 6$s0d 6€5 665rr"o$ 12 bg sd$(Dd$ *.* 56ds 5u3uu.
flSS lSSouSB 5r6on", ero.5835 Oo65d 66r66r.d So5:$:Spc-
6:o;iFo5rUu.'o esdr6sd e.5 egqra- Seper: $SSS ;tuo6 ego6$ a66
$6:6od goS d.tod a$;a5;d 86n 6. 05oB epdr{Sd e5:5:o66
Sogea$: ilp "d$d oHJo" rl. eso6$ @56o*Uu. 1949d 6156, dfer O"
e{o"1_S Sd '$trc.6: er{3ea ir$$ sg{Sso$' er6}3$rn 1g8$o05
6f6S:oS 1989d cp;$S:o66 Se3eeSB ael6er doOfo 56$21... Bo4o
eee"66 655$od ego6$ $q6 6o6. a$3:6c 81 5S. er$;68 aoy esd
a@So esd65$ Eo0p6c6r 6o6. ;$ibiuq6 fo$ao$eD q)p" epC egoir5
55o3e6r. eeo$q. ,ao6S656o ,59 Affig rr.s, esEJFiSS rFC,
&65b"o5n SOAEB n"C d6.

9Q5rlo 6t5:+6....

1992 er$a6 30 ut': s65 boSr SOAE - 6rRl6, 554$ e5:5:o66


C08:$S &66, 138 epC,:r$o B6er:;,
1$5EoOo6. eo546 116 ept'rt$o
esgt eefrt$e J$d" dagS co$:$c, ec5:6 6S, s"g 3rodr65o
$665orn 6OQSS Soa:C,:6:odS @56o0o6. a6$rc- $$:o $6
egdaoi5r 6gofuo56d:. s-s, 6 sloS:6ot$ 5**
S$$Sg;w$ o"sg
?:f;rn o"66: dooda:. "$6 erda.od sps $oao6o d5:. a+5p s:oa
a-5 Bo dtro - &doa(u 6 u66g" - aB a6fl &6:6:o6" er$ 1$58oeUu.

***

ar6o3o6 263
dq66d.5d aodlo e$6s $o5 s6o$o5rs: a,6 $o{r:ecs
e6eapo6. dogx 16{:65 dEA:.oX eer e6g5o2 e"5 eodgod nsfgpS
$in*o"Q GSo"SXDoL8B epo6daUu. o"sd eodr6gds ao{o
suo.535 5$c-s1 er @o6eeQ do5${:65o Js" 65 es6sodg
SSSo"S'$; sSooa"(p. Jer6od....
"do1g oa65 irs056eo: 90 5o?:5o:, pd5 dgie 6eer 25
SoBSer, do$ $oga&:S dtse 6eo 54 5o?:5er....81{o 169 5o?:5e:
{g5e6eor eo6}3$rn 69 S"o o{3 ag"or. er54S1oo d6:rn eoan{g3
Bg'*r. @oeQ 66: $56$odg &SSo0.ror:. 6 {(6@
Bo€cd es
6wer: $QoXo6:c E0!, er& eodwg5dd dfo afSS s6:o $S6c
,:$gr5oS&$;. eoo6:5s, €o515$65o 6966d,5d doec$ e$6S &oS
S6o.5€co $o06. ep65rc- t6oa6 O d$o. Jo5:Sod o{er6 66*SSq)
86oa6 6 e63 eodn{gB dO$oep6:..." 6 $Srtr6o a03 es s.6g5s2
$d 5r..56 Src- $a6. "$Soac6> 248 Suod 6 e$6s $o$ cQo.50co
5>oS6."

* df55od G6q"5$o1e B:.C. 56So*Fcr6 OESo aw&oO ,6S*6


eocr5Ss 563o5: erss5sooos s$oo:o*Cu. ew@ S$a:c So6SmrQ$
s6eee:$) $50oS ego5:Si! e.3:po*oi$5:q6. 6 $S esoS:S ese,:50*F6

+6*oa:d Srge8(rc- da aotrStS.1. ;ogfoS S53oaop.o:oXo,. s$,


eo$p8 o.a8o5: f6fidrf
655;$e6er JS6r" +5?co>S Ogado6r6$ 3r.S.
ers:$o16:. b.$. drus S6i.da:erod, ercu'55 sFeJ 65g;$s6:or
&oi,r6S S653o56o.

e SOASS +6?:o:1 5ud


6s3r"o*t$. ere.65 665$o ?:Oh
REEd e0546 ero"55, udt:o::o 5r0c Src- 466r" Ogado66r. ego6:S
44P6, '3:"o6165 espso' &Sa:oetd $0tu6p 6oa-o5, eooSr5g
er5$6p5 aO;6;$;$5e.ro eo65:o eofu6dd 6o0^rd5:c 5a$3fu.
esd&
o5?cor: 5q $(::$5e,r$ eoor:S eoo"55 e$ a"5 B660 5a
$56dEoaSS eo$$oaCu s.C, eCB 65;,$ tuof,*e.:o6 6$ ao5$
eoSSda:.

264 S56r $e$s


Sa d6{5od 65p"$$ogs B:.8, ere5Sor SSoaEd $r"t$ J.*
5er:(r:5:oa(u.2n eso6$$)o6 eoo.5S a66 eog5 $CoOS po6$o6a
6rc- So1$6o6er: a:o$6:. 1$q"$$o[8 3:.S er$:$oealoX6 - eo"55
eed:"68 66g;!o 6665 5rgo6,:6:oX6S. SewSB es SSoa:E 3od eoo"5S
ad a.54$O e.:J"5.3r uo6:$o.f Srgna-t5.'zs s5 aa:6o656, SS*Se)6p
eoo"5$B 66gi $oaoq"o: dg.

d6drorteq:. s65502 Sl"SoSS $Eoa6 24 50.1o6. Epo6. 5156,


g.e5$eer (ege"eerd fX,E) SEo* Bo(r$S:oa- 5156g d66
'5016
SOpoSe.rSB 3:.$ So$SoaUu. a"d e.54 50fu46o - $o1$6o$er e5e
6o(gooi56$.
1992S5oa6 255 G5qFS$oLe e5: Sbtuod ao6e FoaE 5d e"$
6ir$5 Sipd.Jo a0lt5:. eo6:d ,*55, u6$o::, 5e5e5 SoFod 3:.4
56;oar$. o{er6 g6*5$erd $6625 aohd, 5r$6 6166e Sofr
1$5n6o rf:Oo0 esd65;rS0 ?r53ooa6r. "$S&g i0r:5o6 $sS 5o66C
$o *F5: aQoXo" epC eg po6:5:u: o615o da6:.2u
(re, 5p$:reln"J...odioo,r: 6555:od fi:qo$a:deco a$o d5,.
er
65 $$a:oerl $L6e 60tu6a$oirg6:. S6oaE 24 i$os 86oa6 23 566)
665 dssd p55 s;$deq: a66aE6:o1or:." er s6nJ.at' 1gq"Sorp
.56;3 6035 eodo - 56*5 5g e6er 6oee5ro. dsfdd es eeodo 55
5r"gp6)dr. o€?ror:, p6&d5, as$e $g iero6 665{ {r:(eaC
$A$S$fc, eodn{5d ea$6>o66o $6:55 };$6$g $"655onr 50&46o
w+oc SAgrot$otrs sB43f34 a&36r. +d$or: $5rqr.bod $o63Q
do60 SodUu &Sa:oeu S{>Ja esgliro$ aanelsdr"6. epor:d,;r6?roe:
$SA:oeud 6$$5g5:r6,:5agno i6.5dnQ & u54o5go $S3:o56o
$f d: af au'Eo.$$oX(u. 28
*{.*
esd s5oa6 28s rr:$o$$ & '$a$6$g 6.659 so$4eQ
ersre$8o$o6. $o[u 66+6 aO;S *F5:S, &6oac6r 65 $56, @o6eaod

ar6o;o6 265
a66dd) s6*ss sfoo$6 Soxea$d3 &rrg:o6." "6 g6*5 65g$o
d6oo da5erB, @$$oB 5116$ S6tu6o dA:.o. ego65:&oO SrSd)
6sgg f'se $* aero6 se3eo e65L55ncg 6'xo$ec$...." ess S$:o$6
Cd5 3,ro5n SoAEs egd8o0o6.

es 65orp 66oaUr 6$ 6o?:$5 g6:156, JryoB '.JS ee&L6$ea'


a6sizoc- ;$66$dro65: sP6&d5, a$e $0C ${p esSS&oOo6.
(,ouJe)e,
eoa"553 +6'$or:ern" 3$3$oa-$ aB:;Segrn" epsS:o$ *6:65o d6.
epoS:d erc6$ 655neao de6: - g6*5 d6ero a6g$swp93 gs&Srn
5:"g6$ a;Uur$6:o5S, 05Og $:o66 So.3eeSB e6>q: SEodC'o....
$%6 5eo::" epoe aS ;0"4o.
1992 &doa6 2.....ero"55 tFgeJS 5>f $gaoeod 6o56n6go
aodnoa. fd:Jo esd,Us.$aelS dsel SoOln"O. "bp...Sf"'l elo0cp
eso*6. a6;6,: eo.55c S6rQqr. $gia:oeoc ao&obd* rF6S6
ods":oo 5:r f8oa. 5led6r'd s$g off s"Q 65;er6rc- efS6r
6o65,5;s, eo$foSa:3 es5$56orp erda ffSSc egoS:S $Sa:oeo Sd:JQ
eo&o$de6:. eg $dd egoS:S Jo6 a555gon" A$36od - "5rdo6:g:
.6a0d qron"6 66e6. eo6;& 60$6or flOSgG 50;5od &$orn 55>

d6.""
q6er 6odm, pe.:8o5: b0eo"ipo$ 15ee9e 6.56 dd'fe.:
a6t{:do6. &doaUu 65 d6o"t': '0+o"S35 5156 ce3eo"Q
Sro33o6:c-c3 a:a6o665, €S*5 s-656{o ersdff:UroaU:. 6 $o6&
&d5 B:"oc5r fo(59 do:(r:.'33 $6drr.S6 &Uod e$ Ser:Krss 6r$6,
{r.-o;d55: 1$ineoo de6:.3'do$ ao6OB53 Sger 1$6"S;$o1sB a-5
'eoan€S6p$'S6pa6o 6o3:o*ou - "ec.@SS6> $'-o;36$ e{5 3:.oc5r
60A6 6eC;60$.6 d$oa." wC epoS:d$ 'qA 39"6eo
e"5 ese3in:8
e5o$65; $5ra"6o' es$ s'p6- es Sper *O-;oao.l. 3c.e SQBrd:o:
a.5t5: es 0&o5r$;6+S{t" erotr6: - "& aoBOESp 5go pda5o:
eerfr dot'; +eD5od 6o0.rqr:. 5r$6, Sr.oeFd ;r$ abod
5S?:Sn;$oe,:n6. SpoSlFd er65rc- og$ Aer$oer6). "

266 sS6> $e6e


eers5, 51160 sr$rr.6 CBq 6 56*5$ gao $f;6:5, c's66r"
6q66d,5d $6g6$oa6r. &doa(u 55 e6: o{ dt1>SoXO. eo54&
;,$o0 edn{gB $J"6 6o0,ro @dneao.erdr$SS ASA* o"Od
ep$;re*Ed ee eLA e-S bdd &floo"5:5:$q:6.
es Sdd $o[u SOueSB SoaoQoOS 5{o: a"6o 66:pd e"SUu

5nge6o&oX6:. eob;Eo"w ee&"65 659$rS9 6p6orr 65g 15ew$(ea


SOflS a.5 5g$ Src- eg Sdd Srgnc-6r. eo5:d o#.:ou. s$, eso6$
1$$ot{o flO6g€ eda:. J$6 5o Srg"c'64 er$; $;5ra6o ao€OE$;
6f;6 6oer:o6. e,5 896 5:E, g'5 awBc5 {ooAS rdBoa: eg $dd
5r.H.66r., exo Kr$o$S esdeo5> il6eQ5geg B$p6r. epods6:,
ego6:5 e0546 $i:rSsCB eg Sird:pQ BSo35 &6: aer ao6od - "eo$46

t&$S*, daSq: dS$f.:;c fuf:o$6 33:po6. da5 erod e"54 atc&


ae, d+6r? 9o6s:o6 deo 5o"! do Sgso: $6e6:. 8Es* coa&
J.6d6, Scr! io6*6 coa6 &6e6:?...3o6 Sr6:;oe6:od eo546oe
Sr5o0u e$. rft51$o0r:ot^ror:5o"! sa$ 8o6 5nd;dUu. epoS:S$ 5o
SArOZ er546 drtuS 'J6$ do5po....."'u

u€i:or: 65 1S$otlo ;5r:Eo'5nJL66 s66-e>d g6*f5:o:


d
$6$i$dr56. +6$or "5:6oe odr$5crs Jo65: Bd€co?..." epocar
Sd{on" ag"6c ?rJ;oo*Uu. *s, tu60 $$fr.6 dar Us $5o6od
"E $re5r" eroerr eg 66*55:er eodw{g3 Af;e.:"SB g$53bo*Uu.3'

ao6'*oo 65$ eS: Co5ro[&ottr5:oeu $QB &0n 5d;46:. aSpu


3'
eo&nu, "SSr; erdr{5 aff f oX6oXr5" eo$ B$;:$oe.:n 5d3e6:. egd6:5
a,Sdd B0; 6od,6Uuod eooC (es €$e:r dd56gr.) eso6:$ G5q"$$o1s
esoDaodpt$ v6:. ss, tu60 $Sfr.6 dA 5r15o 65 $53t4
E3o35cg:n" eodn653 eg dar e1d dOSoaO. esdbsd J"er: esoOS 1f659
ero"55 src- 6oXUu. ero"55 gob 69
- o6.$oo.f Bf 6o66t$3 ss,
Card SOb eodr{5 Bger.$€ $63ooo;$$oa6.
;r$Sfl fSSg 66p$;S6odS esXoSrCo'3C
flS6 &oud6:o[eo6o
o{3 }566o 8B:po6. sc, er(ed oQe6:f er$36d {o5roddsor
ar6o;o6 267
Eu6oo5r5o.>.55oa6 25 Sod:owepn3 5o$6:566 500 5:oB dod, eg
$oqrg S5oa6 go p6g 1,75,000 B, 86oec6: 5 eBB doc5: o{oB
d6:$o6." CAer 6Eb6S epQst$erSr "dboe 1peo6on"
eoood eocr55,
a(ut$d:o6. 5d5> g:on"6: 665o&" eeoerr dd$ a*36:.3e il6 e
d6{} Jer a5560n 6? er546 a6/u6:{ 5qH 5 }oa# 6o1dr
+{3 Caorn BOo6o"?...eg eLe aF* er@S$AS 5u.6 Sd5:e.rg
5r6oCs'eg"$8$fpd erd 5u3aod &19tuoa6.
69o0o6...
1992 &6oa6 6....

es oo5r5:Of;6r 5o[u50+6d qpfip5, aag6o665pd6$6 C56)

g8o$"5, s?p5b ;wo6:$t$ es.s65$o6r"5'S, &QS 06od6 SoB e66


o"o5r$oi$ 5el$$oX6.ao

5r:60 STSXFE C&, erd 53$ eoo"55er ddd6:o $65g66E e.r@

5r$5, 560g dOSoXO.ol er$p8d ee $$6, @o6ea$>oer


vld:.oa6qr6:o.f, epE s5a5p"Cuod (So[r S5o$o ?:6$er)
So&#or:o6. er vldroa6o"Uuerd e;b$o1$ S6;$ipo$ eoqra-S:
do65 esdg$oa $ftgo:oX6:. ;r$ 6eaSE 6ooo5 $oft Soodgi5r
er548 S6gS{eaB er$$SSoX6:. $0So6 ;6o8 S5o$o *Sg:o er54&B
S03S 56*5$oo6o5 665n 6"*f soacder ${:&oa6:...o$"c4"5,
60o05 iF0(DeD i$qr Soec& 6e;6. [S$orn 65oXrooo 5Q5L
65*SSo $opg 1,50,000o5: d6:g:o6.n'
S aS $;!rir"o xboO 6r6ono 6o60.ro $fo 468r, eoe5So:
6fu$qn 56*5Sq:6Sea Soo5roer 56pa-oC $r0oa"t$. er$"yt$ +$
upse w5>oa- p6g. 55fEp6:.n' 20 s$foer 6ttro6 u$ $56:
J6r6n" 200 5;erg J*d 65;e5:5q"5:o53 $OSqU:. e0546 Scrpea:
Sss Sas56 $6.1o1d:.
Se5i:xo 12 6o€cer.....

268 e$6: $eSs


8g. iFOf), oQs6rer:, $so"6s(ue:: 5q es @o6$oe a,S&O
5oo5r&6h Be;61. "a54& 6OBe eooe er5r$d 6o6" eeoerr" 69g
p6o5d Sipu6o qfJ6. 6a $5n*6o eg $5:o6od US $;:"Sod
aE6r"$d a"5 t!:oEd 6os de .5rQ5L E6q"s$oLeB Sooa. eperf,
o6'$or: Spa- 6$ sp$od s"erJc 6c so3Qoa6:. 6ad
aw@S$6:S J6:6t{:oc- a$d a$; e.5 g5o6o ag ;too6: soec&S
ero"55s, q66 ;ro6$oJ 66$6$uod ,$"QoX6:. 5o$8 eroe
est$6d 65;e.pn SSao6cef o6.

er5$39rr...
20 C&:&o 6Uua.6 a-S 5:9e6,: 5156 $:$n a5; SOfiEb df5:f
$o0 Jflo dtrog Srsc$. {*# t{>;b3eco e>oE $:$6 aqr6o 563
Js3c3:. As6(Del: qron"6:n" do$ iFOKu 6eo $So esccr qerF
'Jre6.
er6p6es es So$$B dt66n" 65;6eo SSSdd6r. 'E @,eSr' eooc.:r
Sc8oSS; €6er, ep6:6o S6J sQ. H*# So;$o6 56*55:o 5ofr.6b
df frB 6156, fi:S:3e^:"er J€4e6:. J6gec$o6? dog 5o 6'ogd eo56
6:6:3e.r0g ewaldQoX6r.
40 $o563eu:rn 'qo&dr' ess be6at$65g G:S:goE) Sr)Q
a"54$on" o"t3 6:po6.
***
e5:5e"$o555 SaS x$oo erur55 5pQile6. "S$ epe,

Sn{ro6rnd 56rep...So5eD...3o a$o 5:$6 fir;$3e.ro: Jd2.So16:. 5o


ag6r$dod o5$S:drg dtro es r{:5:3c;'or J345o{ $Af SSf:c
5ro.;0.:o $$o o6,16:5; $O5eol SSBrocrot."aa a

e64&B 700 gC$erfl fir6od 69d tFcFS;$o[o ao63 esds $oa


ea8o5, uo$$er a,So 6Uuod e-56: #5 SQqO. wS, 1$qr5$o18
s65502 Beod:oaUu : "56 epoc5:ewe.r:d d6c." eg S6:o$od egddr5
sgirs6:oa65, tlgs SQoX65 656wer:n 5o35 @a"edb cao e6.
saws3 ee $$o5r.sg ego6:$ 65 ee$frr 66d $poO6 eoQsUr:od

ar6o;o6 269
5o;Qo16:.au er5;&3 sU
5r6oC (ere55, ;p6'tra:rer ugdS:o6
5lerg
tu16:6) tFO 6€*66 65 ao$ dc *"Es;6rc,.d frDer.rr.u8s e6'?co,r
aoEB dg.Ur. "S$ ad 5og eso6$ e.54d 6ox6. 6a .:rqo1O.
erg{irod esd6$ ar:ipo J[6a&o6. da 6Ug6]6oC 5r$61 5r0iF56o
.5r {y { * €?: ol: $ o t$iood f p pn ipOr 6: " es s 6, 6 d KDS, ile6, {r, e.p d.
eodr{5C $Ofis ex> 6od, e$n" ao$ <no-;c dc ae>eod qpXgo
o€5o,r:B 533o6. ee p4so eocr553 d6>. egoOS e5>5op5:o655 noa&
e5r6 (*{Sea o6:o1et' fr'o6:Sooel dniFdler o6QoX6. "66o8..$:$6:
6fl 6o&..e$So qo6:$$o ed6:..." eeoeiro ero"5b aog6 ffo6: $c$SS
eo6{y$ 6ox6. "es {eaod 3s af;dsod pedgod SDcneFo5r"$..."
eoc r${d$:$otrUu ero55.nt es S;$oir$B erS;d aSg $oEu uo5:S:eD,
a#osPfo $aa:o::r"s.s. d&6 Src- c5r6 @Sea d5:o[eo o"5e $SS
qp{# sd..sd..sd.. JerRQ 5156 434$ 655$s.6o3. Bs34 66:3s
ber:Q.$ 6ox6. eaSrd SaoS:ed bo6o$ AD56 5:o5 a6g$rq
S6rBQ"d 6ox6. erero6 ea$r6 Spc- es 64av eg 6555:w6Q
eodS$o*6: : "e.5 6Ber 3ar6oaXo. 5:O dESga 6Sy. 3o6:5o9,...."o7
es dag$f a6gofi S55o"5 r$$ Src- 6ox6.eso65 ire.rf B$;ood

: "...es 56*S$OJ $SoH fe$,s$ SodB er6o8 - es$ ea$r6 *e>


eg3,5on erod6:."48

& 3:u:ino, ?l$305u: 55 ee Oaas, S$do$d6r. 156:S{eaef


$e3eop$ adgS:o es {eaod ar@SSA: t}o6eaod SOqq.$p$oso6.
XDS6 r{:5:3e.rer5: Sepu:s$6. o6SoS 8o6$ e$ dA r$6r3e.l0g
do$ t$odeUD.

e5: *o. q:on"6:no SaS$o6.f Srgnc-er0 #S $So


an Sege5
B6:5:6oaSS, esodd a,5 3:C,r6: 6&5o6 3go 0$6&o5$ eoo"55
ttQdfD6roe6r. ego6$B 65g5 J564 3$36: - AD66 6:;5r3eco
Sr0irsor:o6. eoip83 $r5x;xo 1:55 epo>o6.nt 1990 ?:Qoa5d ei1:
Rt€$eE $o0 @6oflo$S 6i7"1-5i Srhob Je> aod.J:"6dS ere5$ el
itc&oiro Suod sq 6o0co &ea: $"6:.;o8iFd6r.6. eod $aS5lf aq

270 e$6: $epbe


6:o4 $1addoC,:5o55 &:ge 8aoe6> : "3o6 ar* 5>5 otr55 Sroa&
6q6.$o6ro16o cios. oryf 6o&iFdpeo6r5. e-SE dot$ $f eso5:s
pB 5ur;6:.'io6 c5:6d;$o'es$ $d 5d esi$$oe.:r 6oBiFo$"Uu." &rL@
f:d A6oi:o Snc- 8$36 : "$Sfp6 CBr6.qn, $62gon" 6o8iFo$6.
sS, ep.#5bo6pd ryoB &:6e uo5:5:q: 5*16o 5{ 5r:ot5: a6:r{:65;er
4l*Se.5l"b LaxFJ5o65&lFoJp6)."50 6 6o56nado i$oo es dag 3otr
's{ ao&o5:.' ess6p&$o6. eo$;6es S6*5$oJ'6h6o&..6fl6o8' eps
@goos, &5;ooo5 p$f $ao5: Aeo ssa6$n"oo. c56) g6dJ"6,
$Q5 06o{6 qos. *s" S:oB esEaFJF s655{er 5:Ide;iro$ es
So6odoC $flqO. Eeo6 derSS$ ds6so$:oe Jt5r6:.5rQ$g
e6:d$f.: e$5o1$ 56$(:.o5 5r$6> SpOil6or$ Spago 5"{r"S
S6;$5o6d06piFdr.6.51
eg S$A:g {g56 6o3o5e.lC3 3o.6 lF0Koq) eeerp BnpToed
$OgS
5n{g.o&iFdr6. e"5 }cn a:o$ derodb5 XD$6rgS a{Cd, eg.
$a$u5 - ';1os:gi$o1O esdao5: Srb{t"' a"g[S er*46:.u' @e$r$
d$eroe $o6o16o es6 fioere3 S:.d t$S3oo 5pa- $.OiFdr o.s.
5t.{t d aox6.
{.rN.*

40 ssc&o 66:p6 69d 6o.S$ogs es{56god dog$:o[S 5$o


6966d.5d 5e5e5 bo6 1${:e5Qu*$fr 6e3sooo6.
eg55pd,5od 6{ &g 5:o1S r$S$Ku5:oX6: : "e0546 Sr"gedeJ.Sg
S5: d5>. d>S:oep &566 do1o...S:o[o Sfod 6{ 965o6 $coS:S
;toSo o"o6$6 awSE {6F frtUd:5ngoc-6:. 'ag0ho6 6S6pS 6gcr6'
eooX6r."

qoi$c:o;$n" erd tr$06:od o{d 6q6$d,5;5rq:g$:o[& SeSeE


bo6 55 65sg edes:" $a6:.u'6s6S,oo65:6n $$a:oeod ero"55
(pc- cpdpsn doS:SqU:.
***

ar6o;o6 271
d85ooe +er$6oo aej,! fio$6on" 6o6. 5 {ro 5i:rer
$6{u(eaer aodr$eiAp eoS; esod65 3er9o6. gStro doorSo6or:e
$68i"6s ;1uocS:n"d epo.5o d&oe6.un 5r$6 SrolFoo:S *{
e0;t5:;e d.5$:oe e5B:o$o6. 6gd$ aw6r5:$6: 6f6 Sea ila:Sou>
r{:&5ra-6:. esoe Scl.d.JoS aanirseoe6:. }b" a$r5: ;w$od-6;
@eo6$od @o$6;o d&q6. "q6 &S eolq"6mp$ B$6So5. 5r"
;$SKr:q: SOEiFdror:. "56

69de SBb do@ str"5oo5:od 6rc- oeS6eao ao6 6o$6on"5p


6o6. o"Q sE dO56O;5 5.9 iufto o"odr$6c 35o56 a{'. eroS:b
es{:Soe Sood:&6t{>6r tPS s655{S esOo6$o dS$oeu" "ed!
3ro6:6o e#p6o $*e6 qP6>r"s0 eooe.:p $6$g5er Oo6o*t$.
S il"q BeDSd$$dr"cg J$.s.pds ;rr{6.6dp :r$a.5 d$$od
6ox6. egEaSaF SE $oflruo5 gSSS;o55 135SoSS ego6:3 6d6r"6)
daUu : "Sr5 $ipago 5:5 ad€duo erQbegs3 g&Sm d5; Ce3eao
5:"-o;do5:a&Soe$5: - epo6rd $fD e"6$Sfuoo e6iFooo - ;16>
eg5oSon 606."57 sS, C&n" 5:'g"f:l6>$g6Co 5n16o egEaSaF po$S:q:
Sr64J.o SoEu ctcr.c3 616g6o65g dd"q. Sgio d,a6:. $o[u
*r"c.S&m a"5 Sa$daQ C653:"oOo6. epo6rd a,g SCoOE ;ro5:5:q:
eeo16 : "6555r $6$go S:$ 65a"65:o SOd d$oc- &66o $Odg
JSudd
dL
Bgirsor:o6{. aert aUur{:6:o6." 5ap S $$6 SpO#5c.:o
eeEJSJFc q6serod ?:$o6. 5r$6, SpOisor:5o{u$ u{3 eg5o5om
6o6. sS, .65ga$o a"gidaw0itsoo5o6r6r eg35$n" ao6.

5AroddSg! 65; aw&S a{eoO ee eL& G5q"S$oLe Bo.&.


56$o*rso.6 deard 5:.$nc-6 : "XoS eew5o6o epSU Ser:5er, esde;e:
5r5 ce3eapo6. a$;:ti: aero6 SofoQBS 6 So6ogSo e"S?:i$@;$6o
i6:po6... dS a,S; Sfd6:o 5l epo6o8 $;$on B$p6u$$oXS:. 6
dXod 5r65qs S$or 5&scQ5; aeo6 65:s $5fsQ $$o b3,roSa
d6:.u'eocr55 rn6 +6-5do6o Sa6. $$6:9 55: a665C esoS:$ a035
*F5: epa65:c
Qa
doo6..." epdl5 SoF 5oB s.og5 oo6:5:ep $r$6,
272 S56: Sebe
s{oirod 1Sq"S;$o1ss cxoo2&ag16s, sa$ uf55 565o &(r$o"oc
8c.S w6g602 A$36. 8c.S $3o65 5$erod - "ero.55d: +6"$do6o
deS, ao6 eoSS hoF sg[rn 5odQ"6?."ut 5r:60 5r$fr"6 668\
;$OSo5Od $el: e*r55S Spc- eoAS $dno$ 133p"55:o1S egdSo;r6:.
eoo'55 5:r 6s&suo So;$ferc3 B:.c es 56r;wd $r"dgA,er: s6$oo6r.

ew@s$a: 5:"oJd65g eofiS s5ed6 6sS{ }$oqo85 5So


doJ:'er5:083:
(r-qodr o$-qo s6$ooa. u{o56r 6SF6 SQl6od5ir65,5lt. s.s,
eo{s58 55sd5on" a,Se.:dr.S6.uo BSB4 son 5r"t 6:$se3n"o6 s"65
6Cuu6 Co"55o6:o:Sg eaSoS:fB""U Srodp aw6oOa"*q 8fo*o0
S$agnoo. eoef, aSyd,r ac.@S$a: {r"o#n$ eg6a5a5, s:r.53)
5oferS: 6Ab6S" st0oaoa.6l Su.6 o"$d er6&o5: aSe $0
6d:@5e:l 6$:dod:agroo.u'
;p€tcoo A"dg! UgSdSoU egdfSg 6:6d:"g6. +6?:o:r r{:oo0
6al.E i$*pa5 eso66d5 Boe<$. esd$S Boer$ {r:eo'dg ffS $,aCu :
"56: 6{eoo 50; odicoo n OB .6a60; SOEouO. eed6q. i56$r.
s;5uo"olo5dS#OoXo."63 saws3 6r$6 Srofrsor:s$3:6 ;$irtagS
Sra- er54d 6o}6.esd6$ e6'*or:d eroX6 : "er546 atirs$irq:oo56n
aoaUoS. eooDil io6:5e> a:o6od ud eo$o s.6ero d6)."

o€*oo ae0*;(u :

"1761oB $C5$> du$od Sra- i:eeo 6665 $*,s$fi"Dd


6o16. eor)il ioeeel €.6iFdJ"6)...."64
*rf *
q6ory ao6r6u$
")56r'dSfS:* 5r"9"6$3 ;5p0cq:. 5q:6:0d
Srdr:;S;Syfo 5116o * $$61 5:"o;d6 c{o6od Bro6r ar&o6:+o'sB
55&d5orn E:.f;c-O;SQ +6tooo: uer awg{girn Sgsiroo$4n6. d)X,s
esopd e-54 +55o esdo6 : "d:io eg SSf:c $86foa"o;,$5:oXo. es,
S$oa5:dr6o. eg0fl So"CB *er ecedSf,l6>oXo. "66

ar6o;oA 273
6" 5545 6
6ger$ ciro5rod 658 eS: $$B 5r6orn 6oear$;5;68,
&S&oeud 5116o egodr$ $Qs dS5orn $Xo${g. iu;fu. 658 ;5ro0
darel ea6u:oXos:5, eserf, eoo"55d $Q8rdgod 6pc- 6:g€ $oo
es$edo 5{po55 ego$S g{3:"o*6:. 5t': So563eo}e.r:65 6o"6pe6d
ee&"63 6555nCB 6r6on 6o0u" 5035 +€*o.>B a$;:t': 65 es5$6o
&$B ee> 6o5S Erc- eo$;$ooo6.
"...$$6)' ero"55 e.S;$one pe.55od3
Sr.Oer6651$3:6,l
aw8iFo6rUu. eso$$ 5$ doec o$:$o: s6:6o1or:. eso$S $$K)
C5opil6o.lo6. SoeSo*f CoCg"c-t$. eoo6:d, ego5:$ aoESeCSoe
eS ar{565?,r{g" edo"Sl" Sa(u..."66 esp 6"€?:or: e5ar5$o*Uu.
od*ood 6 S6eea$o c-qsfidsrdr5le6>. 1990 uB 66oJpL6
&(ro$odn S, 2002 uE i{:ae6 {u(eao Siro5:od n"S o€*or
$e$;o5$ 4"5# 6o"6on (eoodsgsqrn') 6o0rlo6. wC, eoo6:5g
655, A"g c5:"6o ?:t':do6 eo$?c{ $rqdo, egoSl$ Boe.>S }$n SS:Qod
$1udS q&:&itse6. er6 sa5$od v5:, $0 rg ps5 er{56d. ocr5$
pe6 ao65: e6:{o. esoS:S $;o55 iluopu BSpo" e.Sd : "$$6)
fsod eio66 opapO ec $6:5:qo. yC, qe>o6 Srfod e5:.'esd65
dCUod aepsoo trod*po5:o5:o. 1990d eso6:S 66o$.165: Ss35
S3o5$ eso65 gr.6- e,S s;$$>FS po5:5:d er$; &a5S$;5OfloOo6.
s=S, lgg2 &doa6 6 u6 & 5156, SrO;d6 eso$S Sa5$Sg
$dOo0dbo6. a$;:C,: $dl0 egoS:S 6$ $64:96& So$so 56
esp"65d SoBe 5d;So6. 56;p6 yood eoo"55 eKuS:oX6: : "6 5r$6:
5r0*For5 66av e dCUodSg" e#5o6 6:o5o."67
9Q daro 6Uuod eoo"55 'B ao&o5:5 i5;g:5' $gOSd ao6r
a"5$o: ee6:. S 6geJ6g s6eap$ dAC egoS:S fiodrgaf;6:. eg E6&
- 'ro6d(f) eop555'. eper6s 55p*d SS:55o5:o s65&,$egrn"
6r.Hedd6r. 1990d 65 66d:"Ld Jo615;5:s{eed, Soo6$5od }nod
t{r*S{t oe0;6a 1992 8,8oa,6 6 o6 (l6$Sgea s65e$) 66g$od
it6e16. egoS:5 +65 Je> aoSod - "1990d ep6JE tFo"S6:og8 65o6ec

274 ASdr $e6S


@5)rF 66o5p[60 eo{>Sano0 esi$s$ 6o6(u. e$, a:Se56 i"$dc
erc6f;6 eaSoiro eso65S6 es $S$o)oao::. eS: ;1oero6:obo6
dr"55 (646t$dt5rrerg$:o1e) SoXpu$er 6g A'S; Le$ fo uo5:$&n"
SUrrS:o;$$+oS, egdS:S erong$E d5F55S ASEdd * oir"Ld$
eo6r$Soa6:. e>el:"dr"55 615 6$35:oc- &.8:.SoE BB:35$ $aUu.
eso6$ 666g6o (55&) ipfer"Sg s"6ea5:o$"SCu. eobp6 i::ero5:o SoEe>
aSyC,: eo{:S R:oE 6q"5$o18 3:.C.56Soife$ 5f6 5giir0QoXCu."68

ed afaeac ercr5S 65 i.g sAA€ad 4rc- 5Qo$ddro 5o"! essq)


cad:"65 65g$o Je:o 503o6? d.5ar5{om Srofi$f Bo95;
eo{15eq}So ?:Onis65g $S:o5rod o"S; ewrn ?:oSi}E8ro$o6 &?r53:,
egEaFaF 56o6o,66:o6 so1flS. 6 aACB esoSgorn 503o6 qp6&06)
aser &$. d" $54$ &gC eoo6f;6 Soger:, tuss>o6 d65et e6g5{e:
5ro6:c5r$ pe$, er56:er: dc S6dg5dAo.f XTSS6Q$; $d:o:,
5o5o... ao55:o6 Sos rof,u $oo5 s$pipo ad sprd 6dr"ps
p55o ec$ 5o"! epSoe dOSU: EpSo,e6 *p56er $Kyiro.

,n@s$r: 5roir65c.:o es$a esa a"g esbo5dslpos $Eea"i:d:


6$;, t$ea"0eaf;orn d*S Sp v6: - el5g oo"sg es 64ai, er546 6o8
.lF$S *er S>oB $oer: da6. 55 Sg Sod SRl6> X:5:3e.>u>
6r.oeF6eJ"sJ 5r.SS e"5 a:6go* s(Ug* E$;6: : "ee5o@ $d. d5iFd,
+€?cor: Jo65:ed6? e+od eda:. eero6da6 a:6666.fods
ego6$B Srod aer*osa$ edA:! 6 5:1eo BSeo es $f;:6r 6q6 -
ero"55, u6?:or:, 3:.&."
S6tr"6 $o563eole:l 6 $$6, Sro;dd So{rec5p 6egQ dss
a"g 55:AS ecr.6 3oo5 Sgee: Sd655, 6oir6 dgoa. crSgSs6o -
'$$6 5r-o3d6 BSwo 5:g: ao6. Adb, ee6JFJ5, e?r"sb, aae6o565
$ofer 6a 6rLcrd qp6$5;tDeD.'6e eg SS:AS ao5:eo?:S5 67 $oB
5:locnOg6 +5?:o,r:, erd 53$ exr55o Src- aoac{:.7o
epe,:5 OSs6

a6erdod, $56, SroiFo::$ 28 So66peo 6(pvd ad dSS s*6ea

as.6e6o6 275
aobs h3rr6 $6 uf &a;c zozo ?:Qoa6d Be50oso6. $6 Us
6Opd o"5 S3$ eoo"55 $*F al{o 28 ;toa 6rg*rq. cg!(uu:n"
do.1o6. S &63 soda$o6B S53r5:. J5pd, ae &Op eS€,:o Src- 1992
Sdoa6 6 uE 5:1e.r0 530;6'{er"Sg a66:d:{ 6r(r - erO esdeo{g"
6o{.164 uSB.

s-?:6 a,g t6*J5ed u5S ier 6o0::o6{ Srgno - p6?:o::


6oXS $5g5 ?:6o"o. eoo55n afugnoorn 'jr8,:Qsg +{J" epos" dSoo
er548 60f;6:erxb a$ eoga&Sd." $$5: do$:, eoe55, +d'*or:er 6
655;$o epf:6 $d3o5n6:. e.U&o6 a$e $$ eoo6f6 5H sd*rg
5lf
6r66do6. ee6JS J5, s?rS8cer Od3: ;wo6:5ro B3:3S Sr.eJoJ ogadd$ero
df:.aS $6:6er, So5er S:r"530 Srer%. 6$o;$$5Oo d6:. epod
6S9o {soao $i1:3655o s-5S ep$B:o$o)...

&6oa6 6 eE $Oea"S:'er b"o5r aw6o5:;r6:o SBnoeo SrpgB


es

6rSr Ao6:$ y6rdS:? Sp55e 6O5d, eoper? eso"6 eodn{g 6655:


fu6od $;$$5oe $;b55o5:o dC o$o?:e;.$o uo5:565o so"?
{.**

276 S$6: $ry6S


eo6ngO6:o - 11

esSp;dtSell (1993-98)

wo@5 i"$3 SSOdSon'q66 65S5g'er Aaad dUru: SO3: lFo"d


er$s.ae)) 86oa6:6 o.6 So&eJSef es&p#o5ror:. $r"6 e$t' AaA
6De5$og6o 6{>@Se:: 6{drgoo. egEJFJS, C65 8roc5r SOAE
CtrCpSB 66ofrg3. ero"5$ $*F ee Sofo ud6$0;erd$ da"6:. a6;:pd
AEBr, eeEJFaF uo65:Q Pgf bgd, $6$o6:q: dog 1;5{>65op
S05ori. e6r;$5:fgr6.p(f e.5::f; J.6rEd "9{ eawSoXS{ o"5e
bodp earso 563c-0" es0 8;1poE datS:.l e6af* S6:rgCf $$
o"o5:6:ti: $esreo 5)5Fo 5 $o{ue;S 5r5 *er SS Srgnc-6: : "ire$;
eaSoSrg€3 .f,3:3o0, qp66dasg 6eeowerc3 &Kr:Bg"oc AB3)
(6o5:agso5."'

5r$6 SrOiFoo$ 11 6aaro 66:;pd $paroer:d 3:.S. S6$ofse6


$6$gods s"o1!S 665SoE er$e55 &e3osg OdB: eag$d 5{>56
o"f$o 6d*:gro. so4$o o€t:oo $fa:oerd 65g6ps
&gdiF&QoX6:. 111 $oB Jofcel: 6 &e3oCB eoi$6roo. e6ory
08bB 8o65+$. 336 $oB Jo$er 6 &o"3uc3 55ed5orn d"er $e6:.
5S96 eo155, s-o@*66 gsSg,eroXo.r.'eoo"55 5"e>f B$;erod -
"6a $561 5:"O#5e.:o 5r.$ a6 er66aos;50;oso6. sarc3, 5156,
aep SroiF$ercg $s Sa$dr:. ep6&oo aese $g e"5
65ew&55:gaf;on 6SSi.g. eso6€, $ $o{ue.>S 5r. e,5ss5o65c
dq16Rro6."n Xo$se3n o6 ir65 aOn$ 44 $o$63eo 56+6 $64$0
3:"o6165 Rrgno6o $Sa:oc.rC aerfespS SiroS:on' 5$hoso6.

a:"6e6oA 277
&(&oea:d 083: 5s-B ero>o6. epd 5xoos:od &966 s{ eo{gfe
J Ugp,5 63$ /u.* o 6. er $3 6 5 6 $ $r d Br eo {g! o: n" 6 o1Uu.
6 S Sr S fr. 6

eso65 1991d es 55AdB 5a36:. eoo6$;iro6:565, i"g$ ;uo€t:or:,


ero"5Sd 23 $o56;eolc.r 5&3:o*6:. a$yt': #sl S55 s.oo
$Qs.5$o6. 5r$6, 5:.o3$d rg $$d 56;&5 od$+eosr 666, i"g
e/'ir-e) flS:on" i"0 Soer:+d
5o5zr&3 o$eeer SS3.:Qqo. es Aoe:>
ad5:€,r66$oa- Rr&o0o6"* $sggo d9cB dn. "d3l tps" a:erp$
ur6rS*d. eS, 65&o"ogOSn del ?:C,r6co{pc-d5:5" eoo0r6 e"5 S€3:
;ro$$or. "$gd Jd tuq:5Xuo16:o: 6oa6:. $0,rs, ?rv$E... w$, o{d
6a S5:S5 d5:. ero"55 eloe.Ioo esd6$B re, dcnqp$ Sgf55o.
er5556p5 cAo5r"f dS5o dS*6:. a546oX e.5 558 6:oos af;o
;5r{5 s+5o aDdpd, eso6:5 'o${6g dd rod gr"6'Js do39s 6o&'
ero0,r6r."

$$ e$$ S6CS $5SooJc.CB erSp:d per S:oS C6r5pS ere55


S{on"d6:.5 eodr{gd 6r$6 5p0*r6oo5 6rSeJSe56 esd6sd es63sa5$o
S5;nBo6. 6a tr5s $tro ltraSoa .:oS dQSL 6ofr6:er 653 5.5;d6c,
So5ld$ 55 *65pL6o So€er5de &(1rS56c $3$o $a6.6 eaoS:S
er$pdc 083: ;tood5:Sg erSwdo +6?:oo$ Ao;S:$5e.:o. sS, erdr{g
65g$oC eso65 .$Uu6" $flS5eFfero 5g $u:$6, $co$E po5:$er
eeo$q. $5&dBou6:.?

o"od ero"5S 5:6 *er e"QB 50;o6. SdlO 1993 arsd ero"5$
&$ e#g$om i0;5oIr56.8 $gC e"5 SoSp$ 5"q3^ eer 3$p6: : "es
$6eg eoo"55C e"3rpoSo6;r5*ood:." es $5)d6od $g aw&oO w655f
$5r$a"$ &flSL a"5 w655{ ESopS SrecO& : "$Sfi.6 #er agasoa:S
6Uup6 a$pd$o6 6$d$5o er6gd 5S3:oSo6. ;tuq:5orn ero"55,
;:.5i:or q66" Xfo:rn" 5$5$oe.:r e"50tr5Up ep05o6o;$$5€;o erm
5$3:o0o6."n ero"55 $$ er6gQf;: epb€cod
dgfOd eso6$ pso erO
eoo.r:o6. a"5 5g$ dof:r 56gS 6o65rd55;d &$ S6no6o. eo5;6d
6&05 eg6 ;5rlo yood &6.arcor:d ed?cor: er556o doSs 3d5fu

278 s$6: $e$e


$oSeper StfuB:o;poa:. ao53*3dito6? e,5 3o 66o6 Ade)
$S&oe.:6 $$ o"o65:en +5*o> JQSdr56. esd6$ *6rc es S5&B
1$e&6os5 6Jq ASp 6o0r(u?... aoBSUu.! eld 53$ eoe55.'o
${a:oe;6 }$ oo6:$8m o€*o:: JQ556oe$ }{a:oea:d
Ad8)C eoo6?:q>S0 65; eo$p;Egd +ry56eao So6 56$ e*.:Bd4$o6.
1$q"S$ot_S $6Rroirsei) Sdd ;r€*or:S 5rq'S, "il tuL&6,
$[A:oe;6 Solpo"o5nQ ann" i"6Q"6$$o0r:oa$:" eeq6. eee,
el$erod ew@S$6, 5:.O3S6 S$Ogng 3:.e $5;n gfisoa6$gire;.
u€tcoo {-c- 55> 6S:45aSd6:. "er 5p6J Sbper eo5Sopg3 Src.
eoerf, SloS:i!$oer:oa$:"11 esoerr ,fdg Cfo.O.
$Sfr.6 6*r $$ eo6$ 55s itoo U6p:$ffo.f S:$ e"S
51160
$fFSg o5$or:, $6"5 $*,sJ.6Q ero"55 SOb i"go $83:od PO Sg
6a5o5:5ro6. 5p6o i$oO .5:"* od3 q6ory a.5 (6ee0S $s6t>
ag0hod0 eoCS:QoB 54"!

$Sa:oeo6 SdSd o5fcor: $56:gnoc3 w6eao 5p$5p68, *


9{ ar6}556od aS;:t': ero"55 er5. eroS:S Sf6d6$6 o5*oo.
$gd e aQSf eoo.553 56 do 858 d"e* lFoSe.rQar$ ero.55 er6go6
tpaw5(ea 6e: poSc$t5: 5r"L6$ sg, s.A6d: $p"$;5:o1en" Erc-
ess$oa6).1'? a5;:t3: $$s eS: 5e:elr 5oeD5; 6.5n 5t3:o'54-s3
ssobsod es0s6o eso$S$ oflo$o6. eso65 5o doSrdU:oXOf

***
1993 eg6odod ;r'err{: **o e$S$do5: aQSer a0rno.::. p
tsdl$ es aQSf
eoe55B Sa5rq"$o 5C3:oOo6. 6Q eotofld aaa
ROSo6. egQs.6od3 503o6. s.S, &:6e $r.6, o"*f - 6q6(Fd,5,
${5@d6', 3r.5r"55(6d6 - }g eoQw6o 6 $r"6 **.
Sdpooo6.
$eadru: AEhg a-S $eQSeJoD. 5156, Sr.-oJS6$ ;5r:o6r **q,
"
EEh ;1up5$:o[6:o: ]OQoX6:. a6;:C,: es $:oC, **f ]$ e$eeQ
$dpolo6. 5r$5, {ro;d6 $o{r:e,15 v6eoom ee 5rr"6 **o
5uq:55:o160; eo$;: 6 g6p"S$:o18 8ohoa6:.
ar6o;o6 279
1989, 1991od aoES ew&o6: acgsf ar@s$a:55cd$ (ea:.5g;
655sbo - ABb d,Eog{orn J56c-SB awn" a5S6$&o6. s.$, 1993
aL 6 fu.f:
Jc15d o"&d
\!)ro
$<rago6:o $116o - 6 J6l1:6oB esd e,r@S$O
Sro;dd &iro5:o r*SB S*oa. 6eE ryS:" &So. epo5o" 5tueJod :
"eedF63 6655:od o$4 ad. 6r$6, 5ro#S6od 6"%. *good
J"SrEBq. (es6(ea0) 083; $dpoa:o6. ep$$ a6oe t$aser i:$e.roer
$$55. 5r$6, er<a6$god soo, (6a:o S$e+%. (ea8od:on")
d536-$a.SB SoEuSOpES s5erb5o6 esSvdo 6o6. a,5$O $Rl6,
5rd3a5, qo5 es ac*OS 5r3:o0 f-eg ee8f, er5s6o J54C,:o0r:o6?."13
&doaUu 6 o6 6:$ecS SS$god aons Js;Sf Sg U5ercd
Aa3)g
a.5 C6o5ro ao5:e.:$&o6. 5r$6, $.-oJdb$ {uec5 8,ro61 66g$ 606o
s.6S, SawSB ep6 3ro6r aw&o$o5 E6erg,i:S 53$trdo6.

5r$6, $01$6 A83, (Ss65:5 e-S $65 ess eSF er$$obol$c


eocr55 p5oe.rUu. 1993 o56d ss{ oE sgs6oB eo5:$ es5 5r$}#
a"S;.ft: Hrc-, a,54$po eodn{5 eroa0; eso$S 16}OoSd6:.' n cpa8o5:
*6dq LgB665 ew$ere5$ Sr"ge6rdr" ero"5S a,5 &56ea a*;t$. "5d
a"5 eroeJ;fq,ss o"S;St16{g'Sn6o;d }$S oa5f5o6:6 ao65:. d:o
AdbS a"5 $$n" $au: esoAsoo*oC $a:Soe.roXo 65;, l$ae:
p$d5n od ar06p$ 5d e.Sd epo6o esp6om eoQ*6odB
o.;vs$$soo d6>."'u

5156 S:.OilEooS 66ed sero6 o6arf$ eoa"55 aoflE 5:eoUp


68e6:sd 5rgo6$rn6:.a"gf S5SS o"5 i'u$,5o55 tuge 6o1Cu.
er5ed eoad dE a$pA ' "eoo55 Sqld $S aoflfl 5>e,o$.o4 5"gpd
uo5:6:t'r ffos-c{:. $$ aoflE 5ao::"d eoec6'd so6 6(6n" 5S3o6>
s-5:. s-6oo, eddrs 3:.o6 p* 6rd"6. eocr^1$ qoAi\)d eo${dorn
5r"ge6@6. eso6$ Jo656Bp 866o6:."16

,5o$de6 @{:65od er$Si:o(-&n dSS o5:65o8 Sg, r$Q


$SSoo.O : "1990 565o @6odod $S qrOn aoXS. eg $a$o6od

280 e$d> $e$S


a"5 $4t3a"tu5dq SSg ero"5Sd 66ao"s3 b0u6:. oe55 a66 $$e:
xboO 083odB SerSo ep$$6$C erfl@o6Sg;"6r. epe> EAbd d0s
BrrBBrr56 ?:$5oE +6S Sd. 86oa(p 6 $o{ue.:S 66+6 }$C g"Qri.
g,65 dd:.oc eoo"55 $6S:oX6:.""
ABbC e.S er$Sedu6p$ Sofrn &Og66no5g ercr55 @o5:oXo3
;e6?ror: S:f;6SaX6. esero6 CAdr.f p5*ou3 SQ 5a6r"er
esi$dso 6o65o"! 1994d p€*oa:B '69$ i"g&odOo65' ,ao*
erflo$o6. @aw$5515 SeDSo$ l$0o$ *er 6o.{orn 1$5oEo.5C.rSB es
$odepQ esd6$ 6Sdr.no;$5:o16. "eaw5,o6o, SBo - & dodr
$er5p$C. $[a:oeoB dbd$Od;a esd." 6 $o56podd eso$S abip6
erd 36hrs gdoboSo6:5: $o$oo5d6r. ".& S{d o"o.g do6
5a6no J.ear afir.Eerd 863w" 65 6cgc 1ge;.S$o6orn dioJaSr$Sfo
o"5e & Sd e5;e5Q ai$5:8o5 de6>."'8
eld tro56";Uo s836d 6r"55 ir5:4o'69o{r:5'esOafeap o5geag
Stus 55fi5 5oo56 e66 (.SssQ a;o5od e"SUun o6'?ooo *Fa6
sSoS $S;o6. es S*6ead i"gQ.S Jero6 &e3$o ?:$5roa-, Jerflu
sdood 6a a3o6o 85a" Bfo6. er apo5od Soa fEt>FS ad,8
"fu"d
555$seo 5fso6 5:og& SeryS s)rg6 616 dSSoe.lO : "es a:;o5od
+5?:or:C $olo{d G6q"S$ot-S S$06o. odtroo eso6>5:
epoA50ou6:. ep6 egdS:S E$g55o."1e oSgea:g S$S S5lASd gS
egdSeog ep$rt{:eaom erSS6pSCg €"9S, i.gi.S *gOoXdSiFor:o6. eg

Cao6:od ed*o:r, $er35 elQSor eo54eS4d a"5ORf56: esOoXSo


dSSoXO. ee &.d sp66 SLegg6l$;5>eom 65.5:05$oro6... o5*or:
aoBo65r155u er$p;d:5er: s6>, So656$ em5:5 $$ {r"c. s.6:.
***
S:fFo"$ t$aoe6, Sf.E o"$f 1995d a:Uudr6r$; aS5$de:
iQSo $o56porn uer $S 6'6p6 ep6egp6o's$'O;S$r 5566o6. eg

aQgf E83o 65reo6o'3:"o6p55o'e6>. CCu66g6o, 66o B:(uX:6o,

ar6o;oA 28t
eesS&- ad eg $a6od (FqrS eoaooSrSo,r:. 6 {y"g#o Spdboa.
r:*Fe$, r$age6 **# 08h esos.6odS r{rooa. 6r,s6d soto$
fsod PP"s @e${on' eP56oo0o6.
56f r{:ae6C sao6o Am 6eBS, e.lm ?:o0o6. er546 JUgf
raz Sggs 121 SH$ 08b Roc.5r$o6. epo6 $ewod o"Sdco er e$od
esd artr6 &0. a5:3$ a$o6 a$5$41>go 6o56SoF S?:rer 5:oe5$o(-8
s.oo$ $ASo1A. ss, ddrpd) fd6 od5$65o SSo Sdog5anA
eA de(u.'o
1993d o"$ A83) 6o"S w65602m $do$ar6$ eoor55

so6tuo*6. a"5 $*65C &Sso; &$ tFeS s65602 soOe.)"qOSaoE"


9o5;5ro6 e$S$S5u: o"dpspq: S+613 E6ooa6:.2t pC, ero"55
BsB; 6fd6. a5;:6 $$ SdogarA 6solaos$ d.&"a.6) sdSS
;tuo56:o(-SS doOe.lCg ero"55 tu6r.5r"4.6. d&'e"6) 6S6'9r.6- 65
5p6g6u: 5Sg" d{g. "*6od 0a3: dosc-c3 1$6r$s6eao '8r"6
fir6 63 $, &g*n6.5 5, er?:66S SO tjr$' 51163: " er oa6>. 2
es
2

e$od 5:o f5:sueenog 6"g$s635on so3o56od seAPS


E6*SQ. & 44 59 ar.A $5o;oaUu." 65rySS:oLs sg$)od Br"6
i{:ae6d 3po6r teo aeSo5Se3oo $So {exr55 eo6 S$$ES)
es$E'fuS 5OS SsdeUr:. esc u$ $Qo*6:. €5oo SoSo SgSdS
al;r%. tf*f3 &SSageco 5rg63: v6r, eo8 ;5p6atwe aS;5:6gf
$*%. (SAb) $'c- C8$?r$5roc- - ilEg Jar3dg Segr .::.a:oef, 6dJS
s6q: de.rooq"S$, ;:"gi er053Q (s"ot!S tFd:65ode>6) Affir $o$d
6trgo5a65$... erer 5;$ 1$$on"gs 5o3o.560 FSe 5do@3:"6 es
JUS$
cr.6 a"5 y6s556
E q
6o eo5:$8m $ao s r$oed6 ilu$aL
So$6o*Up.
@

5&u, dXrqP6> SddS suq:ge$o[8n Co5:&:o'5e.:o SirerB


s.:3d6:. 6cgdA BJ"6 6r66rd d'x:"p6: egoge6o s56e d5,
${6rnSd de^roerc'5e.:od S?perg iaof,r 56 e6o 5B5gooo6.2a
sews3 er6&d6 a5e &$ er536$66: qsoo6 8o5 cpoeo $>6 i"n6{
5s0tlo5: 3"65 Sso s"616o65d6!...ar.6 &d dO.
282 C56: SeSs
Sirer6: t 6; $8o0o6. 1995 Bloa6 27S 6?rer g
.5r.S 5r.S
$o6 eo$Sr3S a$5${:5o eo6.f OB3: .rSSSe 6g,q.5e36. er 49
a6o6s eso6$ so115 $g i.ooS ${Sgd5dc q:ar6*dCp a.5
Ser$5o6p$ OJ.*g pgp SSr.Sod So?:a"6:. (par6*d esod$o
6porn6 aop 66er$ 65SQ 3o6o6).'u es a:po5od e.Sp$ aS5$ggdr
aS;:6,:3&p6: : "e0536 5r"$ 5$o60 *e, irolCun 6&0o6. dar:d
6C;5 e#,:(:oXo, SoAeu: $t'16:oXo, &6elr Sbro,f.Ep..y5ob5o6
Sraw dao."26

eoo"55 Jo6 3B:3ar. i&er e63 o'Sisbbod &$ o"o51565o


p6'foooC t{:ae6 $o8:o$o6. 5t e epotr6o : 'p5> erecd Ofs6
o5to:: 6g ;ner Ce5$o ao6. 36: ero$5 d3:3o6oe CoX$:. e
e5ro(fo eso$S ;5:oo6 BSsl."" eso)d $So 66 eeq"sdrf
Bbr:$Sr0on"
d dm S*ler
'
a6
g) SOSSCS:"
@
edfXp &iroE e.56- eg ,56rd
--rJ-
5S3o6. "$do1$qr6>S t{:ao'5 i$o$ ad5:68 bo*d:'O" eo0 5$>a:$n(r>
5?r:e:n." esd $5oa:6d $$
er6gpo: ero"55 6"$S"s sdo6a:.An $$
ew6oS 6qr.S s656o2n $$B &Ssg.O. r$ege6 Adbd 56;&5 6
ea8o5: 6rA"5S, $Oig0o05 {156 5116o +€?oou:d 53go6. eocr55
SoS:dn 5s eso6$ da65o"!
er@s$r: $o;dd sod $$c ann" s:a6b$ so{ue,rs 6:ascr6d
do56bo6 S?"el 86:r{:an0u. }gd i$a$ ;$o6 ?:p66:ero65r"65)
erc $$ oo51565o er$o ds$o6. Etrry $5o q:an 6Id a$s6 dr15B
B0;5 a$5Sel:5oo66g $g SSSf B{otrlrsu::o.Sn S ':nE" 503o6.
3yo6r $Spagp$3 5Og6 do;S &eo $o0 5o 3O;$o.d ep6 6a
Jar3dger Sa;$dr:. eod $$ sr:"3af o{c s6g5{o So{i"d
5*36:. sg 66SoJ foda6:. +gp Bo4SS iFa6 (ercEodp6:c).'ze
a"gf e-S Ja:3d5pd eooo55 $d:Sodd $$ w65Sger a&€at5.30 $gC
eo"6 $o6eo6 6 6ofts aUU $$t' *e> 66;$n 5$bQo6. sc,
ABbd s6r. eoo6:d, es SOee"6Fq.5"S 6eg,$dg e-5 56d ee55 6S
$6sB ed;rf;" d*droc ereoc 56-6r.t'

a:r6o3o6 283
$gd So5ew{56er $653ro.5a.sg 651 6n$5$s s6s ero"55
esS)$oerr Sq6. d,fadas aon 6o65lFd oAooo qo$65on" aoda.
a$;:t'r & e635rg56 oaavdarS ?:6hi€do6. $$ erc6fd 6n"rr0;
$oQoo,5e.rsB s5er$$ E6ea5o 65 666d5S eso$$ erfl@d5:o. pn"
$$ ab;fr: 6cr6o6 $65 adm 56$o6. qero6 6,5d 65ero6 5S
6$dr6o d* erC ercd:S $$r:361 5*.16. epo6:d &$ ew&oS: P*d
epQs.6oCB 50.1u, $$ f$w.SSols eodSQ Je> doa-ood - Su:rt6;
5er6$de 6oa-0; $gd sge6$S SB;.%. ee6:6dd66of 6oc-0;
&Sa:oeod $a- 65s$ryod SSS5o:nQ&Qo56oE 6oa-O.
qe> esdood 1995 55oa63od 6'oa;r.ood aons $$ SrfF$dd
ero.55 "S)S 656.55:o1-S erdg$ ;w6?:oo." (6 e[dr.U
$56o*6: -
BD6E eopgo6od B$;S:oao) eo$p63 t$ae6 ABbd $oQ 5:60 e"5
3o ep{>do6.
$gC eroSo eaiperB s6:f;on eg Sdd ero"55 $roS lfSers erS36B
o€tcoo Sg a$g
e.5 SoJerSo. eorr55 eoer l$SEoJc-SB w6eoo esd$53

L*$, il65o w5;$3, do" 65 $$$go $H eo$56r35o e5;$g. e$,


sO6on" BroS:" sc6gd, SopfiSpS #fsg6, acl5$ sao5:o epd Su"tr:
v6eeod co36p5 $$ S6no6o +ry 56$ s-6eao. ero6:5g$ 198666
grc- eoe55 6sodec ep$ ;i.6*oo
ffsode $$ $uOn" Bt';e.rs3
tr6$ &xo$oa6:. fdS 6tuoo. a$yt': oo"55 55 n5od o6'?:or:
eoos $OSoeooXO. ero"55 S$o6o 6.qrr b6no556po6.
**{.
ero"55 5r3:o0$ 6 EoeSSg 1995 55oa6d b5e"5$o18 30.C.
56bo*Feb'5r6a5'
-e,* 5p3:o;:.(u.

3o.C *6'*or:3 tu16>cSl. ero55d eoo6 $Q3:"5go d6:.


$56*Frn
en@S$a: 6rger$ 66;:.6 d8n" a5; eg ape56eo6:oe Sgader03
$*po5:o 5$o6. tdoadu 65: 5uo6s.ood 3:.4 ;:.er$$ ero"55d
Sngra-6:.32 $$69 Jero6 6s5 a66ds eocr55 ;r5n$o de" 5u.16.

284 S56: $ry$S


eed$S$ Bc.A 5;1r3Cu. XD$6r 6r.O;Sd c$ger$ ag0n"S 5rg5o ere55 5:"c-
658 eoa$o B$36S B:.e 6$m S65bo*6r.

1996 a55od S.ag a,5 ep5s6o 503o6. 1991d'i:"oer'e5e


e436 olUo$o6: cdao 5:oo c6e:: 5*3o65g erdfeop 5*5Q
aadu6:605; $5:o5:od, 6QB aoas eg&6d{ a5.B.ES eoES:5 SOo

q-L a"{B e"5 F6 8o9o6. eo8o5, ;r"o6:6:o8, esQy(uerB


o"8dsoa. ep5ti
0O $g 6rlo6:o: (656so er$$crer $fo) fogB8cps$ er p6d
ad5:c;S&o6.'3 epod5:Aro0 5 466 egQ"6o o0o.J$o6:5g SOo aS
5ro6:$ Bger.SB (u;5uq:6 5rfd6r. sC, aSJ:d,: (1996 a$56d) eg
dSd poaU:og@,ASr5e5 doSrc-cg 6nSU&rygo.cner 6oXo$s b0o

1$56o$o6.3a

esp6d ?:o-;s; t$s"quf 60 o{o Urr}o5:o: &sssg sgn"


'eroo55'*6:o6.'u eoo"55 iero6 5:53ds igin" *61 6E-6. Eero6
esdssae:: e50co 5g ers5s s{o6:od wo@53 asg af*6: 65: 5g
$$3 e5r65c Aab awg{giff,:6n aod6. eser'a66}$o SoXA05gp56
OE8:'eps3:o;$$o0ar 5o.1S &$ roEo dKud esc5o eso6feeqandgSob
50;o6.36

eg 6aar $o5:o[6o ero"55 6oa-e dp +A;dc 65 aog!, 65


aod:god, *;Br&od SoSQoaCr:. 6rgf a"5r5r ab;cS: r{:{$(u5:oe.r6::
"oo55 rer egod65n" 6oX6... i:5:o66o eo$g6o1o...5:O eofUf&
op5 ddrrfib eril1o... eo6$ 5F ir.er sphot5:$56od5r...."
-eS: 6s $J;$os addrerfAs6gr JUgg€ *pd doOSn ero"55
666o da6:. ee55 &$ e#.t{:8n" 6oa6. 6'oerop $S6d +6?;or:
*OC eoo"55 1956o55:oc- aoe dod, $$ $U:SS; $6n$$o1s erdg$
eoe55.ws, a$;:6r b8o 6 epc5o €ss aon daurq bofred ao6
G5q"S$o1s 65cg ero"55 eodSBeSQ $g 6si'6od epSsaer: 6"qrr
$6oaorr.

a:,,6ogo6 285
6 ireer dS;16*oo8 ep$:$$oc- 50.15 e$o0 es5v6o. eperd0
egosrd5: ao6e,:5d i:s& s6r. aons &$ SSr"d6oC eso6$
9g64a:.erd
em"55 so3e 69 ercdt's, esd55 5g[o $a"6r." 1990 51!:5d a6rdKo5;
aUSf So43.g o{ S:os, n"o6Srt6 6:o0 isddo5:c-s3 o€$":ol:
c$oo*t5r.38 erS;:dr o5'$o: aer eroXCu '"ere55 &sSsgs$odrod
Ss rou;Qrn$ aoas. eqeaSo6 &0* seeQ'g.S'd &rr:5:oo"6r.
& 5o6& BOS (pc- b8o sQ;$oBS oSSorn dssc $6ea.$o5-6;
(go55:5 &SSSa"goSoJ 6*go5e;o o-5d6:o s6)."3e eso5:5 e.5 5{>5
$c5 ao$ .5dqsso.6 : "dssp6 aUsf irsd Sor:c-c3 o{a4oXs.
S J5.B.ES erSgBB 50.1o"$ JQSo ec$J Bo5 a,5 o{6r}o5ror Se6o
q+6. Ss o.q &sSgrre g'os6s?"oo
g"5 615 cee.o l{:oo0 o"6'foor sewor:&n" aBc;S i5p0cq>
ar6&o$ag$rp &$ es$S Sofidrf 5r"6J &$$50;o6. a-55pc$ aSSoEu
0{05gSeeo 56, s-656g1o Sr66r5rd egop65d6. 6 bofiss;eod
d55rr6';5re;6. eerf, ea5r6 caobed boQdr, 5$ +&o6n Sra-
so6$ dfr.ff6.A. ero:>d sog15 $$3 erQs$on,d +5&6f3ro:
Seeer ad;u6:. AAbg B>o&Sor: Srbodu6:.
sQwe$g 66666r5;*o6er S08:ouor:. o"od
1996 oBB 083:
qr66d6od$ B6 ?:H sEs.;de5 Sofer 566r Seeo 6:SopQoaoa:. 6
5o;eos S65d$QSg SSg S5(6s"S ffoSO. erSr$ &$ Ssa.6eo. esd65
Sfso6$&rr" n{oef ern S eeirtson 6od 6aF5 ;51*FasS
555ir0oda"6.
ee55 66drtd s65$ead 8o5&16 53ro56o o"5e awSo5:
SeOrd 6al"E S:*FegS 66: erm S566o6. 1996 u63 esd5:$ OBBr
ew6oO
P*d streo *56earp6:n JBn"t$. &gd eoocr ero6:e
'6-Do ipt{r$* 5:S3t' e0 55o$on" B$;$Su6. y$, 6 eAdrQ
ar€?:ol $Qb"6oer e.56: soA50o,56. "egd5:$ S6er ?:SOoOoa $$
Stro. &oeSB s65ci.! sods'6:, ego65 sec6d, ee55d 50$ 6oder

286 sS6: $ebe


J56r. &S$Sog 66 &SSo1O... 6ar"5s ae, i$o6 ,$9"
dSSoXO. a6 trer erq"56p5 &iro5ro" epoc.r6:. J.$S UOSn"
Ccr"eer: a$3 e,5 ed aer A$36: : "S:ir6a5 6o6od8
S:XrsegS 6>Oo$

6n"5 Seeo $65peao zrm ?:0ho6. o"Cfg &gd $6:o S66 d6:oc-
iFor:o6. esd65, $S aryfr Ser(r:$Se^:o a66d6. Sof:r$$ aod o'
5f;6 SSrer: S* e.f,:6 esd6$ 5f;6 +e 6o6... dSry ep$$oeuol$S
eoo"55 6Ar.55, B3c;5egroX6r. 6a:'E e.S$o SSg 6,$d a.po8B
er$s5$o*6:. es6 Sra- e.5 Jofco aoded. es alofie tpe> Se6oar6om
6o6. er5ad 6AFE ard eroa6: - '3S: a"5 $e$o. pr*i"3ear$. a6n€
a546 .5n{ EerQo6. SS: aer daqoa$...' epod, esd$S 65 *gooS
sr5:o$
' 4
&6Sf3:S5,
e)
65$5o s.5n $S: (pc- EepKu$uo$:$;nr6.
-------cL---

e,56 B5;6er$. ego65 +$ *Ur 83)J *Sood CFq. c5:o5sdr6o d!


epo:5 d, eoo"55 d tr3no56:..."

***
6 C6:er $o6& i& doX 1996 JQSo ;163 $$ 15*6o s{
6rlQSo60oiS:5:o6. S"B ir.J"fd soSO 61$S em'55 S:o0 +€soqr
5:fS SU-O.1o6. er63EB u#o:ol6H $gd a,5 ed;re$6eao Eer$o6.
u€?oor:Sra- ae> sdg8 6$ $$ $floo6: $5sd5o v6: ess Ss;BBg
S{orn 5r"9,65r" 5*3Uu. "ry6&o5: a$e }gg 4n6&dr:q)oeo
Sir.Sd)."n' +6'?cor 5f ersd dQsL eo@5 @d6B e5oq)E
"{d
6ra- +€?:o> t{:6o0 (!5u6 ${f Sr.He6rdr" "egd6:5 arer S:o0 eedsg.
sC, ee &$ erob$B 6nSA s.6:" ooX6. ao$ So66pod e6ecqy6
5r'ge66r. "6a JQSer $6f16od eo5:5 $rga*rrrrodr. Js, **$#""
os B5;$oa6.
ee55 6ot':o& 5rg"Cr6:5g sU SrerQ egegs{y e.5 @5up
6LSS @i$OoSoB : "6ad6:5 &gm werEodre: i$oS 6$3r$oo3
6nQoX6S eso5:5 S:{6cnS exb6:oeDox6. eo65 1997 ef;a6rd
(erSp6 e,r63 &ona6) Srd3"o $$ e6$ren" JQg6c-cg A,g cd65F50

a:.6o;o6 287
eoAgoo,Jc$. ?:n" h0o dS ddo"v eS: aQSf ersd$oOSc ego6d
B&;6r."aa aQSo 135*6od errr55 S:os p6s":or:B ep6v6 aab aer
a:665.$3 er{ ero,5o So3. }0 JQSer 65ee050 5:aOr 1$Sopone
,5r3roso6. 5redr. epoe p6$*, ;t e;n do dc E$* ?:cS:6:od,
eocr5S $rg6o SaS fuf e"5 5:no $oargr6>.ao

qp6$d, a$e &$ ep6v6 8:e$3 5ro6: r{>$3od soa:8d, esoSo


SrBr
$'
e,/
eo5r8
o
Ar.6'65d n"C. 56 563:Kr:5r A6SE $5 d6r.
cr. L g)

1996 $9S JQSo Soeo Bo:5gror:. eogi*66, A8&d)66


SJ"ertu e"56 56p&o6. eg 5r0c&rd a$e56,6$rg$Su:, &JS)B 6oe16:.
er $$ofo gOS 173 Segr aer**oaor:.nu wofit5 ner':$S:$g P**
1403 58iForo6. est$ $p afp erso 6:o8 e6&dr:q: AE8og €"ea:deCu.
e3-$36 $g erUp oSo a$o6 eo@58 f-eo daru. 05oB 083:3 5015
$p rOr. eod $ga:otod eoaa:{ }$.
fl83: $ao$.CB d6oo S"q d"0cd y6eao y6:. 1991 u6 i0;Se>
6oa083cB d,6r e6o 3:0flo6. Caw$B AEb €5*S5E sC, ireS+ &eF
&goE ss, 55:e $goa sc $g S{:eeer: dssc 6od eog{$-cne>
3ro6r _6 &)gPS\
€"er ---_ KuS6o
._.d__ dS$XOn 6od6.tu
=._a(
eawSornQ egi$S0o0 erA::S$$d atro6rn o"$SS es*F5So0,
6et:eSQ.5o'Jb doi)$s esdrpO. AEBrg ao$ ttt $e* S56> dodn C
.656J&oer:
5e;eo doOe;.CB ySob5 272 *cA Soer5aerC; $o6d5:.
o€*or: s.Qo$gs5;$$od ${>ewo: SSSod 26 a$o6 Jog:o $66,
5r66$6on"6r.

+#":ooer "Sd,5pd epd ep66o6.d:.gnod!" eo$:$oX6.


ercr55,
sQ 6aaro 6ttr5 3: rS ot': e$b8 6o56 6dr5 d6g ardBoos
er$s5$o$'a$p:do do6r"O' eo{ erc6o fu f .:U;d Sr6:;oX6:. $eJ*Uo
1:40 6orro3 pdfrq:: e$SS 5f63 Bep6.o'OOn Sq)g a"5 tu1d:88
B$36: : "e6S& o.5: &6:5& o*I* aa36:."a8

288 C$d: $e$s


556o16 eP66oC ufO $651S5 i0g6er aOhS 76 $o56pee:
56:u5,6 d6oC 3:"o5r e*&o6p5o a5O$o6. es Bl"o6F au"&oOof:g!
e.56r 6a deCB 6q"$$o1S eoo5rg6:. erod, 65tro5odBg" eoeBf;
16aw$5Iog 154bec"5$B $6Q eod:"5{u.

**:*
1996 $ 16...

udt:oo
@p"56:o18rn @6nea$5*6o do5>e.lC3 5r:o6: &$ do$
weSoo6oC s6g5{ooe *d6q. ep0$o6o*t$. a"gf t$ascr6 $o0
EpB &ir:5:o"a85 $dogdrA grc- 6oa6.e0o"55 ao)X)dB &Sso;s
du5po6:$6 4r.6. 1980 56$od o#":ou &SSS; 6o"6eeQ
S5ad3ooso6,:. sc, aS;:CoSg $e$6rf daSolUC ar6*oo a"54d
$$S 583:o56o S$:$rfi. &8$8n" d5; ar$r, 0$16fod ap6 (pc-
u€?:oa:s esood5o dSSoaO. +€?:ou Src- dag 1*Sn" ar.As
er6:45 d6r3$oXdu. a,SOC e"S6 JOfl$o$. *S, ;10o6 $:SC Sgo
$(r:$oeooX6:.nn

SQ6o0co 66e6 Sq"S{ao 12:00 6o€.:ooro6. prt6.6d OaA


do@ se5oos:o 5f6 egEaSJS, SS*5, 083: s.655{er S:*depir"o.f
ersr$oa *e16u.uo $06" erd S$dr"cg o$6s dS5od ep,#g *perd
dg8 t5:Qer 5:6, slo6: 6ot$ Sot'r+ 56p:S$ qp65 64"$$o[&n
1$5ro$5s6o Soberp3 o6'?:or S0; cegoatu.sl JDd 11 ;$o6;1:o[&
5H SfT.56rer: 6ra- @5nea$5w6o $e6:. epoS:d a5&o6: f5od
d4o::.ort dqp $ol8ri" 51160 Sr$fr"6 664 6ox6. Br:{o a$o[8$fod
50 a6o a$o6 [c"*r.3eoo),u'&5 $8J.d eo161.53

a6oe aa3:.o0od! 6a3,ro5$ afroir$:a:ood, er$6 $o[&n aS5oE


son soir.$So.un 606:5 $6$56ea opeo $g (uiood '5r* sg$. es$S
se5o s&o5:od u5*or: Soa eoo"553 6f6. +5*or: 653 $o$o15
Ssroir.g6 65dlea: 6e* erl6* $o1s5fod3 &S$Sero a$5o6
bo6c il6eo.5e;d:. ercds6>, 36rcr" &puo $H 65gr{ es$$c

a:.6e6o6 289
6flo;$9c,3:.&.S6So*Fo"6) 6ddB€S ff0gUea &e"uo Sg $5:5rod
.Jp$0co

5:64 es636g560ad5r$Arecod, es $ogeSfod ea5r6 sao$ed


boQoip d6. qo6$Sro6: a$5o A$;5:51epn" es$d $$ 6ep5C, o.CA
esp"6p5 esEaFaSC GrOQSl" 5S. 19?0, 1980 56ef egar SASC
eod $$ fH"%.65 Sdrgle &SS"C +5*qr:, ero"55o$ 6545 ::$
eoda. so0, es3r e"5 gSS:S{ea, a"5 AdoS:Ud SgSfr"OoSo6. eseyo6
S$ie &r$arr68 A83) $ole6fod fSo dS:oc- i€oro6.

5:o1s5foC $$o $o6S 5164 SSJd.B. eoe55. e$ f.;rer d*u


$oS ao$e.:Sd ffS JUgf ASdSoOSC C$oa:o.5:$SgSJ3^. eroo56;88,
eso65 $$ ,6S*d. tF;1*ee S5s.Oa6;+CB esd65 Ssa6dr56.uu *SJ
$o563eo 56+6 5:"c- eoo"55 5g u5*o:: Ce5So 5$:"16o S6od6:.
eso6d esoS:S eoC; tuo5pi &$ eo6$o $irdeQ ero"55 ao$S
aofe>.5p*+t1:.5u

Sg[$o1eSg0lerflSo6Q" S$a.Sdr erq6 : "SS: a,5 Kng6ps


u'
6AS55o St'r$odS es€QoX5:. " a0r5o6 ;wg$6d{d S*Fo$o $droC
@q"S$oL& $OSoXA. erd - S:Xro"$d JSeS sfu55 €ognSB
esAr"6o Eo56o o"5e 1$dr65o 6665 *oc,:6 n"56od au5oi$S:o1Uu
p5*or:.u' (add aegracdood 56;d 6 sa5r55 bSE ffoeSd d6od
85*S,0830 SSedBo*or.) d: rgS +5*oo egy,Sedd 1g$ono*Cu.
eso)d 165o6od OAb JQSo 1peo"g6dC $r"6 S"pJES epoeosr
es

@$ao.5d5:. eps 1. d.J$oe a"d Scd $E, 2. eodrsgd e;b;bo66


Co"3eao, 3. s.8358 $dg6 $afQ 6$$o*F6o.u' 6 $r"6 esoed
&Sarce])gr &:6e &$o S:o0 ABbs 3O dESgc.

doC; oaarer 6Uu+6 o€f:or: '@gJS g5:AS'$ ig$r$6oouerc


i:fse$ ;1oo5;$o[80 $e6:.uo ag0hod&:e.:od, tgg2 &,Uoa6C ewpl
$r$6, SroiFoa:S 5a$o6:oC d'oeror:d ?:HJ$S {u(eau:, at'rer
a:6noo.::. p6E &*6ea$ a"S p.$$ ;r5of:6::.ed @S35 SbASit eSpB

290 sS6: $e$s


e$6d>55o 5e"1er:dbo6. 1995d €S*5, OE8: @1665o es6y6odB
50;o6. er$;t': er 135{:65o 6 55>ASC 6figd$oa. a53r6o 1996d s.q
G6q"$$o1S o€fooo - 65 ?:5:5oE 5gfe5Q,513oo15:S56o $$o - es
g5:&5s $$Uuf;oouo$ $graS6c. oo$t$d:65o 656$oo0o6.61

aA $Olt65$1eg B$rrr &q"uo 5g 6$5:5gepo36e5od +€t:o::


'5r.S066 eoea:56{' S(ro5:o bd;SoB cdsQ $502oa"6. erea:$6{e:
ntr6o er36 aer spoorp B:"o6p ew&06a6:o &;$oE. 1gg1-go
sooC @p$$oge B:.&.$6$oirse6 e66deQ eoear$ec5o SOnS
d.dom 6:,&o6o16l. elearS6g[o a:6rnQ$ Stoo$o ff3J$o3 ego6:5
565 yoo $.{o::#ooro6. od*or: G5q"S$oLS eodrS $S:olrSB qp65
eoeao66{o5: S$on" 6o6. +6?oo:: 1S;1nea$5sUo d*S BoerJ b.c.
S6SoSseb $6$od ilo6 po6$od $ea: Ser(r:9S'$$O bf;on
do6' ep$ 3,ro6C eougbddon" B&;6:. +5tcoo Soec$ ereo$6{6:
Sf;S:ofrg6:. sC, 65 6d:650 Aod Kr:fr6on" 6o0l:od er{ SodSo
a,56 Bodrd;do6. "5:6: elca:S6{o; c653,ro5$:o1e?" *{. 5eo:r
t$dl$ 6r$$On aa.0aX6'"ee;OS $p"$o1eS. eselo6 qr'6 6ago)
es665odo5p5."62

ego6$ oS,qo Sqppo$ da& EA$ $oS $ho5t:d: sor:d,


qo 36reF
& '6tr6 &giro' ScdS aoda. @o5o6 +0%. esUE$St:o ,{JEd,
ee6 &Sopo6.6'esd6:516{le5SB 65;$oarSaoo aos 19+ 6fd ao6.
erod, g65rea $5s.6o o"C,: Jod 6o66 ercd.uo

55 edpa5r3 5ro6Q $odeQ o6'*ocr aer ae;6: : "5r5o


Jo8:o si$haer:, 5d$ $rdereoq: d*o6e.:o 5oB S55en6: e6gt-$$er
doS:o. 5odbu, eB a3:.6o6on eegSod dlo. 6d:5oe a$p SnS:
5)66, aA, 6F $$ $65god * 66:u5o sslr$6o6. +gi 5:{6:
d$oa- t666so S'SJ.fr er5spdo ddr."uu

q6e> ao6n" o6sdqD $41>e5sB tiersfled5lon" io6a tl66s"


5epeo6: 1po66go Br:5po6. C.B:.boF, SSug0fpo: g0b SU @o&o5:
$$o$ 5er69C, 173 ;bo6 5{:5od 'o$pBE 6ioe.5, 5e;e;: S*
as,6o;o6 29L
go66;;$6. epo6:C eo13*66, Sd8:d:UU &0*,S6u"gs$er do16.
140 $o6 JoSer:S;*oOS $g ao$6 Xoo0 6:f;6: a$i:O $5EoOo6.

argio 5:5 o5rrp8E 6io05B dfoloo, ao5:6;,too Soscd @41>65o


5e3er> doOc-Sg 6A5 5oq:"6aoo 5So6. a$pdc $$S5 5$erod, &
5el1116 fioSdoS G5q"$$o1e eod6$$ Johg$oir.O. So6 a$g6:g"u:
SgrS dg8 air0 io;$$ox6. 6d5r$ rrur.6 dot$ Sagno $ea:
5r:erg;$og8rn droS Sg. yc, 6 das3 efo S$FJcfl tFe56:o18
s-So$s #5s a(r:S er eoSweQ 46ff$5ug Si:rgc$d. e 6E
$oe5d $oa6: 6r"J"dOo$. es$ a,5 $q.C eroX6: : "& 5or{16 6o5
16a$65od a56 5 6$;er d$u ooqo6 6e$o $5 5ro5$
eje)e)e.)i.6 ssd 56,:doo6. a6 $S95tr65r.?"66 eps 66n"
S;!r-cc5)
$ S;o.5 er o ef , ep d w 6 eoom 55:;n5S $er 6 qF 5 $ o1S S 6 S C 5 t5: u: 5: o16:.

dgs a:(:: 6Uu*6 eerod 6q a,S '501e63S 68:;5o' eo0

eo$5ooaUu. 5p5$;63 eso6:5 $$ c$ofrsg ff6&oo $6:6:oa6:.


e0aff $gd a66:6:5;6 66ornQ ecdd:6i$o0 6S:Co$5 eocr55
a"55ro eeoa6 : "qo5:d dof,,: CiroJrel a-5: 5q)*. Sud 65o5
65p56:oge 66AS a55ar"3ou $g S6noeo$ S$>aB o"Q
s6$g0o,56Onoa 5106$ $$. Ood e(ro5:$a:erod, S $$ es6:55gd

flor n$oUnQs6 $o{uod }g 1SS:€{eaB eso6tlp 5$a& 6o16:."67


airq:ao 1995C p5*oo S$o e5: 1$i:S{ead $548 6Sp:5:{ $o56po
Src- ero"55 srs(rrCg s0;6oo::o8.
dSrrpBE $oeS S$oB 66;5rn" 5:S:5:6od SoXe.rS Sre5$oqS
damfn @rySd:ogs S5&3 "ro3:5 dSoa. 6sS Sopga:oo dgiF6do ig
a:ew$c c6r3oo6:$dc 6ofied edosp dof:S Ufpfs +€$op3
;11o6:n"S Bel(u.

:N€**

ee S5$J"6 e5?:oo 6et)6so &SSSI


6aa:.e: $e:$d
S$drerQo6de - 6$eo 65p5o SOE 6od - a-S $$o5:o : $SB:oeo

292 CS6> $ebs


$;1rdao$: fu.65625d Lf6&{"rF 65}6o $o$oo.u' &)deJ eo6
+€*oo 666SoE SOg$ eoSar5$ &e3$o5>6 56;oi$ 1$&6o doS:erod
g$6o{po6. t666S a{Ao 5po' 1996 $ zzS BrrB&rdS }orn 5:E,,
E wS:" 6oo0 $dC 6SonQSJ 1$p"SXuo1e$ $Lra eio6 @ao:
66&{"m 5p+(u.
qe>o6 1S5o6o SfSc epe,rd Ofs6 u€?:oo uer $o$6";ee:)rp
&65 SSSogl ersS:Qo6. $ zzs a5ir"6erdE1,hr.325 S$os. +d'?:oa:
55 @Son"S; a5#6e>5 3(!nrp 1$do$o: 5:03:o5icodu' @6ofl o*6.
$%.Co *5*or: 65 afuflob $$o6od e.5 6&:d SS6C 66fi.0o*t$.
osgcnag $$ed arrBtu56 $On bo6d S'9"8, epo505 es5$>6:$g
y€tro::63"6 6cld g$d 56S 6$s6ero66;er5Qoe6. &iS:B $CoS>E

o.o6:$6c a.56: e: i:o5e6$;i'uQ d*o5:ug6: : "15q.$5:o18 $Sa:oerd


dtut'oC 5rg.6eco ad a*93.0." 6tia.5 o.€*oo aoflfC 5rc-
SrSoc-6 : "qr66a,8 ar{o 556em 6oa-o$ Ad8: $6$odo6. 6a
d.yod a$rS:eo $$660, o$oqriter;rC,rSS, a:*oaw6:o 6CgC 483)
6:QQo6, ff6&Qo670... &L65H,o$ er{go66o 65go::d 6a '596&
S&5 SE', eaw5od er656eoo-370, eodn{5d ;1o66 esoaer;,t OESo
S:r;f5d B:616:o6.71 5&o a,5 5v01}o5: ${5 }{55t'r6odc EB8:
qp$ffo6. 15e a.546o AodSod ed$c-Q 6o6. epoS:6: CI8b 5:.c-
s6$.""
es6€ar Sfo. io6er: ;$o8irs6oXo. ecB.fd.> $Sa:oerd
ioer65o8irso6 6cSo5:erc d5>. dgsd @o6eood 1500 5:o6
6o&lFo5:.6r." gsrySi:o1o o6'*oar ingot'o&od 56Jo S6E 6r"68
B,:BSr6er, ep(u6el5o6 d5od o6Boo 5o5 trdsn 5reUu. e"556d
$356 Spc- 5d:gOg 6$n b.5;Oo*Q 5Q;o6.'a Sdd qoo &
6ea6-ea65Koo 5653 +5*oo - bS%. ep60oS Sre* d.:6ry - US
$*Q. e$r $Ro*6. esoS$5r:o6: 1$ao SAgG .::"ruS 083: eor6:
ed e"5 (ga6o - rr@S$Ac 5ro6'$6o. efuoS:o 60o05 de65:o6
5r65d 5r$61 5:"oersier$ es 6aa, dcg6 scaooo6. a6y6,: f:r65625d

a:,6o;o6 293
tg6$@&6od aaa 155:s{eo"dr6orn 656iroQod a66 5g,o 5d>5o
dgo:, g:"6erd afewo @SQoJeco Sngdd: 555&o6.

ar€?:or: 65
@{:e5CB Soar5aerQ S6rBco'5:sd 6669)
;tr:ocj:n"J 5oS: 6od6.$p desL sfio!"U S5p$orn E$p6:. eg $dd
eo5r5 5rg,65 e 5re;er ewrn 1$*6od3 f*;oo : "iP65 eo{g,, SS>
il65 e$6e3 p edosp do0 $Xu03o5#6roa{o."'u
es6 e"5 e#pdp5 &gfs636p5 5665d:"6o. eoo66oa 6'$;m
u€*oo: $o65o (66o) eoB5ac- @sSo,5dda:"! doC,: eawSoXaof;&S
Sg5fo S:{g dc-S, 65 dea"oee: afireac, 55 e5fiS6ec erc6 65:gd
6*f epo6 il65orp eg Sdd v€?:o.r 65602oa6:. 6cd 6Ug
@ &o' Q 5:. Q Sg 1to{$ o $ - erQve Q 6 63a $ o n" A 83r & s dFE o'5 6efi>
- eoS;Se5So SOEob es {eaod.

***
1996 a*5 ls sq gpS;$oq&n" ;J"5.8.d8il6 $Srea $5s6o
de6. es Boer$ eso6:5 &[A:oea:d 6$ 3:awOdC C6r3oo$$oaUu. 6
140;$o6 so1flS Jo8:er ego$S6: ddpgr6:. o6lrp8E $oeSd
13513o5:d
tu{o 13 }$o:oXor. ufo5o8 5oB: ry5}6r6go 6o esodo eeoer"
5p;r ao6od efi e"5d : "083:S erQv6o Sro0 6o$od:e.ro."
a6er 6o6n" eog5 $$ eo{59[>8n" 3:.&. 56So*Feb edesr
$e6:. esd65 $6 epsSa egdSeood R:Oo ryg&e5 o"eel: $os:ercd
ego6:5 6a c$o$o &SSoXO. eso6$ flSod Seoo dso $g
er6g$606r56. a"54 5c-6 6rc- 6.9 s$oc-S dar6 135q"S$oge 55S
- eo@5 &$ ca"5$ f6gc aA:d;fo$ 50;o6. ar SoS6pod $garcerd
damf 6$C 6qp$$oL8 55S S>o0 8e.rflo3o65: a:6rX:5n5g6o$qQ-
6+S{p, "a,5 6o$erd6:$ Ao56St$eq.f" (6qp$5roL8 66&S$o )"76
ers *ge:eSco*6:. 5&u $eeo dfo +$ darf w{ Bod ou$c
ef,soa. esdas ccpus 5a sdcrsd $ros rc s-6:, eg tgod o6:6:e:
5"o6 Se!

294 s56: $e$s


s.oOF $6dl 65soir.6o.5fo.* otrpoE 6ioe.5 SBoo$ s::.o5o
5tuerod @q"5;$ot-6Q 5n636o. 1997 5l&5d darx $roleifodn
&daod dqP ;$o[8 o.B. rttsPd a.66d66 L2$ @q"$;!o[&rl"
655rea$5s6o Se6c. r{rpwd @p"$i:o1&rn o.656 S5SOoOS Sqdd
qPg&db ase &$dp ea:8o6 roeo8s Sr$o$ $oee;$o a,g8 aoho6.
1997 5(!b5 8$ 69 E]"$* iruer dSd ero"55 cgle,r oc &CuJ a03o6.
6od eoo"55 So4$o ry6'*or: $o& 65 $f;4:oec6 &$ uo5:565
ar{560 aSBg&6:S;eoC $6>5:oe,re - erSl6a*Fn"uo Bodn"oo. 6
6ai$n"per5l e6r$om ero,"55 e$ Opd3oe5 $OSoeoolfC
Sr.5$@o$on" 53go $e6. eo5363 egoS:S $o66: Sra- 705 SedB
6sdao,5soa. ";F€?:oo $66god 5r,:{g"5g }gd 5o Esrdsc
eo$:$o0r>oXe?" es$ $ladofr:o: es&flS 66J$ eso.55 ;t *E Sa.56:.
"q$6dgiF5€co v6r, ds 9co6 $r"L@%.J"Si"$. dS o" foa:B $os
Jdeos erS>$S>.""

qo,$&:o.$ ad S$:o6:od p66o$ a$e $$ $oc$ s6g5o2


nacoo"*6g @6f d'653{od 5:"9"6dr", 6$ }$ suerce +5tcor:
a.5 'ir:Kor{:' 5rg63c eo$ EBcSSgrn fgO5g6 ;:"E 5S;nu: S*3o;.
naaoo"*6g ir"0.:q.65gs 6s1egn" E$Jood - "5r" $gd epe.:d E*F6
oSfcoo a"5 ?:f; d$ s.6:. ero6:5 $$ Sr:ep$B e"5 5u$:6: 5r16d:. a-S
ue.:Sod $16o fuKri'u3 iodserS 6o0uo66, &gd eso55 &X!:p5o
Spc- esod... &gd casps 6$ el6gg6 eoo"55. JS6, }g egggu:n
aod ofl J"gs SSbi.6,oH sgd$S, qp"o5:o...."78
$%.6 naCooa6g e;5: * %eJ%. dof:df$ q:od$ @5ec$ aw6
d,a6. odt f6goS 5:oB en"S od?:ol 6 ilq%.6eco3Q. ese553,
naaoear6S3 dper ee6:. ero"553 eb$ dpd +6Bor: eroX6: : "d$c
5LeSg6 daoe*65 mO aocct5rg 56o5c. 5:U: SAC 4o0p6...fu6)
$a:d65d&: 64eeo{ell." d&oe*65$ eb$ dq:d 5"€?:or: egoS:6
$oewo.r:9,rS $no6:."

ar6o;o6 295
o5*o.> na&oo"*6gg #5 d$ Srgre 6o65t$;. s.s eper dosda:.
Jot5:US? naCom*6g eoo"55 es$oird5D65, eso6Q esEAFaF XDoO
Adbg 65 15a,r$o 6flo5e.rSd 5o8:o*65 +5*oo3 6o(r.80 e€$or:
658 eoXo5rop5 $$o6:o 5d3o"s S6Qo*6. a6;C,: $a$o5:o 503o6.
3ro5p ewSoSlpSo r(:Oo0 eso65 Srgoc--Op6 Selo$o a6. esoSlSB $$
epi$6o SoX, &$3 eloil$ ep5$6o Fe, J(ra$n 6$; soo es6. 66od
658 ury56eao esXDgroorn 65;6f,: Jerfid aSed XDffSC, J$.Jd.
Rrso6p, ped d,5$)fs, irp$ea5$5$s 8oS
P*" {oo0 el$
63:po$e64, erer aSyt'; naAoo"a6g0 o{gorn dSSolU:.

sQ oaarer 6Cuod $coS:E Ad8o, eeEaEJF oo6:$er $;${od e"5


${e$Q6eo as0ho6. eso6:d +dtooo 55 $ircaps ;c"s;6:65o.f
5F9.66r. - "S$ d5ero e.5 s>iDt$$ 6rg63:. epero6 5dgo66: a546
irs50 o * 6a 636go rn d o 6'
1
@ 5 o n o 5 ;$ S
es es o16. S, 64 $ dd d a S5>f
8
ee

eoo55 fS;S S:"U13{6y6, a"5t:or: .eox6 : "S5> aSXr::o6: 083>


Srq:om Erc- do65e[$*d6. es ;5Dq]"CB ;i:Krr{:rr $r g6$ 6oC.r5>. "82
qd &6o5:o 5:f +€?>or: soird $cos6 oo65:Q 55 qoBB
es$s5$o;r6. R:OoSFn" 50;oa6:. es &&d6r$; rtsd(r$oOr eo$38
esEaSaF a;o5od 6$; a"56: epotv6: : "ee dav +6t:oo *er SppP
aox6. eo6:$ (naSoo"a"6g i1>o0) $oawor:9,r s-oo$ S$af6:.
esEaSaS erfl@od:o 6ra- ad;r! epS esd$S 6$rn $S;o*6. erd6:S
(n{soeao6g) 5>5 6nS 565 &Kr$uos o€*or: 6$re Se6."

a546 edi:oa: ae, BopS SSXeQ. g6o2Qoa6. ep6


6Sr'5S6P56S {pa- deliu eso653. qe, ar3r6o6on" d5foCg
Adtfg)ey$ 8:odr aw&o6u5o es;,$$&o56. S Siro5:od ;r€fcor
6!Od

65qS e-S g6i:S{ea 6o 08b eo6$&n" Sod, Sdpoeop5 drp8E


$oe5 oo5:$&er 5s3o$o6. eooa:S$;g8 * a$66d e.5 tr6ocngQ
eso6:S1$602ou6:. n8Coe*6g 155:€{ea$ 6gofuo0 5185o8 ise46: -
erS;d a.#.roa: es666ao. epQe6o e(ro6od Odb a"5 SoQs.ood ao6.

296 s55> $o"6e


$$ eo65$f; era"55 aroi:"Sorp 6o16. esoc$d o5?:or: 55 o5r:g0
$602oa"6. a$;f,,r $;o6ouO3o6 i"gd:.
o6too epo5p $p$d. $$ n6Coo"a65$ ee405on 5545?:$o6.
s"s,6.56g em"55B S5;d6:. naaoee6S esoB6eoSo Jeo6d eoo"55B
Ber:Kr. eso65 era.553 q6rr6. s.C, +5?oor: 69 eoo"55$51d&6eo$
SddSrd ii:o6: 6 L*XD Soadd6:. $6ot-6 $o5$ eoo0:.6: : "o€*or
$$ So+rSB 5u(r65o6 u6: es$ eoo"55 a$p6,r epS$df:. odtroe>
eood6oa *er J$45. o6'too e"6 $o"S 5rq6$ s6>, es&64:S
au56eo
a
t{el uo5:5:6c 5J"6-."83

na0oo"u65 56 ary SC,:Q"odrn, er6;6o"e ao$ na6 fe*$o€an


516:.1$g Rr6so5rn"o6 eo5$3{n" 1997 efiSd wo@5 }$ $dg65o
&SSoa. doei: $r&er 66+6... 1997 55oa6 9$ ed5n"o$ frUgS
&*oQSg e"5 ;r5o6s*6eo So(ro s$65dc sQ armu: 5red6r'd
Se}oa:. *Eg5e6o &A5:B grc- dSr ep$ 55:(rS Cg.OoOo6. & *{u:
eo@S $$s a6se;oC ?:gno::. so@S i"$dleo &JS:B 6rc-
drrp6E 6oe5 666SoC qp6o. 6 ilE%.5d 5r$6.S S:"df:yoS
dg$ox, ere, a:665:oc- up6o fder"Cg d6rp6E 6ioe5Cd SU
SgeuroXoo. 6a SgoB uH +{ **# ilg ilg lSdraou: $)p8o.
eso6$So +$ 8J$Bs d6,5 ?:$a-s3 $o$Oo56r - 6oe5 64b65o
Sr0irsoop Sd! ssog esd aOEo6. 1997 55oa6 28S s.o@5 J"g 55
6e6s ylr,r$56o Stro, &J$B p6$5$rn a$; o$psE i;ioes
1f,{:e5$B 55 5166rS 6S$oip0o0o6.8a
erod! Xug. ;${5o66 JQSoB 6o6o Sf;Eoa. $04}o JeSe:
f16od 65 aerQ S613,:o$6:So6:$ CI83: 6e3iron" acOd3 6ho6.
sC, 6 &O e6&o5: a$en $flS 5&3:o5i$S; $65*oS 'eser6'Ofr66
;r6*or:'.
aSydo $$ Se$ +€t:or:, $qrSB ir:(rt{l e6:.
***
a:"6o;o6 297
1998 JcgSS 1996 o"6 ao6pod XDdJ'o aaa gfD.6od
@$pe;on ;1r:o6:$ 503o6. Jo6ry eood - SoSo dAS 5e3tr dSS
aff6 &$3 e€*oa: $45 s.gE 6oos IFa6o5rS6.'u
1996d i)so& 1998 o"6 @*6o SflS;orn $noa. aorS:$ (Se"S
e6eao ABhg 5166, ad; $$n &:g659,o 5oqr5 6a J"O:ronoa. 1996d
dSoo 5y6 +$d aaa* 5r66rsA, 6J"o *er &$o aebsE du:er
Ssba-CB 5roc5r$*;oa:. ;1v6o $o55;eo A"ol drrp6E $oe5d
656so gdrn oS 5o6'S:35$6od * &0* ABh xD66 dg:oc-
aer3:S t585s.Sr
\ q cL COroJdSr
c, - ep$ratEraw$506:o $oeoar. eper OBB:.f
da:er Sobs $gf 6$6e6:d agoS:e.:06 &6ffgod JoJ&iS:B,
e.o$;d 555 SeJeoSrE $665od Eal- ag$e5f, SoXe;Sdc o"5:53$
:Fd, S€J$don"6d $$ea$$ $6ggods 6pea;5u"5eolS5 aoXoa:.86
eer dn6:; ;1:o0, 6$ee6 i$o$ $$o Seroo6 e"5'ir$b6 ry$d5rne:
5oor5' eoS ercr55 eo05$o;r6.8?
& SFeJtu Br:ESB $66 u5*or:. e0636€ ,eo$q. yAsd>
@q"S$oL&rr es 6rer$dc $$o$gfiQo*oD." a"5 8 $g o5;&5nsoC

pdfoor: daod eoQ @oet' JQSo g;rec3 89.6. cSr$o


"lt{:66:{od *6 fipon" $$$&S, ep6 do 5:f aXn"d 56:+6 $d5>
S5o s56o u€?:ooB epoo6ltsooo6.s'JSrd (,' 5 Sdg 30e SroSKun'
i0r:5o6 556S dSoc-S eo$f;don" eso6$ 655g$oda"6:. sa$ 5d a.5
*pe5::egrSC $r$o85o6 S:66on" er @Sorno: ,$n"or:.

65 @$ornoQo6C a"€t:oor $g bgnoeo doB ESS:oa-


'S{{i"6p$ (r:$O}o5' r(r0od trB4s-84 3?:;et5:.e0 erold, }gd
q56 o.o5:S:er: 5n16o $$ s6no6 eiro5rod dbp$oc- 6oda.6: e5r.
6gd$ 08So;i:+g6:o[& e.5 Sdd Spge66r, "Eo"d epo66r eroer:oaUu
- $0 *6f*t': eoo"55d: G5qFS$ot-S soo0. *S, eoo"55d: 55o6:orn
eoo0roX(u e€$ord: 6nS G5q"5$o1e erdS$. eoo"55dr 8b3566:u6
ao5 65dg5uo6. u6t:or:d: tfp"SSoL8."t' aero$ 6.5+5er$ 6ndtoe:

298 e56r $ebS


65pS p0d S;o6od;w6:. "SS;es6eol6$er: u$, ero"553 So{5 5$
Sdo.ql 65J0E>, JQSo: eoooi6oo5 66+5 @p"Si$o[8 esol$0Er
eso5>$

@*6o dQoXo::"" eps ep$;r6:. 6pS 6n5€pn ero"55 er6p65yd,:


a3r6o6on eo&o*Q 5{A - 65$ Jo.oE eg.J d6S."
ep6&d6 a$e $$d so6a!o6 uoir$o.f u5$o.r $oaoper:
awn" dSC 1$e6o ao6pooa. *960 $odeer$: 503: eof5odorn
6oXr.6rd*e.rffg6065p"5s.65602Sdo15ar&er$;ho*Uu."$iragomd
dAod ss{ 1}oef dada 5;5rs5er 6o1o. 5po' &gps esoaoe)
eiroS:od (r:S;6orn Sfeco SOs.6r. 0EB:B $oao8o$5o5565: eodrSS
SioSlod n $, erQ66eao-3708 5oa:oQo0mC S{rn BbpSobo6 55
d6:. eso65c ;rE r{:ooo SQ SQ sB2BS-1S5S6o d6:"'n eoS;d es af;o
Sod,ao $eodo.

1998 SrOSd JQSo 6Oeer Ber:Sd S$o5r"Cg a"€?ooo SfEaoE


64€)ds 65 co"$od 8c ,:"Qoaur. esd r$dr.c3 i5.B.ero"55
n'o6:tr3:pef ar{66o6:q6:.'u AqSo 6Oef *o@5 }$ es }$
,5Ogdd JSgt$ dCC6on" 25.8 a6o €"p$ Srgdd:3'6oOoA. s-og5
$dpor:$ 0"Q eeS; OE3o 534o.:516:o6. eser AA3,: f:qr dsfdd fOf
{oo$ 1798 ?:On'o:>. tu156g,oef gOS AdBr a:ero 1996 uB t87 5:oo
2518 ?:0fo6. epod g5S a:eg.ode 20 S*, Srgdd: 65:45d 6o8 083:
groera).e6 tuL66H,o $ipv6od &oD AEb S cad:.sB s6eao 5r58f

S>e>e:: (e$b). d"AS f-Hd 42 a.6o a$o6 &83: erd5{ro3 do" tu16$g,e:

esdc6:e:3
-P)O
6.e,r: daUu. eg 550o5:od
-
pe Cdfea 505r"6 $KoSr
io( eo6:5
g&., "AEb gr.eJtug ?:666:$g d,,Ober $66 sa:B:s6, fi6psa eod:5
6{od dsf5$d aos- sg"o56o$ foea"Srer Sodco'55i5:;"e7 eos
;:ngergsoac$. eeep a66e.:o Sgd aoCo 5e6no 56o6 Sdo@Br6
@p"56:oge erdr5Uu er$6rod, 1999d 6
6r6p e"Ss(ro$Q $;$on
Ku.OoOo6 : "S:odd e$o66 e(lo5r.f elo"55,5r.3JS C65ireo" $6:f5o
ry6&o6: a$e $$d$ erg{S:ero ocu - d.Ssos: 516o dKu$$oa-
$95{r6oJc-CB s6eapo6. "

ar6o;o6 299
6
56sp;5Fe;fo o€?cooC ew&o$ uo$6r&n" ioEod ?:o*o:r.
dS$dd er65o5 $oergaoo gOnS &ge uo5:5:6{ e6eeo sdr,
iQ5er$ ;bod esSdOoOS eoS?:f gr"er$g o"odr$f,rrp Jo3:5 s.$e;o
5g. $fa:oer6 So(!So"dr"Q eoXoSOoS *#.:ord: 1$q"$$o18 yapO.
s-S, o"$$& B.es6.o"eo5rea5 (66od do$od wqIS;loLS) Sr"ertud0
&:6e $$"fu. +#:o; eldg$o"5$B Xo66> Bogd:Sgegr dper eoo0
6$a$6:. eofup"6eaps 6a aw$5od AASrd Sg[ $od*Fo: 6Bq,or:.
@a:er&e5$o 1$a:oom a$g$368, 65;5 earSor{ S55fer 65ao &6pA
Spa- ao9rSo dloxrf u€?cor eso66oh5 s.65682 dg Sg, epo0.r6: :
"ued6ea53 RFso5:"no6 ern"d OEB: esod 56;$ er$ilgo. eso6)d
esd6$ OdbS 5&3o56o SSo e de:o: Ba$3oX(u."e8

SleJ&dS &$o S{O dq:o 5Q)a.o.r:. Xrr0; 1999d So4i.o


a.55oo 65ry5$ooq& esd5r"J6. 1996d e>m s6:oc" 6a J"O S$.;dorn
o.So $Oo'56q:t$e$S eso6$ 55136:. esodw6),6 J'O 65 $ogeSfod
A5&o5: flSod 45.8. ere55 d.8o:rort @qP ;bo[&n' 6oa-er$
*OSoXA. 6 deSB $56o[65o 5S35 eO So$63o"od 6o"S5:oLe
Stirqr.g erS36 d4o5ro6 eqr S:o1e $d6'Je $S50o*64, eper 55r
o5$or:d Sgsiroo*os ero"55 er{06:oXUu.
*61:o::, eoe5S 9Q Sa.gnerrn 5:o0 $[6:er. R:cro6od,
65g$:od, $g C65iread a66, i$oO epSn"iy5$, eo$:ao{o.f
$Cd.a6r. a$0 a$;t': eo0s6od gOS 6$ddr.S 5$3$oB 6 ao6o ")e>
6o0uo6?

{.* *

300 e$5: $e$e


$:ed$ qr6o
elcFSS - il5*oD:
JSoa p$or? (1998-2004)
eoq"Sd$o - 12

$erSC 1$d:.6o (1998-99)

tu{o 23 }$od' 5ro; aod 56;8$ odTcor 16{>e5s3


1998
J5.8. e*r55 '$AS5 dar"L565 eoOo65;' (")S&i) ep& o-e5:56eao da6:.
6 *6 a55: $&5 5"ogg a"5 $+Qn' po6o de6. rgSrd
a"55:1s$5 tue{ e6565od aS$o[r: astrSf asd d$S4pt$, es ]$
'JAS6 eBr.Lg65 goe5,d ap6$5&:n aod6.2

ar;t$ 6 JSBad 179;to6 S83o $$ger, 19 tuq6$g,o iios g6


$oB $S5er, 56 sS eo$ S5rO 556o16:ero1Uu.'5gofo5 Soi.g
S{ 5$$ B:awod 5'e.rd'dn" 5Qo6. LfArE ;$$sa5
656J4:os53
,idgm a"gerScodo6: :"5{gG a{Cu ao8,:or arldn5B 3pu $5 aroo
p*g ego)it56)o6."4
6 gr"ertuCc $$"fo. Sob 6oJ0co $tro i58J ew&oS
65ea"06do05 55 og,p5 6:pci: epoeoi$ - er656eao-370 C 6SirdoJoe.:o,
eldr{gd e$:6:o66 $oo3eao, d,6$oe ad acd $Ec eoso: So6:ero
- ABb 5"o8o0o6. 6 $$$sor:obQ.ercr55 erri. $$$o16:. "e53:c5:
$gd eos $5r$g s655{3 Src- o$o s6erhod&:ercd {r.era:d a4Sg
S6noeou: 5OS 6oXor 6x$5 SoSo 6:5 6o"5,. SoSSoo$ soSo
5r6:;$5erh 6o0oo6."6
gr.eJtuC $$oQo65 5er6sS Agcr.Sg * 6n16o'6e6p5o'
el6$&bS udt:o::, eoo55 qrsouc$. o$ S6noeer) FeP fi"$;50
6€4fr:$oa6:. sC, 6$ 6derQ 55:45n' eso5;r 3e6. epQv6oC

arder;oA 303
gr"ertu $$66s aq&* $fFS]r"gPS 85ro(> asd$ood 5f;o {oos
5*;or:. R:5e6,65 1g*cd e"g Srd ffOS ero6 So5:od esoD5
e"55p8
ao6:e.rod JS&Jd So1$6oinu: a03:56yt': Spc- esd EpOC
es5ero0ooo6. esd: tu66 Sog :5tudo6d eoQs6oC 65;56:eo"cQ
(&JS:B) $gc 66rdo5r"o. e$t$d:e5ers do@ 6665o s'5{eo'63r6on
*"e.rdoOerq c6R &. SQSI, uo65:er p6t:o.::, ero"55. erero6 +S
a$p6,: ao$o06 &;1po6i$ Jero6 e6eao d6:oc- aer eroASO$6?
ogd afro$"S; eroSorn B*3a6. ao5:oOd aod $oS : (::p$ea5
&5tus dogod es$5 aer $o18s do5ro.' eoS;Ed KupS:eag S5a:
6tu6;rt'rC a5e* $$3 5pS uodr6:tn" Sd$n 6ox6. ad6:o05
ep0s-6od d$;o6 soo esd:$ 6a>gQitse6:. aS3:6: es&3 So*,ccr6)
eoo5r5Uu. o6t:or eso66oh5 e65502 6q Sg" i*erf B$;ood :
"*€t:or:S, iug.:$eag $54:3 66oC qP6$o$ as$of,id 6$; S$o"u>
epo508 dOSSd. $5ArC *5*or el$Ser 55:36:. ereo0c$;:6,: $54:B
esQS ear $o18 55&& +€*o.r: ie alUu?."t lSto 5tu 3&;6od
"il6€oror> p5: 5r0,: a*;6. yC, ep65: esacg"o$6." uro5;5o1-enCd
a:d6:o06 +€f:or 1${:e5CB 5:66: 6$Soip0o5d6:. sC, }5a>
esOrr6. "e.E$;>t'o Rr6Soirn o6 pd eso6 - '$65 1e':$&SoeroE
o8s. eo$$ro"C; $60ir66. "e
$5eo3 es$g ;$o[&n" &S6:do6)S o6*oar &654Oo16. erep
doS:e.:"Cg ;w€*oa: ego66o85 $o{roe6>oo56. eg8r6o*t$. i5.8.
ero.55 d8o::"ort aqr ;1o[8rn$, oH ]6 tug6do awQ ire;od5 6{ea
eqr S:o1&rn$ So6tu6r6oXr56:. aS5oE boFB eQS ae q,6r.So0,
o$d5o6 tg,S Sdeo6 eqr ;$o[&C So5roC +6'*or: $o503oo.Uu.
aeS5o6 bo6 a.SSpCo qp65 p$Sod trSdb$a.6. eewd
fSooOS 555o16
&gd w6559[n J6h5o6. o5:d5o6 Sg" e"5$36 oJJF eoes8.
a5e5fd SoSpS e6556^. +55oa:5:ogs Sgsgeflaoa o6d5o6 Rrg"
a"5 eflirea daCu : "6a S:o[8 Sfod - ew&oO d;66p 56;&5 w5OEe5
Serdd ee6J5.)Se Bo65+d> e.S;t$ (r"c- d6:."'o

304 eS6> $e5s


6c eog$a:eoqa Srd es6a5a5 uo5:6:t'o a$;6r. eso6$
8.a5. (u5625. r:r.6er"Cg 5:S& SoSer 6o€y6:. e$, 1$$ow{oe 6fer
S€5on" Srdds:6:e6:. ego65 Sofir:d 8oS ,.rd6df S:Sgg$d,5d
Scde6. o€fcoo S:"a- 6:6gL$d,5 (rr.5oo5:6) $ca 5o.! eror:d,
Ku5625 SoX 5r:o6 $o$ ap5?roa: Sofiud 6o16. eloa)i,o offOS
Sd;oaop.er dO. fi6625 J66$&p o5?:o:: epo6 e5o5:"Cg
$5O2o5Uu. f05625 CAdSpCg 6Q em5:5 3:"o6r e"&o$o"*g"6 eio620
+$ ddfd 5o&:5o d* Uq5o e6:. egoS:S ods":o:: sfl&o*6: $o$s:
"eso$d6{ {u5eeSu: SQo*6c JSS*fXo da:...Sogon ego6:5
epo6odd (SoEu $oo6 Sfs) 563oa:op.u: Bo3: 6oc-03o6. ws, eoer
do5rd6>.""

t$pS$o[&n' t$6nea$5e6o dSS $6e6; odTooo $o$o"o5nQ


esSrSOoO 65 5:o185f f#:Jo aw0eC e$6SB bo8:oeti:. ee eLd eo5:$

6$ $oooaos6 sos 66aso dqs;rsosrod trsoosdo 5s3 "(r5625d


5$fo $a";6. ad6€c S6qQile6" erS d$;6. o€?:or: Boe,:S dOag
,
fu5625ds es86)e 66d 5o:$:$ug6. e"5 6oec*6 d966,
5re*6c$pl(u.
d6
tlo0c 66+5 +5*or: ern" eoo$it6orS0r: SS8,:o*Cu.
e$6e3 $oB:5 awfledoO a"5 *Oc <rgs3 e1d 8sflo*6:.
es
ro6) a$5o6 bo6.

aS5oE bo6 *Os tuog& 5H awOryd $63c-Q $5625d


55&d3oa6l. o"$B s6eru> 5tu€rod - aS5oESoF e.5 5"6o 6:eooe$B
Bo6$pc$. psgod epQwon $sSe6:. esdS)SB SoEud'cga*dfDs$,
5g6o> s$pr6:oc.:p 80fr' 55o6o *trS:qod 55no6. egoir$ $6 SoEu
uoES '$F ;eon" ilom' esoeir 5go65orn er05$$6. esd65 er&
6o.6;p6. 5f"q. ew360com 5r.H"di.6r..SSdA es$S co"o"o egoS:S6:
5.5151. "es$r63 a:Sc,o6 SoF *6 So8ose, o63:o:: &{oa6: o's
dd

{r.6s"P eo53:60 a$5o6 bo6p cdaod aqr $o18s da"6s eooe.lUu d$


sg"." 5&u aD66 dar 5:o5;16*oo 66@Sq.ee6;5J5, a:d6:oO6,
Kr:p:5:ee5 $5tu a6r5:$ ?166r'3 6ox6.

a:.6o;oA 305
pd*ol:65od {rc- G6q"SXDo[8n" daUr:. 65 esQ$e5SB Jero8
Su* J5:pu esd653 65 i"6 et66 (eoo"55) d6:oda"O. a6;C,r
6r"c. S:66$E ero"55 ;wdsoqlB e.r$€cn" Soec5'6:. ;rS o.o:t$ 5e6ner
*$ro - $o$d 6pc- Oe€co5on" s6$flo6.

a$pd ere55B e,5 aa3.vo5s;5:o6 J6:do6!


***
"a-S Sosh3 ep6w6o 5{, erdi$ ?:o.5:s$ S6, SS;u:6ra- $5f;o
es 60;ltseo))."3
1986 $oS eo"55 A"gS 5e$Q. 5a36:. o"5ed $gd8
esoSr$

J5nperS ego.0c6&$ e655{u: tpe> 5:oB JBn"Cu. wS, e$;:t': 9{


d4o:roX aq:o i$o[8n" 65g ero"55 eg $5&S SAdS, ]$ e#$ S6CS
(e.5 55$ doc,: 556f 6o6$655; A.g cd5r6r"s0g dat) dtg"of
503o6. eo53:6$pt': em"55d G5q"5$o1S eo$;egrrn o6'*or: 5pf:e60.
abyf,l es oQs6 *do.er;b6lFdpo.
ero"55B 1!:osrSfi)5p564r"5 $:SsaSC o€*o:: e503e5 S:o[&S
da6. 6AFE 5pc- u€'?:ol epdot{:o$ $6l(:44*6. e.5 Oa3:
poS:$c$ eso0r6: : "($BrE a$ir6a5 ee55 5:SBr. vS epelS'd G3q"$$oLe
erdr5S $r"6 Bep $e.:: ee55 $oS 15815.$"6d6." (u6ot6 5:o5$
g,S5o $(u5:oe.r6: : "ere55 SS1 5Q1 6$dlt^r dto6:"ort dad
6sdd6$s s8n"(u. SS fd ooe$.vs u6'i:or: (Sbwee $5s6o de6,
e€*oo 55g 5o3 6$ seSoo6rod fO$oO6:S e6n"6. SSIJ eoo"5S
6$30 eBnS $iro5:o dS a&;S. u6'fcor: eS: oo.55d S"g"eo"Sc
a eoX6r."1a 63p$S:ogS eeger$od3 $56og6on AgfiOE6 ugg6 a5.
a5l.{uepd, cg6.A.SoBe5, S$ o6dn 6%6. 5565 eS t$} eourc{: :
"$$ o&o6r eerdd aoglS 5 $i5ro6:odBu 36;5;$;."16
$$;re,o6r3 Eod 5i$6 6o6tco 9o65ro6 $CoOS OB3: o.o6$o8
e(rro5r 5Oho0o6. a6oe 6'oeroo +5$63{o $S5$od S.lE 5g
5or$6r do0:ro6. &$ eo66on5 Sfodc a,5 55$a$p6: "5rd aep
306 S$6r $er.b8
;$o68 S$ uedr eoer 6r(u$dgo5rCco, 65 566eC 1$502o,5e;o,
1$dr8o50:o Sd36 sc$. $gd so6Soo6 e6Q.5rdn S "050 *oa
6{o Sd3bo6(F" eg0 B$or 96:$43o6.

@p"$i:ogS se5oo6:od S{rn SCB:oOS Suqrf o.5$SrO *5,


e:3> S:boao. od*ood $eo d5$63 o6E ao.Z d6oadB eg S:groa:o
Src- 5Q;o6. A.i5.edg a"5536 &o.38, oJJF esQy0 eo,#S pSoU:.
q" 5 $ o Le eego o5: o d awoa:o e5 ?o 15 ec 6n C o5: A: 6: 6 o5ry6. a€?o oe:
1g5

66t$rp 6$ se5oo$od SS$* erQwc$o S:e.roer0; 65 qo63


boQod;r6. (6 asp8erC dEo:roX aq:. i$o[8 Sreroa:o S*g6o d6).
"e€5:5r0*6'6:.a- 5{p 6odu6. efi?:{ S(ro5:$5uo6? es065g
J5o8 aqlo6 d6" eo0.>6: er coeS:f $flSLa.S eoQs-6.
e5$;1l"0 S5 66 30 Sgrn derKu. +5*or: dagod
eoe55B
e"So eq"556s $6"96 tr6eq" 6o0.rt$. ero:rd, ero"5$B 55.1c6g" -
e5$5r0 sd Sr"6:6 5A)6, eeg6o 6oa5 {gn*65 (tlo"S5:o18
*e5oo$od) R{So Beror:o.56o. ut'; $ea:oa *;3n6u: a-56 3}pUu:
";rer $o56pee:)rr uf*or: S:0l:oerQ 5f ogo$ SFQq$. o.55:;bo
*5'ero"5$ r{:0o0 JSydw a,54 }6}er: bne; 6pc- Sr"gedd6. qS eea)
g166 Xl$g (54:6) eors.55 6:6o0 a"54;boO 5p0c Spc- 5r"gedd6."
6t5:u6 d*f 8.J5.(>5625 3?:3+6: : "d:So esd6$3 (85q"$$ot-s3)
3*3o$o. ern55 Erc. 5l aofrgur, *g816:o: J5 g 5{oB
epfr 5>O
Sf5o65oe. ero"55 65 S6>$, gr"d:6$ Src- aiprdn 6$ sQy6 5OQ
6oegg6B ec55d5:. errr55 epudg +6'?oor: Src- i.E3"6s
eri$$3u$o. wC ed65 Ldgi ?:gda:."'u
e6'$5r0 S>euoeco 6cB5oX gcdE eL6"S +5?:oo 65
s-eger5: od d u.1e.ro ee5SB ;e 5'?:ooB $6g abo" sJ $ $oo o6. e"56; 6
6 adgd{ 666S sQe6o Jo"o6d eQJer 65dphot5>$od gra-
E0$Sudc. eo6$ 6o@ eero6 3eo$ofo *er 3r:';t$. ai:qr'a! e
y6eaon"S ;r5*ol
tpdE otac 65 ;$er5s6g602m, aDBaD66 eg.&os>

d6@ Se:fse6)rr So6:$o;$S3 6o65;1r.1.


ardqlo6 307
656"5$o1S ee5oo5:od $ue5w65602rr SSdfo;r$ a.en 8er5p$
$16S S653r&" 6oe,:"6. ao6ernc$ vood b.J5.Xr"5;6,t' 3r.S.
eoB6nod6, 3:.&. 56$o$se$ s.ood es;$6o"6 563 Snc- * *,.*g'
6SdbSFd. GSqr.SSoolS s-e5oo5rod E dA tuGH" SoJ:"$s-CB
5:6av6eoo - ego$S 65 er5d 50$ $d6o[6o $.e.> ir:e]So $oStro.
t666S sp"So oda 6sps{oo18 s'egoo5:od Jer 606*666o56
(eoo"55 Su) 5633 ecpm derKu. 66:o6 e.5 $o56pod Crg" 3$36 :

"6& SSr"d6odS:" +€*or n"r5r esodt$ i8:po6 SSg 66:od a-S


C$oi:o &S$3 ;5r:o6: o. 5oS .Jpb a"S $6; eo8f+6:. '$o8e5d 5:So
perB B{o 5o"!'... eoer aof,S 5r 55rdee."18

G6q"S$oLe o"€?oor:aog! 6OOaar 6606o (yo&6:n $6{E"


6o0r:o6. esd65 esosgorn sL6dq.6r. dSn"3 65g6p5'boc5:$5 pS:p'
6Le S J6r6$o{rUr:. s-erSpego: &A3SS; 66o6 erel irso"S3 6o6o
R:5S6o6.
Qrq)-
Er6o 6:e.r:oaS>oe der:d;Srey dUe.O. odgE $ea: uf
*g Xo{55 S6n65r', 50955:{gd a"d; J345rO;S Sd:OotS $54ur
ipa-S8 SEoe.roa:. e€5:;5r0 e.6'eoe16s6o 5o$Uro doa:o$ fpd
6o0r:o6. 4.J5. e6' 65 66do0 a:o6:68, .f.etC3 'eper ese.rpaerr
,861$6r".6o0.yCu. eso65 eaSoSrBSyt'+ 5pge66. es S5:o5rSB g.ldE
&:gr, 6oa:5 dgnuUS 5+6r. es SQdeO;5{6$o0 .$"Slt a,5r5: qer
A$36: : "eoe1$66o 55:o6:odd eg day 1$q.S$o1S s65t_55:o 5$e$
ueb JOr$6:. epero8 eoer;*s6 SSpd,aoB ercnl$ e6o:o'daryfr
-uroJrd
,5r.6d6. ue>;5oqrgpS J6go o{ tufrO srd5 a6:r$U:" aod0. a"Sdd
eoo"55d e g:B $o ooQoSS $iro5rpp, s* 6"616 503o;515:5; 6Uu+5
eg s6d6ro iFLdd, eoo"553 dda."

***
o€f;oo: 65 6q"$5co[8 eegerdrQ emr553 6So5u$orn aoder
So5ron $o65go deUu. s-0, aB $6pOeo5: aS5d6r. 1998 51!16-
uBB eso$S3 es &Ad6o eo$8o6. eoo"55d a,5 d,6 66e5qSdSejFSg
eoSS6pS 06ea5o S65&odC *6'*oo q:.&out5:. & +d6or

308 s56r $eSe


ad6er$d$oB ero553 5$o 5ono6. a655$g a"5*ga16&5$:35@iron
eorr55 qr&oa6. ero::S6368 *€i:or
Sg eso6:$ Sdd66 a5:3a66d6:.
eso6)$ s"6eao 5OS S0doir.o0 (SoEr dOSSl S6no6Sr;Q. aods6:,
sQ (>og,5oKo &6o,5€co $tro &g SpBr 6559 Aq;S55r6551
eig6o5ro. SS aods.oon $6:5:o0o5g offJe 66n" &6$ doOc-Cg
5S35 efO esSedo q6. 6 &ito6:o Src- elo"55 $Sf\rC aoom 6o6.

$$ frerg og,god G5q"5po6 eP66d,5o erea:d$S So60o;$$5e.:o.


tuLd5g,sc fo53h $65tco Stro Aaa SQ a66 erg,6o Siro$od
edS&S$pES eoea:d$ eiroS:od Sr15o $$ aq5er geo"g5B 5$>a&
6oc-o$ o€f>or:, ero"55 S$a$r6. "$Sd.5 ema#$ So"ilq.6d:55"
So43.o cfeqQoa. 66i$t$eoon" eee5o5reQ 6dr"6rd* ciro6rod
S$o5:o &fr:g:oea:oa"'e - esS JC;So $eo"05d 6o6. 9{ tF66S"
5e;0>5: ;5r:o6 eAo5J"OJ r${dS$oe,>:' a6gO[ J5.e5: B]36 :
"tilSJ 16.SS6 S:SdeCB 5*;d;. es $o56pon a.5 So6:5epeo da6.
er54d eocr55, od?:o:> s66r" 6odrp SS eoo550 eo8m5r - 5: aqSe:

@eo"05d *o-;Sggm eree5o6r:per 6dr.6 0{oirod 5:O SpUcX"loS:p


6o1e? o"SB eoe55'i5 d)SD 5g6$d;o5:od 6oXo'eroX6:."20
1996d *5*ol: 66$;n6, 6aaro (Fe5;$o[&rn SSS$566,
eso5:5 eoeard$f6{o$ erde0*;Uu. s.c, Bo0:d u6c es}6). s.6eao 65
t$drd5" J5:45 6aarer: 6o65iF5J.15; $odiro. aS36 60fr6er dU:.
$Sarcerd 6$ Sr"eJtu $oq:.5aerS;.r€ 6 o63 6.4d:So"v s.d
.1$ryS$o18n aod eo5e6o 6o6. epo6:d, tlSeSSo[8 eror:i SQ
oeod - 1998 5g:5 Bod - erear6$ f6goS eso65 erdeOe;t5:.
p66d,6 eoea:6$sd5)$ sao6$o$ CaB oot$ 5,39E tfq.$Srole
erear$6{5: epoAw6o do}03 6o0uo6. eoea:$6{ cgd d6g 30 6aas.e)
5oo56, aod $o 7 6aarer a5r:o66,5rr"65 $o g oaa:,o;5r:o56, 056n"
a5oo6:dae,S 6 esoAv6o ao& 6e0. 1998 $ a glo6od e6?:oa:65
$:o1SSf 5ir56od e"SO;65 So$ dSuSB bOuCr:.5r.ge6eJ"Cg 65

ar6o;o6 309
aE6r.$dB &SS ag"O : "5:So Sr"geda *er naSSorn 6oc-0 (D6r.!"
eeo16. eg 6aas. 6tJro6 +€*or: emarf6{S 'J5'3}36r. es da:, e18
arr5o6 boF 65ru.q snfods 6$ aog6 6ox6. "d$ dO
5sdo6d6oX$" eos p6g3 asop 5Q1a.6:.

"sn0, d$ a::f6'"$f:. 6a$65 R:o6 dar 5e!" ep$ qP6J rtQ $Soa.
"dO d:S e"S ?:f f6g aUfa6droXo" eeoa6 a$5o6 So6.

"fu 6S4tU5oC dO eoo6ip 6€6feda 5;5uobo6?" ep$ esd6$


qr65 eo&ho6.21

6a erea:$6513 $oa:oQo0 S:0"5 $$d566 $of$ $c- e1$${o


da6:.
S: rrS iFrgt"S erea:66{ aono6.

eod das, egEaFJF $1s$esfpaEd 81166 6eJd 6e56g5 aen


6o8 :'5rg$066 aoSoip' (erea:6$ ry66)."

e66 56:Sn" 5:16o d*f o6> esea:56{o: a:obo6. eo6rd


efip6o 5tuerod - 6s eeea>$6{ es0f,o"e 6a S(ro5:o erir6s t66e5SS
Boo6g0E5ero. 6s &floIFQ Bzu6n del6 r$$ ,idq e$o.6, : "eoB:o6$
'eo65o6 na65o' ers 65;61edg $ooO5n" &Sg:oev6. es, &$ aQSe>

65eo"QSS sd)."
& 6n"p7os $o0 d6${ aoec$ epd:os- 5oo6:{ e$er e65
fuf eo5:si 6ern" $;o6oso6.
er$g eso{er SQo*ar:.23 qp66 tSfi65o

G5q"S$oge3, esd6$ Suerg e656o23 Sdao6 Ce$od 66 deg5:d$o


*eI 606. qP65 il6oQ$od$er es&Oed$ 6+5 qp6&o5r:o 5:f;6:S
s:.66gdod 47 $o563e" $g 6q"ss65602 &15 8o5po6. ego6rd
5dogBr6.
1995d X:ag<r6 xboO 5dogAr"60 6QB iofSfp6 5:o$ ego6$
epd:oyd s{r6on S656otr6. aKr:;BSg, ffi32,, tg+Sp6&o6uo ag[$
;$d0o: S$...esep 6{6 erd:OeC fdO (>0r:oe;ro 5:{5 uer soo
310 cS6: Sebe
6ei.6r. 1990 6d5o s56$ 6d3SOB BpA es&Oydd 6q"SSo1O
;:"6'fcoo3 6625o au;Uu. u6'?:or: 'tdg ascrO : "bar6, 5:95
a656orn aS;d aoaife $i$$oduoXo?."2a erear$69p5 dctrod
ArA e.54$On" 86559 5*36:. esa)os so@S 65 eso{o6: S60o$er
eed bg"od 5r:;!36orn er$ de6r.
eoo6 e>S e"U6d'{od $oUrOSS ep5.6o dO go't e66d fS
$6ef ao8:S Sd5 t$e6o - aoecUu"g $oOa:8S 6ags aZ e5o SroB
eoeod$ 66H5, S$Qo*6:. eo6d i"g, sdr", 0o6 e5{ d6:oc- erq
SH"* ad eofl@06:"q.559. dao::.'u TSBFE i:irsa5 lg58o16: : "aB
d$oo erear565ls-6:, a"5 aw&06:+es3 56{."26

6a ereo56{ eg0n$ 66tr;6: 6aai,er 66:e6, A.gA.5


ereo$6{or es6:

aOB:o6. q6 BFoSP aw&o6:+tr Sao6: @apuq"b6* 66o5d6iFoa:o6.


SawSB qp65B 6 eoear$6{o: es636{ea 6qC ?:o&o6ot$$fc-Cg
6dsos$e. r{6od }6t$deo e6,:o 6:oO 36:.;5:{ }eo 606o.
+€i:oo eeox6 : "u erfl@o5:od 6U 6"t'.>f 5:S Seago5rsB s6eao
ee e6q- Sh;S$6o $6:$go 6o esdup"u: dgirsSXo. epoS:d,
eoern5dlpo 6oa-0 eoC d$ qr&oa$>." ereoSS{a0f$ SUupd eour5S
SSoUr.d 6r"9e66r", 6ot$ $r.6 $* 65 eg5od a.r&po$:
66c;$$oXr$.'7 6Uuu6 ego6:5 e$e6 $oFr 65gE gs6 e,56
CCB:orUu : "666o Co& eS;Se;SB ,#6 ad;a {5r6:ea3>."'8

6a eoear66{ofuf a.$d a.$ erSS:3& 56o t1>ase6 i$oO &cbo0o6.


ep65: 32 5{ a.SSf{:gC,: ep$:E &. esd65 63p55:ole3 esg{Xrod a.5
dq: ee6: : "ff6$ ar6?coo n 6:! 56 8q So*"o s6eaorr, $9i.5
er[S&:o$S s"836 SirdrU rr.o3 S6dati." & de$ eQiFooS
gq"S$ols o€*or: es aSSSd fdr6s 6QB AoAoo e{o6$tuer$
ep&n"6:. o"SB esfuE a03$ aFaD : "3rcrQ dad: $q"$oLe, dS)
&
uOd 5rg,r,:6oXs:. eree5dr:qog esoS:$ $dpodd 605r"6, Sb
dodec{:. s-s, ud a"**
eeoe6 -'i"9Q.56{ $;1r5on" 5:So (pc-
eoeo6$c $sr:$Qo$$od, 6:5o i"gQ.S e[Stuos$ s€36s e6o

ai,t{o;o6 311
e5e J$368 asS; &o5do'...."'e D€t:oo 55: 'Joo.5d6. d6oo
e.5S36 erqrod a,r66 *do" SSo e$16o5r 560:o soa. C.S5S65p ar65
e.5 eraar6$n 619o$ $ocrers eed$S $6$;Je6.
66od A'gi.Sd ar65 !155656n s
E.s.a.o{r:s5
ssdR
epoc.r6: : "a.5$0 eoea:6$ 56{el agon"od:od, a54dd dUs'p fu6;p6
64f:65o &oS dQ6oa o{ e*Q 1355o.5o5{orn 6:t0::$o$6err6s.o.
A"eq'Ss 5rc- 53$C B:q,sc sero6 16g a:onss;d er erg5q.
aciru$upom $6o.56er:lteo. er5;6 6{165 qp55."'o

eper w$sh5o6 666 69S f$Sr"6;SS (pa- e66ddo $3$5


5g {i:"r$eao.* 5:.6e.J"CB 36i&o6.

**rf
6 63n" qp65, $3$5 +5*oa:, Sa"f ir6Fo .fO
G3q.S$og6:or
$SpS,6o @,oo5 eagp"S 9oo5€C a6flo6. erbp63 iptg;.S erea#6{
aOA doC,: ;bler66>o6. 6a S5r"36oC 9U e$ro6;$.€csr
5rgnf,r5:oX6r. s.s ep$er: $S:.S.5o 1998 ?rftoa6d Srgdrfuad
o6gea5 Stue S65Sdg S$p3.fo $o56pon" a0flS So6d $eodSSoa.
i"er# fr6$ eooX6: - 6$ 1982 il"8 es$d6r g8tru: *"Xeco $$o er*d6
S:oe 6QB 65 s6 e"d gES dS$oeu" SaX$s eeoa6. Aoer3 $S
ddgdg[ sdE gqr" - "ep*d6, 6po $5g a(r:; $65$u: 6Ja::ad
ew6:o0r:o6" eeox6. es Sof)erSC a$5o63o6 r$S$S5:oOr, "erdpdps
egd5$" esoe$" Sa"d'fr6$ es5o6o 5g[o $a6:. u€?:o,r:,Idgm eeoe6
: "Soaep$ S6ed fpa-s8 $odrS:oa-, frOa6on" aofre> $po."t'
+53:oe: 65 (6S br"erd5r" ap(1grr SgSfrO{y 5q)6. 3.9i.5
69 6$ Ao56$& JeoE eod:SoXfeQ (eeEJSJ5, S?r.sb esEr6o
dS:oc-) 1$603or5eco $Ow6C ego6:58 derKr. SawSB 1998 ;168 egoS:S

6665o *bd6 $5o6:o?:55 $o[r:3 SpSoU c5r6on" dodo6. "*6J#


Soflud a.5 qrSo aoda. S U$66S" XoS 15g65o es$$$cr$) sC,
ero6:d $55o0y 55oo6?" er$ e0536 a,g $coOE eeEJSaS uo5:6:or
)
3r2 c$dr $eSs
a5:r3C 26 ;$o6 3:"ot5r$Q q*erg &pSoA:er .&5$5
eeoep6).
$roSfyf: e65 3ro61 6oAE *6J*o $;o5$ qer 6o8 : "eeepo6
3e65p$ Sr6eayod aEmU Snc- do1$od aaa 666S fc&6c
S$:oo*ood afou SX:66,:e6r."32
o

& veroCd G5q"$$o1e3, d4o5*o6 @qP 5:o[&3 5:65


S$o"eroXod:oerr" 5r&o$.d *q 56per Ber:Sgro.r. o6'5or ee ilEq-
eo&o05 Ep"So es ;w{er Cad:Sp Sg.Oo*oo ' "ero.55 n"6:, 35:
eer:6> 6e6nerrn So$ $s$E;reo. ee S556eaod Jero6 Sr6rJ
So{sodd6:. d:sf;e8 sqr63o:r5 ao€cm 50(ro1o."3' eorr55,
;1.5$o aos a$p5irX66a5od Eer(r$og:rd aoXo. s-$ +0 *$ro
e"5536 *;iro *6.
i.gQ.$ $oS d6e5.$rn ar653 50;S eoo"55 qP65 - $gi'S
soa:orye.: ciro5rod o€*oodd 6ox6. i"gi.Sg, ao6o5r3 S:{5
$63oaoqno SSo elo"55 esecr$d+6. ese, aofld sdag5 eopS:
1*e63o:55 $S$do0 6:"61ileo5:s egd$& 6o65t$;. eoo55 f.lbd
6a 6$ eog5 tS66S" doOd6:, 083: 1${:65o Srgdd: dod:6er6>. aa
sSpS Eo"S: 3g$egl ep$ egdS:S i"gi.SC @EE eo$awod erq6;.3o

es 6UDai"d i"&S 5e5$oo, ero"55 A"gQ"SgB 563o C(ro5r& *ur


J"* 5r.ge6r$q6. 1999 t}6odod $3*5 138e5 do, ql65d
$656o5{.r$8 ep;$$8o*o$ C$or:o*6.

eg$6sd aDd6 ofi 5155 leee as$E 27-30 d6$ agd


a0ho6. dod a01oft66 $gi'58 f,s+ood ry66 27t S6:t{:q: dAro.
eS qP65 esbn"$ 6645'Uu. 5SF 8otlno46 6o6odg 6tSOg 5 e3q)
Seesg 82 56:X:o 5f6:o6. S05Ea;oflort':. $aoJrSB 17 $6:rte>
dASd 6o6m, e3e5 Sd;o:rt'o. qp65 €.&iFooo6.tu aod erSp6orn
eg&cp {pc- oS no$dsi6dro eo$ger{C ;tus8lFoa:$ 5059 6Uue6

6*d Caeo5:o h-6; 6a6ec$03$e*n"S p66-&5 $oaopo6r Sror


drooa.

ar6o;o6 313
er$;Eo"s qF65, $B$a S6J {oQoOisoo$ d6g$oaop%. e
LgBq5L86 apn" 560o$o6. sC, uir: eoXoS:S;od *oir"pcrp$ oeS6ee$;
ry€i:or:, eoe5Ser aoe &8o;:"-03 6o6. ao6>5: G5o"5 v6ea"... 69-
erXd6 a(r:p $65Kr: 6$dR€ c(ro5:od er56aeoS: eono.5ecod
a(>dee: de5Qsr(uer 6fl 5o6 ;5r6F" 55$*r0o J5#beco.
ar{o 5)5 xD64$J"Hod 6 s$$53 50}46o o0oso6. &1881156
a$Jd 1$q"s$oLs +61:or: i"gQ.Sg e+erc s+€ rr6F $asoao.
es $ogp egdS:$'ao&065 J5;@:5'de6 6$ abo6 Sgio de6. t$$

eld a{o:rcg +5*o ;1oo6: @$so'5e.:o, eso$S ero"55d Srg.6bo


a;0flo6. er C{ro5rQ6:6dS5:oeu" K.:6otd 5:o5$ 8}6 :"$o1&Sf;od
5O;o.5c-SB ;51o5: o6'?oor: elo"55ol & CiroS:o r$0o0
5ngnf,r5:oX6...* esd.JSC eoo.55 6e;Sorn $56&o*6."36 Sa5
ir6$ er*F5uQ 6eoo3$. dq:6 t$* eS$ +g5o ao8o6:5 J5;g:5d
1999 b13cSO 45 (Pi$OUpo6.37 epd Oaar $p6irxo +#":oo 65
eooAweQ EO&6.

& ar(r:; o$16 $S$553 $oF: esB:"6o Spc- 6o6.38 erS;E e"5
eg6"fFJS eoS:$&e> eeo16 '"eocr55d.S6 &eo erSp8 SAS; eo$6$u:
(es6i5J53 $Sg3:"6:er) $dpSd 6rc- 6a a(r; o5116p $568o*6.
eo6 €5oo p€?cor: {l:SU 6:"163: s.5>."

dot'r oeqr 6&45 - 1999 19 $o5:o[6o 4 do€cer3 -


b13cSO
qp65, &B$5 5ofi.6bds +6p a5#* f5i 6Q-erfd6 es'o a(u; o5rg6
Sfo f,g d6.5:$oaoo. aom6:6or$d a:osit66:S;6Q U,rQ36 aS;
eralp6$6 56 $0(r"6b o"6 $3$5d 65d€ooo6.3e 72 'a! *68
65p55:o(-S o5i:o:r &gm air:p 6E i'9q"5 6q"S$ol6ef 56ao$o
Sa6:, egOofiSo dSSoXO. es ec(>;C 22 ;1:oO (Fiopo 6ox6.
t6tu+ b5 5o>6 do$o6, 35 frd6 6.5o::6 awd6 erg6 6rc- aoX6:.n0
eod aKr:;d o6*oo.f $e.:: ero"55 Sra- 65 5163{rAr& {38od
eg$o5o $tro 6So:reao $o:;"Op 6o6. yS, esd6$;$64 65on" esC$o*6.
eso5r16d $$o5 6p$S erSQoa-O;$ 5g$$e,r:oa::{ (o6'6o::) $rg63:,
'd5: v5:'.
3\4 C56: $e$s
esoin16d a,5 1FC"S eS(ea btueJod - 200 ercst$o A$So$J.
a:o"6-J-$3$5 so5625. ers4d 1940d ($55o1egs3 9"65o)
tufloer6: 135dgS d,Eo suoC tufro06 $fGSd &cr3$o0o6. eo5g6
$o6625:o tr{Sod p6t:oo qe> ee6: : "$;$6p$, dL55 gon$,
66an"A: epo>S J"BA"SS ep66d6o $ASodoa. i.g+5d 5 e.54OB
S s&o6oC Sod$'o ,9d6. i"gQ.S +pmJQ p65 eo$$o6."a1
6a oSSOpB eo{eq.J63:C,: J546 Je Bs;d ern" EorKr. A.BQ.S
Ftuenerd €6qpd65r$p5 $566 $dd p5'$or: e.SE
a:OhS a"5
a.6p$o16:. "3$ 4.659 eOE Bg.S 1$a:u: erd;rte6: -'fu6 i"gi.Sg
(,5q9) dr"65e $16o aS5c-SB Bg.e?' *4P6 -'i"gi.Sg (69 JSo
$o5 JeoE g$66165u" er5ad-6:'esc d$ 5ar:@6:."a2 55 $Sor{od
$64$0, ecirue egq:6>$0, o€*ou'eoq:od a,r68 eosad'fie,:6 ao&d:.'
esC.5$e:c a,E56om $SpQS,a6:.

65 666U p6?oor Jo6n 6q)rF 6o;pd 5u5 &6F SPerd


e{6:6d:o6 : "a$yt'o 4.3q.5 4c15t' Sra- ap€Bor: Rel}6:n3."
**!f
o'€?coa:B i'gi"Sd es$(ea a:oo ?r6h 6o66;5:3. wC, em5:S SQ
son'{Soe a$gd eoQs6arco 5flis$o6. $.Qn" esQv6$ dawd fogo
56;&o6. a:diro06 6hS esis"Eo $So e;$s$ 516:.15g6. em"55
Sf'6o6$tr96ile,f" : ,,1999 ino;u8d ero"5sd, ;r€?oood SOBS
ea8o5:on" aemd6:. &d5 Bro6r $oAE ipo5:6:or, (r:5635d 5o6
e9EJSJS oO65:or Hra- ar6'f,:oa:B SgSdgon irgn6c6oX6. eoerr0
o$ 8o565& 6$ So6q: o.d 5:5:(uer s6:."
;r"6*ors $5s S:os Serflo$e.rsg,sq ${:65od 65: e+$Eaer
a$o1S56S8 A$erdQ5;$rgr$eag &54: eo5p6d ao5:o06$ $06"er;Uu:
"5:$o t6*S$ed t66eSQ.5e3e,r do6:6ero. esoDd ero6:5: so1!S
$g fu$ $66 qs5% 6o0r:o6..." er$p6 s(drog r$QJf>$oo:"
KuEDa$Ea5 $5&: eoo0,r6r : "Rls$oSrrno$8, agdilo063 6:5g f5;rf$ S{

a:.t{o;o6 315
df;lXoou:o6S e5: der(r:. epo6:€, 5ro6>n' d'g60 $$5 Sdr{g
$Oo.Je;o $ro Cs es,#s xderSd a"5 d56coa: 5o"pb da[0."'n

e d56 &o6:3 5"F6 rrd 6o"$;!o[6:u: $i:s, $o5o S:oB


eeed:%. er*F50oer(u. 1999 ;$01 29S aoflS 6 dSe Ao6>d tFq"S
esS(ea asd6oO6, RFcot"n'o6. *96e e"d deod 5f
frgrdcSSga
;$*F esod $6 S&:fuq:o0uo6. eS, el54d a6:60 ep{ooJrdr:o 5OS
6eBrS S6 *SB e"5 S6:3ss;60froso6 - e$f;6o 6ob $s$d$ii$J.
e$ 6O5on" ao5:oO6 o5*or: @{:ee5SB 65 18;1:oB Jo8oo 5166rS
d$Soiv0Ko5r0r:m t$56o0o6.
Jd6

1999 51$16 175 +$6d,58€5 sa5S<r8r6g &e3$o d5$dd


€"6o65: 50;o6. 6 dSer B55o"od, epQs6od aS; &$o $So,
o"o8or, d6&eo $nod s$so5:$ep oS &16$ og c653.roa6:.
epod! esQs-6 083c8 Se5So ?:0flo6. ioi&ioB $S&6o05 &e3$op
d.6o6 fXDdr"Sg 6odo s{ }0* o5*oo 151be5CB 5:6d: SoSevCB
*F5> aa.1oo. 6tu6p6cd esQs6od aStr&JoB $$ Jo8:o: &e3;rc3
SSsdSon €.eD do$6o o"5e eSBo:: g5{:e5sB $irso$o 3+6r.
*Qeo es6565odc ai:q:a:S S5r"5 $$B aoas o6:t66: Jo9lu: er
&e35op €"6oF $5:o5:od 5d $oS [g,a6$eUu. Jo6SOg65:od,
65o6o 10:45 stufoo3'u *Qo.o 065 $R 55, sgoiFCJ $SEo;rCu.
dgsd $5rd6poa. sdd aaa) $g[a:oo6 ]g
s55sS o54o:
.JrKr:$$n"61.

+€?coa: 5a &o"35op 65 @5o6o &6o0oa6. 1996d eoSa5$


&cr3$o.f d,,&lFoa:5$;C,: iero8 135$o6o.f esoSr$ e.54$0 eoSq"6$p5
uo5:5:&n" J68lrsoir6a, eoero8 65$orndg 6 $0 {pa-
esS(ea 6er
BrSer: Rgn6.s.SiFd,6 3"0 wo@5 $$3 aner;e6er: RS6. "so@S
$$ *er SS SOiFoa:o6. d5ero, $$a%. epQe6o S:o0 eFerflo*o5;
cS:edd e,S$o, epQy6o SSo e"S ep5ed;rd ar6$55:ogQ
e"d e"54
$Qo*e:S; egdd e"5$0, 6$ode.: 6d 55o5:on" epQs6od3 euo51

316 c56: $e$e


es<re;o.f e.S&E...qry *e> $f " $g $OersUr $03o6.a6 +5*o::
Sr.gee5 &Ag Rl6co1.n"o63 es$*ro 533So6. esd: $o*Fo"t$ e"SUr:

$Od@U
esSt8
o,/ c/- cr,
t1:6) SSSoerU: : "eed) esg{irod o5?:or $ea> ffUg
5&OAf#oa:o6. 6:{gd ero"55 6*J6. ero"55 5Sg o€$oo 6f;6
Serag6. e:3: u6'?:oo 6ro6 Soa&, 'qo6 trdsrn $rgn6eo? 5
5o68 Ba:e..' el$ es60o6. ero.55 esory CoeJF dAel Sel$6:oc.:n
Soa:9r6..."

€,,6oF $;1:o1',o 666fd$og $Sa:oer:d a"5 sq[ Br:iyo Od8:


S555SB 55$&o6. e*r $65{pS SS e.o}; 6:o0 s.o@5 Jo9cn"
JQES nO66 6S,.oF. 6soOS 3rgc50 1999C e.s&; Srq:5;$o[&rn
So5:A:6:6cdr56:. esood, $pia:oer:3 edo.;5p doOc-Cg es6 5r.$q)
$e$06:o d.io6. esor)SS; 68 Sopo"o$$;xbS0o$ (Sr:q:5;$oLe SSSd
Co6&:6:6o5rg6 S$5 $Sa:o0l: $dge5$B edo"Sr $o6:erc eo6;A
$o[io"d5ro) esoS:$ ]fA:o0r3 ir6at5: s.5r66. eeoDu o"Q 69o$:o0
nO66 6;bo6 &Sa:oe.::S $sa6drgdu.

ad6ro06 $g 6$6?rg$ eose5$ &e3$op €-6oF a:0flo6. ${d


sod 6o66hado 6Uu+6 d55d $356 g56o*6. eo0e5$ &e3us3
1S&Snoorn 269, es$Sroon" 270 ;$o6 f-01 da6:.n'
dc-d ed?:oo tF66So 6rOiFo::o6. $gia:oo>
erod! a,54 d.or
.5016d aod S5o; dc-S t666so 5rOi65e.:o epd artrg3"o. 6:6P
S>os as5e $$ Jofcn" nos, dStrdd a8oFd $flSg Kutp$ea5 $54:
u5*or: SoU .JpS e"5 S$5 5o56. "eo6 ;F 65&ees3 tS&S. il€$oDg
e"5 &6o E$po$$oX$, 8$;5:."48
$o@o"dr$B e6:f;on' nO66 66roE uff:oo lSabe5CB
SgSdSon" d,,e.r: SaUu. so6:r$Uu Jo9oo $56: (Ig"aO r5o.) a$$S
ar6*o:rB *Qeo 330p5$p68, a:ivoa5 s5r"5 $$ ao9oo sr16o o50
CfuiroC 5r.er Sr.eJ6r.6e3ucB ep5:6poom €.0.r (o6:) de6. a:5u3-
s836:dn dasO s5;ds:35: 3o6s e665 RPd 65, $$ esdasB
e6f; orn &e3uSB esS:(r"oom d"e.r:346. ae

ar6o;oA 317
o6?:ol, eoo.5S }S&oeod tSq,.Sa$oLe se5oo5:od3
a{6n SOb

$t*r5:. ardt:oa:c 6e3ir$e3oc ee55 15o66go de6:. u' o6.*oe:


50

6$ 6:6;d 6roagrUu. "ild{)oD 6$foO cp(S6o gr6n" s6d:ilXoD.


dSf{d asBAS $oea"S:o$ egoS:S 6repTos 8ocp6:. 55
5r.g"6dgiFd6)"6. d:S:oe Sra- sov a"gdd 6oXo" ers ,5$ sg
r{:{dKu$oer6:.5'

iFCoipn o6 Bo€cS oJDpOE $o05, s.ol$S SOb 66@Sq" Swpee:


$* aAn 6o6%el BuSer?,:$o6. $r.6 daro 6Cue6 egE: o"$SS
d55 ess6ead $56o+Uu : "5r5r a$368 272 Stod Jo$s ;n{6: 6o6.
6 5166, aoe ?:t5:t{>6:o6$ er€Qoao."53

sS, it6$drno6 erc5uel 5o13o6:odrgoo. ry66d,S o"a8o:ng6


SpS S$S5o5:od 60dd6geFd Soee;Jro Jer doe.ldr epoSp
doS:dSiFooo6. es&$ $66 a$$c p68oos iuero5:o boE oJr55
O6o0tuirod 65 SD66S66$oir0o*t$. iF$dpn"o$S
20 SroB Jo8:o

G5q"$$o1e ssroc- da6>.un es 6t$4"5 eg3: 'cdd #6:eer' eo$;


v6eaom 5"P6 $CoOE eo1flS po$Srer J6rt$ &0n"6.55 51!55'175
erse5$ &e35o tf$dBtd, p6?:or: tS66So gr"oeFd, ssog 5t!:5 265
55on" dS$d 6{orc6. 6:d ocS: $"}f aQSu: ee6mQ 6o6.

6eOS sQ6r.3"f a6flS 6o56nt*Q. J6.B.em"55, iF0dr.rro$


6$ 6$ $$o o55e $w;9 $eeod .5ra6. ere55 66:u6 e(r5:o16:
"?l6lger6 d$o o556 epda a,g n Oao66er tlOiFoooa. epd trS:oOod
e5: e,5 eg$o6o 5tuerod $aSg eBr"Lg65 e*:o5c5p (JSeJ)dC
ao;$&:o.$ oQ $$o: qo66 S€dod Src- So* 6oXor:."56
RFsdrn"o6B Soao0o0 erd: p6er5o 6$ r$a$6o do;o6. $$ 5:f US
?:gdq. deroa:o,J6od gS *er awg{{rn 6oa-erS e$o S(>$o6.ut
2OO4 - 2014 vood d.god wo@5$$ $ou o$:{uQ.5r$5So::d,
iF$drn"o6 dO.1SSg $6o e-54d - $gd op556s aouo*ood
6oB6b5 o"o6:$Q ugf a$SB o{s 56oo6150.

318 s$6> $ebs


1999C 6;0r.6;5plo s.ood 6665od er$66er.:r"S e"ei"S
tpe$ E;wSQsO $d56'6Da"6E ewn" esdso*5. 6Q ;no5:5:o: ug
esQy6 iFeooC SD0nirsd6r'6: sa$ 65 (i,gq.S) firOoS esCOod
$;!o5:o ASOE d6) eoS:S:oXCo. es6SB q6 $o0 S$o5:o!

***
199e $ 3...
er6363 e€*oa: t6#:6so S:"Oilso: dot': *epo6. e"5 fi-gder sf:
dgi 6)55rf,r s"p6 @o6od$ so6t' SS3ro.5$oc- *t6o::S 65 o5r"5
(a6o a!a)S B6:$4oe.r:" B9.6. e8363 6{6orn i"gQ.S, qp65e, ${g
+{o$5 do3 sQ SdSe;g 5r6od 6a @o5o 6o6. eoSoer. ere>
a6)co 4t{:6 ao6o.f, Eersood Fc6:er 666erp$lpd>o6;bot$$ot
@o6od aoa.
6 fi"Ldo v6o - Sr.6r$lf esglr$UD 5r.6$a"f 6{ i"gi.S
uc.to,r06 SSOSA esszd r$opaC,:.u' es6$) Boc.:d 5644s
i:$S:o q]e65 d(!se
5eo 8fle0g 66n4$rAf $;$"a6o aug6. il{sq. $OSOoJtpCB
es@oe$B aSS p$S:erp i"g+S ps$o: er$S36on" o.&da6. a"5

;$oe$$66$ uer:t$ daro 6e56 6 56ee;!"o$: e05363


r":-d346:.un

aow ee405 6q$6)oLSn" $$$6:515;+5Bo18 ry66 p$s'Qw6:er:


c6ooaUu. +€i:or eoe55$, a66 $sd66 i:o1d:od '6{ee 5{65o'
d:OoS 50;oa6r.6o

1500 5:oo 2400 o"s61 i"gi.S Edr* 150 Sd5:e4 &66u


o{+$5 E6 5o6ve:: 6$55:c e6}6 S:o0 errn Sgod a5;
dq:3 qp66

@rxS-d ew&os:6ipeos d:p655er $AroS @o$6pod aoX6:.6'&


6ipo"0 - 6{6on &566 xbo& adirerdo, *gd 9o6o Sa soo
65dr6o0 ;n1$n$S delB 5f6 i$o0 3$o6. a54& i$os d 566o dS
6r63n" 8t5:6:6:o6. bdr"05 flAoO6 SSs 696 e{3eCB p66 }S5o
Jo'oB it5r$er $oborooled tSeS S*H".

a:.6o3o6 319
a"gf ep65e6o i.ei.5 ps$erc, il"q6J Pe5 a5&odB 8o65
1700 i$o6 o"e &B$5 Esgo egdd sdrflo5a&o5c63 J.g+sds
qp66 ?I.55:{r5 S:o0 ql"66 (541)e5SB $;5r*6o eso6o6. o"od 6Qd
oe56eao awrn de84o6.6o
pff:oo 5+5 A6Fg 5off5da"Cu : "5p€ J"5.! 5o
a66:do5546?"... "5) p55o 5r &S6"E o"8 d$oa. 5r ESSop 5:
psgo sCu.5:5:5Codo6..." s.c 6a eg66feac ir6$ q:o&o;:"6:. "eoero6dS:
dd!" eroaC,r. od*or 5:0o6 s-344$36. "5 p55o dSS o"6er 6:Eoo
5:6: Sagon" dOoS:o"?" er0 1$8;o*6. eCB esrzurp 5u5 ir6F, "u5:
BOKr:oc-_03o6. s-C ir"a.* JS6F o"S: dCIOj:ddj:d6:"uu eeoe6.

1998, d:sod ry65, &B$SoC aoES eoea:d$ 56{o foeer$:


ai"f*or: elo"5$o $05i. elo,5o SoOdA. 6a doCo deo erear6$ $6{e:
5g $B$5 qr65-f eo8$So go5:6;o dEoXc ar"$ ar&o*6. o*
[13ro5c &rro5ro 5$erod, i.gQ.s es63 dolssg i"6o d6. 6$g
eoeod$ &t:So 5:"a- 6o8 ea$ ar66 EpSo $o1$eoo5 esdDepe)
iFeeeS;5S;6orn 83:;96eo eo$ +S 55136r. SO4 AAoSo Spc-
e5?:qr: eoo"55er$ a"5 gf$d ?:So6. 5rra.6F 65 d.5od ae>
6$6:o6p$ S65$u"56e0. eoo6:$g esd65 65 EuSCJ epeS:iod
?:$rS:oe.rt'l - ep$ Src- 56 SS:.3O.

a"$ 6{oso5s e.5 o{5o Ctue:od eoeal56{el a0n"5 +5*o:r


ercr55o 5a.5 it6Fc 6>d5 go5:6;od aodm, pe56so tufo6F 65
So*Fo.6od 5oS +4+6$ dq: t1:oc- e,5 pc5oc83 SSX,.Q,
60Qqf,:.
g.giro 16w6o - &9i.5 pc$o 5r"6da.f sgd' sodf
es
$o{r$rur eE qp65p6 Bf, er54& $oo €/566 - d Ufpo"oc *o;dd:"o.
e.54$o eg 6ipe0& *o;d! s436p6B S65:er 6eee {oflo0iFoo
qF66 ${:65o $o1$6o$o8 6S5QoB eoS 5u&6F a,rao*6. q6 eeo6

320 s56r R:obe


ir:odon a:Of,cr? sS, 5rr+6$ ael S*o35on 6q6 - sp65
$o1Fo.o5 56Sd e6" do$g:oc- A.SQ"S eoea:d$ es6)$oeDo6.

ad * 5Da"6S 6$;rdo ero,5o. {*gt qp66 psgo eo@Xo{po6.


dU:n" +Sq.Sd drgncd arcU:oXSSg aQaod dersQ e.66 psgroJ
*P5 6o6od3 6obo6. $656 8q:o"op doS i.gi.S ps6:-og
6:6fuSodo6$ 250 esQo6 653c e$drhooo6.66 16,000 ert'rr$e:
J45 i.6rS"C 65; $5 p$6:erQ ESr.Sg cr6:er d,*6:. fufo6F aa
eaer"o,5d6. eso::d *6tcop J€ $oB6rf$r +{o$5 der$: o"e;Sf;c
$5 pEr'CS 5*Q. egdSo*t':. ?o$;6er $S;n" 45tr sO66C oqu$S
dp 6"eJ$o6- $5 perg o5rf;sfruei$ 1200 &S,:rOs.6gXD 2500
$g s$36o aod $$ps srrd6ar'.6? ssl sc;,$g og-"$s dq:s:
rrerO; SQoA Src-. eso)5$;68, qP66 @fi55o +{o$5 de 5rf5625
Sr1eo5:6rJ 6$35:oc- $6Qo6S $$o'5S:oe 55r3e,:o $$o ap5*ocr
6 ,565&Sr$6u.;6r.

6 d$o qp66 tuOer6 ao6Oa:5p Sgno: a"5 6irSg Soeiteas:


ao5:ecb$nor:. ee $ soc pu a4sL tu+6F $e$Sdc
6s o$Boes
a565.f Soqr8ro*Uu. +6i+$5 dq:$ essL6tuo0 wpd $65eo 5:58
5rr&6F Sobo6 $9i"5 p%d eoS Cg,Oo$ $oqriro es6.
6o.f $s$5 6spdffo6s @ro5;$oe doso6. 6cS da s.gO
f65ef J54e546 5o6vo 5er6:f o"5:45g4"9q.5 Es$%.qP65p55o
n"OoS n Oo0 ar.p es6o{o eEB 5O}drooa. 6pg *f6 esA)Oy
*66S6 05$oecS (66:$5g ao6O853 $a1nu6o esry6orn) - +{+$5
dEs epeL$$os qI65 Sor,"6rf e $daoos pogQ $B$5 a$$o&ooo
6rnO - eos 6Srn ?r5goo*Uu. 66go66o dn fiaC 5rr&6F 65 po"5Q
s.Qd $oS 6$SoX:"OoaUu.

6a s.pd o5>f Sg$ffUod d8o:po6 aqr Xool-8 ero'559 665{


$16 55: da:. 6a J63o5: 65;1: es*F5so'J5iF5e.:o 6rc'S o5rgnsB
s6eo$: el$ elcr55 er0ti66g6:. eso6$ v6eao a5o4 5:"c- esdOSB
Eq:(r. 66:u8 s.ood ero"55 e$$oa6: : "g:d[ totjl"C tSo"SXDoLS

a:.6o;oA 32t
tuo6 e6g6o2 $6edsr, aw6o6 d6@ So*Fo"6: S6eCSr gr'6'
5n66;E$6o a0h 6oc.-03o8 s6r...;w f.l$d 6 dodr 8o5p6 er{g6er.
dcsd cecen" &9 t-;f.$ fcSo:rQS a.r$g6o. sc, 6 aod;" So?:s
a"So daCd ?:$6o 5g $o$d eo6:g5g6 P*d 6oc-O35o6 &a$6$go
d$oc- il6olo6."68
& 5e3eo 65p.$a$o[s 6d,{6"656on" drood eon eoa"553 der(u.
epoS:d eso65 e,F6 fF6.o€*or:3 cdoS:on'6od e.5 i$o[8 eroc.rt5: :
"S5$65orn eoo"55 *e> S:oso6>. ec, esd$$B $o$d sQ&o5:5o.r
EOd66. @p"S$ot-S Siaearo 5:5 esA"66a-O3 6o€.r:o6. es 6o6od
eoo"55 S$eoer w6:5cr!. "

6a eeese:l sp6'oillf;o $.{d:5rns eoeBfl 6oXo,r:. Se5 {6F-


6d55 5r:& 6S, -050ot
aso5)oOd - (rrlacS:ea5$54:, RI6Sdr" -SDe>d6o
hoF o5r55ev s6:oc- 6$ 6$ a;oo"Q(ep0tlo6drro S:{gd Src-)
Je o55om ao.$Sed u5$o::-errr55o5: arm Eer(r:. 1999, a*p
26S qP65 t$665o 'wp6'Sadn635 65o'rn 1556o0o6. epd O$
60eer u€*or: - ero"55o apoo"SB aQgf $6pOeer &(r:6:So;oa.
rfrf*
JQSer 5f6666od eo"55 $gd ;re 8o5p56. ero5:Sg OdBc
&$ aqSo 6StreCS S66rp Co5r&:o*6. eoo"55 fi:6o0 odioo::3
is"o6 eofl&o5lo 6odmS, ero"553 $.96o c5p6on S aox6.es lQSf
eoo"55B ddAa"d*n soa&S 5S $g gp$w6g6o2 5do15Br6.
esd6$ eeo6$fuod aS;So $5o esa)Os (>o0 &Ofl 5*.;6.

6afl65oC 65$ 6nS il65o, r$qo$ oQo.5d6{ erSo6pQd


aS;$368 ercr553 a-54&{o6o Sp$on" dq:(u - }$ tgarU e6g1S$:od
eseJ6 Ef66 pdt:or eo65o6 $aw6(eo 6o eo6$&n L€.:6C ewn"
ee6q)Sfio6.u' &g SoX JgraS esS(ea p6'$or:3 6o6. OdBo 65
135e6od - '&dA icd Rrocd6r.'5oX tsaer $6:$uq5 's.05'ew&od:
uo6:5>Cr'(o6*oa:) esS: Sue0 S{.5ono $*6o dboa. $dog6Ar6
srerf B$;erod "rerld SB;6%d a,5'068, (oo6s:d:) n d6
' "
322 e56: $ebs
(Foe> q)bs er$Qoa6r. RFSdr. n"o6 e.5 '666' (&6$e0)n"
A)nOiFdJ.6)."70

1999 er$a6 185 AQSo SOeru: Eu:Eg-or. OEB: aoo $Qn"


b0ho6. sS, 65 $Ld bg,e:r ewrn ao$gnoo. eod JS&J $"erA)
dgfAd y5o35 i:awod 5oa27 $q: aS;s $Qooo6. asp&S 5 e-54
$$ 6rc- $56og6orn * tFd:eSQ.(r'er3d6:."
epd d>6iod Srpddfnq uf of gr5no$
a$6e3o0$a,"6
oo6513o5:o $So 66oo*6:. eB e.5 ea8o6 5666. Ed trc 20028
&ae6 ergEd 59 ;$oB gE *5$8 ,5o30s53:c$ $c- $do@B*6
de6. Silp 1999 JQSer6: 5ro6: aer S:36d*F%. od* grsner6r
660o05 So$oec5 A8$g JUggG ?:(rn 6$dr666d6. ea8o$ *gSq
Se>oaS 5e46 erQ@od:od eaSo$on" 'sp6 du{ (Fpio' epo6od
sr16$. 6eip6aag 199s Jugg66r., 1999 iUg#$F Affi eFd Sss
331 cdpaS 5B"fS" er $$B Ss35 €"H .r6od ?,:{n" 55 dc-dA:.
Oe3$ dduS{on ?:085 d"S a6o, s.o@53 6A5 €,d ero€.r6: Seroa5
$cr36." i"gQ"S 5tr $trogod, eo@5 +$ 5f d5fr3: $r.65 J"o
Spc. 083:8 erQs.eQ 5$a$o6.
***
66S5 $6$r"d, Srlo soo - A83og, eS $L66H,oB S:Sg 6"pS
gCJ e6i"egl, e5'$or:3 ercr5SB $6g 56p65 erlg"o$ aerr{:d3
&sS So;o6. & 3"0 $$ odg g"Qsoo ep0w6od 6oa-ood, &
6r"gQo65 awdqn" 50$ Srq,S5erb 6o0r:o6. od?cor: L566So
J66-4oer5;;$6-5 Kuo 5$eJod 66 56$r"6 5r&o $oS eow6:
p$So 3otr65:oc- 5r(u$ido. eoea:66{o e5<n'p65 *e> n'6p dS
eos 1$6o*s3 .5rB:o56Omo. 6 (6s6c vlti:$oerod Odao6
epir"Q., dSoS: esgs eq"ilq.ae awg{{n' Xoq:;5:$6ob 6o6. eo,::d
sfo eooaeer3 esEJS"l5 55sd5o. 6pg d6,: 1999d e-oJXd 6"iro
B*St er$ 1${5 65*65:c S:e.roerQaa:6o866s655{er 5o*a6. &
66eel"$o &:6ry6 S$og $0o6 *@niFd:e $* 6Srfo 6o65; e55
6q"5$o1e 60p6od so6 ereoS$ sobo6.
ar6o;o6 323
5164 ?rH 5o6'6s tF65S" 5r:o6: 6o6. +6'tcoo @ryS;$o[8n
$pdlo g i" gi.S Eu56g[:fi:
65$nea$5e6o do5:c-c e"S4d ar ;5oo56
5Da'6S, 1$q"5$o1& 5o€ &6Sp Serhos, 6$5: eS: dd Se5Qeon"
@S8o;$$oat':. da fof.5: cAot 96 5:So So1$6o$er a6&-o;5 6
5]ra"6F XoUd $S$ES Soaw6 s.6:. es6$ wpd o$6nSB epser
$L0:6.6.

5o{$ ea€dr scdgi s.ood 6#165" ie SoigOSoB eo5;6


6a
qp6&d$ a5e $$ $$6g0g S65SQo6. eA6d: uer:tt eeo"6drf

6gb6so Je> $;o6o0o6, Srq:5om rl"ep& So{S Je> J6:6-4oO er5;6

'5616eo.
er $+$ :

Sr"er&), qP6$5$5 $$o.f Soacoper:

i.gi"s, s.835 aaedo

esQ6, Cd,ao6 SPSo

So$ 50o6 a"Q$

36h, edEd: uer:t$ eorygdro: 3:.o6n aw&oOotr$ 8O eoQs6


e0dr"6 es$du$\
. d6r
$$om S56$or:.
J

{c*{.

324 C55: $eSS


eop"5o6o - 13

sog$ 666s 66do (Lsss-2004)

5r:.65lo do@od +€i:or: t666so 1999 er$o6d


1355rea$5s.6o dboa. ao r{6od 563eS 08sc 1S{:e5o5od
lUpoa.
1999 $65geg acJggs Aab 182 ao$ $gS Regg:o6. 1998 pB god
5u6: $g a6:45. iv$, OEB: ar6$55:5 $0* 65, SSS, ?:o;5:5:oXo,r:.
JSea Sr.eJ$ds edb fX,s eoQ $$er, 66: Ar{o Jo8oer Soqr5c 55S
d:aw0d Soa27 a6rg6 $Qo.5:$qo,r. 5 a"54a66 $$ Sr.c- 6 JS&J
tS6eSQ. (es gr.er&) 5OS 65tro6 56$) 5ro;di). 6a 3"0 @qr.SNDo1S$
d60o,5c-S3 6&:6o"6,: SCSr. e6er: J56r. d6. sS, ${60 a65c.Cpu,
d66o.5a-cFu $S:d:ep5 e-5 don"O 56ipeo u65:s8 aoa.
e

+5*or: 6d:65od pd5 $o1ere *6Sd $55oo0$ 53eo;5:*5'


so1!S uo5:$eer $$e fa6%.65 i"gg
aSQ dog6od 6u'tS:5:oL8
584o.5:$5tr6. epo6:5: ec6>orm 65 $€;i:aon"6d Js$6 a$SSd

P*"# A83c erdg{:Q dOB:oOo6.' 5 {eoodpo es&B $tro 5o.1u


e6*ol: t6d>eSQ. 5rer360frod 6$ eft3 &f;B:oerd d6>. v$ :

"6:6reg" aSo 6:cBr...eg& 6$ efd5$Qn";$$d61" eoo€.r6: er636 e.5


$o18.

ad5:o06 SiroS:oderrn s5:o6-,;$5:e 6S9 e{dsrod u6?,:oa:


1;5aw5(ea 6:eao arm Ss d$o6. a.5$0 5po5od - 5d s(loirod
5:;1>e ASgg epos 5$;bo6. o"oS es$6 Boec3 edeir dq:$
G3q"$$o1sB &553d bo*R:oa. es s$d)od odt:o,r 5d sdg)

ai,6o;o6 325
IFa6*5os 5o$g,a4oa6.eg edpSp ercASo{e054&8 6da6 eseroB
esSs-,Jo $So SnQ5geg,n" 65*6od3 o.it$;. ee eduirs
esoA5ooaO;$odE fofie 55:dd:. $dodoUro? Jepdoir.o?...eso5:$
SoSEd 66n'd $$e dsQ ao6B SSdb, a.S eo5r3n"od f:.g"c-o.
egoS:S 6:sB:oo5 1*$d essd ee$o6$&, "{6a:uCB e5;513n" ildS:p!"
epo6. es Soerio$S$ 5"QSJ.e6f:or:6€agus3 ag.6.
er6p6 $o(r:eJSA 64d(>Sro€,rp $*65 dfu1QeO eoo0r6: :

"5:5:@ d$g 6gef o€*oarB ;$oO es5)aco6o do6. esed i$y6c


#aus3 B:Osp esoS:S'er$r3, 56: dfep ewn 5o6.:e6;1r3' eoJoCu.
ese6 ga*F3$o6$d6. epsot es da:.66a5o 666 5r$6 5:"c- 5r61oaUu.
eoe Sa:S Bip$oe.:n eq.6.#aSo eod:"55 es0d'5r" e*5:"3oo:6Pd
;1co[&n Je $Sd$o6 eo5>u?'es0 ee&m6). o"SB aeileDno +€?:o::
'esa: arn"dffoa, s.$ s$g o$g siro5ro€ ega>3 $So 5S3Qo6. esa:
Eos- Jod i6n"op 6o6. epe> 05; s$g;w6d esdAf&d Je>?' ess
d6gorn 8$pCu. epod! eg $o5roge$Eg" pd5 5:o1S S:$e ASg 65
eduSr$ 6$$oir0o.$5:oX6r. "2

aeo6 agd6h u6'$oo 65 6o@ wo6 $:S:d agor:o$+t$.


So43.o aerf, ir6:e aSQ edeSn 5o3:o6. & 3"0 6nB oE S66>
aSE 1Oda. "1$q.$5:o180 ;$q"6fryo 3:30 6o0co @o6od ao86{6
es

SOe$. e#;d SFd05 e5*oo aos. pawa$, a$o65dd 6ox6.


eo6:$ ee$$d 5n6:goc^:r$ p $oS 5J.S, '5$)$$odo6oirg ess6?
5tu6 S ag$$elr! 65S sSgo"SB edus:.dre?... epdo eod>5$S edC
3$;...das- 556 a"56...!' eroa6: es$fr$orp...esep eeoe,p6) n"S, eso6$
SSOB ee$6 ep&flo6 d*6.i:S:ed epod +6tcor: n OB *er esfl6r$o"
elox6 LSJ6.3 er$;6 ;$d s.5OFe.5 $o18 6rc- B&pUu : "6r5:ed 69
65p$6:o18 a"5 ?:f;S;e 1S5Qodo6r."
o5t:or: 65d:"no$S ao"o$ Bea:(:o Srreron" $S:edSQ 5'el
wso $e,r: dog5 5:o1S Sfod s$lno6. SEBo f$Son' 65:5>
$*r"50o55#o>u, ero$6d,5C 5o1ga*ecr cpdrc5: (6e3:), Afs6d
326 e56> $ers
cSA$5r"6 (as$e5O Sr"eJtud s5&6a-$B +€*o,r: a"s3665o *er
dstrr&oa
***
e.5&6 Srg6o oe.:d'0$s6 p5Bol '$o8g' {e3SB S$rade;.SB
&6S30oar6. es6 gF6- 65'65t38' Siro6:od.

3o56 erq"5od:od 3S;$oao. epo6$;5r:o6: 56$r.6 ;$$e)


ar6?oo:: $o$d, i5.B.eoo.55$ *€*oo
J565d$$oc- ,JreCr:. 6a
16{:65od 5:"c- esd SoBs s$}no6. ero"55 d,8o::"ort eqr $o[8.
ue SoSpS 65c eo6. sc, 1.ardf tuF" e#565od 5&d 65p5$ogo
wegod$o, ry5*or: n"6 5o6o6 pod:$C,: 6oa5 dEa65 $66go -
eoe55 esQy6 &Cdr.6 d$S 6flo0d{r" SaJoor.

ero.55,o#oooo eo8o6, Se56 $65;6o aS36.$3$S6. epood,


[Sdr65od €"SS: 5o6$$ t5av.Sgea o5i:orB ao6. 5o8$ g{:65od
SrL6SH,OJogfl o*ooX,S$q,pSEfl -ee53$Jo3:5do$.ooX...a5oe
u6'5or: Jr(u5:do"6:. $o ${>e5sB eorr55 Sg e"SdrCu6$tr
lSdraSo Sard Sp$6 dCu.
*Ad SoSpS d8o::"ort aq:3 5:og&. sS, o#":oo i:ot-Sifod
fSo st5: eo$; &iro6o 2000 $o56p6o er$aCud
eroS:S6 A5&o$
S3$po6. es$do a:0flo6od... p6t:or: 65 Bot': AregiS 5g6
doo;$$seo $$o a'oa.ror: (;5r:oao.r:)dc @SwoA e$>bgad de(u.'
ao6 a*3dtuo6. [bq"$$o[s ;5r:egs655o2 g:df o6" es656god
g5p"56:o@ eegoo6ro eooe 5'oa.tooo 6:od $cdffoa.5 @q"S$o(.
SQ oeo i.a: fg6 $So erKuSlad dOd, ee405 ($q"$a$o[8rp
J$o$ e"So3 er{56o: eo6p8o*0 5o"! a56oO }Sod ero"55 6od, e:
*do" esd6Sd 5s4q 6o8 So"!...s'$ epero6 5<r;er: 55 a66d6:.
eoS;d,'6 3:oo6n'$185 ae e$o6 : "C$o6eb6go! o.a8o5: oqdD!
o"q 5:6 5 *6:.fpo" B:o5o&. s-C, 65p$iro1e SQ Dcne> J.eD 65
BpeH f$6 $$o eaQ"SB 6p6on'e"5 $s$3e;5d 6oa--03 503553:C,r,

ar6o;oA 327
@"€r.aog @qp$$oL&rT" JSd e.Sos so5r$o5d5*F5e.:o .& (64t dS
5S&69 eof;o $d;.fo6."6
eoo.55 f55 foa:[Sioorn 5flo03o5:at5:.fo6. @S e{o6:od5n
$gd Ssfltlo5:o 3.Oo5a-n3 eso5r$ 5:"3oQS;6,6:p, Sip$o 641:e5CB
1p&ao{Son 6oXr6o5rgoo. ,i5f ScdSS a"g $coOE eoQs"o daeas.
d65 r{>6dfD$ocr6 : "a.5S0 6{epoE 65$e5cB, dE66d,5
1${:e5SB 5:6g C{ug$ boAe83 Soeco6o0 e.5 &o5o 50.1o6. do6o
*** Aab $06 @oed. trd! ootrr **o 0655 ep" $oL6el)
ero"55C Sobc-SB $u;6. 5n S:olSdleD gOS dS grc- Bff$.
&+5o OS;d! s.n, 556 e"5 S$o5:o 656n" &S$foru ao6. eors"55 6o6,>
**o 5:o16:u: B3:3o5oe dot': 6otce.r $eo aa6" Sq6. 566d
i 54c" e, 54 et" €.: 5r c- Sl" g, 6d 6r. 3: o A $3 O; o 5 o g. E 6p 6 o ep oo i€ o$ 5,
eso5:S eooX6 : '5:d 5:6:
':O3o;t9$ e.5 Cgoir"Sg 5$3o6o&'. $5r>
ad6b5: $S;Qod Sr S6:55.aqr Srol& o" 5oS
'5r"q" 3:.o6d, : 'ad
qo6en o6 eso.::dod, 6e.I6e5 s$o6o eporiFo,:: dod6'?...eooX6:."
5u6o Segne: [86o s966, ]$ eogt]o"C3 36SS;536 $o$,
oH Xo6J eobn"irs *el S;$on do6. o5$or $pid:oec6 SSSSeer
.5n!, eoo"55 &$ 555XFo"o 5r*o6. a$yf,.: ero"55 erQSegSB
aa8ro5c Srd a66dag 5&:e;od - ZooO $o$636o es6$d &$
eo{gp6n" e5?:or: 659 $&:3$aoer: ero8 5SS Sd6:&>oeoS
C$o::o56o.

erod, 55| 36m e€$ood aoa:o6m 6oc.r6:, eoe553 s-6:.


es
esd6$ aon"fu o$3e5. eotrSd y6:, a:on"6: 505 o.o6$t'r:.
"$.Jd
e$36565r eog{5:eo a"f, }g eo{g$o:m 5f,rg65g }gd
tu*4D56$O e-S 606d; eo{g{ 55SS dff:AoXO. prn, e er{3e5 -
Aabg B:6m ersods esog5135d6' e$ce Bo6$o(u. er{g,{ $6CC
epoo68o05 $o56pod es$o6{e3$so.f *eq.6 : "}$8,
"$,Je5
1${:e5SB S:{g S5:S5o5nQ aoS6Seco u @p5 *636. 5o"5cn }$S
fn405on", &$re6on" e{JdS65eJo, 6$5>o6o do$eoo 5r6-."s

328 S56: $e$S


eseve6t:oa:3 Sg[ q]fi]5e, 6-0s.6:. a"5 a"6$g&5 qer opho6 :
"epo66p afps:Sdtuu:od - e;t:& $$ a63r6c e5>-ofue5 .55odB
6SJaoOoa. Jero8 oS3ea:6? eSr:6 5o doOSod es6 Jero6 6o5er,
soS*er d$oc- d* o{3ea:b."e aDgio 5a pdE &:[r, 6oa5
dgar"65u: u6'*oa: d665 6665o S&hQ"od, o€*oo rn6 og3e5
i.gs 5&bQq6r. g5$:om eoo"55 tlq"$6o 6f;:efoa.
***
eoo"55 tlo"S6o 6{c"SB w6op5 $0er5re:: 2001 alr0; 13$
B116oo5rgo::. e.5 6:QogdC SrgS BSEer: - 105 6obo Saar dSd
SdlerS: 1p$6o0o6.10 eoip6B ry66d.Uod aoeJdJe.s 65o qos.
&6od56d do6. 2001d 0.6611 .a5o 5:.16$ $Sddod aoeJdJu5
;rdo6:"od, 2019d 36 ,a6o aeilqpl2 aoecdgeS +66:qCu. 6 5e6r"
d5u:'afier4'56o5:"+9 6ir$g 50,5665 oE 5{So. 1S5o5 u5{orn
eg 5ea:. &d.,6on" 1;5a6fl:o6. e"5 580 eso5De.o 8er63 6{ea eqrB
SoaoQoOS S;5r*eS; a55€co $fSC 9o55:o6 eoSo$ pd5:5:o,
pCS bqyo6 ootre:: &SSooS;qr, d,Jgouf $er5:6:5gegr es 5&dr.
*6-4o6. a"gf ooSo &Ku5:oeo5;g 1$;bpon" SC3:oOS i"qB^ aorn6:
.rgJd. eso5:$ o{ Cu"}o5:e: 566, &Kl6roer:5;egrrn es d$d 6o6. 6{ea
eo 5"5:ha6:; SgSiF6od EDdA tuEp, a66 erpd5g6 uoa:S dE+6ge:
esa58 ir{o .ao5$Hpc- aon 6r B8o;$egrrn es dOC do6.13
"5.J5
6 Sedp dO - as.g boXoadc, a"5 egEaS"rF s6:o *56eao"6rs
Spc- 6 5g$*F6od q0Booo6. eeEJFaF 6ng6o & G5*ec;
65dpfo;$9S eo536d *e> ep&m ?:Ofliso.r:S o5*or$ dfloa"oS
a.l&o0o6. eso6$ 'e"5 &6er $5o6o*55"n o{3eFS h03:o0o6. "e,5
e%B p6o"5CB 6e$$p..So5r$ Co6oido" epS +5erg$o0o6. $E
1gcdfl$F",6oa5 dgn*65o So6dtu6? eso5De"o s'$n4*[:p 555*F6od
+fB $gd 6odc es 5edr" SAd 50;oB 5o"! 6 6dJ$ eeEJF")S
;ro65:er 8.J5. Kr5625 - "es eaw5of,66 dq%. Boecd 16q"SfDo(-S
s-e5oo6:o S:o0 8ohorO" epS $od6o 5o&6:...."d6*s +6:;
bi5r€"d $o * eo1$S$5: w6o$o5rg6r" es0 Src'u5+rgCo*6>.'5
a:.6o3o6 329
s0;64aro 66;16 'ae5 er:S' 1651S5 'B{rer; 606o' er3 tgS.f
e"5 sr>qrSgd s6fuq.1$;$oooo6. er 5oq:$16 ogUod pdE, a:6r, 6oa5

dE*trg, JS.B.SoEeD 6oa6. 'B:Jo ao9:"S6'1'eS EgS Sof fuq:516


ilJlq. (S.5>ooso6. epo6:d er 3185 ae> ebo6 : "654665od 5do"
srotgp$ n c, q66 ry*dber mc SS$fe*SSJ** er65o6
6QXoo6:pS & S11610$ da6:;5:od *er:. eo$36o'v d5.:o 55o6g"n'
gw6od 6$; s{drer aS;:6 +{boen"d 5c3:Qqor. f56 &B*
eiroSrod 6oa5 dE*6g $16c aom6: cg"oo56o.f & o(rd6o
"6Je5
a:d6ec5&o6."17

o5?:o,r:3 66 es$d+dp* &eo Sop aod eso5:$ 6


af;6;
J$;:d 6U 60$S 6oa-0. sS, o€{o:q:: eg 6dn Esc$r$u> doOdf:.
pnr, eso5r5 65 epQs.(uo.3g a,g 6LSs. $6r.Sdo 5e30r: dooo$, 6{eo
,a.ar B-5:6€6;d *H $16 6:ooo 5s;$ esoaseaQn:o&o5da6>.t8 tFd:6S

se"uo &SSo;Sd'96p"$5:og&n"o eog8 e>o6 6oa5 dSe65 $16


5to6?' esc 5&oir. er8n563:c$ ErdE arF. cO[dorn .$"8", "dS)
bJ$f-d 6oa5 dgntr6g n O$ ASpcIr ,$"6d6r"'e eeox6. 6U"€
tSo"$S:oL& ao$ aot ererJirs6 $irdeo ofuo ad eo5;s&d6:o eS dd
BSrSSrd6:.
d@

ryf*o & boee;lnop &6Sorn $po6oaUu. erQ 6$4o$


+Ei:" 6rQ 5o3:o*6:. 6a 56ee:3 6nS s65:p$ Birer;, 8e.5e!5 S185e:
a6go$o: 1}rao* ep6$cd Bedsc $6i$q: Sa6:. er 5&dper
drairo"5o$ S$66on" dooa6:. dAodp 12 56ef, 120 {5o"f
'Et,Ser:S' SgOs. s-eSodrQ eoo6:do epo6:f o mOou6>.'0 a"5 $o$55:c$

6Qdf1r6rda6, : "5:5:3Q JS#dJJoe5 EdEdoSg 65133 3oo:$6:. esd6,


6o€ce:: S:"OlaXoO. dO $A 65:3oer6. 6a a;"6 S6d5 eg JeeJ6 LadA
&l(.:a"S 5OS '$$d AOd65 6S3:Seo. 6 3"Og 56do$o&' ep0
13"fro6:6der 3*6.""
55 6Ab65od epaSa do5{ ine,: cSc-CB Src- a.6'tol:
ailf6dS:. o(- ar{
u0u6:S;
eJ 6 esod)SC eoa5A aOEoS& @$oaSS d66o
- -

330 a56r $el"rs


fSo$:$oa6:. 6a $od$eao aoir6B SS;5 Bodo Srlo 66u6 -
2001 $ - @p"$5:o1& o5*ol S5o6on'eoo"55 aoEB irert$ 6o0ce:

66a$ SfrdaSB Bg.t$.

eocr5555 $6KDd egdtrS ard6€c::eyCu. 65c,'65 i.6 &:gdrdo,


Cg{6o dqolXS a*6 559" dac$ : "5: 6>er:oaod epo5tb - ea5:5r0
*5'SfF - Sx1:J 6{516 (56pear) eoS berQoa6...." eseiroo8d5: df$
+€f:oo q:o&oa"6;. s.C, eo5p6d odf:oa:3 Be::(u - 6;$ dot':E>0r:oare:
;${5 Soaroq"or (xi"gr daS8qor:.
eoo"5565 6:Oo01aer +ilso6r"6$ SC eag6:;$0*6'55o6on
ere55C ao&oSddrerC Sfoa. eg3: 6$ dCUod *el 5:o$ Si$o:
dsoa. $64$0, 6sB @eeps 55gg, ego5:s3 tileaps SSig $6g
S6poaoq"oi$ 656:f;0oqnv$, moOS$ o.gi $.35o5no3 &o555
$Sre;oC esop0:S&o6. af;6 616:33 5r9"t':5:$er esC6 dbo6.
ero"55 egd5$oe *'5?ro> eox6. er$46 itos 65 S55e eso6$
OCB:oa(u : 65 6r6oUu, eoeg&B SgsdSon" ere55 SQS.:"6:el5eo::.d
96il%. Jo6:$ 65 dQqO?...65 5g Soft $o+6 Jo65od &(ro
5$46:59 rn";eeo5r $oQQSgA ? .. .

eoo"55 d"B:6" 3$p6: :

$6oE $os 5{g"5g s6:62u: dSoo 65 dsgo e6eaorn$


bof,u
+5$oo 5f Sgrtuom e50oo da:. €soo Sgsfd so$6s6oXo::...".
@6go$ $r6n s6lo6', tro5&6r{:6on'auzuB?:; o€tooa: pOS
a54d eoo"55 ep$:S0o*(u. p5fooo:B eo$po6 - eeEJFJFC, eoo"550
gefboas eS: a546 $$66 $QoSdO.
**{.
e$36 ;1rler 68*ol.
2002 5&6... 65p5a$o[8 ao63 e-SGGtuqr 55$ e€Qn' 5*.16:.
ero6:$ $ros a"g 6e4"65 66o6 d*f odi:oa:, ero"55o ${5 aoq"Q

ae.6o;o6 331
6$a665c-cg SXFd$S&oa. d.J e$S&, 65o"6$e 656q: *sp 565r
eoeroe6@o5:o. of{6g Ce6 e$er e$S$fr5er J5:;9oe.r6:. erbp6B
65;o"$$&,66e656:o S55 sero qo$ ao6:Srlf atuno$s$o6.
fo8g 6ef:65oC$ 483:, es tuL6SH,o$ - e$S&c, 6$e$6ss
aXo;$5c-CB eo556p$ $osrgaoo e$ab5${g€ aoa. S S5{5od es
6aar G5o"SSoo[8c 5OS$ 65>qper esEaFJF SE $o[u*s5.23 egod:S
15S$65 @s.6o - 66+6 e$$Sn" +€?:o::, ($p"5;1o68rn eoo"55
6o{ptf.
$o*Fo-6u: eoo{r6> - 6a (6S}55 6:OoS eoe553 airo6>n"
elo"55
EOd$6. eo$38 a"5 eeEiSJS uo5:5:q:5o3zuer6od - "S5: w6Ss.oe3
Soo60d SdrS#. .. es6 SoEr eoQs-o6 eofl@o6o s.c5:. 2002d Sofird
aOhS S;1t"d.ag€ AS4c- o6f,,:o::S o"$6e0 $o$"o$, eoe55C 6eCC
dd:"oC Je>oE esoda$:" 5635: od6:. es6 JSd So65:o8 i$66 eoor>
6o6$i$;."
es $5o6orn eoo"55 ao63 af
;$qdc 65d6o $6 SoEr:*oE
ex>3*s6o da6. e{o;e6*or:B $S51SS}55o 6>oo0 ero5:5 B}pUu.
"d5*or 5o3$36?" erC oo"55 eo&n t$. 56 $o[ua"o5 B&;6 :
"ego5t$ - ES), y6> - elS a6&:$on" 55: aS3d6:. 6q.
"S
esd6$ u
G5ei"55S S6SSOo Jd6d es;,$$oboa$>."24
s.Q ueo g36o +$f;OB aOoSrC &iro6:o e,56 a0ho6. (6tue
i"OF"ArSdq 6U"a"A, eooewSS (ero"553 SU3r"6rp5) So56:
&1O€oter -'eoo'55 @q"$irogS s$q6C, a"f*or: o.$6S s.S:oa6C,
653o6ou6:. er65o6 SobSlpS 6U"ql,6, epoarSS -g€d f0fa
ao65t$3.25 eso?.pS ad a{Arcl p€*orB 8$36:. e53:oo eob;d3
aos. B$;d5: s.c, 6$r JS&J fo8g 6d:65odC prl+5ir:er: eposo
65$ 50$ ya6d: e$6e @dJBS S$oro5$S AiI6C esoX(u. erer
a$36od 65 65e {Son" 6oe>o6{Sode$;;e€*or a*;Uu.
e:6(>*6 e$6e fdee $do5:"0 Lp{OA B:.S. egBn"o66 *6J
65u6od3 Ss;oB. esdS)S ed5 n o68 edoUD6). prn, er6p6d S:XFe$

332 cSd> $g,Se


656;6n" droSry* s5*5, AdSo af;o8 $cg3:"6:oo5r56. ss,
iFpo5r"n"o6 eeds fJ6C e6SgOoS 6o6. er636 ;,$o$ erOgno66 65
Cdd66S 5163$o16. 45.8. eocw5S 6 So{re.:Sp;w5o"5&Q", "eo1fl5
uo$565od 65J 6d>ea$: er6. 65g6 fou idbgsg fS*%.
Jo.$SSe;$3:6: Src- '+{ 5:SBr...u 6)CBr...' eo$ $o5:06on"
esCOo'5ero so{!5 5o$68" esoe,r6:.26

epd sod oo$S:er J5l.e.pdg3 ade€ $668


a"5 6aa;. esEJFJF
i$os e.5 $5s55s;o6. eob;Ed $dS 5d$$ 82. 6&05 Syd,r Saero:
eaSo:r$ 5A6er r{8*e6. esd6$ p55S 65 aoBB er*F50oo6:. S83Xo
6gCc edog6s66d srdss o9o# p55 5oe6:. "eoSyco sr665 65
6Oc e5fo 56sg Soeoo.5Src $eri." e6p:t': B5S sB*6 sd;gorn
6o&iFor:, eoq6 : "ad c6oircg56: e*:dd.f B&;.5:g5o"!"'7 a$3:6,r
6:dS C.5;gon" 6o8#oJp6. 6 tS&i.5SB 65 i.6.5L6rO e.Sp5:oe.r65;
es.d esd65B d6.
e$fe *E aoas s(rodrod p€*oa: 6$ Sirap5 'o53o6 56>'
e>o8 *eo$5 5aC 6fo3o*6. 6vtir 6a6ner 186o aSeE 6rdES $g
5:oS ao5:EB 6o*o4p6,: ie>o6 5666S ($502oad, eoerf a$yt'o
6pc-...! er0l6wo *S '5o3o5oo $.{oo:isooo6. ep6ha, el{}t',: u€*oe>
eE$OC SOSoU:oXoa ao6e.>?:f Uu.

$aE as65 sp65e5." 1998d erears6{ dg ego::s *6: awn"


S56&o6. SawCB ego5:5 eoea:*€dg e6:, So.gdE, e6. eoS;rd
eso@1$dt Sper 6:os S$;5 *6 J.3:.8.erapd 6er5r. eOL6pS ?ror:6

foodd Ss8;od se6oa6p$ S po8fd ao6 6-$; o{eeerileo.


1. $awo::&,2. asesp6 d1665o. Bro6r aw&06:u6:en $c- a$bd 5gfl65o
erapd 5e$6. 6aap 66$3 ;bo6r qpes eiro5:eao Sra-
'5445$,
56:6eUr:. d6566, afsfr$foO Spc- eso6$ ep$g SoSepf
6bo3&oo0.r6:. 6r@5ead E6a5o 6o 5g$.'ze oSEg s sdSBer.SQ.
o.ff:oo G5s&6o;n6. ercA5oo$o6. 5e$ ?:6:
eeEJSJF Src-
a$;:pd q:e6or:od, o5t:oa: 65 *;3n6>p$ eafs ;1:er5;$o[&n"
scdss pe5 so6 aer.55 *oc are5rs sSeg 1g&$6o*6:.
ar6o;oA 333
6 dod,: *6 af;:pd q:e6o5r5dr o6'?:or:8 65 S6Os 6:oos$
epd66 5ro6:pil6ooo6. 2002 ai-S Serqr(ud of*oa: J6'.B. eoo'55
*Oc af6p"$$o18 Sdsg (!556o*6. eood, pd?:oa: a$o1s5(od
eoo"55 5035orn aodlsod do€.rt5:.

& $6ea.S:od ero"55 dSoo $o55S So6ecd: s6>, eg5o6o 6pc-


Soo"r5:. Sa$od 6o$ ego$S a"g 5&o:r s5r"d6od &fl"a6.
e,r65
"Ss ryuudd @{:65od 6$ G5q"s$o(-&c. ss, 5r aog€ 611-6o Sxo
65 S:ogeifod 6$ Ido" ?:66c-$3 s6eao
dSog:"o6XooL&c."'o
BfJSSdod esd6$;$5$6E 55: e6:$d6:. "D€t:o:: n"6: u$ 6
*do.SOJo*oC eoi$5:5;53:Co, ifuo6>n 5r af;o;${5 $oaop"o lt0o0
65 * 6od 6 5; 55 o6:o UoS 5 S0 (gB o * er Sr 5: oXti. .. . "
3 1

{.**
ero"55 6$ 65p"$S:oL& s.56o6s ;r#":o.r: 15{:55od a65t[5
y6eeel aer 665: S;$&i8oJror:. yS, e.56 6o8i8o,lo6.

8o66 erp"6o5:od afpSSge.}> C65 Sroeir $045, eg6"r5"r5 Sg"#


e"5 a$65o tu5po6. esd - 'S:So Jo65: epQs-6od3 S*;o?'. aB
2000 $o5536od es6aFJF $60n" 5:g6: $5are o"do$boEr
flSode
8.J5.$6625 5035$;:6.: tu5po6. esd65 & $6; $r8n"d 5o6o*6:
6d6$g +€*oo erod SS;4. ss, foSg 6d>65 6o"JQ ep6:$0oO
eld:,{gd e$r5ro66o, es056cao-370,5968 }6565o bo8 erceo$r
f545 ?rS-OpSSgoB wa$ eso$S eer4O5orn Cd;gon" 6o16. (aSfo
2014d Sdo$ar6 (6q"$;$o[&rp 083: 15$55o 5O;S 666"d ie>
a6n"C erel a0mor.)
dOn" U$eb6S sp"ilg6
eeEJFJF Sopo$S6lrs$a-c3 s"6eao
8:.odn ew6o6:ar.6o, &o16eor:5 bo6n65o. 6 do668 S:"c- dAotrg
f;6&S &qrbo dgipfero. Sdeo6 &O"pCB n S,5o{5: S$s-erg rnS,
ep5q: $er$d OA6 eroaoer6: $oaoQo$ So[r 6O;u"6 SgnoSod mC,
a$6od n"S ar6'{:oo 1${:e5SB 5r$5625o $oOe,rCg eo$$6p5,
sQ6&5
og)-L
51656:5
o 6
Srgeer d$.
334 s56: $e6s
eawsorrU &66eofroS OES; @$65o er5:6:o1, o"C$So e.5
S5:g, fofrQ. Sd$&:o*Q do0uo6. (1$e$g,er 6CC p"66d,5
S56n$$5erood 5:.6:3er $* Slern .5r* es5s6o 6o6.) eoo>d,
erS36€ ${:e5s3 doS s-n; S}Off 5:.c- $oft $E;rE ?w$qn"
$g5$0o$o6. ad 65:S: tlo"sSeoaer: s$ eo$;egrn 65S$o6.3'
Bot': epoao S{o$od 5:.1-6o $oEr SO*E 6$>5orn 6o6.a,66
;!6a$.0;6o 555$s6o, do6 5016 $656{s%.$06{eco. 6s efro5:od
g$6 Sr{g5ro $:os, @SSg,o S:os, So8$ gg65od q}fi}5$g
$$o S:oo S5edgd Sg.SgSpBe $oEu SooE 6at er{5o oAo6rod 6J6
S6305:o.f ao6. 56d duSEo"CB s-6ea.ep - 3yo6p aw&oO+f:g!
5er6:dr5; eso56d$, aeilp ?:6t{:5o SXod 5{"5;S5eg}er 6666
s6erper. dodSur0 S{ro$od - }egoeo flSSfea JS46 ie>
'5016
@6o{po6? ;eES Je> S06gn0? s& 6o6F *S.l65orn 5O{4Oo56OE5
e{dr.d elS eeEiSJF qr&o0o6. S o55o C&o5:od o6*o:: t666S"
So8$ 6e3s3 da8 5p& $o$oSga egEaFaF a.o.I.

***
dd a;rqpd LE46o a6o (eg6soS ow{ro t$s6o) 5v6,: a6o
5e,d60d655:15. ir:boo 6Cg 6er 65ro6 esodds bo6p ar&oS+6>d
LE46o
6cg sH d5:. es, [845 f:+ $ofo *f SSrcd;$6;5ropt'ro:
$nQoaoSr$ esEJFJF aep soorr eo;5:ain$$o6. 1999-2004
So$63eo *ood 6 er5:;$5o bo$S: eO&R:oO. 1997 e6 (ar6'*o::
t$drdso es6s6od3 e$tro6:5) Sotsef iFo& 2000 $o5636o u6B
p{6op cuot'rer Jctu6 5o6o a6o ?ronoo$c '3456'SSAS eeF
poodS' 6eposer: *a4oe.loaou." eoord, $65 Srocir $0(16 ap6$
1$s6o bo6${ E4S }$* [E{5 s6oCB ;5r6Q"odeco Sgd
da{qpS 8,rodr a.&oOef:96 esg{ino Berdn, eo6 e"85g8dS aqe>
55 e6:o6: e6ea$65;6." ,5016 s-6C,: fDtuE 5e46 Sf(tea 1$s.6o:
"agilry O54o ?:56ead o0o$ 6o"os"o$: eo5n (er$$ gOnS) Sofel
15u6o d{. f*.1o::. 6:6SnOp& rse asp?.r fiacosf 5 s$;5rCu;er

a:rfio;oA 335
a30nil ee$ iFeP ?:{en" SCbEp 583o:)."36 i$5;5:'O36oo 3:"odr
5;1l.aod *er eso68d$o$ do$Eo6)6. esEaFJFef odfror:6{1650
esoA5ooo$ ss; eooa'f qB Src- e"56. ;$6;$036:o $g 5e166:S;
8ro$Xo q:o&o.5c-C3 a6:u>, 6a ego6o?: a"5 ew&05: 563 a:6rnoS
o5*o: $e6:.'u
6 es0tlo6od SSdaosS a"d a.53 Bro5:" ar&o5:ua a6'.s.
ero"55. * o"doofo 36:Uu$t5:6n a6r$6:oao6r$, ee405p5
esd,5ofg a:6r$6:oao5:s +6'*o1 6665 13cdE tu13l" eofl@o5:5gr6:.37
"egol>$
LS{6%. 1*&:oa'6:.
ego6:55:
Pffiood *er il6$o" eeoc.P6)
Ku6ot6 6:er5p ero"55C aflaoO. esoS:$ qo95 5r0.: $.c- B$p6r :
"[S.{6oE aCr:66:5; o"6cod ego$S eper en6$gr6:. epo6:$ s6eao
egoSr$ 5e5d (d.UodaSS tuodr) ?ro:ro0.5 $51653 Sr45d
J6:$5:oad:."" LE45 *o Sofod 65$$g epi$d5o s6eaorp 5 5S
*sgd esSaFJSd &o;af;agraw, o 5Sg (edfoo) 55 1163 sof
i$oo 6r6on" BplF6:oa6. eeEJFaS c*s $osS; do65 epodo -
J0g6 $egoaeD - & SiroS:od egEaFJF e;b eoi$$$;6 do5:XOnoa.

;$5o 6 $$od J6:6eo'3:"o6r aw&o6+5o'eod 4555: p55


6Og[c-$B s6eao - e"5 $eooC o.o5ra:8$ 5Og5$ 1$eS;od$. u{ (Sd8
&o5:o) $oS5eS EdSo Jo6 6-Sprn aS;6368 es o"t5:Q a53SB
Brodr6er dgoS$dS*ts6o16.Bro6:$u: srs+6 - eg e6;er s6eao
bo6r $a5rao ao8:"Sono do60:o, erp6gon 6o6e.:$. qepo6 50155>
1$S$;o63 3,ro6r Sofod oSgd $So a5y6 655i5no:68{ero. eoord,
bo6r aw&oA:oa:96 esg{*Fdao3 a$d y6eoo 50)erod, Soaf*
so"gdg[er 5dr.6 dSS ]egoa-d; e6&06: so"S0qr$od COoJeco.
& SOL6 s6:er: e.5S3:6 ar66deq ew&oS:U (boc$" aw&o5:6) t{:eeo
dg:oa- 6oir"6 $a6{6 eeEJSJF od$. e Sro5S $w"6o 3ro6p
S6nawQ- ad6:d: deo S:o0 5035 es6:5o es16$orn 01-&o*6S, SawCB
ad5:0c deo i$o$ SS3, dasg SrQr.r, 5:6o1eo$ 6:egS*oea dSS
;to$oo$o 5116o a*$o*60 ee6")SJF eso63o$o6."

6 .50[6 ]egod ${sroi$ &66e*oc$$ 5r"S5 55Uuo ar.qr


5:o1S 5160 $$f"6 dBr ern f*Fo$fgr6:. SOL6 $e5oat'oO o$3

336 S56> Sepie


eo{go6666on" 5S3:o05 SdX,66 6eJq. So8oSati. d"Sf atuq:5on"
- eual* Co"gdg[errn B$;ad da:er qr"66, es5.J5.d63 5o6
'5016s"t5:er
65$er 6u;o::.n0 9{n #5SO55g (8ro6r CSO4S *So)
&egoa"f e"6o deUu. qo5:$$o'o5:rC5srd 0"oe5J gfu X\5' &o$6s5
so"5 $ofod es6iSJFd $oaro6o a5g so"g3g[Q cdnfloa't$.al

sSoB a6ho6 o"6tro:: t$4b6so 56 egEaSaF 5r:9658o6. es6


-
- o"a.go6od$ esQg6eao-370 s.5:, 555& #65$o s5:, erdr{5d
e5:a$o66 Ce3ea6rn v6:. ep6 - eipql 6eeosel, JO16 S56eoo:. $o[r:
5O+6 Sgno56 &q"556er3 aB eo{oit5r.fo6.
eperfr 6rlo66o Bo6o56od a$;:6c 5do$ar6 64l:65o
qp65$
eo$ooflffS; doC.: 5O5pS a5npu: - 'er&o5: #Cuer 5dp6' ES66
6Sd.Xergfo, 'a6{r6erd 3(rn Sd5$cr5,od6o' SoE So$er S56r}Q
S:.6;e;o - $.c- a$yc$ eld aar6oXor:. a6gofi 9rer de5 epo0.r6: : "qB
a:.6 ar54 $a$56r5o. eoeS6eao-870 s-6, ee&"65 y5:. aw& dSS
$56rlQ 5ro3$odr5:, C65Do"5odro $5{w}s; 5r 035oc5:5: ego$$
J6368 6 lSao3 ttQo&itse6:."a2
6 boeefu"er3 s{uo o€*oo }ersdd 5E-*.
***
6 $;weq: Jer a5tr$p68 o€?:or t6665o 2003 as-S-
BoCo
a*p o63 65 od{ }ou wo$ $So So5636oCB @Seoooa. ee"65
6655nCB 63{:o5eB 5:6g, }$e - $$o.5CB $6.5, 6ry5ioo[88 -
-
d66o"$5:o[SB ${5 KTCJ6PS $Xo6nsQo"€*oo 6665o $6o0oa.
'direr; 6oa66p n"6q: 08So eo{5{>C,lm aom6> .rg36 eduip3
a"o&eor:. eo6:s fsod oo"55 653 es$dFoa: 3o5o5r5 uo5>&$
Co$S:o*(u. BoSo$g o"o5ocS: 2003 a*Sd a0;5 51es' 135geJ5d
eo$p63 65Uuf;oo5a&S eg $$d:psdg $6alo s34a$36. "edEd:
JUgf ry6&o6 a5e $$ *6?:oo, eoo"55eri$ 65 a{6: Xo*Fuo5:5rern'
t-rofg &ssagddo6. a:'€*or: a.5'cv5 66rFt' (eo0s;Q $s&.),
eoo"55 a,6 'dEr" 66ril (a$g $C3il"43 eg$ Bo5o5:5 udr:t'; es @Sec5d
*o"4oa6:.

ar6o;o6 337
odtco:: Sf5o6$6 a,56: ogugso*6: : "BoSd5:5 o"o6ut': 5o
3$3o$5:oe"ed e6so:o:: m63 eprr eo{Po6." 65p55:o1&3,
6$tFo"Sa$o[s3 $Sg a6t{:65;esQ$6g iFee.rsg S 6SeJS e.5 egQ"6o.
"@41>55od $oo"eBr6go, esSS&, 66as"{u6:Sg 3"6r.s g eQS f Ofi d:o6:
s-6eao +€i:oo, em"55d:. e"s454$ a"S453 65on" 5rSn6e.:o SSve:
af6o $6s-C 6qt)6S 6S&6 5:oB 1$a:o 6p$S Sofo'56;Jrru erS'p5:3
eg$ ao8d:.' eger5$o0o6.

gcg6aaro 5Uua"6 +€?:o> 55 dFS63 oa6r so.z dS$o ess6eod


250 ;5:oB AEb J.g uo6:$oi$ a{aoo 1$SoEou6. er dasp ero"55
Src" doa6. "eoe55 rno $6p65oC sso sao5ro 6dn bo5rsQoXo"n5
*eoat6 o€?coa:. er$;E So(uer50 l$6d$$o0.:p dg Sg epoc.:"6r :
"eo5o@ e"5 {r5iro. a.d'tcoa:B ern" Eori:r - fd; aQSf }$ ao+ood
65 $g6 8o5po6."au o6T:or: 1997d (6Ss'i"g Soq:CB ir:iul$'esc
n6aoe*6g 5$o*6C esoaS:oo$ $o56pod) ern"d a5y6,: Src- esd
ger:$s 66drho*6:. es 6aa3'Src- e5: d6:oc- $$ aqSu: Ro56oo"?
ep$ so5:5 Sa"er da6:. a$pdc Spc- ry5*or: epo,Jo" 5o6"3 ao6. &$
5164$0 6o e"flo6.

epd rdd 65p"55:o1e srgpe 5r6{3n'S 8o5o6:5 o'dr:c.: iF&o6o


560g ivc.s&n" 30J, $S6o*Uu : "S5r So43.o 5:S $$6ea
au5o5:$oe,rrox$. ea6d> JUSf es€J6'd ;5::odro6 SS€b. SffirQ"6r.
SdlO egoO$ SS G5q"5$o1S er$e6r."a7
ss;6aaro 66+6 $ogsif $ipdaq: agorpo::. eoe558 A51ee:
adO srO rr$rr.6 da ps &ssn, ";Srsodo8 o€*oa:d: 595
pd6:6>er:" er$ $o[85$ SirS6ro 56et' 65;,$o ${5 @68ou6:."
eocr55 6rc- 6oX6. e0546 ecr55 Sd;gon" Co€.:r 5n6l.pX6:.

e.E ba-6 $6o o€f:o:: psod eo"55 $1"643+o$ $ASq


ee6iSJF Snc- aipc5: o6'*oo edgQtr5c3 Krsoq:on $ 6o6.oe $r"65
i.$6cd, 66" So;S $ooo$ up63:6 6'5 6$"1$oc- e6>er $QqO
- JUgf Rer+ood eo5:S:ooe uf uf ,0ti6 deoxb $SgS?:$,
ear mo $6$god $5:S5o6od 6s$dr"o.

338 e$d: $eSS


6 eoq"5o$od SSS eo$$6do6 - a.5too 1;5{>e5CB 1$;!"5o
ao5:e.:$$o 5:o0 s.6 ; 6$6$ Jdoc"erd b{fq. ($otu $OoE)
Sreroa: fd>JO $oS. a546 e€?coo3 J66$6S; $apS So89663o -
d$oo a5&a0 e"56m 5O3: 6o.Je;oC s.5, Sofu 5O+6S, o"S a{Cu
6 6 & 66q 5 o 5 e; o d ep 5 5 6 ;1: 6 d o6. 6 f o I g 6 d, e5s1 s 65b o 5 €.r c B

a$ydo 6$d:"hoa'Op5 663o -'$ofd o55e S6no6o'.

6 3ro6r $ofo $65'!:&ed e^:o6o $3$5, s436er S&o5:od


arn" 66So5a&o6. 3yo5r aw&o6:o5od a"5 $6 S$5g eo60{56orr
ao8il660;o, S{6 6oB$S5eco a6:fi:6o6. Sa3f5god B}rgarrder
ABb 6e,r6S$ 5og6d tu66$6n" so(iis SoX 5p6p5 c$o6o
&fr:$oecroa ep$ epodt5r eo$5:q6:. ee6aFJF Spc- epi$5:o6.
epSSSf$ s"6r, crc$$o $$roSoa.
vS, ae08odtu6? er536 G5q"5$o1& 6.€*oo J"gQ'58, e8363
e65od es5)groom 55S#0o05 6q'5;$oLsrr 6 daXolUd
sooitsojp6). ero6SoX cg"o66oj sird$o $tueJod - eoo.55 +€*oa:
fuf USS qd5*, 56pSS eo$e5$sa J"gi"S 5g dceoSo 65;
eree5$QSra- $54S ?:$46, dierc o6?ooo8 5:{6:4556o $f$.
& Sd d$vo 56 SA156 5Uu+6 eoq"5o$od Eer(r$oo"o. sB
eo6$66 Sro$ esgrB, eo548 S:oo @SXSS +5T:o:: t6dr6S 1$dneao.

***

ar6o3o6 339
erp.gOs:o - 14

o"[tr, ]g&"5 (1999- 2004)

$r.653"0 o6'*oo 6d:65o 1$5rea$5s6o dss doco ;$$e:


66:;wd

1999 &6oa6 24 $o5:o16o.

d8O:.oX @qp 5:o[8 er553$ ercr55 65 s-e6oo5:od


6$d(u$oeoug6:. $o6:o[6o 5 6o€co e5$o6. erecaot3: $oS 6QB
eSoS$ eoto5:S ioo6p5p SSno"Sg oc$t{:Uu }0116 6$oe5:er
?IrwS dedu.' ecS-814 &;b$od 178 ;5co6 63o5:'e65ro:, 11 ;$o6
e5r"S ha5o6 6ox6. erfd6d 6olos p".srS* $06:5go d{ eo54d
ep{05:8 o0o5d6. eod & s6nuQ ar65dn eosog6$Ed 6o}6.
er$;c$ o.Le 5co 6oc;e.rooo6. p.rr5$ e.d e"54 &SwoE 5a:ood - e.66
F{d e5:drd 36 5:oB a}toS &6e5>o: &dc5o dd:"o, 200 tuod$S
c-oS (o"eb 1,000 $H 6r.$d$er) 566:5e;el: $o$o.'
es Sel:oiFSB G5q"$$oLS d,goC J54d e+QeO$ S6gec$ Sr:hoi$$C
6QB cSrSoC aon 5Qde6:. erS;E +5*oa: $XFo$S:o: E$;Uu -
ep6'5 $6wer$ &5r5o w50co5g eso6C a8pe.5065 56rlo6ro d6:.'
r:Oa 6oe.P sop CA:&er 6(u+6 69d an"S @q"s$o1eB dOSoB €;a
?lrw5 X:0o0.
G5q"$$o1e dc * 6 esodo 5tr aoerd wSOBeS::LSero
$;boS:od
a"5 'So$d S;r6eo a:go5o' (SJos) 5e3er> $a6. eod:d $SoSrA

340 cS6: $ebe


epQst$er:, ao6OE53 Seo erQ$6:o 6oX6:. 13cdE tuE Src- au;6:.
s-C, dtd:"o6 eq:. a$o[8 eocr5S dO. es al;oSod '65g e"5 esQyo
3$36: : "e+ a3o6o f6r"d6od era55, tpdf 50$ 5rfi35; {eo;$oear
da:. o"o.f ;!So 5 6dn , Jey B$o1o es5;o"o$ Sp$6 d6: q6 Spc-
9o6 esdr.$dr.Cg e0&bo6."
CewSB * aSooCB s.5SBe5 ALger6d, $60. s-S, 1$$65od0
SoSpS 5"P6 fd:Sa dslrsSercfg & a;o5od JSoB a"g'5o BOd
66:dS6U:o56' er$; do5:od eg06p$ Srgoc-6:. eo5rp5$6d C;5r5o
6EoB esc B0SS Boe,:S (cirSo i665:oc-) eo546 65d$ S:.*dd:"on
esdeer Ag 6oc-0;o6. s.C BSd6. erero6 e065556 SOBSd
&irRrs*6on' 6o6oCB 6r"g 6t{s6Q 5316o ;5:$5::$6o 55rod
66o $Qd 6o6. +$ eo;$35$8 ao$erd6ecod awSgo a0ho6. SoawS'
it60Kuooo;r es S5:'oS;6fl5 Boec$ ;$q,irrdb S6;oSodB &SS-C
6oa-Qo6. s.S, SQ6agnel:m qe>o6 eo655$6 fOA&f trSdd66-Cg
es u 0l) 63:3 ilE o5n 6:. o" $ 3 .f fo er Sg& eB ip 0 fi, a q:. 6 $ & " @ o5r 5l er 5:
o eB

ie>o6 @eo$$o 5o65165$ 60 XooS esdaq:6qor:" erS 3$";Uu.a


So4 Sop C&:fuo 6Ur:+6 - sc$-814 CSroQ p66 &o$6
5eer: 66: es$sodg SSS"S er6vdo d6:oc- - es C;1F$o es$3556
$oS ih0il6olo6. SaS)Sd$ e"5 erQe0 A$;6: '"6r acJo6o 516}S
&6Son'JO;Q5;S$o$od, er5:p5$6 5:o0 S;5r5o i8e€ eoo"55 (pcdE
tuUr" gr"6- eg$$oe.p$) es r{AdB 5*3{u. elSSEes 5r" 56$ d>o 5o
do$6oar eo$ dEo1S." eod a;oSodc Soa erQso 5rc. 3&p6 :
"e0546 SS:u;$. e0546 Sfu a6r{d6:, S$o6:e3ldgo 653" fu'6S6 aw&oO

d@e $er*Fo"6 8$6o56 5:SS eoo0r6: : "es SA)dB C$o5ro doS:rte:


epQy6o d6:. $ero Srgeo 1gw6o eselo6 $o5etd sddS:o &SSS
esQs"6o d8o:rort eqr ;bol8d 606."5

L:"*5 5An" 6:ar6>3,


eso)S S5F5o eo5:35$6 Xoo0 uyfd6
s50B so5*F6B afo6. vo6Ss6 *{S eoas 6[5o6o Serdr$;
erfc$Sd 6o6. qp66d5: sioeoer cflfrea 1Sw6o - so6*FE a$58
ar6o;o6 347
SSson Src- .$$rfu$ eo$edo dc @o6o. pn" eoarft alo
&65ueSB (p"ar5S 85ro(3) &$d).e56reD. d* Src' eo63EB
i'9i"5 XD66r56d a6:fi:&oa6>. "er d>{o 565oe }gi'S $6r sq}6o
(oJ5o) aoEOBSp 5853 SehQEo6" erocp6> a:$5o6 boF st'o$. ego6s
6d,tod - "a.l65 $QooS ep6 ea:o5rc3 efi 1$&w6o."6
ai.q 5eo::"d *o;t$;e o5B:o5bo$ 16dre8$o ecod:$o eooe
6ab65o 5>f a"ga &s$eln"6. o"od 6#:65o $drrd acomerd
&s$xons 565u: &s$dp 6oge 56;t'odo6. 6 eco6>6er dsu:,
eo6>ger3, 135&5{o d* XofUn{s.sg 58o$. s{rdorn 1$*6o a$o6.7
6a e"QB o5tro:64r)@Sq.a6e€coC::$Soa. 6drds" 6{eao }05116
6eo 565$ and (6dr"dSoS 5E;r a3o8d) 65{be5sa 'eO 6:od'
esoe.p6). esepfiS p'rw gH 85*o(5: 6o5o$d'55D*lS t666so' esot^p6).

e-5o6oleD E ?s"Sgd 5o66o6er aeo*q::. sSoB +6'?co::


5"P6 e436: 6t{s6oJ c65o doS:c-pg epoA6oo*6:. eo54&d
?trwg* er &ilruQ SeOBSp6r.8 eo$;6 esQS 5:o1S o5:65o8 bg,
t66SKD$oe.l6> : "$p6eaorn ;$o[85f; $5:"d.{o J$p6: a08e o.s3
Sr:o6>n" a:$5o6 SoF, g:dE toF" 6eSa$o[80 50*u6. S:o1Sbf
rrrddo aD6p5 66o6 eS 855$oo 5S;uS. 1999 Sdoa6 31
e6,r $5l> E5qi'$$o1S ao$ SOao.6U16F6OJ56ddr"o$ $$o,r:o*o.
e5: ar$56o5tod
*deac(\
565: es C6oJF0 tSSEoOoB pdE a:Ury. J56p o"CB
erdgo66 BBd6. erS;:6,: Bo0:d a:$5o6 SoF dO, 'epord dS aoerd
ao5:$eO'eeoa6. eoSyC,r u5$&o6 - a$5o6 SoF es Su6{:6: s.t36
6g1+6od so6*F6 44ilX6. o(roa! es 516o6g ;1oo6n J a$5o6
boE 6qr.5i$o[8 erdr6o ]o66oC.r6C dS esSSoXS:."e

$64 6:og8 8$36: : "ee S6r"Sdod 05oo"s- eoo"55 55>


;$god$oc- 5r6:3oX6. eso$s 5:{5$6gd'ssa 465 d,Uo'epoevod
3S aoXS." egd5r$ Xoo46ro Src- eroa6 : "egd5:5 u6'?cor: Sgdr.Cg
SgSd5on" 5 Cgd6r$r. &SSdO. er546 5 S$o5:o &SSoaeCB ego65
('pa- qp6$5dr." SQ 6aas.o 6Cuar6 ele55 65 @{:e5Q ed
342 C56> $ebe
;bo5oQ5; Eqrod "6a c5r.5 ?I*5 epJa AaA 6s6e e,S ;$,5;.
e5p6o"e 1$aer ;$5 &$ a66 &$er5oX flS;on" SgSinOo$B erS
10
esilS:oi.:p 6oXt5:. "

o"6 dSfS:A 5r15o esd6$ *eP esgiro Sgio $*e6r. 6


eco5r6
5o{r:e,:5 $iro5:oC egoir5 65 erb$3s$ 55'5" d{f, 65 }64:g6:63
(e6'5oar3) dqr ea(u. erod 55&d56C *{ ?:girod *e es6:6:n"
drlo.t' "56: eo$;no$S erQs-6:o: er$$S>o$ C6r3oo'$$oa6l. u$
er &a5ro"Q er5:35$6 $o0 56oC03 6oc-Qo6 e6:. esel es0Adod, ee

6g1et5:od 5o1$6o$o SiroSood 6#:e5nA Ed*, esol) 6od6...." 6$


($q"Se$oL&rr. 655:5g erQseQ Src- +$ erfrSSolU5g po"a"50g
esoS:S Bfds4Uu. i.gi.S, s836 eiro5:od +€*o:r ;rer (r&&{n"

SgSfrOQoX6S 4r"c- eo"55 egodds Soot$.

* *{.
$"f6 e,836 a:oaogc et0bgdo e5e'qr65e.5 B:65 133{>55o'
es$J pSS 656otrCB 50flo5s eoo.55 SfS o5+5S egEaSaF
58daoooa.12 s.o5(f6d a6oa:o5: eer tF66S" o'ohiF$eco -
dof;6o6od Srodp aw&o5:pmcg gof, ,5o9e1.635 l#Sr%. Sdlo
6{a$OOo6. es 1t'eber - "aer(ogp$ SoSo p$5o;i:o6 3ro6:" }CS:u>
ao9eS:er:." 65 6efr$ s.&6,1$56o $5o 050 $tu&o 565:" Jeyo6
esero$o d6:oc- p65on" ;1oot5:5: AgfiOnS aS5oE boEB ob-814
JooEpSS pUu e"5 4'3:SS: ac$qp$Oo5eUu. o"SS esd$$ ee|,KDd US
dal5 5:51S(u;e;orn 1p502o+Uu. "6g60$u: C6r5o 56OBd $c-CBd
a,5 aU po"$go63c 0;b5od $6daUu. eo6 SgB 6o6:C 5r66d 666€
a:o* ]e5d aooo6. epd aS5oE SoF n"0 daoSc epoo50o0o6...
ag[&
er6 Jg$3:6w 5$5: e5:"65pgd Sgffr0o*Q$ er6$eQ 6rQd{t"
13
6oa-ers esd6S $6)$oQ,P6:. "

6>$o so6$5ro6 elq"5drf .56$$5;ep* d"6 fl-6odsr,


JU69OSF ;5uft oefi Ed* eosc's3 e6eap$ eop6g6s: (3,ro5psspao)
es6r{tuo0&e0 erS; 3,ro6ntr5c; &o.1agoa. 65 dadserd>oe
"S.S$
ar6o;o6 343
ad $6no6o 5tr dcoas +5*or: r;fli.d $oEr:50p6c Jerpd'3ro5r
i:ssd, o65orn 5$ 6oso56, epet A"gi.Sc a"S6rr 6oOoB drc-
epeyo6 ';5r&o Srss6., erS; er$S esd6$B 1*6e0. s.S, $B$Sd erds
esQy6 do[nu: 6$SQoao::. vS, ea:8obdgo3, ]og0s6oU 5:65,
s+€ fr6$3, 5d55 5rra.6$g 5:{g, }B}5 &gSua:o3 65{>o"5s3 $Sg,
SS0B w836 $e;er 6F6f 6r"a- Sdo"oil1or:. eoof,)il, i"gfi.S e"548n'
6oCoB er{6 o5$or: &e5$o. & &6i"eD $o0 6 @q"5$o18
$eer Ja;sc do&dod, eso6)S 6UDo5 ed$ sood i"gi.Sg, s€368
*ey 6:.6om esdoo.5r{on 6od+Ur:. eoo' $os:gitsm, e.54 5c-6 $pc-
6655:oc-J esd$S aoS"S n"$J 15d*r1o @56o*Uu. eodA:ecod,
qr66pugel> J.gi.S, w436 &got5:op $64 egUr:dplo $eo ao5o6
cr6:o C653:"o.55r66 es0 tF66So 155d,o0o6. o5*o:: e tFSeJS
SoOc-CB Jot$5:5; Sa$o$o ;5r:Soo$ $SL6ES 6oesp5 5rSo.1' &
Cgd"q. @S8od ;1r:odr esd$$ d8o:port @Ero $o18 ero"55C
So@6o5d6:. eoS36 d8o:poX eq: esQs0 e.56 B&;Uu : "es S$d6o
&SSSga +€?:or:, 13cdE tuEr, a55o5 boE. *{d s6d5r"Qso6a1oer.."

6a (SgeJSd *E36 S:oa es66p$e &e.r: @eo6om 6o6. es6)

;$$o s.oo g"QwSQodn +€*o:: So4rrfp e6515$o dfgnoc


.5FQilA6.

Jf5goC 2001 $ 23 o"6c a:55o8 bo6, ;r€t:or 50$ ero"55s


e+

5rp6q. {6aus3 3:Opr5r.15 eo5363 s.836d pooE ct$o $E gU


d*#;tuno6$ e$oRr 6o6. eg #aS S6rSd o{go - ero"55d &oOn"
SFgP&, es pOoE SIQ-CJ 5:OSo6 eerolel #tno5e.:o e5;$.1. wS,
+61:o.r:, eoo"55 $65 esSJ6d Soaoee:: (yo5*FE &;1r"$o Lrrw5
So(ue.:Sef) s"o6 d&b$$6od, fo$Oq,S a.$ eoo"55C es$s5oo*6.

ilep $o563eo $ca: q66" gOS iod $:Srn '$oA6o'


$f,:$5trS368, es 6aa:. eoa"5$ 9{'a.re5'.f e€*oa:S $9"o5$O*6.
ero"55 eeox6 : "er0c6'd, q5oe Jo6:$? 5:6: Sgon ag565 $rA.6Fd

344 C55: $ep6&


$o@6o$o8 6;$3C es*F5$o.55;$35o"? 5> e>*d6 d55o &6oS:ood
$rg6o 5A16? aSp>6c ,sd$q. 5:O Sog6ogoB 6a$3s ere65B
es*F50o;n65:$o&, ep6 5: eaSO gUB g&Srn ep66d$r", 135So.5 odsn
853:5:o0,16 5e!..."'6

{.*{€
ioolsifod *er XooBB 8Od66 - ero"55 65 5c-B s.erono
i"gi'S er65s$ ao" es*F5co.Jc-$B *rr cro8o5, s$64 daUu.
*o56s6 ?Irsr5 So{r:ec$ aOflS 3er6aa:.o 6tiod - +€*o::
SoEo 6fl45g 5S:o6oC - a565q"$;1og8 ero"55 ep65C $ei.s
E 55:A56 ee(*F s.5d$ Srgnc-Cu. 6O&agS a6;O[ 56eE p"56 eSS
eC 65*6o - "es 66)+6 18 5P3"9€ gstro ZO ;.to0 30 $$ elero6
$SpSeeD a"g60 $65 naSgorn a8mor:. +6d uer 565: eL8dd
arBmoD."17 doc$ daer $65 e65r[5q) ae.lom d5; es d*f qero6
$irdao asss &irod:o ao6:68 &346od ero"5Sn a"5'B$;iFeoo-6:'m
5DL6SS 6od*6:. eso6)d, eoo"55 Spc- (S6r5g.er 6p$C S65:oc-)
6nS arg{g[ &SSo1A. ee&S s.5d 65 epQe6 *irSod e5, e-S
6r680o6rs [Eder: vUuC 6oc-6 o{6:dc ero"55 aoEB 5d3o6:.

erel s-5dc eocr55 qo63 55 s.Cud &SSagS 5S 56eF e"S6. es


d*# 56eF ero"55 Ere.::oawsB *er 5$:35ipdo. s5dB 5:,c- ero"55
$os tuL6fr. 56e5 6oG- s5d 5r5:rn0B aogr"o6,rdc a"S6:.Ugd
5xda65n. d.966" tp6E p55od 1920 5d5od Sos 5$de6.18 e"$6
epo€.r6: : "5o as6r6)6)o56 e6?:o:cB 5rc- EOS 6od6i$3. sS, eg
@o6:"tJ:$oe e0e556."
eperoE Sog6ogfd J"Bi.Sg s"g[ Se5Qso (5D]6S)
eoo"55
60os *5d.f 5rg,do6:. eo$p6 $o$6o$o 6:oo0 EOSS eso66oh$q)
3*36 : "ofid 6:e155:ea SSXeQ.60oS$ es aS65 J0::5oE $$3q?...
egb)5o6 55$s ao& $opireao $So c,E5$os 3:o56oip?...eoooil,
qeobo8 e"$;oo.C3 u, 5.Sg 5$c-?..." esero6 5U.:# a.56aar s5ddl
$"0o*6 - "$d eso6$$ 56.1o8 3:OS 5n65t$;5e!."
a:,6o;o6 345
6c soSaaoc erm esdsoaS, odt:or:, a:$5o6 $oFod 66ag5
S$r"d,{od ero"55 65$Sotr6. esdi)$ a"5 es$oirood a8:p$ o.C
1$e6o - "q4P.$ A"3q"5d 5ua'64 &ergrt':. 5:5o epdsef 556;f6o
doO< Ufp6>."le g6E5'e.SE egotpUu : "esgrd ap66-&S aq:ed SSrd,Eo
a66e.rs3 Sgfr5gleso"55d>. eodrd aod ire.: d6:."'o

er Bq:e11155rde$B dAS esgr"dn eodgo6 Ser$5o6p$ ed'5:ipd


Xdec5. boecwo siroS:od Ufq"S BF 6d5r6 dSS Soereo aw8e
1gs6o - "5Da.6F n oB $tu qlU6d,Eod ss$ @oeerCc edgo6
6og6p5 SoecwQ 6$,5rsco55E6eo. e.66d,5od 0{ @ocre>
5:{5 Soe;se, peq"5q. eroS:S e}56Q"6S eri$5:oboXo."" pdsoror
grc- a-S i$oO 5o0c5o (56;06o) oflQo5$; esdd 6il}6. 65
ep$o$ooB aen B&pUu : "5:$o xb5 ao66{ Jo;$$55>3, sS
a66:0.661c s-5:."22 & 8q:etd Sir"S.5 Cfro5:od SoEu $oe6d
Oo10tloSro doaoo. "6:o0 dSfISSg qB e.5 i$o0 &6odo
er$d>o6" ep$ egEJFJF ep0tlo6:68$, "e16o@ d:f; 5o666n0 S55*F6o"
er$ C,E53ro6r 66fi5 erfl5$o0o6.23
6 S6:.dacB $c- 66od a8flS ry*d5 aF de5$3 65g
esto.
$e,ye.$6o epoe 6o6. er$;6 d65d{ a.S.J. e6:55 esoor6) : "esgr
563o $Oeer: Jer 6o65t$g els;A SS: Sr>od 5o3o5d6r. $p.6eaorn
qo"o6 563er:5$ a:OEo,;rB 5655$5o Jer 6o65;5:3 ep$ 656yu>n"
6a3:"o0, d.eJCJSg rof& Sr6:;oFo. ebpc5: ao&dp, &B$5 es6"
56go5:6r.c- 5 Eiro6:o Jo656$ e$gnc-O, Jer Je,5 6.tC SO&:6on'
Sngnc-o...ae>o6 esoao sirodrod {6&s per dsltsd osog $55)
$Eda 58oir.d $+6fuSu1, e66 $oea$:.euia6)p.'24
05oB ed aofloa. i"g+S ,63** $d56 5r:*6F ep65d
eo6o6:?:grnJ 6po6 d4of:"o6 aq:p S:og& ero"55$ 6Oa"6. err:r"55
5Da.6Fs 656so 15d1od 6840 E34o d+6:. Sofr$t'os dglo6re:
'f,6ep0r:, ay66 tS{:6So 865:d:$; S66rX€5 18tu56 6"&5 agcb5)
fi>Oo0...SEop 66Je:: t6B:poar6:.25 6a fua.6F Sra- ed &U:d
SrSoc-6. s836 s;e6o fi:Oos 66J* $oQo*t5:.
346 S$5: $ebs
2001 a*p 16.

eg oad @q"S 563eDaOf, 6aar. eg 65o6:o qr'66d.5 5eo:r


So$6$eref 5Da"6F eooX*s6 dbd $g'"a6. e.S p$sQsoer
rto$UpS S56o.f esd$S Bh35 5r0;o : "5r5o @$foO aoo60c$6cpo.
a546 '56.1f 5r$ 6q"5p5 eoodo s436.... es eeo6o ir.Hed$iFser"Sg
5: o9* 5:S: aotrSS.1.s0, 5.f i:"gne,&eQ5 a"g* u5>oXor:....'u
"s-€36d 3ro$B S5Q 36pc-Sg $94"5 S$Sf,.:6oo.?" esp $eoir.
eg6h$ tsdl$ 5Da"6F 665oS5:oa- ao0*;6: : "er546 3ro$S d>o
@5ptu"o.5e.:o df:. a$y6c eo546 a6t{:&{5oe SSdA }56o165
6555ro."27

eg dar6rqr"Ji:xo A.gA.5, ep65e: &daofi aqp a$o16er: e.5


$oo5o$ (6S€JS 6olr"6dd6eJo $$o Sr6:;oXfu. eso6rd 50;5on 6o&
&eoS J.BQ'S $OSS;@o@el) $d.15OB $p5irxo 2:30 6o0coo::o6.
cpcd 1$a5rpon *o-4$;erc6o :'a5u3 - s835 S$S5 50&g6o 5w16d:
6a doC,: dao 5:{5 5oaoe"oSo }O"6ea teB &fD6r5So6'. s836
eooaQ er $odr$ 66er$ 6:d Ao* $S 6nc- 66ip0o$o6. epoS:C
6 ooeQ65f"OQp, eSS ergrd 65dg5onr.563o35ep *6'4o6. a6e>
aod, ag{o6o a"d a"5}0 6Q"559 50;o6. er65pc-;5n5516e5o e155:
6;reo"d S6fr"6b $6"ee$"a- C&oO eg pdAgp q:e6: dSo6.,t
qP66 Sdaod eqr$o18 a:$5o6 SoB 6s i1:$or:o"$ 135655:olS8
5r$ouc$. eso5:5 er$;:d 65 $oge$f 5ir'56:o$:65 fr"esg bOaUu.
;5olor:rs"S eoo66r SoxS aS5oE $oFB e{$or:o6 : eg So}ooo.C
erc56r 5$$born 86$4oou6r." 'Sofr.5>96 agtocrs3 $5Q dBrp
&e es$ qp66 t$drds" Segra$o6. o.SB $B$5 *S 6r.c- a,5
"1od'
8;$oE da6. eo6 -'s436d aln5iir.$go eseaoSdS $5Q B$;o. o8s
il6$oa"0'. eeer € 56;ol S6o;$o515or:.30
'e.5 OS; doC,: $rt'r
$e.:o aoflE SoiFair5 esoo-c€' $$:"$6o
S6o5:56o 6$ es[5iro BoBS3r ]94"5 as565 ee o.LA 11:00 6o0.:e:
@o6od @p"sd:ole o6?;o::c 5Oe6r. 5rra.6F *er *fo 5rg.c-6:.
ar6o;o6 347
+€i:oo e*> co0:r5p63oX6." 5rr&6$ c54s3rn E&36: : "Bo5d
56r, Jsr Spc- esftrfsg i'u6o5r5o. Jo6:5od, d:SSq ps
a"5CooX6.:. $5o S$oo0p eo6{o &6S40o55t$3."33

$Da"6F 6dSoOS es e"E 6$ ero"55 - eoo"55 BXD6 ee6JFJ5.


66o6 J$d $rra"6F eeox6 : "er e.$po6o o5*or: 5635:oc-
eroAgooa aodpUu. eso6)d do@ Eot5:$ s836 S5:Sg. o"s3 50;6on'
esd$S epoAgoodo6:. ss, bo6:" 3,:&aw&o5:o5:er t6o'$5:oLs3
eo(:55-Uu."3aad erfl1p"ofr"U ep66d,E 6"6Sb tt de8 SqlrFQS&
i.i5.t$er6 {rc- Sgio ${p eooX6: "6gd eocr55 do. eslgr"d eoo"55
'
S6, (Sg ioos esgrB Bd sog 66o 5p0o6)."35 $DA.6S tFo"S$oLs
o€i:oa: 516 eroCa5$od ao16:. 6 s6eaon" ego$S 6 spetl
SSrdeSB J56: $gir6{, eroS:Qa?:Sou6:. erod, eobp6d 6d:65od
65 esQs-o"$S SUq: St':6:o6ecod 6nOiF6:51 ero"5$ @&w6o
&o;sqo.
vs, e5o$6F 65 ereS*F6 Sfrd.Sod n"5, 66:o6 e.63o6o
ir:$ooro"C m5, s836 60os 6d6d 8$;0co, 6(5o5o t$oos
u5:Srg6om gleo.5e,>o - ere55 aoa dSoX - sF66 t665S
S:olS5gSB 5116o esArddr$o s$s6:. es(gr .56;o S6o;$5c-CB
6q"$s6eao do6,: 5g"or aio3of; es56O Sf;o aer9r5on" 6o5s
qr$o50co.36 $ra"6$ er eelfi- 563u: $d er*d6 d55o ero6d eos el$o
dSSoaA : ep6&di) a5e &$3 qe>o6 d65o a6$ood J$$6on"
So6.gp5 a:oo 6oc-O. ep6 6 dXod$ e6:, eoo6g"&06:on" Src-."
ss, 5r:&6F *go dS$c &(ro5ro 5tuerod - 5 daorp qp66dac3
a.5po6o e5r:$ooo"d €o$0o6:g sE36.

exrt, ero"55 +5i:or:er: e{o S$$n s{o5:$a*cod - J"SQ"S


+553 6rc- dogsobg s83d. il966" 56:$5:oa6od : '5r:&6F
eo8o5ron" *o aer8rsom 6qt5:, sa$ 5d65on ed3 5d3$6'eo$.
+d{oSS-:6
4
aOh aoddBr, qo$ docs: a5r$q: So *.ro aod.
***

348 S55: $e6&


2001 ?:$oa:6 11.

es 6aer. es"5D J5c$, J536 6oaoa erc508 a.rn r{:$od 6o0lo6.

J6'.8.ero"55 65 segero$od 5Cd{u$oeu" 6odm esd$S


eso66ofl5 *6g502 503;e{ A}p6 : "}6! er&0sd eoe?:f; 6$o6e>
cl,& aoho6."38 Aoe.:$ our55 dC eg5 $.aCu. '@ap +E'- 6g{;r6:el
86pee>S Srgo:n6r4d @So'5 oda:g do@op 65;a:o0.: ess.6ire35op
&6:6o"6 ao$Uu. $5r.6 $r.6 de: S>o63e.5S0EdF6. +d;d rrz
;$oB qp6&d5: Jo5&3 Bo65o$.a0 eg $d$og6o 5o&6$ 5e5d
6q-6 : "er$ydo dS, i"gi.S f$S:u: S:fr$35 erO eoX $brQ 6$g
6o"5SSSod $i$er ,l"Qox$...eoo6r5g drhaesB er660pg
5oa6t1:do6{ u5: dod66), era u dcery J"BQ.S {sfg$S ae;.
S:er$S$p56dod gr"c- u5: ::{rn d9d66). "41
w836c J$36ern S&6no o"5e 534o.$$ooc droS 6oS:qer
S6oo s-56od, i.gQ.S - afia:S dif6o $66 $5o ,5:.So6. pH
o"5e qP65.f 563u: a:03:d 66dp6o 6o0r:o6$tr ero$od e.S {r5fs$tr
iot$So6. eS, ?:QoaE 11 edo 8[60So $r5dr64p a:03,:5
5pS5aroa:o o"8.f aero6 6g{u5 Sofur '}56o1.f56g$o' *6:.f
aso* 3:"o$635 e6s5: &e36g deo 3"Srdr"s 6'qm
6:SOaq,SrCFor:o6. 6g{6F6"SJ eseo0S* *O.f #6fr$4Otr
Cd6ol8o5i.rQ.5r* $e.1d5 S5rao $5:$o$o6. 6o"ir6ea3 ?oloa6
11So{r:e;$ 6Up+6 80 5c-6d$ ep&Ow Sodr$e$er 53 &e3uOtr,
68 JHr"oJ &SS$Q, esftoo:r 40 6god Sgod5 .5g%. &Ku$io;oa.
'a635 tz d6$o SBpodSr', 5 edg6 agi65oCsr KDsr"6 e.5 5o6
Saro65o5:' S{n" rf, 303o0o6.'2

?:$oa6 11 $o{r:ec5 66u6 ry66d.5od o€*oo @41:65o e"5


691+5 So-669 SgrpL &Ku$$O;oa. 6a J$o 59 JeoE eep@oJoe)p
u5o6:fo"f o"ee:r do5le.:o ileu56.fo6. ess.f 6g{;15 SoAd:$
65is-oo C6;o{od do5eco }{5$6odo6.o3 Bloac6 11 5oo6 655

a:.6o;oA 349
qp66d,to aelo6,5go db aod, @6o5a"g{orn (a}$5 Sper) fiflaer
?:$ aodS. s.C, ereip a6Xd6:. eoo"55 SUuod eeox6 : "?:QoaE 11
6ger$ $fdgod 5 e.54 dXSr 6g{ooS3 5g8d5orn 5oS 5{;no$:
ssod3oosg Sxo csd6."no
es5fDo6 aep woo $e.r ag{+5:Og $56o965 it6e€c 5pqbo:rn
&9q.5 S5>$od epSs-6o 5:3$piFo.ro6. eS, ee;O6on" i"gi.S
$q6S d+er6: tuLdd.5$oo6. "Sr6a t66SS. &6o, efi;d5 S$o 5:6
o5uf;o"as esocrr $ra.6F 6$+5op epd:Os 6556o05 66n"L
$;b$o*6. ?rloa6 11 6rger$ df5god esaros 65 &g6deod gOS,
eOa:[ 691+6 t66eSQ. 5podo6e.:o $$o e{C}Sp esl$$a6:
6ho6. $ra"6F 6 SOB&C ep5e6on" &f::g'S, e.6 &:16:& ($a365deo:)
$oB ofl &o66o $ro Soa $16:&g (eOaS 6g{il6u:) ttEp a*peoa.
es 5fD+6 J$$6 $o563eo $er: &3$S $o5"tu36 $0o615 c-o$
S*pot"SJepd:os $os So6o6. eso&C 75 a.6o 5$ &oIu6aon"q
;bOod 6$5:o6o SoOepCg +6;?:$o6.a6

hloa6 11 So{ue;S +€f,ror:, eoo.55 a{6r 5oS 6sdd6c-cg


o.o&boa. a"5p6 691o5 alo $S +{ er+Q @5oJ erfl@ot"c3
eo$:t{>eaom 55{o dddr6o a0flo6. S653,:"oc5r SOAE 6q"Ss65602

$5e5 .rn'8o5p esoe.F6 : "afio 6g{o6o es$a SSdXod RFSo'6


i$o66op $ir;$35 685 o.t':od aufpoa. aS368 s$$6:66o6.
erip68, aS;68 a"Sd dc.- rteS ipo:r6:, a.6fl5od e.$5w05 e>d5
ie;t':."a? $dp6 fua"6F 6 '6$u5op it6' erd rr:srtd s.t36
Ciro5:od eod:Ev ;,$o0 SQ eoo&q: SaboE dod:tro BoSo:?:$n6,r.
e53E e"5 i"gi.S uo5r5:dc 8b;$o"C 1$s6o - "S8;$: daod $dr"63
56p&b$56o o"5e 5w6:35 sdg6 e{ro6od 15qU iofiss 659
esioSpoom 5n6:;S5c-CB ep&Os 5:66 oflQo5C 5Da"6F
es6$gr6:."a8

?rloec6 11 6t$a"d aD56 sgSrlo $eu J56 &ao6o J"6+d


JSog Bod6c$. 6cA aroeo eeercd p65-&3$5o ${g a"5 ofr:f;o
eo6 iftr0,>o a6n e6o6.
***
Bbo csd: $e6s
sp66 i"g&o€a: Kr:&,aop$ 5pgs6 d55od 606. 6cg 12 tSd.J
e $dd crosee:cFy e+ood es @otleoo a:05:e; p6
ol5eer:ileoD.
tgS ee e+0. 2001 &3oar6 13 o"t': $f$oer, &6pS 5-f.:#
6odno Sede ilnosee> e6eaom 65o6:o 11:00 6o0.:o tlo6od Sd
6FoDo" 58o6. (Sq"$$oLS ;e€troo, TFSSH uodrS>eel Rls0dr.rr"o$
ed; oS +ipood $pia:oer: dSSo S:o0 Bpirsdrt5:.ae abe$6&
(cna5${ eo{g{:er) Spc- a:o5:odUdUr do3-6.

6ScF65S oiruel ao5:eld6n"3 - pS JL6 d0r:, 5r:o6: e6od


d8o:rort ee ee;,$$8 $546: a5g a"5 dg6 esoarS6S s.6: er5$3$n"
6Se6SS s"$ 56:$$ t$o6.uo {*f es s-6do0 o6rt{:6 eso.3iru&
e,rozuawB$r 60o05 egt{o65:o ao663 603, p0o6 t}6o0o*6.

ee S$05:od eoo"55, aS5o6bo6er i"gia:oeoC0 5$65)


+oa6od aqr5:.5' aS5oE so6 p6 ge6o - "J$ ${aoer:d u:"5:
3o.27d 5S s-Eerer 5r(u5:o0rodn" eo5$3{n" pOoE d3o
S$3:oso6. ;b6:{eaod 6'pE *OS 6go SC3:oOo6. aos p0o6 }oE
5$o6...."52 $fs e4g${on" 65; }{&oe;: dL6@ Sqlo6 {*f ,Q.
65$6 cr5eo$: 5vbda6. dSod dfo
aS;o"e$ do6; 5o5o ;$oB
io9oo SoB8...?53 {6@ Sqlo6 o*J# 6[6oSer eso6t p $550dr56.
sg6o$o o*Jf Jstua SooB n"{>u:, a,5 dec 5p0 5:6eBo*6>.5n

e65d.5 $ese$5$:g 555fS:6S96 duoo$o 5o6 $Sa:oel: d$$o


5r * e& daodc eqeaSob $$os: a"54 $ci:g 6:aBsoa. egu6
5ro0 eg $o6:e;5 S3Oc5:5:5g (SSi"6 e3 p;nQ $:$ S$ af;rSo0roXo.
g5p55:ol8 SdolSAnA 6rc- er 6o{uer5 aOflS $66r"t$ 5o$63<rer
SoS6pod d5e5 dQ", "65$r"A9 136o ad 66ar$ 6 lpaw$56rg
doodrQ vld 155rod e;$6rp5uo3 Oot6oo;Q%$."uu 6
b5eroo bodp aw6o5:p6odc a"g 8oS ooaQ 56S$o6. bo6r
$o1$eo6:o @e6o Se3eap5 ad eOsOS 655f 6eoo5:o) dCefo,
$Sarce.:6 @ew$55:5d: o0o$o6 dooo6on Crrlo66o 8o6o6. 6&
o"5e$ $666ps r{:go6 sda up6af;>$otro6.

ar6o;o6 351
6 o& a0flS so6: 6aar.o 5c$og dto$"oX eqr $o[& ero"55
d5sd, eaSsdf ds 6o4xo sd65ro s5o6;oa"6. i.gi.S r{:.6*o
Sof 'oJ5o' er$Sod i"gQ.Sg 8o65 dot'r 6[1u56eer 6
fsd*
o.83 s6eao erC eoa"55 1556o*Uu.56 so56s6 &;5r5o !1aw5 S:oS
eS S6:3$5g $6d: abyt'o 5rc- ero"553 5&3:oso6. "SrSo EodB"
6o6cco eso+ea:d$)5:o1o. $;bao a:66" aod, eoeo8 $5rao 5ro0
563&5 64$55o &rq a:66"S aoe;:o6 55"!."57 5:6o-f,r $S&oeod
6q"5;$o(-S ;r#":or ir$oa-Uu. R:$oa:6 11 pE 515o5*64 ctSg;SS,
eso6g"&odl SSpao ier $;o6oso6 er$; eooeQ eso6:5 a6{r0{g",
"1$$o.5od dd56o tlo*f 691+5 E*q. epo5p doSeood 55o65
Spuel $SBe$"58 eeu;6.
qI65, &5o 5655 aSg +{+$5 dps eo&[5&:o0 J"eq"S
Sofi.{bdf0 691o6 SOeo;S: 6:5;tuSowoS 1$6"5$o[8 o€$oe:
5f esEaSaF e"QB &S$o'3"no6.5e Adb 6A'6586 a"gCu a$64 5r',Js
Sr.c- de6: : "$B$5 es[Stuo0$ s836dB .f,;$;5:iFo"o. 6$o6:e:
8{ee 80eoS {5o$o d6no."uo

ar6?:oo o6 o{o ;$o6d 3"0616 6*%. s}65 6€J$ SO6.6bd


drirOo$ boR:o8n" edeer a*;6. 6ce 6ofpo5$rn $B$5 6$po
erg, a6p do;$oB PSSrhAr.fr"Oo$dR:oA. 1971 u6 66" (aog"d€'
es556sa) 66pd qP65 6$qro6od eroS?:f; AqS pSSSeer
61
driv0o$Oco aSyd a0ho6.

ep er{o a6p do }CS:o 2002 $ 145 Sofr.6bo$ a6:p6e:


es6)
Epir0o0 o5o6n$S Sf;$oU:.g6:. eeroE SoS6pod 5"P6 i.eflps
p$$o: ry6&o5: EC$g" dlq: {EoS $Oir$:o: o"6 er,65 d:"ep6od
@dSo*6. eso66d es6d6. es tuf;:6n SOirS:oB sB edSrer*
eir6od 65; eor55 pc6 esaSq. r$BS"$nO. {*# o{54d sl:!1
a5:oBS s--0;
'5o*e6:. ugd
p$S:u: 6oXt5r, eS ar65u:oaUu, ;ngi
3:go: 5ra- aoX6:.62 er$;6d q}66 p55o SOfi.Srf Brirp8oS 6o6. 5
{*f esdeul S03o" e6" Bodr5c-SB 5o5:"6:n'6o16. ereo6 fied
352 C56> Seb&
p0$o esarso 5r5 A"gE E, pS$o: qe> 6oo6
aagl &S qp66p05
S:e.r:oewQff5$5 $oSXo er$a E"UUp$go {Oo.5d5lFoa:o6. qB *er>
i.gi"SE
eL,LeJ.c
qF66FSso S6.:)$fder.S3. qp65 3:CS 5eo a565-Boe.:J

@p"$$oge.f 5>goa-6 : "&6,5o aS esso&. J.gB.5 $rgsg ar$


AbJ 5:"hlo."u' esEASaS 5:"c- &5 pug$B &6o B3:3 &eo$
6qFS;$o1S 5:f a"qe Bs3o6. es 5a1d6od 6Q aofo J& dOoXdS
e€i:or: XouOd &g"oOB afl go$6;o6€ 6ile&. ererf, ero"55 Snc-
Ao6 &$SC S{f Bgic-CB 5{6o eo$6:r:";Uu. s-C e"54}on SOf.*f
otuf$6nu:5$3SoB d"966" 6$ 5$ $65oog66b drD$ilJ6.64
(q0o5o6 Soild 2019d 50;5$;Co 65p"S6:ogs Sdog5 ap6 o5D6
Sa5rper3 *55gtur;6:. €$oo a:"{p65dpS s6), ep$S6o bol:d
so$$:er rFpil 5d $g8p566;b$
ero6g"&o5: og,ger S>5 awozuo 5(o
5:03:o5$C Sdo$ ar6 esd€oa,6.)

s.5, odt:oo - $do16 816 we5:. er63 a565 ep&flS ep$$&


a55d* s.5,6S4r:U5o dd esdae:: as;o6. epdao::" SSugodc $g}s
3s6{o6: S$eao So"$C 6i'6o{o d*oSSC e"66ts6pqerd8o0o6.uu
6gde i"efl"s eoS:ero el(+S s-5dc Boec$ dao ceo #;1:3o6. (ero6
186o a.5 5c-6 $el: eoo"55B A"g815.56 fdg So6ao6gp SXF66S4S
o6 erft5 *5d.)
eoo"55 e5dC 6ir$5orn 65 eoBB 3:O0 $66on" 5d4u: qe16.
& aod d6o epoe 6o66nafo eror aoda. er536
siroS:o ao6EB &84
es d,J$oe '65:4 i:CBr' ep& B$p:S:oer:S; eoo"55 6S8 5r€i.e:l eeo)s
aoda. ero"55 $os 5d4o: &SSoe^::sgf3:f.:, s5d 56tno5o $ro doa:
w;v6o. SEf 5* 6eo$6:od "esd5:s; esoofiSo $S$SAr5" eroX6:
S6re, d{S. es 5oS6:s 6SS '5Oo0$ s.5d 6oc-.55:035
S{d eoo"5$C

esOo66o dKo$o16."
qp65 - i.5 6ofr"6bg8 fogUrop epBr0v lSd:6S eosloe5 ?l[ger6
erF {e5 (Ad8Sgf*reo 5$6o5: iooLe) ar65, }3p5oi$ $o662o46:.

arXo;oA 353
SOXt"6d
oo
Bo6o R:oceu"
L o 6 oir:6
Brir"Oo5Coo Sel
o
oes6eao SoSSCco
5Q es& egodds S$o d$oa. es& s836 616o$ ?:6n" Sr"gedd6r.
"p65 dxop 6(1+5o er$a ag 6ofi6g0sr. esBnddn$o y5:. es

SFeJS'&, esa)Oy $S6 5 d.XopS eroDp ,a91o6 56S%.$3yoda pJ5,r"oz

epC esa) eb;$orn ?:O";Sga. $6oJ ;r5{on ,A6JB Eo65 daq:


als:S 6goo"Q aeS:o.goeo{ 3r5god sE36 55 }B}5 o55
5S3:o5$oc. lt6oa:o6.

*:a5"f5 er$ eoo6g.&o6 BOSaS ryS$'fu&6FC es6ho6 : "$,


e'gfi.Sd$,6$a"6o 6egSqoA eo0 ISSoJ d,ao eroer:o1o>. ASS
56: ae:'es5r6 $o65€6oa6:?" 6cg 5rla"U$ B$p6 : "ep65 - $Ee:
${5 e{a"6S dq, Boa:& 5 6gp6 6[{il6 w6g15Snor as66ero d6.
erod s.6r, &e8.5 $Ofrf;ro o"5e 5 dXo 5f eooDir 6[1il6
s65LSSner$ $SD esSS&o5o -esc SS: q656d 1556o*i$. es gSecSB

a5y6,: $"c- S:5r: S$ad dd1o."68 ed E:"oer: a"$3o6oC eKu6>oeo


- eoS esgr SpeU SSl'Sdod qp66 G54b65o es88o6. 6 *F5l 5Dfo6F
er$p:6 a55d5:. S05on" S0fi"6ir# p6rn 5eo Briy0o6,Srriil ECg
6:0r:oawo acO, doC; dt{5w6 eCoel), ?:}oac6 11 5J"65 eroa)o o8.....!
a6;t'r $ra"6F 5a os.gu:!
* *rf
dsgo 66:e5, o5?ror $O*rpo S:o0 o5r$ p$5 6eo$:
esd>Oy
65$oSOouoC egdSo*6. eod SSoo$oC e836d gaw$5$5 a$on"
JC;Su: a6&erS 5;.c- egdSo*t$. 2002 ?:QoafC63 s836d a$g5e>
$tro sooo 5:o6 iFoo6 sqo6 $s$e6:. 1962 iFoo6 ftfrSod
1$ao6om iFOoE a:666o s6$o 50,000 loo6 ?:e $Oe;6 Sqlo6$,
50,000 6:o6 e$ iFbF bq;oa$ CdrflotrUu.

19S7d o"d5 n'o6 ($p"55:o[8n" 65g6y6o s.t36 +$5Sd JUgg6


Of,oF a:OE$$ af;f:r (rc- a6:t{:6:o6$ eoe er;$$o16:. y5 o5?:or:
-ed5 mo6 (r"a- w6:. esd6$ 6a JQSo SO€erSS: ero6g.&o$ C6ea:efi

354 056> SeSs


e+{f5$oS, o$ JC;$o agOf, &OC $OAOo$ eg6ydo UO;owdr:.
?r5,5;n"
uS a;1u3 - s436 erce $65EoS, es JS;6o Saw6n , *5'5;n'agOn d6S
1$56oac{:.'o

66 er$dio df5god & 3"o sE36d JUgq. Jero6 esd$€ao3


eoivdo a555:oc- S653:"o50.:o a"54d ;c"6'{:or: 050 AS66d e-S
S1poer 3:03o6. 2003 56rdd eso6$ e836 Bfl, e"5 a3,r6o6 Sdd
$$oflo*6. 1989d 3ro$635 $o(ue.:Ser B]r6pS 66ud qp66
1$q'S$ogs w836 S{d (p$ono,5eco qd ao66J.o."
$p;bpon" eso)d ae>o6 fo6epf +d*or: i.gBpSP 6&dg
itso$$oa- 560BB6r. v5, 6$0 5116o eso6:S Sngo&S &O dU:n"
6o6. 6e56 (!DdA ArE" e9%6 : "Sr ews 5o Srgoc'e.r$5:oXO4 €b
${d u$;c- Eod66." @SXSdc ?r6-a-s.836 138e5 {eoSoC
(DSr"6 20,000 5:oO (Seer XFapS Sdd o5'?oor: (Sboho'5a-S3
dfn"3, a,5 esos.o eso5:5 1$ilo6o efc S$o es&n t5r. "v9; bo d6#5"
eoox6 1$p5;$o1&.?'?

daSpzug0513$.F eof;o BSs.o $oac8 $p55:o1S 1S$oso5$rnUu.


epoS$ 5r:o6 56$ eso$S @$ornQ SC 65;1$ao$ es da), egoS:S
giFo5r"6:. 9.Q 6r}er
16$o6o s'{rn ss3:o$o6. 6;$ B$Og ed: SSrAd
Lg6d, $gB.Sp dugnce 5{6" epor5 i:cBr a$yt': BQq6 : "d:o
$64$0 BQu; - SXfr &$QercBo5c-S3 b$on" 6oXo. w5, eCB
5r:o6r dot'; p6o S:o0 $wgp;65$oir8oi$$ap0."?3 eoS;r6,: o€?:oe>
Sgs Spo 6ra- - eso6$ ;5uo6: 5 1$q"5;tol& eC 6o6S 6Ad -
eeq.6.p66 fln6gs aL66e.lQfo d* aAdsrp o5*o:: d&pt1:. "Sro
esd 6gd Odrn 6oao. d:o 5OS SoUrOSS 5S *er 6o6." sS
trp 5:6
da:.o 6Uu+6 &fa:oeld ego6:S eeoa6 : "S:p6; S05 Knleq5.5J$d
B:eg,$s 5r:o6:$ afl$ $So $$$gos Soigoc5r$6eD6)eo. e"SE
;1n5565o, do6 $aw&5drgo, SrpC,: e836o66""

65 $Xra$f;p5 us36:65od a"63:o:r s836, $3fl5o s6o6od


6a6ner:n e$; o"6661b65 peos 6rd;46. eroS:S 1$$oho0o6

es.6o;o6 355
@SXEdd v5, es6 J"gEpSS a{AoOoa. es @$o6o ur5tr docS: daoB
;$6g 563o5: dolS Ooc5:6 st3d eo$ E 65 eooA60o05egr oo.r:o6.
ab;Eo"s. qF66d,S OL66eJod s836 ero6ep6o. a$;d; ai"€$o:: &
eoodop B8c;Bf;S$rr' Sq $eo"QesSf40oa6:. yd?:o:: aer 36p6od
eo6 *436 $O$$:o SrOpBB es$ydo 6o0::o6 erd qc"oS;5Oho0o6.
ar{o 5:6 Su"6 SilOS $u"1eo$:6$d:"flo0 6a S5:$5{o $s(gooao$
u€*ol: A$36od er8Ser5p$ e,5 eooeQ 5116o ego$S 56d46:.
's.836 55:555: 5 68fug6o eeonil qp66 eewgof SoQg dad aoeoo6'
erS;d es esodo. ae 1p5o8o56o Sg 65 65SS $eaom bsn-Ol SQoA
epd Cfrobo +5*ol3 dq:Kr:. eeor)il u5i:oa: ero" S:"goc-6>. ai>q:a,
qp65 - &5 fof"6bf eoe $$o o5: dQsf.6a $r"d 1506:6;o 5:"c-
S6oo epood e$ $5& $o0 OpE epbe$S esoS:S 5:.*o$m Ss5-o
J
Lt46).

rt6 dSSoXO : "6 2008 5Gl)5'il"6


d'6gd{ 856o56 5)SS
1$$oXo 66:od +€$or: u$ 60ff5 de6r. eso65 pd 3eoAd
Srgoc-6:. dS egoS:Sg aoflEC a:*Oa;;$. esoS:S el&n"6) -'&g8ps
Bg,o.?'3s: er&n"$ -'dd ao6:g: i"6? 66;c"ofrgd i.gB'S &(roire:
5>r Ssfpf:" fs dodrd6.' oc3 eso$S 6$0 aoflEd ae0*36 -
'iodr5od fuUl epSroS:5:eD.' eeo65 Of6n" e"5 S$5 $d5a6. so5:5
essreoe$
a(o a.5 es6o 606."75

J" gB.5 g a"d?:o:: a$5as,.$6:{'{Xrr &tro' Sgiirs6o esEJFJSS


esg{iro SOho$o6. a"gi f;$C s-o@S eaSo::"er5g aeo6 'eu:g8og'
SgSIFed. 1909 XooS 1947 56gr 106Elo$o S:oa- aero6 zugEoS
555*Fo,d 58b ssog i.gfip5e Sp$o*6:. 65:196i"S5:oLd SErodS6pS
$eer$: Son er{o
o
SS$dfp eeEJFJF 6qFS S6e eroa6gs Boe6:.
w436 Sfrod:od o5tcooe S3$6d55, i"e8p5.56 a$g" $o1g6oino:Spe
tFdFS epC eso6$eofl@odrfgr6. &653:"o6F S0AE aoSS esfrX)
;tuo6:$ 3fo6. 6 S(roj:od (+5$":or (!5ei"55) $6$$ dep66r
d8d:.ort.aqy $o1& ero"55 edo;5r do$'o0 5$5$o6. eo,s65 roo6:.5

356 e56> Se6e


Srerf B$pood - "a$3:60 6Xo5 a"d*orS eour55 56d&, ep6 es6$
6H SHea 3r"oc$6to sa5$eg soddo6>o6."76

***
e:r.Sb $3ro5S S{o5:o 5a:ercd, p#oor: d* eoS 6d5r%f
eoo"55 e"5 a,r6$5$ 6$3 t$Sao65o s-5:. 2003 51$:5 oE 1$$o6o
6c$e5, er$a6 derd p€tcoar 65 epQsUuod S$rd.Uo a63:, s-E36
dcn;a:of SgooC 6e5ES fr.u0d6566 $o1g6ogo: a655:S BiX6.
"(6665o 6665 J56 5Fge6e6:?" er$ aS5oE R:oF ep&n"6:. urSB
u€?:o.r: erox6 : "qo356:? eoe55d."t'

2004 a550d .:-f;o: &)6ooJFSo. 69 $e:6ro o"a@$et'


fi"D6d65 f4[;6o arn" 5C3:o*6:. "qe>o$ e436el - 56a"a::5oern"
- XDS 69 e:"S $.Oa€* SCBcQoe.r6:" ep$ e.5 a6lOS ;rgerS$o*6.
ere55 3:"oc$65 3:&ip6 po0 r$Oo0 apn" BOSS fru0o$E S+bgdo e"S&
es 56;o$ afuo6 ep;{05:"5od elo.55$ es&n Uu : "5:6: 6r pawirer$:

Src- erf,$e?.... d6: 5o"!""


es de;el: il6%. ero"55 5 65on"S: Bo5S63d6. +5tcoa: 6$
@$o6od 56a '*;ir (r{o'eosaso3ssp68 ep65 d,s $65sg5 $56r}c;
5 5r15o $rc- 56rrn6;e.rs3 e*r55 b$on" d6:. eoe55 er536 So{ue.:S
r{:Q $Kr:S:oc;:. epotr6r : "dS: es irDOo6S fdrS%. 5OSS &)66
ff:"d.Sod$ $3$o deS:. ep66 eawSo6 foOS eo&[5&:o0 Joo6
gs&65opu 5:" 6665o Sodea$d3 &fr:$6:.""
ero"55aer 65;t5:5g$r 3$36oef 6s eeo6o fuf ':U;o: $o6{oC
SE-*. 'frood65' es$ e-S S5re5 56p6t^:"c3 s6eao dodo 6oS
depe.ro5 Sofu: s€36d 5s dQox*. s836 o{o5:oC a5o
SSroEer uo3 6oao::. aoo dUrd6 3e3elo6 $ofod 3U:dU:
&iroEo 55 eawson cB da& 50;o.5do ${5s66 6$5 6a'f.uod$E'
erd6 56p&o6. 6e56 SSrdeSg;!"01 3od ?:$r$oo"o ers SrOQ",
"5:6 56 S$$orr 5o;oao;$$o0r:oa6r?'eo$ eoo"55 ep&n"t$. S"DEo$E

a:.6o;o6 357
$d:Js 55l B$Jd5i6dr'6r. "&3.0 5d3e.rbp:6o $trr: soou $p$orn
6dr6oo 5*o"to eed16.
'6l J"o 5dge;$yt':. .. .' er5;6 loo a66d6:. aQ6o sg5 s$o5r.cdq.
SSg Srlo 6rod a6$03 S$;tuo6. et AQ6t' odt:or: ep0w6o
Sd3o5r6:. 6 $$S5 50&46 6Lgo6c ed{o:or: JS46 os- &fl:s*.104,
e0546 xbos s"SJ.nod $o615;o er 6e56 5s.1S s.o@S,08h $$e5er

do6p 6rc- aodrgdS:. $98"5 s{o5:od 65p"S 6:o1s ;$SEripS ho6


e6*or: 5oX u{o5 6JBd, Jero6 p$d5n o: d6:oc- Ss d* 55q.
$SBr"fr5 SoF 6e56 Ss;$ Odh G5q"S$oL& a536 565r p65d e"eg
solao,S:$sdo $$o J.eB.s rg d5$s;as65:46ox6.
epe> 1998 - 2OO4 vood SP65 -
A'98"5 $oaopo S{ro5:od
od*oa:, ere5So: droS 15oS:U1o a.5 s{$er6er &oS $6t65 5&o6.
8O 3vo6r es'&d6 6{:65o 6do6 daer;${5 Soacoper &6l{: 66'56o
$$o qod 56pu Je> 8o5:560So6?
***
od?;oa:B SoarcQo05o6 5651 65: ae> 865 &fD$56o 5g
al6&o5:a5e $$c e"5 $qFSpS.5$n &o;a5i5535;eo{d ego65 $s
SaUu. &efip5, e{36od $oaropo s(rod:od i.g 65 poos $o6
$60o;$5:o$ er6 a546 $($oeoC5n, $a36g deod5r gF6-
elBrddn$o ep66o6 erC esd$S p0out5:. eoo553 $oecoQo$
S0fo46o Sfo 6oSrU;o Bd5:g6o es3a e"g 5r.Sb5p5 s$4atu&ero66.
Soft @o6o $oS ddsdass $;5rd$od US $0ooer0;e.:.655: aod$$
&BBrS c(ro5:od 5$oXeor&u: a55€co v5,6o"6om 555$oo.5e.:o
s5 eoo"55 a$$d es$s6o d6>. esoDd, dc aUgog 565w56 epo0.r6: :
"i.gfip$ eiro$od eoo"55 a"er trd:af;on" 5g5ir6o*t$. esd$S
a4)6" ep$d5n"o y6eaom s$olner &S$da:. 65 dec8,65 &gg
5a Sood es6 a6n"erC esSo*6). u5: d0b$od$6gr" ego5:5 i"gB"S
fg@&s6 SJbd 6 55:565:,$"6d6." bo5:.aw&o6;r6o d.t &da:$
woo e6 1*o63o0 $6Ooir5:& ;1uo65: 3g"oS +d'?oooS ero"55

358 eS6: $eb&


Sr"c. 58dAoa"6:. 56e5w"$6 i"erf - "eoe55 ao5:c^: B$3:$S o"s5q
*er 6o"6o6. esd65 5g$66om ?:$go6 ryseD Co&S 5"q3^. esd$S
;5r:ftoo$ d5&od a1$& eps ep$:$6:."" qF65d,S @6"S$og6:oo6ga3
eo65od i"gfi"S ep$>Srer @p"$i$o[&n" *6: i.oaSo'6: o"6'?,:o,>. epo:rd
d.g60 So{g Soaoper
eso$53 B3;;5r:5er eoo"55 esiS6o. $g$66on
ern"dn s5oo5:oC 5:"c- o$ w836 eito6:od gos bcdo5:e.:o o{
4.6$5$gb e5;eg03 esSo $fr6)o6.
eoo::56;68 io6:$ S
Siro$oC o$ S{oo seo5r.5(D? $5o
Srlo - 1999d ao8:$ ry*d6 d6go, 2001d SfS esgr 8po.(5
S6rddo c6oo erdrSo::. 6a 3f{5od Su.dJ.o d* 605r%96
6fio5:o &{ro5:od qp65 ao5o$$q. eoo&er:, *836 Sito$od
i"efl"S ao5oi5:5:S;eou&o d5oo Snof aSy$56o 56d tro$6o
eooir5or:.

6 $oBsB $p"s s6eao - $BfS 65a:o dseerB +836 5 $6$


tSeSES $(to5:o el{6 eso.5o" SoS:ood o6*5o1, eoo"55
i"6$er:ade.:o. &eSS p$ $oO tr&a:51orn esdo{, ap65 a$podod
irfrou: d:aw0dn 65; tloo"ofo S56o16om 6oc-0. aogr"d.S Soa
i"gBp5g S61615 aod w835S 6 $eaod i"gBp5 ;$oo6 es$$n"
5:'Qo6. ercd, s€36 fu6 $o'5Qs.eog $3ff58 56o$5do &:$*F
ed56 $0&46o epoc.:r 55 dA:. s-5, qevo6 $o&4o"SB qp66d.Uo
Jer a,63:$o0oo6 ? a"$;S6: 6o". 6a oSu{ Brof:" aw&o6 ;w6roo5tf"
ewrn eo$o dssoao. i"e$"S 5-lf a5; tr6:oec; eooA6oor S
5!, eod tr6ocrqe8365: Src- SQoSdo:po.

2019d er$E&s ep8n Cu - "A"gEpS, *836o ${o5:od 5: aa


oo"S3, e€*or: t$dr6S ocrS3 5A:6 55eg$o?" eo$:E& B&;t$ :

"erodgo&o6 $oaopofo (eld:. deo ) esQe6 aerQ a$ Srt$6:o0.vq::.


aryt' epQw6od d:o aoorr 6oxo, $98"5 ae.:bSon" $o6. eood!
e436 S5:S53 60fo46o e*>f, oflQo6."82

***

ar6o;oA 359
erq"5d6o - 15

Sg4$O $Sqr"65 Co.3eao (1999-2004)

ao fuecg J$
S:od &Sa:ob {$5 r$5:3e:o Bod dESd, eag$d,
5{:50 $6$;to66o (Central Hall) doe;'ou:.'50* $dg5p$ So6eper
a$;$;d 6a hog:6 *F5$ ot'r6o0.rt5:. tu6ry $Srdrg€ Jo5er,
5:o[6ur, Sr"d io8:e:r, es$;$8 65g a6lO$o: 516:3S 3,:*.1]6
Sng"6$5c-Sg 6a *Fer: 65dr6666r. 6otr>o6. $$o.f Soao6o
d$oc- ilo[6:er, f{>5s eooe asad 5r63C ereqr0 $Eoe;rO.
$Sa:oe5 $SrdeeD dSfS:* Jds em"55 J5:45 SS:o5:o
s6g5{oS goR }g do$ scnSoo5:oC 66,:66:odo6:. 1957 5:o0
epccSOIFE p€i:oer, be.r Soder6 6o0cQ?:ogr5*Fdd$ X*6AodarO.
odto> S *Fud 65 $$oIFsJ 565sdw6o dqod;u"O. 5 6o6od,
5 Speo: qp65B esar"6drd5orr" 6o0.rou eo5g6 C86on
SOSO&od6r"6. 3:"o6r awSoS:p5odc J.of6&5 $eao 66 o"ert{:
6agno qP66d.5 5og6d 6qi.5 d55 co"Sod qrrlon dA. lFS, ag6
6on"f - 6o6o,5o{5:6ornt', do" erodg"&o6 boaop.# pUE
"Bg
er{3ead+ e0c6>oc- 6oo" ep$ er{5o$So d*;r6. ho[e.:6'ifeD eeobgr
eo$:p5 15d,Jo.

1960 565od esSS SdaoX OO"o.SB er5$6fuo.r$ E6rcr"


OOoCB (LfAO65 tr Q ?:giSo) $85q.er p6o 6:XrDpon" 6ileoD. ee
6e56 6agoC ao6e n o6 RpAOego feJ, RIsSd)cso5:FSo65 59 A"P
.JpSdo ?ro(p6'fF6'64 esoSt r" es$56o$ &(ro5ro ego::o6..... ae> epSg

360 C56: R:eSe


6:o8 ${>5o.f, po$Sro$ *U;go, foqr{eo# tS66S ce.per +6
de,rle* eoft SfuSS6o $g ;e5$o.:: ee s-erod er"6&d6, assofir

o"€5or &dao6;$og8 s-rn$, ao6e n"o$ erQe6o $C3oo$$;68,


esd> &poo"og 6a# er56ea 56d6, er0 g{3ro*Ur:. e:o65 5r"elg6d
B&;ercd - "&deod &ry$o ep$a eoQs6oC eod $$oc a$
S$ooo5a66, &g Sp.uo3 es5>6:aom $66ar65:."2

a$yt': 135q"S$oLO eooirsCu esd$S. 20 $o$63eo: dS$iFoJroo.


?:o1er6S55d Sg[5s.p@o5:o u5*o:r3 5S3:$o6. 1991-96 sood
3:.S. 56$oire6 6o"6$:oL8rr" 6oe qo6e n"o6 es;$el droS ergS,
Odeo6, Sof,$ Ce"uo Sg eo6;6o"s 65; &a5$o$ 65 Spood
eb80$daUu. esod, es$6 6on"C;66550 aSo$ Co"So 6:o0 6163
5$3o6. t$drdS$ Lpder, 6on"c; od4 ::gaf:Q ir65"1bod crySo
es$q:d3 50go6. #&d>es o$r.eo65 SgSf 6:o6dpo: ;!"ofFoa:,
erdr0s eQ655o AO8S Sf5god 615 d.r 6Sdrauer 53S5 aA $58
6oc'o;S 6"{eg 6p536o. eroc5:$f, 30.s. 56R:ofso'$ 66:+5 50.15
gq"S$o1&ooe ad 535;6o.f $s de6:. epd 5vO&o$cg da8 s$
$a6:. a-54 oSgod B$;ood ?:o[e,:6'XF566 eso50 s-gf Son Son
o'SiFo::S 3(Fcr SQ'o"o S5"fltldr3J $6Rro*Feb SQ'o"e:
5wQtlo$o 8oflo0dR:o6.
5Eu S6SoXFe$ @{:65eq"uel$ o0o05 }$5po6$
+;!6{u6:o i$ydr SgOdeq.S $*;6. 1990 6d5o o'68 ar&odr
o"a8A:"96 9{ a"e56eao $tr:dKu5:o6. 69 }o6:s3 }giaoe5aoge.:5
rndd 55edg6 s5: ep6, u66.6d :rfe6 {55 (eeEJSJF) $o$
SSsdSd ep6. esEiSJF 6w"S &60 8.i5. ir5625 3:"o6r $o$26e 5:6
q)B ?:b"6. 6a SoS2g&s aag&* g56o556eo 6Sapoo$: 55&dBo*6.
nacoo"*6g epo0r6l : "d>3:55 ;rS:5{ e6:g"nr eos8co'5;$J. v5, d:o
J$yC.r eofi6fo$ boeeirQ &Ssd; 5r64Qc i5odBQ"S 6oao....
esQS sdo@56eac $$) 065blo. 0"$o do$ &oeS:$m $&d esQS

ar6o;oA 361
SgSfc i:o ao$6:$o. qep esod, e)$65 i1:IFe3n"o$ ea"u%.
erS:SOQS;ep 503:o55;$g. ;b*Fe3rno6$ f" esfltloS:d5o ;tusoer
Eqroc e{o dsSreco 56d. s5, esQS 5g5f cfro5:od 3:o 6"qn"
s:irte3n"o$ &o"Sod 585oqoXo. "t
$$o qo65: a5ro6 eopgo$od B$;:S:Sgegrn oodt:o:r, eoo"55er
i"g8p5, s.836 o(ro5:od gos $s Sa6. 6 eoq"go$od rggg soo
2004 56$ 5805 5r:"65 o5*or tFd:6S vooo"E es$S, Sdaod
op.uo$: eo6goS:So dlo. 6 dofi esoao &{o5:od em"5S 5:f
esp"656a-c3 4"6?:or: a$66ddl. s6eeo - eocr553 es dofr .soeod
5flSod $od8g SOg'So sr5, pgno&S piOeoSo s'5 dfC ar"6s"ror:
p0o56o.
eo o t$ $ g S Sr:. d$ u dtr or:, $ 6 bo{rso' 6
O G5q" 5$ oLS ercr: 55y t5:

FdJdso $Qoa5 5vOtlo$ Srfod$ eoodg,&o5: s$eB s(ro6od s"5,


daodg cd8 aegraf:e:c ee;,$$&od afroOod s-5, epd:os-.f Sog
$cdo5:do sitoS:od v5 $56o16on" c$o6o &SSd+6l. eebq),
egsoJpe.r, 5oS6e 506{o 5o6 esoeo SiroSrod esEaSaF tug"S.
es$)Soo*eoXeso5:$ $$oro3o6. egoS:S 0508 5o de6. epd:OvS
So,::503: $&ee? dg es6a5a5.fet 6cg $a5rq$o 2000;5n6;Sod
o0o0o6.

***
5:.6.1 19 dio a"5 esd:Ow SSrSo 50 J"gg, prn qp65$ 503o6.
es S5r"5o 200 5oo6 $655 esQs6:o$>, 100 ;1:oB &pS (te5f
$1Se5

C6eapr)o{0, 30 eu:p0,5 tS"F yHXo qoy qr6 $OSee.rS:, dar:535:, 12


:rOs"$6er$:, 2 es63 @>5r4o$, 1 e.roEoF dgrc-E (dr$efn5o)S:
qp65$ &$$5O;oa.n aSO$fpd 6 a.6 o6:o1eo6o eooe 503od e:
6S 2000 ;5163 19 udc $Qd 6n (u. eso6:S.f i"o: ego$S 6r"6:6, 63
5:oB eoQs6:q:, e,5 1008 pn" epB:O6S a6;OSo: Sbc- 6rp6>.5

362 e56: $eSs


ee6&*6 SOoS:o 86655 $oec5 epd:Oy Sodr{eSer
eeep eea)Osa

6SCQn" p66d.Jod esQy6 S65e,:55: 5o.3Uu. 197Sd a:Se 65{:65


&deod aq:" ioo18 ese.:6 0*F6 ;:"5f:or: 69 AooEiF$C 5tr;er Ab35
esa)Os- ,615*6 *5:3 s$6 6e56 ry655: 50;$ 8O ep3:Ow eo65*6

$oe;5.6 eso5:$ 65 eS $o56pon" ee6:. eso6d esd$S


e"5 5>oS u5So
p65d6od$ r&$o$66:er Ee6Jo 6:6os, 1f,aw$5$go r{:oo0
So$$on" 65$eo*6:. y5, eso6$ qp65 Jo65: 5QoXO6 S;$on
A$36:. "1$$o,5od ep8 S6on" Ac$6:5:S; e4S fSfff e.e65 Src-
e"56.... a$3:6; esa)Os 56o"S SoXa5:45 60&as5 p$$ i5uoaoa:Cd
SCdQqo::."7 eood, e$6:$ S6gec$5: ;5r:"os"6eao eo$$oa:5o6 5o",
5:5 esQS S55f J6r(>5o d6o. ${:55ods eoo"55 6666 J6dboc
5o:(r:$+o$; S&o6:od $oec5 eg0dp$ $g5$0o05S368, eso65
5p$oo" aeg&6o 5d aoa. erU6dXod &EdE 6o6o eo05pQ S5o5:orn
5:"60.:o $$o eso5:S !15o-ar6 Src- 89"6:.

$oec5 6 565ec5 $oOc.Sg v6eoo *g&6 6g$ eo5g6 esEJFJS


6;bco.55B6dar. erfpeg sq. Srlo 1953, fD56rS :r$"1ooa6: :

"g{:65ods }S:5po e>$g, $5 f5d8 afsfrs3 5:{5 e"5


epa:os-
&(ea a6:r$do6. egd sap$ ilse€.>o S)S9."8 $oec5 ${4rce5 ?:og:5
fFdd io$oc af,aoo dns 35 stu&o $$o6od aero6 sc;
ep$:;lreos eyoflo5do $$o eos- Jod '3>e::'dQ.SC @56oa.Uu.
ese>fis 6dfu 's836 u5o 5:6 xo{g$Q65o $oOc.pg ed6:'eps Sl.a-
eo5:5 g366oa6>.e aero6 6o"6p5 eoo&oS eso$$ 6556o055ydg"
Jo9coir(o"5o"eD de6. sSoBd0 Coa&56ef 65$:od erlq"6eop$
il6oQ5gio $eCu. es 1$Sodo epin"$ qt 6&d$ Jo$soer i:"g'&ds'erd
*eo5:q. it ed,5rrgp6r.'o o6*q>g 659 &eer SopS ?>ole.:d X,sdd
@av"1$S0{:o ;!pE Jer aoa6 6:Oa}O er$a$or:go6.

5€;5:orn 65obeBotrUu. 3"gfi.Sd 6n Ur:. ry65d


er546,:;o0 $oec5
5 Oaarsr r{&3:5 $oe.:S i"gfi.Sd SQ 6oe.:d aoXt5.l' 5016s't5ro:
esd)* aeerS'ae, eQoB : "p66d,Eod $oe;S SoEs 5 s6eg6sr

ar6o;o6 363
eed65g @ao 5ea:5o 5&d, egoS:SSr a$ina.r6d
oa55; edn"
562$tuer.pr:." & So561od $oo5 $3$5o5: $r:o6:npS os.p d$s
584:. $SornQ J"gB"sd 1$$6o da{u. esod$d - '6"o 6h;$
@aw&55r5sB SE&46o t$aw&5$rg $g$fe $5Q a6;eco sc$, o.ss
&66) f6r;rrS56dr"'aoec$ esd65 8oE ageFdr6r.
2000 So5636od$oe$ $98"5 5oae05;on" qP65$ $o682o'50co
esda aDtrE $onp epd:Os S'5fs635 4466 eoood, eod trotrU;Uo eF66
er3:os ;5:o0 5066 6SpS t-ff%foCL eso6>5:o6. RI6ea5 6r"S065
**o3 Snoirssdoef $a.155 d*f ?:$>a6;o $$o eso6tdb tu5po6.
er$;:Co podro 5r.4,5*;6:. 65 6eg 5.ood po" dSS Cdt aega6:o:

20 60gl BOn 200 AOd65 c-er{3 dASoXo::. pu i$o$ eoo6 ?:$ra&


esB>os- $SX,s b a66 de$B @53ro5d6:." ea:8o6 l356rauo 53$5
epB:oSS ddSdqier - es$Sorn po" Jc$6:6oB 6ton' qP653 gF6-
epB:Ow ?lepa6,:u: g553ro*o$ SSiro 6$op6:.

& s{ *;Sfr{o o"Se e}65dd e$5 SgSf Src- eoflip$


Bod$6:o50 o€fco,r: g{3ro*6. e.5 ine65p5 ep66d6o $$o,5od
S665orn JOt epSedo e+o0 eeo65 *6$oa6. ab;t$ es ee5s6o
epdl0y e5e 50;o6.
6 156"S$oqA - erEaFaF @5Ood $5d8 es$S Ce"o"o o"5e 6od
S6$oirse6 $6oO5 bs"fltlo$ esOS Cq-eo$ SSlno,:bo dr:6po6.
$oeoS AflFooS 6oC.:6p$e:dUuod 6 516:3 SS;$on" 5S3:$o6. es
5:"635: $r"s5 - e"5636 @So5 ae5o5 CgeoBS e€fcoa: 65 ;$o[8
5f od ?c$>adSo 6$$oip6ea'S:o[8m Sd5:&:o,5€.:o.'

*{.*
1941d agoo66C 6$5 el6>e5.*6 $56o16 egd5So:5OAS Srodn
aw&o6ua. es6e5 a6 e$5 a"$od 3o:F5& da6. qo&o65 J53g:5
SLSgg
")&€c6n
A$6$oc5r eso$S @bo5 e.rSoBd 5C S,a6:. RF&Oa:o,
$rO5eeo, a:,g&&o5:5 dr$Cao, Oad5&53 5:tr esd6S 64wer eat$.ln

364 SS5: $eSS


eTEJFJFd *e:o Sooa S [fow"h Je5:6d:od;r6. Aog 1998d
;rdf:or: ea:g${ $d565o a3:3o*6:. 2000 a*pd .eoSq- dS a$o[S
5f od'?:$ra6oo 66$oir6ea' iro1&rn Co5:&:o*6:.

Agw" 5*0@06 Sp"uerB da& RFAOE 6665" eod5 5oZ:5oS:


o.S Cf5a;"E, $S3o6. Sfr"S $ofer, 6Oso $of 5[e f86{Xoo51
6abU5 6o6od$ aods. erSS er0S;g soBS d*# aeo8 $o1i{5:o51
1Ede5
6oxod aoe,:ooa:. t$d:6so eo5;63 2 o{o Sg 6r}d6r%.scL
e{5 Sofo$ So$ gab65 6ox 5of# ?rgra:& ?r$o6.15 1991 6e56
tidrds" s$ or,sos $g urlos:%. * l6dr6S 6o6od ?:egra& ?:$o6.
05oB @{:65o $o}aoo$ (es ?:$>a6,:o 5lf) &sdoE 9,971 $g
Urrlo6:o Sr16dr.'u cao B$pood, fStro: aBod 1;5ao EBQod, es
6aqoe 6a tS{:6S 6o6 Soff c6$5&iFefo6.
e fofis ;5re;os o5?:or: (6#rdso 5360d3o5:od 6o6. 3156
668 27 6#rdS 6ox Soff t666S +0p5o as$oiroos &eos
3$oro0o6.1'ero6>5g 10 AOd65 a-oS es (63,500 $g 6rlo5:oc)
t$66S q:awe$ SOh SQoB er$ xrSoSo6.18
og 66"p$o6 esQsti)o $U aSaf 6obq: bC$oa:o0 esgD6'd0
t$66S Uorl Sof# oc.roS: erd:3* s65t-5;bo ti6o0otp6r.'n ae>o6
fof# Jo::6 eo&oip, $pUu&w(u, 6r:oe;oor:d ?:oev6 *de;6 Src-
6oxor:.epo6$5po6: ${>65od odg }o es$S e+: e65602rn $Cdhs
$ro65SoF e:fr>+Oo5n epo0r6: "[F66S 6oX SofQ gEddSUea
'
d oUr o c p €i: or & S S Sg c g oS: o es d6 $ 3 5l: o 6: 65p" $ $ o 1d: er o 5 E 5 oX

3.X'"RIs*6p$4. Spu abyt'o esCle5 d0 e: 66n' so6 @d5:5;o


SqoX6r."'o

E0 iod ae;irom dfgs 6 sirddrod Xoo1eif;o


lEddSUea
doC,:n SOirsor:o6. aw$ i:oXoa5, e5:eo5:9, 5D60 $Srl'6 Cel
16d:6S 6o6od 6 lpddsueas S5sdeqde6. i5.8. eoo'55 Sra- 6

lpddsuea t+a*e s>66> a$5do da. xuod aw&o$d66 eiros:oC

ar6o;o6 365
pdE.a:g"d a6rps es$db$ a53:6 Src- ere55 J66'4oeuo16. eod
esdL6@ er.do. p6Boo 55 a$o 5s;5ep, 65 &o6 es$S 5o$46eae:
a:;oo"Q So5:tuo56o .5rQod, ero"55B eed6@ e.r5o ?:Uur{:do6.
1991d JSpd fU0Streac 5;$$o56o $$o u€*oa:s Q540oo;i:ot5:$
ag"6a eod Sgflafy6:61EddSUea 3o5 ?:epa6,rer 6$So6.6ea siroS:od
5116o esSdn0 epf:r{:doS>f o$o6n" :r{OQoX6:. "5:5 5ro16r{ 5:5o
coa6%. dfi$oero1o" eroa6>. "
ao65: es66'dO $3o6o*(u : "eso5:5 *e> 6:oO6:CBr. epor:d 6a
?:epa6;o 655oip6ea eiro6:od 5r15o eso65 r$UD;$F9 (SSd4 aw66eo
$o5) 13SeFSod Srgofo6:oX6:." er 6aai,t' a6gg$ 56fofu5 ea6: :
"d.5od eoo"55 er65o6 tlp"656 t{o do65 55q." do ao$ caoS:o
ea6: : "CewSB ero'55 eo6god 6$$o6p$ 6o65 S:SBr. eo65o6
6$5:odp5 $Ch - eoo"55C esel0$O 5OSS S5f.,, u€*ol15{b55o 12
t666S 6od $ofo S:o0 ?r$ra.$oS: 65$oir0o0o6. eroS:Sg a6p
eftu36 do eftu36 5o5o 6-op Sg 6plo5:o (4.6 AOddrS*: c-o$)"
S6:q: 1${:e5SB oflo*o.r:. & ?:$rarcS:o 65$oir6ea g5o$s$B
er5$3$n" e"5 ep5oa6o 5o3o6. p65, B:.o6>i.5 BLdoosro 5o?:5t'
se.pelr *SA% 5S35S;6c q6 aOEo6. 6 ,56D6 5o?:5er Jor:6
ao8o5:", ?:oF6 fs6erd en" s$f $d6oo d6. a$fo e&pt'
56QoXo>. ego6d 56d +e.rer Src- 6665o eo$:3o5no5;(6S4"5$g
;n€?:o:r 65S5g,er S>od s"6:, 65 $o18ifo Sro0 Src- $&Srod0
Ac5:e4oX6:. ae,$o56;eer $eo S:*Fd6on $6:t{:q: &SS &
?:$ra6oo 66Soir6ea eooeQ ab;t$ p6?:o> +{SS f.lbd Sfgo6.
0568 eso$S Bog;5 XF6C up0tlo6r%. awrn SoX6. 2003 p6B
?:tgact$o 65$oir6ea 56:6: 955:on" 59[$65 5d;So6.
P*B
***
6 ?:egat':o 65$oip6o S6o6od e6?:oar3 $SA:ob 5dl50
S:oS, 65 eod $$ $ro0 6pa- 538dg6 J66ouo6. e#;&d eg6d6:.
es6ASAF 5gn* $a- g6&Sroorn $3o6o*or. 'eg05er:5 51O5,d a,5

366 CS6> $ebe


eIEAFJF eeQs0 33:;So"C 15s6o : "er6:eFE6C $o S05i" eroSu
doOdcS. egoS:S uep Cawop& 6er {S$ Sgno666p5 epoB6ee5o 6e)
$CerFJ p0oao. $o ALOsgo. 6S*J oe3esrg$B esoSr$ {pc-
esoB6qpSo.f doads S:o gl3noS doc- po6. a$;6r tli"er $p$on"
Bel$o6. es6:e5Eo esd$S &od*o03r."2n &qr$o C&o5:od
"Bg
e9EAFJF I6O"S&6Q B.J5.f>66258 esoS6d5rP 6o6. a5;rCo &
?:$ra6co 655oir6ead so5:58 ;pd$or 6g 6q. d5ito ?:OniFo>o6.
t666S e$5 so"so s.oJ6d6sdg, p6 55ed5, *5 55ads spson"
Soip6orod0, o"C; (l"Qn" $o540o*0; 6o6S f>5625 &EpoE da6:.'u

e"5 6dd(r5625s ar6flo5e.:o $5o es6re5ff0s, o5:65o8 $gs


;wffioa: $o3:o*r$. fu5625 +{B $wer:m a:+8u36: : "5gr &d8
5165 $Sgo eood c-og[dd aoc-er? 6r"i.d6g6 ao65r6o"? 5:6r
e63tr6;:oQ $dpo5r6s ao65od Sd 6e*i.6ea s-oer?."'6 S:6{
$o56pod eso6:$ ;1>o[&5$ Sd:ger e6u Kr:6625s Sob *ooe5; .:go
S$6eaB $oaoQoO 5J.ge6@$S, esod)g) es5)a68oa.e& o6'$or:$
Se6:. p€?:or: aro0u;Co : "Jo6:5;Bs"$$$oeroa6: 5At esd6S
S65g"c. esd65B erfoau:S. 5>do a3:3u egoS:S SS(u."

$e.6oon" sero6 SAoXr"gG y5$oa:C CO6:og6od 6o5c-SS


eoe55 5:f Sf-f;Sd esr6$fr6ocpt$. eC, ere553 Snc- S5dt e{5
55ffc 1$63bo5e.:o 5g es$$ mc, es,5 n c d6. erc6:d, 6a 50$6o5:
Sipo"$on" Kr:5625 1 99 1 dS'S5dd awtl6ea 5ro5' @6oCIou6r. eso"55
fU$gUeac $;$0(rr5r
or i3. das,oc. 6a aw66ea ;$oS $65:er 6dtro5'doA.
G

o6'?oor: t666r do esQS &qr"eer 5>oS eSDq S$o 'do65 $56o16g


66g5n03'aS;:Co f5d4 aw66ea XpoS bq:6ss;o6.27 SoEr: Soo6ds
s035 eer6o fr$er rqfroS dofl sAr25 5q. ")16 c5:6:5:rn Bfl
6:cBr. ;r€?:oar erQS eq"uop 5$SoE do$ Jo6 $€6om 0$:02o*6od
- "q6 d.f SSodS d$er: $* 5c eroX6c." SoEu 6o;r6d ad e#5od
troS:pS $$:62. eod e6?ror: (>5625s SoeUu. f.fro6 dofl USS
$oewop& au5os $o"Uu. Ko5625 &6$goou6:.

ar6o;oA 367
edi:or:3, Kr5625B S:{5 5f,:{p51 {u(ea$ a$ 083: eoqdt'er
esEaSaF sqoere.rd 5o6 $6.:6ods Bb;e^rsg d6r. epdtrSoS:od gS
e
6, e.u eeSo 5: C e Sr v $ d,: S rto $ S; es6JF JF & e5$ o 6:. c' 5$ a 6,: d o6.

<ra:gSd 5{g65o, e$ t6+f:65 tn"ot.3 (5o[u$o+6dc *eSoSoS:),


epoapsd5 o6ir, 69 $o$s6: ad; ao6e... aero6 64$55o $o0 5d3
5 56: $ o6 o 5r a- (r: 6 625 5p sp e Q s:" 6;d SiF o5:. oa:.
3ro6r aw&oO+a:g6c i"6 sa5$s3 ,6o $Codoa a$p6
63536o. aw&oO P*CeoQses; eso6:S5c-s3 $oS26e5 o556s
w$6,r$5e.:d: fofo4Uo. 126 6efl soo u6 3:'o6r" 5016s e*
6.Joo6od B.J5.5D&, s.&.$$636, ag5:u6 $e46 aoX6. 5f;oe
bodr aw8 p$Sa:oo SiroS:oC aer*r$$o::o6$, $o$26&5on" &{so5
a8ods, eoot5rSfl $5 dAo Srdg esdg 6o6oteL6e! a6f ;$5o
f.&irsdrSu;$S eaUp. 3:.o5:6er afppd esQs6o 610o0 esd0o'Jero
&6o0ou6a 6XDdS ecob$6e::, $oS6eS eopSger eeo@er) p35*;oa:.
& esoddS56 erceo5;666eo a65drg 6efl es6odod
b1a6gE

@;5>06$o5rgoa:. o8f ao&05:5 o5r$:555 0s66, 3r"o5p 80.5er:8,


es65, @:$3o6... SE<r flASgG J$45n" 1$.$06;$o115oor. aeroE
o5#o$: &&6 tloe"ooiro Koo$ 315,0009 pn" Ao"5Sg[e(rod ]66
Sf,S0o*t'r". Brodr" aw&oOa"6g! 6odc 3d56: &q"5geoeq)) &
%$f @K::pe,ron" SSB:o*o5:C $66 B$p6:. &)666 - 616:615g
1$$o.5od S;5r$on" Bgtr.Cg eo5S6p$ fSS (ea8d6) 69. doe$ -
DSy5o6 5o6 $O"6or BbSS $o$6S5 &o:Ser, G)"5r"#g6."
+€*ou Sr$ndcdns; b"o6r aw&o1116e6o C{o5:od 6. do65
Llcr"s5eo eooa.sg ar.€$or: 5>r sfu25, dg:6o6 dofl 6a:.neile6.
es$54$o Siro6od a.f XodJ rydf+o.or e,5 Scoloa:oC 8;te>erc"
6dr6dr5oa:.
,f **

368 c56: $o"$S


es65 Sq"Sop a65go 5p6pe"oo S-U e6ol"$ 58{Co*oa:.
ee6i5i5, ee> 66t$n,5r6@oeo$ (gdreao dqoer6.
SB3: $earer
eo6 e,5 es6C6 &$oUr1U. Bn{o $So s6:, d.S $$o. epo6:5g es @ea:oB
oKoJ,PH podar:6'3 5o6e $t$;. ero"55 $eooa f1Sr6>f:: 8$;6: :
"esd5:S3 a{68 69d ee> pdp o"SiFder ewrn t$9. adSO 56$ g{
o"5*r65er OCu ${So 6od6." ao6 S{r6on" BOdS:€^:o eo$;6 d5oo
866eJ"Cg 5rg5$ s-c5:, da$tr e.56n' $oS:c-pg 6$dr"6fd 6og.5o
Src- eso6:d ao6.
5o6 $o5-6;eoB 5r:o6 @68 $o6:q: * dXod pe:> Srgne>
e"5
Ce3eoo o"5e f85on" qp66daSga.56rn $e6. eoobSg 1$eer s436
$o0 5og$5:.8 cr"s. 1$dneSo5r{Omt$. e.5 J"$FSr"6 aw&o6+5o
Se3ea"CB qB d6dr6$&o6.30 tpSEe* dSS pu:Sr$ Se3eaod, a"S
es€o0$ $oea"a$o aB v5it8o.r:5S368, q4P6 aw&oO 6ipo"6o5:
epS:$oQoS a-5 a;ir{6
s.65t55rQ u€?co:r t6655o 6elB4S56-S8
B$wo o{go 5r15o a"5'aw&06:6 Sqir'S S{16o do6:f$.
d6od aw&oO 6iro.6:qr 34,849 BdberSn"
1996-97 o"63
6od, eos +d*oo: tF66So ,f,65 5g 2002-03 u63 58,125
sd5>ergs &{oo*or:. egod, es odg eerod 67 a6o B:6:t{:6o3'
$S5;$ooo6. 6a ag#E 1g5o$6god SoSpS epo6o 5tueJod - 5,800
SC5:erg &66s daod'ssg 56EE'esd ag.&00: 6iro"6:er @d$
ce3eao. 5"S69, $5Sg, dr:oaor:, B$ 56eo$: ueDf) d6, esO dg
aw&os: 6so"6e:.f 5o$ec3: * 'sSH 56EE' 565o. 5rgo1164 p5p
S1&5aer eRlo6 : "6 aw&o6 6*rcro55 $oXre3{g"od e"5$38, a$;E
ep66d6o 662$tuff o6. 1F$o.5od eoe::{ 65a.}55:go er053$d J6rps
So$ SSBcQq*. $a;&556ea epda a"66 $Spag S56rlQ Je>
32
516So66 Ber:ff o6. " 3:epadoo 6$5oip6ea &iro6odem e6>oc=,
6 &E* c6o6od esEaFaF t$e$pQ. erc6oso6. $ofu a5&o6fo,r
uo5:$er ?J"s.c.Aa"(!) 6a so"s Cu"S5o35d, $Sg 56Ed 569 65s66
S:'c- $floX6.

a:.6o;o6 369
eaEAFAF er{5o66::$S e{S $oSg6eo 6o6o - 6055lrg0dfr53. 6a
sos46eao 5g daod S5u"5sdrgi rgrfd e$u635p$ 6646e
e6&duo$ ercsreweod3 5Qo6. 1999d o€*oo tF66S" aw&oS:
Eoso ca"eq.1656oso6.3' 6 &p5o 5g EoE$:rScdAS 6o6od
eoSS
Bde.::
Sofer $.6- (Fd8*o>. ;5u+5orn 6Q,5ooaor $oB SOvo
5oz6rd
(,d J5:25
(, lldea:
L-
So{o$
O
ep5v6o 5Qo6. 6a So"Sod PR$l
56e
o
Src- Sroisouo6. 66od 64655o Soo& p?:S:; spai"ood a"dlO
S96 a"gQ BBo*-Op aod6. sS, a$;C,r +€iror: d0;5 Sp'Sod
Eo5i:rgsdir5 6o6od ?o$ra8 a:ed pdeo Sofer 65: esedirod
so6 ;r{.:.c tS66S qrawuB a5:ddrO; do0r:o6.34 6a Srrpeg e"54}om
6ovo Srdef iFdc :;ouor. 66er 6fr ouoo. e"66d6od ?:$roC,:od
erdgod iFdn esSgoos 6o6o - ,6;f aOSS:"5nd{5;. ;5roEE 3oE
e(nr+Oo6r epotr6: : "1999 il"6 ew&oO EOvo SO"5o der
5o$6$ooo6. sawsB rbJf er6 e.5 $f.Rls*6p$ s$oi:o. es ca"Sod
e5; 5o$$6 5g p?ri$;o aw6 dESg eito6:od 6d:65o Sao65o;,$
5r6.q" 5s;o6. 55q. e"5 65S$6$S &6S4OoaOJ 5&, per 5>5d 5
s6eaon o6$40Q5;6 SoaoQ6 5:o[& eb 5o*or{:." eoe p?:l$;er
&eSod dn:S SrOpo 6 6ornQewm slc-or:. 1995-1999 ye:od
p66d6odg aDpS#Sor gSdaooS ;no:frggE SB o{o ;$o6 tupd
0.51 S$dr6cr.Uuoo5r56. 1999d +€*oo 6{:65" 6SSfOSS
$oS36eao 5g es 56:o6 o"o:f,{ yood a"5 $6 a6p o{er ;$oA Aopd

ff* a"f,:6p S*;ti.3u


erard, epo65r5oo6r *o1fl5 $oSd 5 esSSa r$oo,5od qp6&di)
aSe $$ 66t5:n eo@5 6d:@Sq. 6rarJ9iFQ" 50.1o66, esbr5o6
S SOwo 6orlo So$46ee$S:o5rod Src- SSB:opor:.
es&54 6:od$eper:
0od5:5p a$pw5: 2OO2d 6 6o6odB @SaoOoa. SOs'o 5:o1S65
aq:CC e.5 esQw0 a$p6: : "e,5 S6&0r: aOEo6. 6oo6:53 5o?:53
SgSdSon" *ey esdSaer: 5u3o:r. oS;E 60so dgl 5:o1S 65ArE
5:*FegS er$g Co6:$Sao{$Og 0od5:5p SofB essr6poorr. aoder
Spdr(r:irr65r6
UJd4 es egbatrea. "

370 c$dr $ers


SOs.o 6o6od 6 ep&Sa esd$eaC s.o@5 $$ e-S ea8o6:
c$$reS3 65drflo.5:5:o6.36 2003d L6AFE S:$saSC 6Oeo 6o6o
i$oO 631";o0, esd65
flSod eo66',80C Oo6r$oa(u. e.S$;:t': $O.g66u
a:6;Oaod C9oflo05 estis5d0 a5y6 oooS:5;5>5 agofloa6:.37

&iro5:od 55 tuor5:{65{:e5o6: AE3: tFd:6so i5: 65:ab


epOSO

wdS SOs-o 6o6odc 6 $oee5oo qp6&d5Der 63g3 &S:$i0;o6.


SSOS 65 $a665od eyn d es$Scnod5or 6g36orn S5$n"o>.

6oir6eoB - SOso 6o6od *Qo i0Sreoo ud?:oo @{:65o 35


SroO 29 ,aeCB 6floSo6. 1991d S:$3fi5 $oE er$S ,aqr S:o[&n
FS.5B€5 8o a$u5 $5er+$B ep$>r$eaom $65:"5g a"65&d$ 6
68"6 aono6. yS, 1991C erSp6 s.o@S 69665" SSSSgad sgd"q.
o5*ou &65on" 55ed3o*6:." ere>fr, wo35 SfoS: S606oo5too
5o6 K\>SJ6PS efioSr.g! 6et 65o &)5er 1;356o05 S$o$$;o0
er5$3$n" BSB4 ;5:fo6.3'g sarc3 $56n5 $5aluu:, SSXr 6.55
Ciro5:od ;e6'*ou tF#:6S e$60Ouo: - b.e. S6$o*se6 &oSB
s"SJ"no*.
56$o*FebC aSL Srd o{eao (yc- u6'?:oa:d SsASo6. 65
6:Oo$ ewn" EOSSuf 5:o0 ego5:S3 erdt6@ eSo d6:. e-54 eoCueS,SOS
sSroa- e$5 $o1s o5:65o8 Sgc Src- egodr5 eeEJFJF ;,$o$, sQ
s6"pde5 $ofo &;5:62o i$oO vlCo5:o0.:r 5*3Uu. er$S 5:o1S65 a"e:
$oO o5:65o8 $gS 63rpoa.od a"Q& ern" ?:0n553r6 2OO2 E +6'?:ol>
ego6$ flSod a:55o8 $o6c co6:&o*6. S6056ea $o546eao:
o5le"(5y6o 5"5Sn"o>. odl65o6 Sg" eooer6 : "erQ5 $o18n" J56roa
upb;t'r $OSda 6q"$$o1e 5:66>. eso65 aSJ"6 aoa6od,
iS;oaxr eo6peu: Bo6:g$t$;. o6'*or: reod aofg! esep d5). sc,
[S$orn esd6d e4o $SSc 56,griFdr"6r. o6 ego6:5ds 45;6go. esd6$
s$J%. a$6gr6o6, 5l a5god 6oo.r6;."a0
a6er aod, sdaotl ap S:oO USs o5S34n 53o3od$So65r
aS5oE SoFS e41$o 503o6. egd65 erl$dror e.St$ A$36: : "(6d:65

ardepoA 377
*rO;S;f;e8
BLgdoddre5d o"Q gp5d er$5 $:o[&554q: eegerc6:od
a:55o8 SoF ,Jrber J$pf,r eg B68doo SSfd 3"EgyEdp pdao6
;,$o[&65aqr s.egooS:o 5:d aoda. rflf5$r"+g s63:$d+$o
epo56o
- &asit'Se esd65 $fr$ S6oddap &SSag, eetlr SeJd aoQ&,
fua*F5 *"6o5J 6$ 66 368doo 55ad e€;1fi"6' 5:d aod5o."
b&o", a$5o6 bo6 65 erSoSSQs avirsbom 46p6" ao5:erB$d6>.
eso$$ Ddo65 epero86.

e{5 Sgff0 u€tor SebS &6, a63E G5q"Sd)oLS 5dog63r6


5e,* &6$ &05;on" aod6.65 &erueood o€?:oa: esEaFaF $o5,
6586ryo S:o$, 6$ S:o1e Sf $$'56o 5:o5 (.c- aeer &;$62er
ac5:6-4o16, Ooe0tloJrer doo*(u... epord od*o::B Ber(u -
JSpCo $6earo ;5r0: OpO, A$3:60 65 ero6e63 5p0c Cu0. esd$S
(o.$ es;beDd* $ffso, $o$46aer...ipeo C(ro6od) J56r
5;t{o$ocuoXo6 aoS$f Xo S:os5s 53:3o6.
* *. rl€

silo$od Spc- +5*o.:: adusps 5g5IF6


ero6g.&o5: $oa:oper
dUegc es$e:o0odo6. 66od eod:os, 6&5, arrS, po dee$ 65
Soaoryerio S$lho+6:. e"5Syt': Blinr Cq"oer$ eoS:$OoO$S,
esBr6dr6Sp5 S6boIFe$ Sg"uer$ Sra- a$;dc epS>SOo*l5:.
Sryuo $o0 B$;$5nS BE 516:"15po.6o5od ep6 - 2003d
es

agroa:d @q"$$o1e 50d65 ?r<rSB 49C 8"66tF66S" {us}566o


$o5e.:o. a.66daQ e"5 agro,r:5 6q"S$oLe 602o5eco erd gS5So.
6ng Sood eoo"55 a6roa:5 B$u>o aono6. es546 errr5SB a,S da.OSdB
a{ooU il65o a*gUu. Saw$S 66 sQ5a6nel:n" bodp aw&o5:p6e:
*gfrfr{o $$o a6rd5'6iy6iper6,:So6. es6a5")S S[eE e+fpa6
?to"S 565o5p ae $3o6o0o8 : "agro::5 $$66 ;,$oS e65
JA;$SoAS &eq: *er dqoe:. a5r:qrSorn 6{ea 6o6od, eoerf, eOSJB
8o6$ dao eofl@o5roe$ $qp$6o dod:etod."nlq6 gF6- 1992 ito0

372 s56: $e$e


qEFoa:Sd ,A6JB Boc5r6:Sg 5rS SoaopoB SS$Eog. 1992d
erS;6 G5q"55:o[8 3:. &. 56So*Fe6 ero55:;5oo6: 565r" 3"6)65; 3@w"
&e"oo$ flS;on" ag*ood.f $"9floo dd5 Soacopo6:
@6oflo$S5yt': 6 6:oia Br:6ooa:go6.n'epor:d &oSu e$rq iFeeJ
$of (hJd€") epQSs oir.S6 ese65$ L"g OE 3oU:"erC ?re5 dSS
eld5$Se 5:.g6o pd?,:or $$:Sroon' $;o6o5d6:. *5*o::
SOXFEbOJ a6Se.lp8 Sf;d:. sr$, a"ES o"ccc-SB s-6.

$S$oec6 &Q-o"e: S:o0 ar"6*o S54B SDgS 5r6's $o{r:ec.


5$erod - 2003d aeSB qP66 pu5e{u 5o60co. Sr5o5:.fu4C ?:}oa6
9 u6 6ger$ df55od 6U{dF5oE o"&C qpdono erd>Oe Eil.So)
556{orn 2003 5w0;d aeES es1S&oaor:. 6a erg6Srea$ ugdS:a$&Sa*
5r3:odo5:5: eF65 gr"6- 55 ao&pC5 6es$: Sobo*oS er5;03
esd:Oe ,6.S*6 ar$arf $6e.:o 5g el65 Eil.SeD 6oho0o6.

2003 a*Sd qp65 65G54"5;.$o[8 45.8. eoo"55 ep3r0s.d e.5


epQy6 665ec$ $46:. eso5:5 er546 ega)os. dSot"oX aqr $oqe0 50{
$0#6:o6. s.s, esa)Oy fte5 aqse$ (cdd fgffs<ro a$o[8) Sodb]
p5ef 56J96 6odrp, erB:oy *6J*6 Src- J6:n" esSg&B 5q)6.ao"BB
qp66 tfdrS5o eo&p$S SeeS) $oS6oop eo$;6 eo&6s. eo{g$8
6dJ.* eoa.55 a;eEQ", d6@ 555*Feo w503e5 6tud do6$*
Sfr.d.tp 6 eooas; ,503o0o65, SDoc'U Sodfsep 6o8$sdpo6:5
a$;6. esod)$ 55pry5on" zuE e$ a"5 o6odn" eg Sod*Fo cir&^B
e.5 Cioea:o a;oo"Q SoB:$$C eroX6:.no

ero"5$ ao8dr3 SOn Sd;aUu. ao"SB aoSpCS 5eo$ $o$c-SB


Src- $5:$o*6:. "eoo5S,
eso6$ fD;fu+:on".6u;t$. ero6:C;aS5oE $oF
a:$5o6 SoFs: ao& pCS6eoS: SoSc-SB roffgU:. sS, dS
S5sd3o*$"a5 egoc.P6: o5165o6 bg,.

ae5p epBr0s es$;$eai$ aoe{p &e35o ddrop }Eia:oeod$


ddoirrdgs so@5, u$5{ }CI* SgaSdoS 6o56n6do 3e:so6.

ar6o;oA 373
?:o[ecd XFSd io9oo poO Jer 6o0oo5€ ud*op3 er$pit6oo6.
epo65$ o5*ol, 6s ee&Ov er[S$rea0 ao&Q" 6ddSr$dg65r'&e3$o
$oS:a-Cg epoA60oa6. 05og esd ar08o6.a'

65 S$dro SiroS:od e;,$ ?:o1€;5 XFdd &aw0d g5aw1$S0f:e:


a,rooio a$ esdsoa"e0, ere55, awQer:Eo: aScp$urQa$ s5S
s$orct$$oX6:. ep3:Es t66eSQ.55116o BoJS6'55:oa' es &e35o
esapSo &odo. u6Boo ,Jr3:o05 ea8o5, *6:e5s3 es $of)er5
eo{o$e$do6.

a$5o6 SoE s6$ 5153o16 Son 2005 ;nE €" So{rec5;,1:


r{:$d(r$oo.6: : "er5;:6,: g66r$$o1en" a$g 6:$3fi5 SoF esa)Ow
e"Q&3 6'oh eoo6go&o$ esea: ao65 Sofd qo"S das3 Sgsd$on
€"e.rd,a6. qo6:5: 15{>65od0 egi A:1669,o (+$5g,o) S65er
esg{iro Sgio Sbu esoS:S o54$d6d5r...}93:oer:d 6n$o}uc3 e"S
irser 6o6. p66ddod dS SrASer:$o6 a.da"54 5gefH, SHs${ ds
$d.5o eo6. eo54&3 55ugs[, wo1f,S, A83), sS*S 54b5o,Cad5:5ro5
$irs epo6(u'$Og, XFoorn Sa:$aS;sc 6r$$5o dru ag'O. &6so6
d545o:$er, c5:5o3s$r$il6oa:S &6 RFler...a6 es a:5 *Fu: $5dw6o.
es fiser> S:oS B5ser derdg AgcJ.Sg a"d a"54 o.0 6o6. e.56aey
$p5X,"Jo S5:, a-S 56u5nfi Jofc er$46 5r6'.1C 3c*;&6
Sngoco$o0r:oXo. er6;,$ iooO SlpEd 6ox6.dS esUcc 8on"6d
es&n i1: : '5o6 &dler?'. eso$S B$;t$ : ';b$$o66, a,5 eagSdrel
dOd$S $p"S$o1S.f $$$5 adSArSt +g;B ea8o5:$ J$u: Je>
dof:.C Eoo5:6:...66od (2003) aeSB qr66pu5$; So8co*od
6d$%.q. Ssedgod a.5 65eSQ Sfod 5;$1o€?:o> dcr."16:. uero6
e6; r$Oo$ +5tcoo n oB der*o. eso6rsd eeox6 -'5>6:5l 6US*h
56rf J6:e4S eo5s.6o 50;o6, i66a4o&'... qe> es0 eso65 5o $e6:?
es gSSsQ 6$od $$ah doJ, S" 58sd56c u6,:9c, '$6, 5r ddo
(Jofcu:) 5 er{g$s$ 5g8d6o'ess ee&o*S Buipo Sd a*pe6:."0'

374 c$6> $eSe


6$ nO05 Cdreg6 Sfod 6a SAo5J"U 65 &ao6:n"Sn" 1$*6o
do:o*o$ o5*oa: eoi!$oX6. ego5:S $S$oeod$ 6r"5 Bo.63d
er$er5{ eo6:5:o SSrd.Eo 5o";o$aCu. eso6d wo@5 eo{g$wu:
RFcdrno6, S:S3irS 3o6,;6og& Sec56$o6 dox6.o5?:or: eeEB
ao8ps55eo5: $obo$ CfoS:oC 55 G5{)65 s$oirQe-g 6-$; &&orn
B$;$n 6. 5ec56bo6 eo5:9$, "56r ae53 ECSSeO; bo$Sroc-,
erd5o56 ?:$, erfoS&o6 wo@5 $Q 5o!" epS Ser6e(u. ;5riyerrp
B6* iyc-&& doScC GSq"$$o1S $;o6Q", "(F4fr6so 5oSSo.
6f3:fep$Ser$ SerSEboF n O eee>ilelrr 5p0it6olo6" epoo.::o t$65
ero6o*6>. 5e;56$o6 aodo 5r"gPdd6r. $r"6 6aaver 66;:"6
G5q"5$o1S qo€6 e.5 SSrdEo a0ho6. eCB Sec56boF Src-
irsa6o5r5{u. 5:goF epor:ilso:: epodt5r a:o5:63 54"o6rn, 1$p"S$:o1e
*e5er6: bego6 e,56: SSJ $b55bo6d "1$p"$5ro[& S$Jh
5o+e:S:5ro0loX6:" er$ B$;t':. 5b56bo6 ao$B BS +5*oo0
SOaUu. "ErSl do $6*oea: XPSd aBhS 5:EonC dS soBo J(:rS
Srgnda$: $b56bo6 n"Ur. d$ ese> e5rgoa-03 6oc-Qoa sdap..."
erox6 ;e€Tooo.
eg 56od a.o. SoSoopgs So56SoF Xr*dfrrgroe6 , "il€*ol
iree ?:{i>sh."a8
rl.{.*
odBor: tF66S Sdeo6, es$S Oo";ne) roD 56$ &f&oe.r
5#:So erfl@o5ro$: f.lbC Bedss 6rlo6o5a85s. epo6:d &
6665o epd:Os &(to6odsr", (Pd:6S 6o6od B:e6rot$o 65Soir6ea
sitoS:od5:., $Sg 56rEs $(ro6od$r, 6o55:rgsdfr53 $o$46eae>
c{o6od5:. }sirs*6on 555$0o$6ono6. epd s5:o6od ar.a.
56bo*Fe6 esSooOoOS'erar6dr66&S d6e8'c s5$ho*6:.
udtcor: t666so ep5oo0o06 6a es$S &deod Sryou: iero8
5ofi6opu 60S,$6on5S, S$36fl5& eps (pc- S6nb6e$o::o6.

ai,tlogoA 375
J"eg.s tuSXF tu6e eq"S$6p5 SAol] f eoe55 dSSo
dS$ffo aer 6$g6n a6f,6. sQ $o5pS $o{r:e.:So SiroS:od
erfl@o6o (?:$ra6o 6$$o*p6ea, se53 ao&pC$6ee::) eF66)
eso6:5

doOaXd*. oS eoQe6od aS;oaa:.f eoo"55 $g ar€$oo EpO aerf,


aod6. sQ $e;eer:, esStpt'S s{dr.f eoo"55 S;o55 6ra- -
S62gon d6{i" - aod6. eso$S ad663 a5;$S16 da:, aUsgonp e"5
s$o5:o sssq6 dr:.
aero6 Sf55od SJ"6- d4d6r"od aoqr 6:o1S 6q"5$oge SS
@5Qos$ &O afy$ff; efrof:o. ryd*oa:d eour55 cdaoo, eS:
A5346ft^rSB $o"50o05 $o661o a,56 aoa. ep6 i$ae6${io+g$o1e
Soir$g eiro$odd.
a.5 *$>g.ep 5"6$ - 6J"g6O odr 6agno ar6$55rg03
;!ooc?:6epe$, S:$ e$ edpffo.
:N.**

376 S56: $ebe


eop5d6o - 16

Sdo(6ar6 6Sof uer( 1 999-2 004)

2001 a550d eso*Fee6:d a:OhS S:odd:ed er;5nir5on


Sdo$ar6 J56$ho61. S65 3ro6n 6OAE C65b"oOS etu355
eod Xq

6e3*65o $d ec $od3:ed .$er:dSSoa. fDSr"6 docS: Sg ;boo


oin185:o, erg' J$pdo S:oA &66er es $o{d:ed }f"aO.
edr{5d e5o5:o66o 56e;$c 66od od*oo 6665" droS o6"So
SUSUdfSg esg{ir"od65; }$$o6:q: 6a $odd:e $o56porn aOES
S:r.53r $dC 6eBdat1l - "5$g $*FSSr:o1& e68 eS:S:o66o C03oS
&6@o."' Of,od65 e5do66 @e6o 2002 6no.1d es $fF€5eg8
5So6. $od$e a0n"5 esd a55O 26 pdc t$ae6d ?:;$drSobo
$od$oOo6. oHE f:g6 5l5 6.7n' SdrES' o drSo$ S15U fg
6atr$do $o6 ,5s06olp6).'95, d:5od 70 a6o cns a$ 65o5o
epooit8dpo:r.5

er6368 i56F sS, es dot'o 5o6:e.:5er - 2002


GaBroS 6o66:.
E:"ogd $*FsSegs uEB erdr6gd e$$o66o 56ep$c c?r"53)
1$$6o,5cco, 2001 aSSO 265 ttase6d ?:x!dr5o6o e$0;o
$do@An6 aw&oOfloo:g J66eJ"Sg CB35o: daor.

e dp$oSo 503$ $$o5rSB t{:ae6 ;tuerSi$o[8rn 65J d{;'Pd)


f dd f S gom 5{ea f f6d6 s65t-55ro: eo6>sr Sog:d6isot"6:. ;p6'?:or,
eoe5So SX,so6$6 (u6otd 5:o5$ BSopScnS 1Ss6o "2001ddXpq].6:
:

oo6 $;$$6 6o $o5:c5: e55; eoQ@o5:o &gd aoda. eero6

a:,6o;o6 377
S$od:oC dp5o$o 503o6. o-o.f d&.e6: Soa ':$6:6" $$$on"
5g5ir0o.56o e-S oSuSoo$$C,: eluqrg5:o[8n" 6od awt$o0r:o6 eo$;
eofl@obo ere55, +€?:o.r:od 5oho6."6 eo5;6€ esdggrn 6gd $g
$o"$e65502n" 6o0:n{ 5dol6arAB $"c- 65 e$sB J63:a$ son
Bg,u er{ esoe.:o J$;Sn" aod6. ese}o6 5;$05:oC eoe55C SORr
ar.6 55 $oS Sgo daUu. 65 ue;6:6god eocr55c e.3:3o*t$. Eoec$
eoo"55 ar6 egd.:S$ a#:;$o16:. estuE &, ap6o agoec6: r{:ae6d
eorr55 ipd drs n"o6srt6 dssd fsod 5O 508 Berir. eso65
1998d, 1999C n o6116 $oo dE$dd nost,rs3 +f, s.6eao.
eoo"55 SL66 e-S6 A$6 : "dr6 5:5{65o 6"qrr e"5 $o[r 65a"68
;5:5{65o. era ero"55B aer a$o. esd65 eae8d6r.% epe>f, 5r*;s'6.
6&oS1&56ea aodd e65t-5$o S$t1$66o8 epc ep0tlo5rfdil6:."
Sdog6ar6 $$ eo6g{:A Srr60$r$fp6 d3qc vs, o6tror:s n"s
naCoo"*6ge Osg: a$6n6: et5:. 65: eoo"55d 6o0:p, u$ 6f6
i.$df Sdot"O;503S$y6Spc-B:"6*erboo5:;$$odfgsfrOo*6r.
1995d t$ae6d af6 0830 oo65:o 5:6g 5035 i,s666, Ar.6S
r$ae6 s:o$ $pB soho$a6. e9d AQd ar"6 65 $s&6r6€,5r"er$6r6s
eo5o5 arL6:%. dSSolO. $gd So4 16o"S *6g502 eouudp$d
&o6:og6o 6.er dA n p53d goS 56rqp, SQBr6So ?:o;$5ooa{u.
aoflE 5"9"d 6Q +ener: 66re, dAe, pS awB$r, s.gg 6r5....a5fo
dSSnn"n aO6:68 e6:. s-C, a:"6 $"g6o 65 $E,, ErwS:", ,563d3d
5d3u6.'r$ae6d soQs Je> 6od BOd5:sitcor:u'apA 6:ae6d
65 A:16C,: estuE fu 6{ 055d 5r"ge6rdr. doda"6. erSE i. 1997dd
Ja:3d5 esoD5 iJB^. 1998 $65t-s6 iQSo:, a$S$d aQgf r$a:e6d
*dS*" Jo3:5 s(rd5:od ap6a SerSpS &16. 1999 $651sS JUgf
Sr.c- 816 epe>o6 i.gUd C65aroa6;.e

dr5o$o 6e5o Sg 6:a:e6d JS;Ser S0s6.5l.u> Je> 6oe;.dr


es$ do5:$C,:6nS; $$ uo5:5e5S3 BrA a"5 ,5eQ@o6 ,dSB*,
503:ou6:. 66 AUggG A16 ep$dSo Jero66s oo"55 ern" ,Spet$.

378 C55r $el"68


eeo6gd a$3r6 a:"6 CA;oS:on 6a AQS$ $$C S$$on" S&bo56e>60
$$ uo6565o $sr3o6.

dp$oSo 5S.15 SQ dayo 6Uued ods"ro,r:, eocr5$el dp5o$o


6p5o e$od Jer do6€ .5r60co $5o e,6 $d5 do6ro$:5:o16:.10
6q"5a$o1S$ d$;o6 aod '65dg6 d6@ 5fo' (JFbe) es$Sod$
p5r.Sg56 e;lrSod o$ r{:acr6 ao6:$edu. es &;1w5od AfS e-5
a6goS r$QdKu$oe;r6r : "d>6u n"o6SXEd eg S5n5o 6n::"ow$6d
ie;o. 5do$Ar6 C;$o"1t'o6:oC n6gqoXO. $SJ%. 5rdn"3 eso5:S
?rOs"f6 6fOB 5a"36:. s-C, J53:E esdSr$$ esxb$8o'5d6: : "5> *6:
5n$ aO;S ew0ed d6>." esa Br"6s aoef q6s.e.:od::$Soo! eroril,
ar€?;oo 6ox6 d$g arA ?r0s.f6 Jd4a6r."1'

apA r{:ae6d US ,5J*q. r6go;SSd 1go$Ugod 6il}6. s.6S


3:"o6:. 6oa6 {e3a6goo505 e.5 das5:fe &SSSq eodr{5d
;$o66 se3eood 6s er63$Q$6qod 1po6r6;od do6. 2001?rloa6C
S?r.sb @$6o0o6.'$tu dSS;r6no0gi:tu $6SiFdc5:. 2002 5wO3
u68 - esod ao$ ercu Srlf - erdr{6d e;$;$o66o 6$*o."'
G5q"S$oLS ar€*or: 5;oAQ. erS";63 er S*eQ e6: 6OQOISS
eeox6. 155e8 en8dr 3$36 : "a:(roe! 5r" S:r"Sb s65[5a5re>
6ry$o esd65 ;5r5(Dd arm SSd&, 6o6-0."13 qB e"5 aQ ao:g
Bomtco ero66. e?r"sb;$o66 se3ees3 a,5 d6p c$orQo6. eg dser
eldr$Sd vSoR:S 5*Jg 66oS t666so ;5rq," e6r66:o6. S503
eo$368 &6&ot$$o0r:o6.

$65 3eo6r f6fiS 1$56o05 dodc ueo 66:p6 t{:acp6d ag0h$


dof,,: 65 Jp\Sd
--'-a(-- d J$rfn"
083: d"&ir6o:ro6. eso65il\ (r $6s
g) ee5?:65 e.)

&iro5ro 5$erod S"6J& es$$d fsod adb 18,000 f-g dc.d


6.&iF56o.1a eg dEfd fSo x$oo ero"55 aod{ 1B5o 47,000 €"9
a:awod.f ROa"t$. 6$ JQSer foeod6 egoS:$ soBo 8er 6gr6:.'u

BoC,: 66arer 56u6 6:ae6 ;1ue5;$o[8rn ddpe.p6: 6dd o65:&


60os eocr55 ao66f6 Srpdc t{oeco }eal 5:EoEo: agOmor.ru u€?roer

a:.6o;oA 379
Jen'r" ero"55 5;$ 1p{>65od ap65:e eo5r$5e.:o d6> 65g, elo"55 }$
5t'r66:od o€*oo 15eo6on 6o";Cu. erSpdc *$ a.S S$d6:o
SSSoXO. eo$;E a,5 eeEJFJF uo6$& S5:.a6o 1$s6o, "eld5$
JS65;6 elo"55 $6o::outir. edt:or: $5:Qo*6.'
S-S;64aro 66o6 2001 er$a6 1 et'r o$ io3,:5 dSS odgg
Sdog6arA$ eocr5S 3:OS, $q"S$o[& a"6?;ooo 5o5;$S 3]36:.
a.E*oo es $$rddo .idqoo{ @6oflo*6 : "55rd:"5 ar6t s615
69C ayn" 6oaw$ So0rser: Soear5g$ro!6;. a66 ?:Om$..." el$;d
o5i:o.> 5:"c. a:"63 3$36: "5rbS i$age6B ;1:qlg$og&rn 89.03o6.
'
r{:ae6d 2003 b(glbod a6656d> e$s$d JilSd }0c cdun
soa$ *656 5d.""
es ds s5c BENo"
fu6o6 6:0oo an6 f:.eog6 3&3ood :"Bu50c
5o%6 BrA eoon5S0 5Oa6. eo$p6d ero"55 o5*ooq:50$ 6 Sio6:o
$r'g"dr$S 6oe6.ErA ero0r6: ' "ere55B u 5:tr $$o bo;oa -
r{:ae6 6r:+5;bo[&n" Ad;c^rCB dS aSffeoo d6C. erQ 5e;eg $,*S
a$;rde A$5oe,r$o5:.g S65 - ee%6 ero"55."" eoS;Co es$S 6:oge
o6d5o6 $g" eroX6: : "erbp$ t1lae6 ac;SS $g d"eiF6rodar5c
d>Sr: *er
do5:6go. $$ o6:o1e"o6o Br:g,C1elo"55d: eo$p6;5&J.6.
o5$or: er$y6$y6.: nf, es$fger 6$og5o aS"1 Bd;+6r. da:'e'6)
fd6's 6h3o*o$;$ean05 eoo"55d, o€?:ooa s-6)."'e ttageSd 6eSH
so@S ;no5:$p$ eo$S Br6o&oXr a.5 &56ea E+6 . "eoo.55 ae>
s.eom n"o6srt6 645sd $oo irsd Seq6. *c, e$od aabc
JbyC.r eso65 565d5:. ep6er 6oSd, dd:.e1.6, y5o.5:,;$0$o5;$o6
65awoo5:5:o:. +$er6 eoa55 J"gC 56Sd6:. s-S, Sdogxar6B lfag8
Je;.o6 '5p5+o$$C,:' $rt6 d5iFouo, eods: *68o6 $Oel
.f,;$;$80;iFedu. *edq. e*r55d> eo6:5do5:6er6:."20 r{:a:e5
E:logi$o[&n" a:.6 aoBc5 es 6Som do6> s.6eeo 5tr esp"666€co
agofloB. $gd
o556$5 d;$;og6o, er e$od JeSu: RoSc-sB 6ES
&6onp 6rga$:5:5g $$ S6no6o.

380 s$6: $6"bs


es 66:ud SQ O{a:.$d aQgf B:"6 o.S: 6
doe$ @e5reee:5:
Csar66oSC CCwS:ot$$oXUu. ;bq:g;$o[& eroSrg6:. *6"C ]gg
56SpS S$drer &SSoXO.
1$ew66ea $S6:f;Oo.5eCB21 es66) dodc
esody5:, a0;#65g ;to+:5S:ogS d,{l.*6, bdd $og&Sf;od$
;$o0ot'ps 65 S:oqerfod &S$fe.:os3 R:f;5gr6."
a56 $f,ds"r{ (ir66o"6 J56 ?:e6o 5s 55S ion-,6iuS56o)
s.5ro6-, dXrryd: 6d5 65 56eSB ed s.6eaa$d%6. 05oB esd$S
55 o.o8o5, o6K::8n" 5r:q:5;$o1e 56S9 eS 5do$A:"6 *On
@&$6oe6. Aab el63*e Srof E$;ero$ , "&g S:o:gS{ a"5
s.6g5{ Je $3o6}64 es$6-CB qB a,5 eodpdp$ 6eip6eo."23

ry6&o$ a$e* $$ $o1$eor:6 Se"uo S>o0 e.S a$eD6 erC B*3


a"5 So{ue.:i ae a0flo6. t$a:e6 145 $qrg$o[&n" 5do15ar"6 S55
$5soae5So serpo6 663ooCtr68 e"5 goalf;rn C0Oo6.2a fDSr'6)
o5npdo ;$oB *Fap5 ee $d 5"o65odc 6ot$ d65, 6or$6oi$e:
6fi;6:+;o.* elSp6orn eooo536S>oaro6. tu66 $On erSpd ee

g5r ea$5*6adp5 s65g6S>o dr:{o aoecd;eSd t356g{@}6o aofl o6.


25

61&5o: Je
er0$$otpo6od - 5 "c$;od*nom, Sr:pg$:o1& S55
$5*OaU;fpu ee0f 6od5o6 Ed$on'6 s6515$o aOAo6."26
***
@e, 5do@ar6$ aSreg;$o[ss $oOerc.f r{:age6d Stofg
S0fu465:or:o6S qp&o05 u5*or:, eoo"5Sel eee"65 S$b5pO 55,
5g$ 5:6e;6:. erSp6d erdr{gd e5:5:o66o SS&6@$S e65 3:.odr
fofi6 irc-&& d$o6. o"sB e.5 d6 Src- s$oa:o0o6.
6 f0&ed
o
+€*or: 2002 aSSO 27 u6 $65 Srodr 50fi5
uodl$erd 56gu: aE$6:. $;n6 6o0;o $ea: ee $S:"d.to &O
essdydaer ;${5 a:OEo6. a.5 }5fu pdT:oa:d esg{irod esoX6 :
"e,dp65d e;$;$o66 Se3eens3 SoaoQoS eo1flS $gdl SS"D.

ar6o;o6 381
J$45 er;,$aoeQ. 15502o0o6."27 ?-€ 5dd +5s":or:B Spc- $5o
50;o6. esd65 e,#5 Soilr5'S: aflaoO 5r"H"6r6r" : "56: 6dJo"Sq.
A6OQo16r" eooX6r. $5rd.6o er$o$.$on" 5>h$o6. C653:"odr SOAE
uo5:S:sr ao6EB trrnd 61e5o a"Ed 5r"9"66r', a"6'?:oa: t64$eSQ.
"8rodr Sgad5 6d:6so" ec ca5:o2o*6:." 6c9 aaA 6ra- 6eon"
aar0s;o6. "Sd5 Rno5n SOAE 5SB$o $0;59 dS$f;01. ec,66:od
e6o u5o6:S6p5 A$a%. Spa- ep6 Jc5:d45o$ 6oeDo6."2e 2002
bLacSO 265 +d'i:oa: t$Ebdso &{&oeud e,$ *F5: a$go6 ' "r57"5gd$

See$;5 food Jeu5o$ Co"3eo"QSr 6665o er$:5>8o'Jdr."30


ea$;$o66 $o"3eao S6o t$ae6 i$oS So6 $e3ea 3.$OS
AT"KDSS eldl.66 503$ S:r53: s655{er,6 50e6";5red eoddae, As34
8OE tira<r6 aco6rerde6. o$ eodn{g ao{Sd Sec63S JE;$:S
gnoffid J5-6 56n Js46r. er$p68 r$ae6d eQv6 AEh i.g g*f
6o6.

Br.As ;tue5;bogss de5 Src- o"$od 6SJsJgg6 Aabc efip$o


5oo5d6r. dot': 65 aUSf s.o@5 ,d3*" daf OE3: €"6i6o::o6.
e5$e5 $o0 aEhS $r.65 df JUgg! 5n16o sqi Soqrg$o1s
5do$Ar6 Rorloet5r. BC, aep g'B &as"Odd.3l
$%c3> 66o5:o - 2oo2 h1p50 27 - ad5boSw Soa6e655{od
Src- er*r3eer6 BgSg Sa63S JES$:F n tp" tfS df;6 es8o6. o5g6
oir3eer6 rzz SdSo$ 6w6od aoa.
505i" e"5 6o€.: 66e6 e Ad eaSdper b[r* 6*p c$$e^:S
a0ho6.

***
e05a6o Srot$$orcd t{:ae6 *6"d n€gn a,S AFq6 6$ao. e
6$eeo 566: aued esQ5e6o $o$ou:. 5o63S JE;$:S ntgl. tfsg
65d6o 7:43 c&&o$ $0o6." *cS $ufloer S0; gEou5d aSL
3po6n s65${od &(ea3 6rpt5r. $rB o5:o6nodrSoa:. 16o15
382 C56: SeSs
ao$od0o6. eshiso)o6. $:f, ao6:eldOoA. 5rr"6 Sfu+o 66:o6
LBor:S eshil6o:)o6. fDfF6 500 S:oB ;i:Soo t{:o6 LAouS 56o6:oc-
de6. s"*f6g [aor5 dAf 5ro€cq:3erdn"ou. {*f ug8:o*o:. es
;$oe,:f 59 S:oB 3:'o6:6er f:sfss.o.el: d$p 5d56*'.5$drg6:. d"gf
esQSado C:r"sb s655{u:. 6 5o{r:b5 Jer Joc5r$ aa6ho6 erS;
s{drp 656vo o0&o6pq: BgBg,or:.3'6c5>f 6drds" e"5 C*6ea
ag0S:o$o6.3t S*d 6r"c- dS &ap6ea 560o6.36 .& Cer6eao &6;
$eodo - 66o80.ro3 ;5uot5:dar eLd gF06$oA flSS
ee LBo))SC
Srfrou: $1e; $a6:.'u *sS alo 6:6 1p*65:& s"6$ SouE a$Q
"er$$:. er546 +g(d 5n$ {u(ea aO6$ Srec Cad:. }aS *qr
eooc.rCo :

Jg:gb 5:o6 ;1u$oo: 6otvUu. ilgd aSpu 63 fcd$ ao65;5:3. Bo{o


5r:&oerc6o5 SU&evr Jo6:5: sL&goi.6?. "3?
-o
ArLa6O 27 66o5:o es So&er5 a0flS 6oC.:B;i:q:g;botl& 5do@Aw6
er54&3:r0s$6d -
e0isoos $5C fo,8Oo5c-SB 5*.1Uu. SSitGoa:S
o{ $ea:oecoofoe1$ao.f, egd5Sd fWtASe dasoer:oao. Bs, er
5:S6dfFogad5b.ocir SoAEg eobp8oa6. oS es S:pdd$so$ s:%.6
e$$oe @5625 a6$o$ S$ouou6. aBN, aero6 So{ue.:S eo6;68
d*dg gBSo +€tcor: Sra- $a6. ogd o5r$oC $68oo5 pc$er
SrJdd*,serd 96625 a6$o$$oX6.
$dogarA n{gr $:os n o6S66 &oE5*36. erde1o 65 $sd6r6
es6v6:od 50.1o*6. e546 5o 5o.1ou6{ Cirol:od Sd5fl
o5$er:oXol. 9o66>o8 opp eor:s u5odri:r$od Sepp5 e.5
ep58e6 6ald Suo5> $poOS' ABb 066 e.56 B&;6r : "5oqr55:o[8
5do@anA n6g. QfFc So5o2oo56;:d eoX6r - & So{reoSB
es 6aa),

dO aro6$o 5:oo (6e{Der$ 6oeuo6. iF0Krq:50po;$$6r66:."38 qd


$o{ue.:Sp S$o $$ e"5 15d55 5%Q q)ocrQ," e$Sef:65o o"u5&
g5{5c 6
Bo6,: &;r6ead JEr-c- sdo6ar63
cd5:&o*or>.a0
55sd5on" Joo5o6 ee65:n o0oJd6.41

ar6o;o6 383
CewS3, Sro6rber ee $o{uec63 @S$3o6o5c,.:"CB J56"6 5SJ
esd+065eco es5S6;!"? S?r.sb, eeEJEJS, OEb es $%.f" (fl:ED5O 2S)

h4gn fgea$ooe eco6B 8:er$Cu;o::. oQw6od ABe, A"g 6o60co 5g,


6 aoEB ep6v6 $g 51661 6o5s lFbK::o qr&oat5:. $%(.r 6506o
C65Bro5rSOfr6;e$ 5n6';C es $$eaod afuSoo o5na:eb$6od aS;
6:s-co"o awse 6o5:.6rde6l. t{:a:e6 S?J"53J e$ uo5:6:er B}JUu :
"es Gdd6o $S a"g aw0e 6o5p6$ao."n2 a,od $e$o$od 6>s"ea"e:
5:A sotrA oiD6$el> C6t$$f6)dr.od is5(ro 5r"{" ceqo$u.
"Jo6:5od ilgf so5{u 3:"o6:$u: $"c- 6oX6. +$ a{rue - 6a
6:ober 5od{ ela ddlr5d...ees aa6$q6:. 5n5: *e $5o 5s.1o6.
$:5:, $So t1:6c"" eps 6rc- eg o-o5:6:er: BlJ6.
l92O 66€od grotrr aw&osro5o 6epS'OJo6. ao8,rson aod
3roc5:${ ;5copoor S6rfS 06fff,:6oX6 eoS; do5:o 6 bo6p
aw&06:o6o 6e.J,Sg a,5 w6eao. 80 So$63eo 6Ur:;wd r{:a<r6d Sg
5:oB 3:"o6:6q: 5d5om 6:oec$ eo3$o5:agr6:. fuSoo$ 685
t1lea$6o A&pO.

*rl.*
r{:age63 g++ 3d5crf f:r6od 69d o€*or:, eoe55 65:
e$55:o1e o5:d5o6 Sg" 501"6S$5 ad05 li$ornQ $Sa:ocod
&oeraa6:. esOS Sq"Sop @Sfq,o: fi"65q: dQ.oOC eri$5:o0::o1Uu.
sS, 658$g,ur gq.5oo6 es0y6 $$ Ao9:d a{6: es a$e5 @So6op
s6aSe:> d+6. ero"55 +{S ?1530o*6: : "Jipd Svodp Sof6rn;
6rOoS frg"feO6 a"d 6 deQl0oS6q:/ue6."n* epodd godi$o6
Od8; iofco$Sa:oer>d cuoer: Sotln A : "66gnC o$d$%.
SdS6fFSo $AS*gC 60&d$o&" epoecp Co"crpeD da6r. eoo"55 +fB
.do6 d6:er d&oo 55r$36o agn6.nu
I
aoiS:&:oi5: ad trSo::.CB r$ae6e$oC afuSo@oeoS:3yo6r
o5>5$e:: rlrq,5DgJ"rn6:. erir3o"er6dC rS"Jp Spdg dOSuXor er

384 S56: R:ebS


aJoo"el:. e0546 5rd aofc ;:frSS ,wt} (sQoeo g86o cn6$e5C
Sdog6ar6 erdgQw5$B 55&d5orn 15a6oa6 $AS SEI s5$Qq6.
63d65 1e77 JUsg! sotii5 +$ eod5$ri. 6p5s{e JQSdr56:. t977-
80 s.ood u€*o.r: Sdeod eqr ibo[8rn erQy6 ]gd 8D66565C
Sr(u;od, ay"1i: BSS doSf 5r6;J*Uu. 6 6r$er$ asof,eEB ewtg
r{:ae6d Sflo Sg.f e"5 o-06:$t':.
es 65d6o $$ood 3:"o$635 So{r:Oc$er a6t{:d:oXor:. o"od
do$6&S ;lo$ou: 454454& $oO f6rn4$o0:r 5O3 aw1$ SSbQSg
6roJH" 0"Edg dASolA. aw1$ erQe6 o5:oleorns3 #5o 5:f SSo:
dQqO.e"S 56d esoS:S 5r:q:550o[& segooJp&3 Src- #5 $aUr:.
esO5l5 a:e65 i"er# , "p" d{iF664 5r"H,6-6. 5.C, BrA esO$Q#$dJ

8gn6." s.s,6a esoaseas S$:o $6 5e;er: droS 15d5S 6*SQ aBo5o,


C*6ea $6 S:"c- 86S4Oo*o:0.^'i:egi:Xo 1:30 eld>g$OB e.5 t1:o6
es s.o5d3 @d8oo, awlg eo6 3o6 erodKpB sS3:B$o6.

Jrr"J"S awtil ee egoa665 s6%. J66445e.:o $so ao$ $oo


aod:E3 $+;{u. erS;t6 5o a08od ego$S 5:;5rQ &50o0o6 : "es
itpsq: ego5:5 eg9, S6u: S0deUp. erSSEB eov eso$S $dSorp$
6o16. erby6 5rS5o$ B3:35o'C 1$s6o *$ 056rp egoir5
6o$OsUp. es de:C e.5 18.droo eroE aaSB t$"D6. o"Q b$tS'C
aadn"Uu. s:{5;o{5d 'd-@cnS>' 'P-& J# esoeJr so"eu> dfpg:oe,u"
8ff6."n'$6 c*Ueod agfos o"S 1$s6o eg 5:r5 "awtfi:s bd$on'
e.:n86d:5er 6$'$o d,a6r."ae

er$363 3ro5 t$ae6 e6;boe ae5bo0o6. 5 466 bo&635


{rcc$o 6od Jfi"3.Sewl$ 5Xr5o ilq 69 }er5:Qa-54}orn 6n"17oed
5r:od$o6. aw1fi &Sa:oerd e"56pdc ogiS 5e56:C,:. eg So{r:e;S
Soecr$ J5.B.ero"55 SOo0irsdr6. 65 ep5:oJrod eeox6 : "5 e,53
3ro6$ eOaS s"(r"65dp5."uo $%.f" awl$,p rn8 So{uecSS
t$l$q. ero"55 eeox6 : "ew1p$, ego65 $eooa 563h 5o50oo S$;
560o033o6."5'

ardeSoA 385
aw$: i$6e8os$ sq 6o0cerB so66: Jo9oo a3o5o n6gr apoa.
;,"gd 63ea5:r5'&$ ao8: ad,5 ga$a 6o3.6. eroS:S 8$;6: : "S5:
5oq:g;$o18 $do15arA3 &sSdS er$n"S: -
'5do6ry6: 5o ae6ho6?'.
816 *er sd56od Sngec-6: - '6S5 4n5: 56: aw$ (i:oaoa6 n'o5s
i3:3 po"5Q 5o$St$;5o"!."5'z

esd trSo5r.SB wo1fl5 FSSO Sfo 1$p"$5:o[8S 50So6. o*


EuSQ. 6o8co5;$S eo&n"tic. ewQiloaoed' a:+&*36: - "EoJQ,
So5;$S ;5ueg$o(-S epdn 0. ego6:5 qoe ep66d6:." p66o"aw5o6o
@s.6o 5 o"$od eloDil p6go *$er e5er$ S&
" e$ 6ab65o
eoS:;$&dd eo6 &{g$66:o6. 53

a6 aOES STOSSJ 6o0co3 r$ae6 ;tuq:5;$o[8 660 S:oS,


6q.5$oLe eeSoo$SB a"5 &553 50.1o6. S%-6, Bgo6r6p.5a:5
aw$3:o1oe5' Sip$od n"o6SXE 39.6. d6:n" buqr5$:o[& seSodn$B
8ff6.u' er536 $+5$o1-8 B16S, es63 Ol3oe5 a565'a$6 a$5 &S
5oe6. (* a$5 & tFi"q, a5$erer: 556165 &g RF666) r$ae6d
Boccd 1$a.o6;re56eeo Fer9der 565er &SStro$o6n e$3 A$3oe5
a565S EoXoa€ egdSou6:. 665 & 658 s.5ob5 aKupo, sS 6666
$5:0 r$OoS a,5 asp8e$ 6ue5S:o1e3 eoddeCr:. qP66p5r"CS 6d
Airo"t' es 66d6o 7:00 6o€co 5g" p065eor efunoor:. sC, osoe
&5ro.1go$o66$ - 6665o 5e;eu dArqS a$:;o $$o c6So*q
503o6. fo l$6dfD6ro0rt$ : "3:5u er &5regfo6:od$ eo.g 84
6oe.:oltr: S$;i:sodron" S6SouQ 5S;o6. Sr.$ 6i.g 6*6
c$acCo6:oXor. ys, 55 doS:dc Sofie....."55

Bp6 eg a6o5:o J5488 56od6. eed$q.Soic-SB esd6$ ecode3


a6go[ &erdeS Bpo6. e6'd55 JSgSd 3o.1 acog" 5uqrg6:o[S Sp$o.
e Ce$o a"5 0{pa:. $oer ao6. d6o afd aoe.lO. $do16Br6,
oQeO esCd fu85. esa) e aogl"B osreco{orn 6{ eeSood:od
5::pg$ot!8$ 5er$r$o6.

386 e56: SebS


9qe, des A3o;5 eito5ro : "BrA ao5:63 5*36:. S:Sh 6"9n 8er
$&elso$.6r. eso65 ;toelgs>o[& eooo erSpEB 5 Bod sono6. $Sr *
3lob0 epeaOdoS:c-Cg tfdrds dSro[eofio bCdQSg &iroiro r$0o$
Sngo6,:5:oeroXo. er5363 8r.6 qos 508S5:6 &Q ep66$So
5$Sfo6:oa6. 3:"o6r $Spaso esoe 658 SSOdSplFdo6C esod65
do5:6oX6. eeEaFAF @*65oo60dB SDpgSro[8 eooos BD66 6Sq
esoSrJ. e.6 554 C65 3eo5n 60A5 eed6q. fua:gQlF$o6 - '.5r"6 5r"

56*f$o 6l&& Q
Jer 6o6p6oa:o58' eroeir. bo6r SSwao esg{iro
i$ooo Br"6 esStrS 3o6:6>oX6. 5o6"efee5end5:oa- 3ro$635
o"t'o{5oo6Q {r5f"o.f aoB:od uoir$&er eso65 503:o5d6:. ego5:5
d1p" taSo'poCA soirsoo5,$erc,5r"66.s9 BSSSyfo 1$5od a"S
3roe5:6 esolrS 56fu5 tt6rfo. eso6$ Saon do5:66rdu."u'

esd gEay SS;6o0:o 56:od erQirXoed e.5 is05 iFSe 49.6.


eso6:5 Afl SOg iF05 pEBSd $oqPireoe)) eC3:QoXoa:. es ;5FeJe))
Soeard eroSr$ Sg'o6iFdr.6r.66d.6 e0546 e;,$ p6OFd &sJ$op"irea
t$OoS ego$$ a"5 arL6re64 ee%6 : "906 e$o6 083: a$S$4bger
J54e546 3ro$635 edoer: a6n"d e655{er3 sdaq", 5r65d iFOf)rQ
goSJo;$$56S Bzu6oX6>." ee A)Ld)6) a6yCo r$Sd(r$oee6) : "ee
so{uer$t' ar.6 665E1 1$$ooo 6o6c ry$ eps:$Serc d5c }oXoa5
;n5: B&p6. Ar"6S epxbSpCoS0rSB JeoB egO"6$a:. d6:. vS, ap6
$o1e 5f $ip,JCuo: So6o &16 6:'16o 6o6."

$r:So 5ged5 eCoer t$acr6 e$od 151 $$eeog, 993 $po3


ogho*or:.u' 1272 $ro6$ aOfl'oaoa:. exr apisoo:S edpf 790
;$o6 ;5r:Soel, 250 $oB bo6r$el 6oa6. r{rQ80d6$oc- iFor:S
$d 228 $oB $6c3oo5epn" 6665o 6eBo0o6.58 a,5 erc'5p 1Ss6o
KDSr.6 a"5 o{$o6 a1:Soer:, 40 ds ;1>o6 3:"o6>6er: og;:e{ Su}el
56ds agi6dr"6.5'6 5o;uersp e$5o5:5o Sss uS.O'5$eer, pdd
Sft e.5 S{o5:o 6$rSouCu. JUSf EBbB awn" &eg, eFpS @oeof$:",
6$;5rn ir6p5 @oefS* * 3ro$635 So{u€c5o: 6$45n" eeorpo::.

ar6o;o6 387
sS, JQSer: J546ood AEbg, sog$S S:$g fnd erm 6o58, es @oef
J5r45 aOrno::.uo * 3ro$535 So{r:e;Sf 5Q6:er, hEas$)e }gd 6:0o0
5:"4- o$ *er B&p6. eoo65:5r:o6: $6$ r{:ae6d aoss 3,ro}635
So{r:e:Sofo ergl$ero 565on" o$ RrgnoS56oa6:.61 s.C, &}O
;tuSoo 6H 5SSdg6 SSraoCC oQ 3roe5:" $*%.6f;08 So.1o6.6'?
1984C 6gd aon$ S$4 55ed5 o.t':o 66+6 eso6?:S J$5
XorS:$38 et'oer: aS;:dc t$ae6dd as66eJo e.5 S{ ea*FmeSB
o.o&Soa. es6gp6- & fi'65q: @6o{p5 Sooaarfd. 6 6aS" @e6o
- 6 o"6,:$ $O6eo t{:ae&e:: ?:f So+5d }floxc{l.
o"$ tF d: cr5c 3 55sd 5o n" es g{if
e u: ?r ep zu $d: o1 eo 5 5g e" 546 rn
d

5De5$o(-8$ aoe ;$q>$d6. tuqr6$o[& w5;5r:$6 AFA er e$od


a.54$665 S6C66 $"c- SpdRr aodd6:. [S;$orn eo8{1$5o SitoS:oC
psgo fgAnQSJse S,ro$ 6[:5uq:o $fodp 5$3o6. 8r'6 5J966 J.t6
ao5$; es6a$eaq: Spc- ese>f, S:"o5:$d:"Jon.
2002 5103 7 udo p66d3od il65(S6p$ '6 3ro6p'65SLsg
e"5 o5$c; (pi5looso6. o.c I gS'erir3o"a.r6 er$e{>er.'63

{.**
es$3o"a.r6d troe> s"e:o fSdSS a6;ofi fpBE ed .& +gfue
ea6:. (edOS 66:;p6 sood 6q"$$oLe $$3fr5 bo63 5&,d:.
So*Fet$n" 6SS'a6.) es ugSod..."66od J$;C,r e.5 164665o ae>
e"5 $g,sd B'5o3e?: 6$3: dS aodddr... {u(eao: a:OflS eo$3eer6,
r{>ao"E e$iroe." e$
o6o[eo6o $foS:Ec-CB 5r.6,: e6eee])
6oao5:s fi6f, ed 65ir0o;r(u. 6eS dar aSo4 dSSc-sB Src- esd$S
55: So$oo5d5:. "S>q:g$>og8 65sd a"5 56*55 ero::$ e6g5{
6o6e.:dr...."64

6
+g$o 65ao6odB SS35 g.Q 6oe.:f$ ippo1r"rpo$ $o6i$o6
s6g5{Og BodrS$SC }Sa:oeu E5q"Stll.56o aluo66 S6$5o51 6flo6.
E6 a"O$iFd: 6Of6;r-o6:$oo60b apn esSOoOoB. Sopcrq: eSS

388 e56r se6s


d** fq)ss, $6l a:ffSoc- 1$6625er $efu. erQ suo"g€Sr
65*E;e;on" a,gd &S:"oE 6o6. es6 ;5oo5;bo[8rn Sdo@ArA cnd;wip$
$6eco.uu 6:6ucS: (5101 8) ee6 $$oS: BoBS so65>o6 Jo8:er
a:po6o t$ae6C 5O2oSo6. o$ e$oC 80n"(u sC, 5uer5$o1&S
SoSa-SB 86$40oan(r. "6 Bo{o 6:(eao3 B$eo A63r Sueg$o(-
epor:56t'r, eso$S Soewoo$,r SrSoSrg)?."uu

er$;6 5:o0 r$a:e6 $(eao l$0o0 J<ad So;e6o ag0Eu ep6 0508
Sdo$Bn6 esSeQ ers doq *"fc-cd o.o&Qoa. & eiroS:od
1$8Sg,o, aoflfl S185er, eoodg"&o$ 5:eo:r $gPSeEl 5C3:Qo6.
o€*oo ro8g 6eb65odc ogoor Bq:r$d,5o $$ do@arzu udoco,
5o5&a$B ad6:o06 Spa- - "BF6s 5oo55:ogs 55c $o0 aoSoOSeFd,
do@ 16{:e5Q SrO;do5rO; 5Qo6" esC d60oa6).67

Br"6S ;tuq:g$o[e 55C$:oS AodoS:"oC $AAq SO4 Sgo Src-


6oJr6o::o6. S:r" 5:b, es6")F45, 883:er 6 3ro$635 $oS:ec$o$go65
dtp" *aSot aon$ 55*s5:er sd*r"so so{u0;5 $eaod fir.qo3.or:.
{upoo $o& 3:"o5:6oi$ y}fr$dgiFd, JQSod {rgirorn co3o$5
3ro6r o5563 6Sd:"6o 5tu6? "...do@, e$ lFd:e5o: & 8no$B pe5
,J.655 b8o"{f edo"sr So5:"O"ut es$ e.5 $noSr6 e?FSb uo$S:er
&S:.oE d+6:. eobyt': o5*o:: S5o5:on" egEaFiS tFo"5$6Q
Kr:6635SS:, C?r.53r po$Srelr esds $ofrde5{Sr 503o*t5:. es J6g - es
bo5$ w6eop$ fofts6;o6odB &S$ffo 6:0oo *t5:. eld:.{gd
es 5o5636o 056d a6$o0 6oa$$ 55*5 s"65155:"Q 6ror)610
dS*Sorooan 5ng6d: o{c er $Sr"d.tod G5q"S$o1s erdg$o*6.6e
es 56*s s65g5ncB es$$8s s$:o $$ 86s40ooo6.70 er$p:t'r es
g6*5 3ro$635orn 5:'65roa- 5p*er s?r"Sbc esdg$o$ ar{565:
A6'.8. eoo"55B e5$or er$;Eoa6. ee&"65 e$:S:o66o @o6eaodS
;1iro6: aer eroXc$ '"3S> eoo.55B a$p$ - epe.:5d rn8 au16d3 9o3o
awu$r
*d9
iBro.SoB epO.""

arde:;o6 389
SSOB Jerpddo, erdn{gd ;$o66 Ce3eao $So S6*S s6gL55:"Q
e?r"sb rDoe)r 3$oa. crSB 6a:oc5: aOhS 5o65Ao6f +S eorr553
S34 tr84 3#36 - "Br.6S $uq:5$o(-S 56S ;,$o0 8oho50co i5r$
Jo65r16o 55:36o s-6>." Bloc5r65 qlou>sJelpde"Sd e>o6 uo5:$er
*r.c- Br6c 8onosr{c 8}J6." ee6a5a$ 55on" e"5 &e3o"d;dsoa
: "Su$oer: 5d6ds eo$o $Kr:$ro. 6 d.5od oSB sap$ d66 -
a*$ tfao SfE$6dS +5gfA6:o6." er &e3uQ e6oq'" eeEJFaF
epQs6 6eC0 ar6 6{>eSQ SXo$o*6. Br.6 edu5p d* 6fg da>
eps6ra- $3$o $46:.73 a.5 eoir3eerS a6gofi epo0.r6:r"'nE'ep$ gro6
S$ir"d ffod du$o6 a.5 o.g& 6:6 o66:5:6 Sr$5:o0t'Co. rnOSiFd>
e"5,$6:6 d+SoE 5OB 5ea5elo.5r.b,55 4ba:o 56 65;wlo66oX:
eg

eer:a"C es6SB 5Spo"6,:. S:UuuCo gr$:odC o6oe 6a Sq SSJ56'5


fi"6p ${:$ erS S65bo0, es6SB }56.aer $oS:tro Br:5er?:6eUu.
esepf, o"565 $6daoo tdC aUIOF), essoo6 i$OSoSUu aSyt': BrA
5>f s'a"oO6ot$ eo:+ Se6:. o"o.f elo$S e"Spon'$S[6p5 6:$&
egqli€d:"6r."74

e.5 Be:das.e: 6t$;uo5, Sdog6BrA u5o5r0*6ea Jc$6ag5ob 50.1o6.

eod,2002 5ro; eg6odod et5o.r: 6eb65o 6of,:l 6$o S:S5


5CIffFo::o6. &Sa:o0:6, ?:5rgo6, 6cu.6qp66 5go* e"Sp$ er$r:
er8QSg ry65 $e3ea"sB a.5 8o 66{er Er"6s aoS6&od, $dEo
Bro6p aw&oi:odrq: eSo$OOSg p66 se3eeS3 e"5 f6E1er (ar.6c
Sodle eoc) .5*Qox6. o6'i:o::, eocr55er aSp6es es BoC,)

u55o$ @SS{5o SBrQoX6:.'apA airod:od SoSO:"o' erS; erodop


il"966* SsfltldpsB 5036od, eciroa 5d65on" Br.6c o* es
Car6oC S:o0 eco6:68 er8 aod;:pdap. s.C, 2002 ;b0.1 el6o{
$$o$"cg o5?ro,r:, eo55o 50 5g a"r{}5;$5o &6ps caeDepgg)
6:66do6. eoa e0;Sy$d:5 6dn" Sdo$ar6 Srfo dQoX6.
***

390 e56: $e$s


d655 epotr6> : "eoe55 e.S$O e-5 C$o5:o &SSod eq
65og6
5n63S$e;"s3 a$666:. ep $So egoS:S f$a$5lF$$;$3. s.s, 65
epfltldrQ. 5n1_6o 5n6r3*6.?' r{>ae6d ae0h5 3no5 Sito6od
eom55, o5*ou0$6:" a"d6$on SSo6oaUu - er6 'Ca:pS S5U3o'.
eS, e,5 o6o &e.:r el iu(eao S"S$hS 66o.6 eo"55 5do1$Bn60
ASd$S"&, ar$60com 5r$"c-6: : "6>asoo$d 65od i5gC,:" dC C6on"
6 $6{r:(eo0g 72 fioect'd 66:U5o epc$6dB &SSo"XOno6."76 egoS:S
eo548d esdd6. 6Qd aon$ S$4 55sd5 o"6f es6s6 sro@5
SSo6oOS &6:d, a:"6 $3o55c S:"9"c-6. 1984d S5:4op
i6O3 5:6
a0h5 eg o"6#, a"Sg esodds eCu$ Sra- ir66(rer 5o6d6:. ec, a546
r$ase6 iFbKuer 3:.oS5: 6nS 100 5:oB egoA6db sUuQ &166 dd
6J.e5 ds .Jo&6).77

6e6el66 s6%. {o6gr"o6rQ $+o6:3, yC ar6$


eod SUSor
&$ e655{o il3ddrg6g 6SSag"of:C eoo"55 eofl@o5:f6r6. Ar"AC
Si:$o*er$ ere55 &SSS;CgoSro B$yo 5:d s6eeQesoS:S ao6:6
e.56 3&;Uu : "aS;>C,r S:5o ttae60 dew6ll$oecoolo. $, eoszd 5:So
SadrQ $eS4o;$$oo."
ere55B ai;:cfn q6ps dg* &$ s655{u:. +d{":orB ;5116o
&S&oe.5. 11 3"6 $S&oe.:: 5{:58n" $roS e5?ooa:6$ 45 5S rra8o5:
dsesrdo-L&6a:oerd$ fe+O. $6a:oe.:rd JSdp er{:6€com 65fu5
co6q: SA ego5r$ dooSd6:. 2Oo2 6ro3d ego6:$ $Sarceod
Soot$56:$d 5r63Sg$pdo e.5o 56:o6 e.S(urp 5A$Ss do serar8,
;wd*or 66 9Q 5a6ner:n" 5$5& So$6ot$5:{'?:5r5o6' 5Dt5S
dg, f:.g"Xlm6. 6eiv6ea3, $r0.1 20 ur:: dS$dd qd
epS?:ogS
t$ae5 3ro$ 6:oos $A 6"65 @6o{5:oro6. S$$#oa:o5;,!${
3:"obqov 95&r{ldo5oe.rr @sSg,er &Uu;$$$dc6:oaoo. Sdo$ar6
5f .:ug 6ss"S &eo$ - dd56: bgnoeo &9* 65roE dQox*.
a"6f e.56 eo@5, 5)eg6 5rflob6, aos56 S5p5u6, 4o956
*bd6 a:5e56...!7t ssJ 64arer 6Uuud ag"6o$ ;5n5$ir6:4o $o{uo

ar6o;o6 391
t{:ae6C 3ro}535 $vood SpS 56J
So{:rec$ep aon55y6o
&ro$droelr ar6 6drus"p Sbs a.5s,Jo;l, per{o esfvdom &ssc
dS;ilsor:o6. r{:ae6d aso8$ ire5wod C{o$od 6o"55:oLS
5aa65on" XDs 6.S 5Fd6 s-o5: $* SsSQilX6s @s6g,er
c6;5:5:5groo. eocr55 65 $gd cdo:r*n cOuCu. o5?:or:
&[&oer:d $4ll5e: ryuod lSs$poaQol6:.
eoeo6 $;$o5rod, +€t:oa: esd,Eon" Sddos 65 eg8:$d3
$8*Up. eoS;:d $dao6 Xoo[8 a$5o6 SoF e.5 eo$o0rr ff5s'5 Srg"6eco
$So ao6:Ee B$q6:. +5*o: $farcec6 s6g5o2 6aFE ;5r*isa5
a:$5o6 boFC esb, "od6Q. Jenpo $oa,rOo5o&. Soa.r0o'5o&" eooouo
eodSgoa"Cu. a:S5oE $oE aoec$ p5$oa: &p&oec6 es$Sg 56:ng,6:.
eo$36d @q"SxDo1& e"5 8g sh6o 5>r do.* o'*Qoao. ep6'edpSr
dq:'. ..."er6.5r"$5 3o0c$ 3S egoS:S do::6Sn" 68,$6r1$...esd65 u
SoS &65on' .$"q",'SodqoXS der3"?'eoS 6QouUu. dS ercS:q
1}froSfgS" egoc.::o eo$;6 $o{ue;$S a:S5oE SoE 6:$ d(r:g:oee6.to
i$ao"E Sroleod Siro5rod p6*or: 66;$n" o.duS:.
So::"oSSSp6e;. esd65 SIdIUD 6:$;eso5:5 5:f *dqSSd6: "e.l5d,
5:O tFq'SSo[& s.a'oS *e> 5o56;@o)ne Jt$Ct'5reUu. a$y6,: aer
{*f o.d;r';b $}Soerdo6?.""
abydc o"ff:oo S:Oa S:"gCg Jo.$SqCu. 3od dA +Sgd
es

ar6 eonog eoo6o fuf .:-f3 ar6:r{>.fo6. a-5 aoflE p55 oger56
eoo}6 : "6a epodo E Sr'gedeJ.SB *er ;!o6 OE3: uOd:g:q: 6S
5r:o6:$ e$c-SB a$66oo d6). so6i$o6 $6{>o: 5:.16o
Src.pde^r$g $5on" derc{:. s-C.
Qddo
;rd3 S,JqSSd$d d61." epero6 $Ad
Sdo$ArA 60os dAd Srp6eJ"Sg $o[u $s;r6 e$oO e"S(u ei:o6:5:
5a36. eso5:5 @$5 fi'e8dp. 'AF6S e5"ofo*O' erouto a5o4 dQSg
8SroEC 6'e&o5:" S:.6n ic5:6"4oa6: : "$dog53r6 5 5o::5 gro5
$SaE s.6: - S:$5 eo$:$n"S &S $do5rc-sB. egod:S r$acr6 o"$cB
16a:er Ji$;s:{ fu+:5$:oL8."t' S $o{uecS aoAS 56d.6 h-e8dpg
392 S56> Sg"SS
6q"5$o1e so"5oo5ro 5:o0 e"5 ff5y55Q;o6. ee ffS SR:S ffo6 eer
eso6 : "aJ.6 5$ 6$:r3f,: s-6:, eogrdr" sn6, d:5g6r w6:. i1>B5o6$
epd0 r$6o0 5rgo6o6>og5?." 63q.55:o[& *o.5od6 bpo $;1l"*6o
g5s-6o es yd dSS fg S6otd $o5$. eserd Sirs6 o€?:oo3 dO*,
64r"5 ;$XFaS esdeer $US epgs ee #5 s-d de6. qd cfro:pCt
S6"tF 5:o5$S ep88d, eo65: SgoOoJd6, q:o8o5d6.83

2002 ;5ro; 28 pt': i$ae6 blupg$o[e Br.6e p€to:: Spd a.S


SSrde$B 3:0*Uu. ar"6 6oipp S*JCu. ep6$: 6oJr6or:o6 SaJEio
5$;o do5:c-c$, uo6:$%. 6SSJ" dS$Sa-nS s.5:. o.$od e"5
ur0&6 ?:gUea aoflo6.6c g5s-6o a$pd i$;Ser aond AdBJ;1:p&oec
6ot'r Sodrs: $g.f Sfl esQs.6od3 $Qoa - epn es ur0ti6 *g6ead8o
dOoa. (sgd SSroSrod ac;So: a6$-o35{ aos- e,5 5c-B St':6:oa.)
a"5 3o 5ro6: e AFA trodXperd, tro$.:o$ a5;5oog$o[8. 6 30
d*f ar6 r$acp6d er6god $aw56ea 5Os$ uo5>5:t':n'J6hisdr"6.
ar.6 6ei"6os$ JQSo egd.:Sg ero"55 esoA5ooa6. s.s,
p6*o:: epoAgoo'5d6:. JQSo {r5*For, @e$g*Fo (rc- ero"5S
ea8o5: dAeq &o;agSJ. s-$, abp:t': r(rae6d & 65d:.6o *e>
qp6rr 5cb$o6. r{:age6d aoe,:S iQSo: a66evsB ar6 erdg$Ss
15q"c e6S4oo*6:'8u
Aod o5*o:r, Jd3rieo bdBr:(po epoaliFolr6:. Xd S'U
eoo55
$o$6peer:m eo0arq0r:m 6aESe> 6;6:SJ *H 5S66 eoS:a:o{o, qqp6
a,S;$orn SDg;pS ea8o6 aroS5Sorn ;1p0il6opo6. em"55 Src-
epo0.:"6> :
"es Sito$od ere,:6d 65 up0tldrQ. CQ$on" 55{o
$oOgilsor:SS368, eeo$S S6$5;6 arA o.dop$p egs o$ Ber:Kr:.
epody6:, SS: epodl5: 5g&d5o ep0 Sra- esd$53 dq:Kp."86

sQ 66od r{:ae6d a,g 135SerS 3oS&oB : "(Fp"S


64a:.er
ry€$oo 3r1gc50 - SrOJ u6 {u(eaf 5$iso::5 S:0r:oa.rer 65eoS
5e3g5: ,$"6eJ"Sg $5odron" SQoXUu." 2001 a:550d r$ae6d

a:,6o;o6 393
dr$o$o 5S55S;:6,r o6'5oa: 6$dlea: 65:3C eocr5SS er$s5$oa"t5r.
y0,6slo 6$S r{:ase63 6$r3s 3:o5d6.

"$do$Br6c ;5oeg$:o1e S6sx$o0 Soho'5€,rcB G6q"$i$ot-s


o $Qox6" eps $odeer o$od a.rrn ug8:oeo::.
+€soor:6o6o s{o
***
2002 51!:5 4... 166:o.6o...

&ssagerc $so qr65 Eir"e656 s6:'$o


GSqJs$oLsc n"o6sx6
69 5:oo ao$erdoo6. 63"0 i$a:e6 S6ge;St' eorr5SB ar6>er:, a66
Xoole$f $ip$t5:e 6oa6. o{3 rno$566 eirug{o6od ;toega$oLS
5do$3r6 $566o A$p6:. co$g8 i$oO o6?:or: 5:n6,: ?pOv66e:
6t'o.f SOn n4gr B9"6r. g6*5 s655{u: $dson 6rr'5ps $a63e
a5;65dc JS-6 a6As 5080o*6r.87
eo54& S:os esodr5 n o6566 B9.6r. ss;6aaro 6Uu;r6 $do$an6s
Boecd$r$S eo*n3o.ae6d SoQoer 6od @o6oCp'fu egerS'6$eoS
SOeCg SoSO;oaUu. er536 6a! &od {r$r#S e$r: d6eo***
es@d6o $o66>5; do ;to6 ;5o$oo aoXc{:. 88 65p$5:o1e d$g
eFA:36
s{ 56:$ ee a06od3 6Sdao.:c-SB Sro6>n" €E6o Se5Yr$or
esg{i:"od 6$; es d6eo"{:o.f 8};6: : "S:5 so63 $S;5 ereQ 5g
er$o.56m $SQo'5a.Q e$o 55sd3Qo6. aB 5> aep, a54&3 Er6,
13SqSXDoLe u#o:or: es&6)$rp 5Qox6. 5:O 5oo5:a$Sod
$5$ir0o*O."8e

6a5:Sod dFSrrfS efu 66eo"{rern 6$e+S S8o"t' d0o*$


5Q;$ es ;luSo $eroe.roXo '5rb G5q"S$o[8 an€fooo SOoOilEdrUu.
a.5 5o8o ewQd:t'r +6'tooogE, egodgs s6:eD 65 tp66r* SLddS
$6e65, dr.bEd 5r:ou6$, er$y6,: $dion" Sir$o da65'o 5fo61
sp6{f E}Jt'o. i$g"S erQ6:6 - EFcg esOStASg s"U5€Jgt5r6odd
o.o"6 o5rp a$o6$ fu53u: a5u54o:rn S660co 5pe55 eeox6.
"5>er5;!o1&C Srd.1o$o&" es$ Src- es6$ ep0*6.:." u6-*o> e o"c3:d

394 s56: SeSs


ep6 56 dor:6o0, es$5d6on" SaSot$6:od, e"5
ero)S e.6 a.r05 6o
oIDS$6 +€?oo::3 B$vo &Sd6:om CerSS; $do$BrAC S"bQ"
eg$,Eom el6ufi -'q6S (rpo65r6c'."e2

@p5i$o[S a3o5o es 806o $oS eco6:$0o6. e0546 66eeffoS


a:"68 SgOdSorn Suo"o: SS3:ouoo. G6q"S$o1S a:Jo5od 65J
el(ue5p$eS: Sd seeos: col$s erc0.r6: : "d)o $ eger$ sOeQ
56de5 5r 1p56 5:5:3O1368 eegnel: 6o5;!c B$;d:. eo53:6 5r"6, Sd
s;eeer> &s3:o*ol -'5dog6Br6 Eoo"ewS'es0."e3 pdtcolB 6geod
Su0s0soo:$ P*g 5go* SCbQoXoa:. ego65 $ol8if Sip.J6oB
5n15o 5$5:$6:5; ao*$ 58"* SsB:Qoaor.

n"o6srt6 cabuL{o6ro 666 ar.6 Jt5:t$t{:oa-S $p6i$o1sc e.5


a6gOS 1!:ot" hf"65'ep&n"t$ : "5a:qrgi$o[89 516 a$; $o$s 5tu6?"
u€*or sB {** egdsou(u. egs6r$ Sr.ge66r" eeo16 :
';5a:q:gibo[&3 dCd; $oi:s e.Sd. ea6o"3Q ]6o'Jo&...ea:6e3Q
&6o,5o&'. 5do$Br6 Br:ipod 56o 3r5o, 56o d5o 8o65reo;.
(ear$63o 1$w6o o"ar3 65 $a:o $S e5S6 6o65rda5:.) 5E* Br{o
5tr +t$oo epe> epSc;od qPSo 5tud Brr6g e$Sro,r:o6. egoS:S eod
5*%. 6fdrn&", "3)SD eod dEoao $6" eroa(u. o"61coo $fl
{eoeoo c62go. o56n o5*or eeoa6 : "5do1$ e.p6 epd dEolUc
ds sfr3u:oXQ."sn

***
;16'*or:6pB aonsur36. ero6:$ qov ar6c 8oflod esd.Jsdd
6ox6. eso)d, so"5,56ea Jer? aov do:;$da:. 2002 5l!:5 7 $oo 11
565, esd65 Sod6"6, Sodedr"d S656oaS 6o6. &oo
sa5ru1.{odrodc aegsdboolr. i$os So6&6dp apoA &5wu@o5r03
cir6o 6$g5. sS, u€t:oo3 eo6 *er J$455n6o es$BroSo6.
(!Sq"S$oL& 1$dreao d* cswsod sq" $d55ps 5*Je* da6.
eso6$$So a"5 ;E$ea: 66, 6o6c $r'6 $63er, a,5 dalor, a.5 bd$

a:,6o;o6 395
eo$:e36. ego6$ BoecBf, 6:o16>o:, eoQst$o Salr5od a:6e Sgd
SnCr:;oe.r6. CSr$o 1io5reood 6odm, p6*oo egES 6f6 S:o0
esoS:S eogpC.r 6oa5 d$ne1"65, e*5re5 ,AO $c.:: 6669 S6rn$$oe.u
$*36 : "ar5d oe $d56od aoao. 5>o aoecd af oos Ser(u$o&"e5
eeq6 6oa5.
ep6:S',80 Sc-&&n o5*or [Edo: 66dg BS6. "esd5:$ 550;
5"q"d {ro}s:s pd da6r. eobJrt': e+o$s da s"a3oa6. ae,
5o3
*fon" 6o46...5$J &dao$ Jo6:5: $oScQq6o5:.g? u Bu&o
5r&i6o,>o6. fuS ep6o s5do" - es$ er&tr6>" ep$ ep6:e5 dO
r{lQd$$ocl6.
b${o5r$g af,aoO 5nS,f,r6:oX66 u$$a$oerc6. SS
"esdd>$
u6.f eeq$. 5:O roorS6"6 d6n"S eoe55 n'OB #5 dS, Ar'6dU
edp5r doro55:S BSSo&"e6 er$ B$;S:.
es &d5:o[eSB odtcoo: a3o5o SoXiu.EdS &o$-er Xdel5'S:
Sosoa. 385 eoo6(6> pS 'Snoa;itsC' er$ ero5 dffdoe.5 6oe,uo6. es

aSOogs a.Spb p6$oe $65625pS eof;o 6o0r:o6. esodrdoO 566


eroo"e:: S$hqr. 6o€.roo. es Bo{o d}doe5$ ee 6"er G5q5"5$o1S $$o
eo8o5:5 ?r. s5:AS oa55 Sboa.

66aus3 Bd 5oB eo$;6d e0546 +€?:or: 6oXc{:. eso$S


ep6oe5',*0

es er(o 5r:o6: coa& 566od 5er6$4od$ 5r&ox6.eo6:E5do eso65

6f63 A9'6:. eso65 ero"553 #5 SS,'Er6 ed;r6r i$0o0 esdaOa.Se


- de' eo$ Spnoo;$$+er$trd
Qdo
ep6:6'd0 egeo:o. ep6:e5 dO 65 6d0g
en $ +6fcoo $o c$;6 :
"dcSlee 5$' 6oe.r;,$. €;3 566o Sogg,er 6o85o"! .5pt':, a6
Jo6 eoQ6dr! e-54 56$ Jo6 el053$ do5:6On"6oIr5!.""

$e6aar" SroaS6odro es6do6. $65ec5 s65t_56:o


es S6gc.:5C
1$s6o $;1r$eo a0sis6oXo:r. $f, Sreg{5:o6:o ergdo6. Bn6

396 S$6: $e"$S


$U o"d5"*" do.::o,j$op ea.55$ #5C B&3oS o6'6oo daa-
ep$5:oe.:rd 6ox6.s.c, $o6$6:. sSog *5*oc elo6Bq)ss 6od
A6gd{c ep6:s586 es8nUu.

es6EE.EP0 : "ep0:6'd a+5pu eoo"55dB ffS dee?"


a'6539i : "eedl:S'$6*' esocpdB:" eo$ So5:5 {d$o."

65 4"5 erl66 d'{6"€SH66o5S o6$qr: do656o6oro.?


Jo6:$?
6Og esOeFAO 5;$otr6od, "ao6sperc $Xq er{n"6 el6e6;
::$o6. a$y(o SS d&, $fog es$s8o aO;$egr. egoS:S SO aoo
J6680nd...!."e8

eo{n"6: a$;dc S{ $gfro egdooooB. o"$ 15s6o 2002 5tp5'


115 6ge son SdSe;S;t': &ir5od$ 5:eo$"d G6q"$$oLs od'?cor
Srgoa-6. a"5 a6;of es&rpgD - "firaeeE;fuo5a$o1& 5do@ar6 5l5
n*tp. ,gg df55od *ep es6€5eao 5*3or 5o"! 5ldo SoS:dOoXOZ."
e6$oo3 5o6:5"08o6.
"6:aee5;i:qr6$ogs Sdo$anA ds4SE s(ro5:od, ds 6$ ag"S
esCal$:. 6lo5:n o" $ip56o$ 3$ $o1$6oa0p 6o6" eooX6:
es$6ro 5r"9,66r.." 5:6:o.d (5(&5 12-13) n€od qr6&ddr ase
&$ aw&oO *6gff S6r$ao 6:.a- ag6t{566:oao6:S eeo€'rro,;p6?ror:
5Oa{on" eo546 5:"a- '50;oS essvdo 6o6S e{$d:5er BiX6:. aa
eg6rp6 epQe6rer: 5eo5J"g dbpo6oaUu - 'AJ.6S SoEoasS
6O"S5:oLS S$oro*6:. "00

a.g $poOE Aa$ b66 eso0.r6 : "5r5: Eer:i> - (naodl arA


edrn;!.p o5tcoo 5$ra6erCu. 6 CirdS:o - aep eg66eco a$odC a"S
$JBS Src- B$fD. esd65 eoo"55d. +$ Je g6 Seld Sr"Bd
Boo$6)."101

*{c*

ar6o;oA 397
6Q $oo n€o3 CSwSo ao6$6c-cB $f;on 6o6. u6?:ol, eoe55
&a1n5o Js;Uu. S;5n5o ao$$646& 5r:o6 ?:$ract3:o 65$oir6eo
$og8 eo66dB 5:"a- ie46. eg 5ro6> da:. crld ee66.8og 6q"5XDo1S
i5r:+g*6g502 13cdE tug"* SS da6: : "55> a"g6o 6:oo0 J$&Sn'
Eod$6. +g SrSodc$6. eso6d, ds a:s3ry d:a6 (a$5o6 bo6)s
365:oc.r:e,S>."
d

;w$ @o5re8o$ps:"cs56 c5p5o sodpeaod goBo 05g6.


eso)d, o"SB G5q"S;!o[S $65ec5o$ Seln' io.r:6 ao8o$' a:'oA6ag
eoas er;$e;Uu. 6a CSpSod g5p$$ol83 CS* 66 Sc5:&o6o
6o66:. e6iFd, a.5 05;sg05 eo5cd decr5, a $6go: 6oCpoo. decrd
5ltr eg oaa:. oE, $1o5o5; epo6om 6o; aoe.roa:. ;w6d Eoe5ps
+g1o5gfr64 d$ eoe.ro>. es dar" fgasgs es *g05d 6s;5:E0oo5:$&
6:ood rryg 4QSq6 ee6>. '6 3ro6p' sLsg - 'n{+ $;5rdag6 an6
C{o5rP 5o s$o6o &S$dAoXO?' eo$; ero6op SlnCo +S}or
e$o6. es 5185 55on" aD56 *ddd ao$eE,5{$o o.bo6. eso6d
- '#p $irda$ J$45;$oB 5{u: 6$5 ar'6c SerEoo 6eo eos
$O5gord, o"S eo$o...e16 1$q"S$oLe $6r$oeDoX6C.'102'6 p$13 es$
ao8oJ:.' $64 esCr6 5r:o6:dSoa. el6e65gno S5ra6o eooc.:r, a.5
S&d6:o pKlpecon eSo6 - 'Ar"6S 8oho0 &eoC G5q"S$oLe
S$o>oe6:.'103 6$ $o$u: J5:45n" .JAd '6 ao&od:S JES$:S'Src-
1$ioqron" oo$o6 - '5do1$3n60 Sono*o$; SdSdnSB E5q"$$o1S
53.1e6r."0n

69 5:oo d;n ag{ eg CSrSod 6 tfgfu er6oE;5 dar:53 e*.:r


a0:r J6:d6r(un &ob $6.:# eoo"55, o5?:or: 516"1$ 6d16r. pg
$SfDd KD* s6t$&5;ar+erB er 5185o oE SSoo eof;o$d>6:oXoo:.
$5r5o Jflooa. o6'?:or e"53ro6 6fO 6SsC Bo$sSB ofo
AB,C.C .56:$6:o16:. oS;6 eoe55 5:.a- e-5 aoflE *56 6(Dg'C
BDfECg eofo ?:$rS0 '56r$6oX6:.

398 356: $e$s


???

ae> $o563eo $c.r: +5'?:or Je> eood epe>f, 56:,$5:{ e*r55


a5y6o e"5 5pd0d;o5:od aoXO. epd OfrSod 516135g a55o6 bo6,
errS:e5'd0 e.S0Boipo a"SUu .5ri:15:e6. ug .5rbd 'S:So 566 e"56
do::.O 5e!' erS; qPSo S5S$o6.

es66'do do o"5?:o Sodc r"166: &Krs"c, "s6! *fO afypo.


565.5:;,5:61 eoo"55 n"Od irg"a-erp i!pc$ dayq:n" es;5r$obql6)
5e! es 6C a6pt$ Sd6:o&."'ou

cd2go!

a08o6{ aby6 eoo"55 6r6$Kr6rile6 : "er C62gnQ


eo6p:do
{o656r{p u6?:or: eeoe6 -'4r"6 55So edu$r" di.S$ epor:u eps
6oa-$o6.'1ou erbp:Co$SoX5> - 'dp6 edar6, 6g t$ae6C SOB&
&6rt666. pn ,65: edo;b dQ.SC *o3.&g eooASoEoSS;S5:36o
ep6s3 dd)'...."t.t

es $o{DerSC r$QdKu5:oe^u" - aS5o5 $oF 3};6: : "Er6 edps:"


$gd Sfersl $ffio6."10' arqo $6 ug{o soerrea }cpo6o
5fuerod - 6 Ciro5:od o€'?coa: ird qro6o epc esoAs.6o 5:60o6.
aJ"6 $6 edp;5r Sor:o$oc5:$ ero"55 ;bB.* Ede-oJ 6o8.
***
ee S5n5o naod 6ho6. &e1: 5odo0 i$o[6ror, epQstirq:
iEOpOS ;:e(u 30;lFdrUu. eo56r $g" $o5:o16o 5r0o$e5 Xde;d'd
5e#::$oa6. Kndr"6 250 S:oB es.&o$s655f fdr5o eg *Fdd 6ox6.
S a Sbf 5"
F 6 L$iupru:r 6rCu;oX6:. 15
p5$o1s ep e;5' Oi:s6 *5i: o::,
dtd:"oX aqrioo[8 J5.8. eoe55, er$36 ]$ eo6$:f,: awo" 63$S:rQ.
Sag gotr e6gsf $EbS# $g5irusd sdog6anA 5n6.pXrr:. ee
Sir.S.rod as;$ s.6515$o 15s6o 6>ae6d &$ao r$oos
$o5:o16o
$%t6 5o;$6.10e s.c, er $o5:o16o e$5S&rgSo e$n d ar"6 ds

ar6o;o6 399
soagr6:. esd65 eXD &SSS; 56go5: 5$B{i" fo6g6foXo Sa6:.
0508 a-S Sre.: 8&36: : "SSr a,5 s$o5:o &SSqS. $$B Jero6 S$o
5er65p66r. eooc$Sc, $S a5rq:g$o[S f6eg edusr do::.oS
S:o0uoaXo."

a54&o"s. esoe o€$o aSc;S$r aCutfdo6.


er5&3$n" 9o65:o6 '5pe6ror' dd 6eo"AS 16s.6o i$g"de,:o
tu6o::SnUu. rperS>o6 ew&oS: s655f f65o '3rA 6oc-0...3r'6
$po"el SQ%O. $o65:o8 S$o: e"506Cp;cpd e.SUu
6oc-O'epoe.:p
do ar6n si)Bq" srgor,r6:oa6. xo0; $o"cno'8p6...4r6...ar4...'
es *Ferd @e{5$Qoaor. e0536 }66 66on"g" SO.1$&lFd:Sg a65t[

a.roo.* das5>f e5*o:: Bripo oSJCSeJo eoo668 5sb$o6. aer


6a6$od 6a &o5:o16o s6g[6;bo S:5 esc$f) 63cp iFd:er 6o8 epS
ql$o05 ar#oor:, e1546 $$oEQSg S$oS: erf)dr a-B 6pe.: eroa6: :
"5:So & C{ro$eD dfB *O;o;t6:oeo. aS;:Co ad5:0r aBr6od SdB
;bSo Bg.0; 6o6 5o"!."

es$o o#do.r: eo$:$Sgd$bod - 3FA dU edusr doa:ode eg


$o5:o16o SSrSa"t' eocr55 gd SSbi'6S. epor:d, es SS:"deo$
*FapS esQ56:ogS o5:d5o5 bg,8 er6 5:6{6SPS @eeCIS 1Ss6o SAS5
56ry erSS:oOo6. "5d:5o5ro0 5$35 es $;o5$ Bepi $i:"apo6 s6:.
er6 J56a Sr:o5:ri" 1"5 S$ doaloa6:. 3:o 5ro65:$o1o - ar"6
edpSr ei5e.r$B S{Sde6S, @Q. 565er, 56edei.60, SSog
edu6r$ 6 $abdeer: e6$4olo5:$. e6oe eoo"558 dOS a6rn035
&ird6:o. S eocr5S *5d eo6:6'p$, Bo5o6godu6;Sra- qr6$5a1:d."1'o

ero.55, o€*or:e:$ SUAr'6rp5 fi6o$ $o5$ eeotp6: : "ee


*655f Sbndat' f65o 6)r"Ec, +g[ $$qpoog o5*oo 'Jrat$.
eso6:d ero"55 5p6cd;odrod $oaco{o d6:oc-, o5toor 65 s$o6:o
5n6:;$oX6:. e0546 a0flS @Sonerr, Cuo.t' S"U Ar"6g es6)groom
abpu soos ds aotrf;S; SpG-.""' adE loda eofltlod:od - "ar"6
d:dga:oSd 5A ffnaro$orn g$r$<16>. eser S$ado" $*6r.eood.,""
400 s56> $eS&
es SDo6) 6aas, 5oa:OhoSod...esgDe5p$ n o$$66 Be";Uu. eo5g6

5>qrg;$o[& $do@a;"60 SOaCu. AB$d e.5 SoSpS 55f AhpSo"S


1gw6o : oo"55 esdeo $US eoUc6'p$ es o"1a n"o$Srt6dd 8r.A6{
SOb 6oa6:. Eg+6rnd a$6r SOb S;5:.5od n€u dASoX6>."3
t{:ae6 083: uo6:$Co e"56 A}36r "Pd,Er"6 gob 5rgo65:515;f,:
'
SS erS4f dXo. s.S, oH SoqpirEa esoe haud a6666d: s.6g$f
$Srd,Eo 6:0o3." 6a pd6$& erXoa5r5o 5$eJod - 506ut': w6g5f
SSrSef 4r"63 ee$5r"e.:on J56: a.rirEbom ;$"$o66o6a, ilgS
+$ Srgodc$$ 6o0p(u.
ao8:SdoirOo t$Ood

5*o" s65$f SSrSaf er;Snirgon f65o S:o0 AgAQS


So.o.od +€tcor 65 S$05:o eiro6od AS84 56"Uu. o6:d5o6 $g ae>
A$;6: : "6tdt:o:: n oC SS: 6;$$oS5 e.5 i$eao 5fuerod, egoS:S 55
eefl&drq. e"5 fo:: 565r aoorp &Ssg,U:. eg 6(u+6 5wfl@o5:o
$So 15oS:q9.6:. epJS rosepf $gd es 5efl@o6rsg (6scQ
eoe55d:.""0 o5r.:o,r: hao xl:oo 6Q oonafi a5uoe5: o.L& 65 tuL66)
es6.a. 5o&e5d gos gS sdE *esC #aSo deUr. "eo$prdr ed
+€*or eou16 - BFAS S*o:roSS:o1S. wC eoo"55 epodr6:
55ed5o. rop66ps sAo5r.g6 ufico:rd Jbpfo eoo"55d
adaoda.O."115 elote6> $o&u5.

sc aofloa SU:. +$ eer&ot w6g5f Sfrdag8 ssog 5o5F6d$S


&e3uQo5$op $5:$o*6. es &e35oC &$ e655$o'B16 edo.Sr'
lSe3.6S$ 86540o$o6. 6:ae6d eo$n(rgorn aodn5 $"o$S
'$s"ood, 6$4 i:"{oef, e6:6d B0;5oc$5: er &e35od Er"6B
{f5oo"er Bhpo6. exrfr, aw&oSr e6g5fo 5:64 &e35od ar6 KrrOoOS
&6on i$ae6d BobS @ewm JS;Sel a08:oJ0.rCB Src-
esoAgoosoa.t'u qd 6e&55s dodc ;,o(Fo [36o a"d$oqr:
esBJ.6oJd6."' es as;t': eroA5oo*6:.
e $o5rog6o naed &$ aoSo$ ar3:"6o6 Sdd +€?:oa: $floafu.
t{:a:e6d ;tuSoo 55 agOn$ 3,ro}535 o"t':e.r6: 50}g6orn Suqrga$o[S
ar6o;o6 401
55S $o0 Br"6C 8erfloO 6eo$ $Q 6o0co 5a:o6: 56S1 5$a$5
@q"S$o[S a$pdXooaUod : "a,5$y6o a]o sod - $(r5o, e6lea5o.
a53:t$ alo eood - 5: erQtlosrQ 66;160 e5e {o$?:$ Sre;er$
o5:8tod6..."t
d-
o6 S;5rarod 5o56:. 1f,ao6orn dao,Jc-pB
a$S66:."11e

so@S uo6:5:q: 3:. O5oa6o Ba;e6: : "@p$5:o[8 Ca:orn eoer

aB o€troo dSS eoSSa:pS


eooXe...eo5;6 55:3655on" d6>."t'o
15$o6o. 5Eu, es Cfro$od $%C, $ogg 6drds qpfi$5;tuo6)
eughod ,r.656 ero"55 {6a:S4oq.op 5&o6. ero.55, o€*or:sr) n{ud
$6536o +{ }165: 516:35:5gg Ss8r$o6."'

***
n{ud +6'*oo 65 S$o5:o i$o$ BSB4 6fic;o, tfare6 e5uq:5a$o[&

$do@Bn6 peSQ?:o0o6. 2002 ai-p 185 ipa-S&n" a:0fl5;1:o(-&5f;


55r.36oC Sdo$ar6 e$ e55$d 6S$ S+6J de6. aS$$d
JUS%. eg(u Srler a5uo5rm ag6&o$ 6oo30oa6. JQSod>5 565:
erc5rd er${63;toqr5;5:o[8n SS]n 6r.

a5'.8.err553 Src- *er p65o 503o6. 66:od SQ daroB


&{&oe>d ar.6 cgoir.qfs${f 5o"Sec-6:. ercr55 *55 : "r$age6
fr(r# arA 654b65o 6$g $5od boSi$ oosdSo6. so6 S6)6orF
tF66So 556&oo'5e;o 66 50 5{d Afyf.r a:66ddr.""'
soSC 65; o€*or 6s sfrd6od 5)6"9 g1er$ (r"c- 't$Qotn6r'.
eo638 a"5 $o1s 3$p6: : "p$ XSS $oi:s a03 6o6$isd, ar"6 65)
edu;5r dESgepn" o?>o$ Sa5pdae:: a6rr{:6:{S$o6rod ao6 $oe5
dS aod;:"6: s.t$ - eoS (5e$$oge ird 9o65:o6d eroa6:."r23

JUgq. eg6 Srler a5oo5:50 a6$o0 Ar"6 dSS odSHSS


e66d,Uod S56o16on" 555ir6o$ JQSo $o{uo C$ooerQ 6o€oo6.
eg $e$o6:od 6g$rES 8.Jo.oo[f LreS aQSo sQyom 6o"J6.eo5r$

aer JQSO; e6Spler 5oo6rn S65bor5e;od aSg &p"5$e50;


402 S56: $e6s
trO8Oo': SoSoBn e.5 apoeQ t$a:e63 $o3:oati. er53&3os
r$ae6d 866$66n" 3,ro$635 So{rec5er aUur$5ro60co, Sr:So
d6c6.UDO
Q6eA
€Oeq:95$r$6rodbo Ooha 06o$"Cg w6eoo. B16o 5>5 es

a3o5o t{:ase.5 e$od


$656os, JQ5o5: S$6 sercd QOoz &doa6)
a6$o$ C6ooo0o6. (afuo6:5: a6Sc-SB Sit:qr6 5$o $Rro6)."n
JQSu: 5ro6:5: a6$o$ oo$5:o185$o dgS 5965 &cr3o"Cg
e5S JS;So $o{ro S$6s"erC€ JQSo: ag66e$$0co S};S5orn ddC
ErA ep0tlo6Sgr6. eooS:SS eso6$ d5:3 pdd oogPc 6'q *6rS
15$So*6:. pm, esd65 'qc.p0d65' ep$Src- eeoa6. esod, eed6$
ee.r0oS:S
Lp#lfo epo568 Bo*er ar"A tros.6. Er6 aer'er${556p5'
25
65dnEo5€co 665C +5?oor:, Srr60SrSfT'5 CB,l 5:o60ow(u.
1

+PAS)
ero"55 5116o ar"6s SSrBq,S 6ox6.dog55:o1e5fo e.5 &e3$o o.5e
e$6e egdeoi$ 6:$:" $*S $o3:o0, JQSo gSrAS cgd"q.
;b0;o*oS eso.55 Se6:. 2002 err{S 185 aOhS do@$og8$f
$5r'$6od ero"55d o6'fcoo 58dcoXd6. er5$6pd, r:.duirpu
S$d: eo5g soderQ au.16:. odt:or:, eoo.55o ;1:dJ aa'g S'{ eS5o.
epqr:d, iQSo S5:rl5 c$o:r$g fl:$:o$6 q:e6rdo5:e.:od eg $6:sg
ee;OSom $;$$irsor:o6."u 6a6b 8o6$ o€*ou JQSo $o{uo
5g5*F6 $60S eesst:on"d 65.fo$oe6:.

e*ra66bd> ;to06ooo6 so0r6: *olfl5 uo6$q: Ei"d d6.


"#+d so65>o6 ?cs;+$ u€*or:C Q540oaoc $o5:6go da6.
o6'*or: eS: sgs a6:d4dc Bsd, eS ilgs S&B:od $t6
&S$oa6:." JQSo So{uo iFOoE d6o$ @56oSt:od +5llor:
JQSo fo6pQ. ep05o6oe6:. JQSo Soir:o e"S 6rOoE aOgo6 5S:S
J56r" 6,Ao$d6r. sa$ o€5o:: e.5 6e6e6e 555{rooot$.12'

2oo2 g,SoaCud aonsJQSod 1$*6o p66dd SogdC 5 JQSe:


16*6o Soa O5gore $noa. 6:ase6 eo1!S OtrO a"gO 3$;6r : "es
2002 JUgq: u65S $6. e536 66$ A83)d ss, eso6g);1:o6:
a:S$of,ud sc 5 o.o5:5:or oo6er JUSf iFrrt 6o66s dS afSXoS.

ar6o3o6 4og
er JQSo 1$a'65:oe 516(p"S6655 a:Oho6. S;$on" 5$3:o9o6."
n*tp"d esh 65; goocrsd 56*5 s655{Q Sd5on 6$$o dSS
$o{ue,:S$ p&s6o &615:doc$$ ee Jsg6o tS*eQ. e$ SAB:
656rhot$5>o6. "ee JQSo iFe€co Bro6p, ;tufloo $65d. 2002
hE SO ZZe (n4(9l"d aOESo"CB) $6rO"5o 86oa6 125 Jer q*A;"
Jrdo&"12' eps o"o65:er $fS 6Sfon"o: fls6$ 5a3ol:. Od5 3ror5:"
6oAE $:66 epCo6: 5ro66: Bg 55*6 e655{er trd56S$o eror:S J5-
6 CA 5;$rue56 e"5 Sa:o5:o5r165: es i$;6o $*6od a6&s$
($d5:8;oso6."' s-& 6. t$o5l%.q, JCgSo g5lAS CtrQoooA. o"o.f
C65 3:"oc5r fOfi6 n4gn trdb5fpper S[6o $r:@o05 6-fr$o5:
ga6od $o8ce$ dsoa."o
ar6 g5*6od Ug5r. d*p C{orn3 es 15*6od egoS:S ';tu$oe:
aiilqPb6t$5o d6o *> 3ro5:$o 60gg (55r"64r"'SdSd @$Scn6:.
ar6 ad56g"05on' 1$$on u: da6 : "EFgb agilq:.O ?:oi$S:oe.:r
It65c"Ss. 5o$o,56e0"{:s SSeoXo C653:"QS16?...o* eod fCn agO;
6Sot$5:oe.u" ise6:. .: 6$;r* J546aBd eo546 pBSB $o5;$
dfugroOr 6o€.16:... (an$ auqp$ esep d6on" ?:oi$S:o0y BsdrSJ
e$3;15o &6o 3&p0.""'6o.f Aabds so66:o6;fuQo ecl6:$er
e$r: g3*6od $gSd5rs Bi)6r.'3' er6p63 t16 doti: eSSSd
ASJS$ISI" (3r:{o 182 $Hd) a"d e.5 tuSo erdg$$ A83o Serd$o6.
2OO2 &6oa6: aCgSS e"54;l::flo ,d6$g $c- 6Be5 a55d6:.

*o(fl5$ e"5 'atufloO5'rn SLS{E" 5go65 S[eo$ 5o$"6rd3


Sd53ro6n 60(15 +6S t$ae6 fgasgo 635er5u:n 15;$0o0o6.133
o"od fuSo adin *Cp6'es G65eJ5oS 5651eu:rn 605: 6dR)
epfle: qp66

So0?:Co6:", Er:Soooe s-o@53 6,e.> do$"o$ 15+6o d$oa. ar6


eeol6 : "3:5r 563o$613a a:ere.:Sr [r5o6r$od (u6:S$o'el)
Ba.;o. sC, so1fl5 pES 6oaw5 e$.$od d3:Sotreroc$o6."'3u

$*6o,6{p6on" J.6rdr'{S$odrod n"o$Srt6dC }5&:ueo6ea


esoo5:op affi tuBo 6[1o6e)) cr&,daUu. 5do$Ar6 6a So{recSS

404 S56r Ser6e


6$dr8o;5>g'C 65 C6SSSdSrdC ?:o.$Sd @o6:6;o $a6 : "6 e$oC
r{:ae&o6:;fuSoer6:o0, i"gQ"S $o0 sp}60r$3 u
050 a5$ 56$
6tu+$." o.o$ JQSo 5$o5:oC aw&oS: dt66 er$a wer SoSpS
erodom e,e.>$ esCOoS&n 6. e.5 aw{566o i"6c$ eeo16 : "5F
$eroerQ iF&o$SSc-SB $o s-pO ; o"*U 6[5e6o SooS
s-&6ers3 Er6 eoo."tt6
t{:ae6 so1flS J"g 6$ $r:e5a$o[& ,dSB* 6o56$oEr" itrryXo
65*6odB &Kr$bo;oa. 6o56$oEp S?re> 66od Affid 6o6n"
e$od 3:.or5:g-og 58S3Uo doOfod 8o5$1u 53,roo5 559. afyCo
eso6:5 so@5 rd6B* efd dqoa6. so1s5 $$ eodg$o"e:l RFpoirn"o$

S5o5rorn 65;ro"38 6q)6. a{6 6:ae6d $o$ esa)


eso?.pd esod6o
65 $aeQ @6oflo46.137 e 1$e6od *o1fl5 ood:S:o: 6$ SaSe:
5f aS4c- ;lu$oo: 5556$oa. awgl{ 6gr6:."t Sro6r5yeroe e"56
s.Seco .5r.b$ *o1s5 i"g 65, Spc- 3:"o6:6o $Sd: 651eErn (1980
565oderr) 6*6o $no0o6.
3r.6 1$;16o a5uo6 J$gt'r d$o6n SrdF"sSaSS (Fo*
egdooSry $no8. epo6:d 5:o S556e6"oi$ 65$ es$)t$Eaorp Je,
$er$$+d ese, 5&bo0o6. 6a *5555o ero.55, ud?ooooS: Sra-
dA:. XfoS elp5dpf B$"y5:$gegrn", $eQ1$*6od 5p5od 65:ain"
@$Co$ esodom 088: el5p6o"s 5:"q. 503o6. s'C, 816 ocS; e"5
AQSo eoivdom 6S6:.Eo.5:$oa6.

Sdo$BnA a"5 *6>uer S"6$. $o1$o"ou6orn 5fu6)


C15oooJe.:o 5:o53Qn" 65;'BnS {lo0' erd $erCB Bo65oCo.'3e
$6re6on" ep6 e,5 5r6Sf 5:oo eoo::$5;68, rgg+C & 5:oo Bs:5a&5
$*# e"S6n" t{:Qo5a8o6. 2001?:}oa6d - erod, BnA iuq:g$oge
es6c-s3 e"5 So6aaro 5::o6:, do6${c65od aab $*f a"56m
d6.1a&o6.1ao **5 ar6o8dr esoc.r6: : "BrA f-OSB Eo65ut': w6:.
eso65 5:oo e5&6(6:er 5:eo5: ue 6f;6rn 6o0uo6."141 a$ua &
s-6eaom$ar ar"6 t6o'6oC us €"Os fdo"s d$drEo'Jd6. *6

an6o;o6 405
d.SSSdd a.Sso@5 uo5:6:c5 eeoe6 : "3)o ae 6o5Qo1o, Sr
a5rp5;$o18 68to3 Bo6soot':." 6 t65er6 6H ar.6 65 eo$o6pQs OEa:
e$554b5o 1355ec5o o"5e 55io det5:."'

a:"6 ao6 66:45m 6$ (:oo i{:6o0 ing.&o', ego6$ '65a;'6,r'


(tgnir3ea, {Lao6r, pdg $ero6: Bo6SoCo) s6:. eoo'55, *5?cooer$

#O.1 Aspo" sr$o&$f;f,: 6a esodo esOS:S; aq1o6?:6,:d:oda. eoor:d


es6 eeep 6ood, eso$$ erod546 *A 1pq.cq. 606>o$:,1as 3,ro6165
5*Q.es$6{y A8eexoe>$)ran ern" elSqrS:S 1$$orner de6:.
506oJ es6$>$Sc.s3 3r'69 SXFo6SBSo* Sr"o5r"Ss, s!e5:.
6gd,dg66d5C a{roa:S S5r.5A"g 08bB $165{orn do6.6r"dr"Ss
d$d 56 eh$ esa6:665 epoep6: : "Swdr68, sQe5> e"$4 $&05:od
aer S;$on" aodar"6. eir e6s6oCg e56o$fSc 5po" Sd dlo
esdo6)." esod aa$B, aa5bB 5>65 qsJ6;5:Js"S d6sBd JQSo 135*6o
$6:So6. Srdr"i8, sQe5:o 5016 $eo 6:Eo0 egdoo.Sero d6.
(ec, es f$ ar"6 dgolur.l o$ 656n 5d; $dnaeo $trd:
t o5
irso'6,:6c$; ed5:E>er:. 1 9 8 0 565o u6'qrS:' €Loosr, iroaS, es6;rs,

tuQo) $"ertu S>o$ $eo$ Ar.A Src- $6:36:o1O. S65f 6:o d,,ec$S:
5o g$ oood,'6:eqarg oad5{S' eS SuegQ 083: Src- esoAgooO
&eerS erodr$ eo$o dSSoXU:. e $eSg eso6$ $p"5$o1e eoo5r55
oad5fr$ eiroS:od 1}q"Sgdd 5Qo$da6.

$do$a:"6 a.rn eoo663{So daCu. e,5 boipoer ere35d5$o


dSSoaO. ergl$ero 3:"odror:awQ e5:5:$fi"6 d3r"dr. C€6on"
C;$O;od+Uu. epood erod546e s5>o6-, dgr.oir" & $q AS{S)
50&46on" S6S6 E:e>s$ Hra- Sro6ror:agod q&:de>
'5ra-oS
epfltlo6:$doCu. $do15a:"6 epfl@od:o Spc- ad. es JQSer 56$
Sdo$BrA 616.16 5:e>o5> ewrn erS$r$o0u" 5:"Soc-6. ,Q. $ero.f
Co85 Brodr $;!"aw$; e.546n" S"QqfS. sp6wq.5OfloJe.ro $So
i"gi.S$, a5rilooi$ e.d n"ec S$* 6sa"Uo $a6.

406 S$6> SeSs


2oo2 &6oaOd n o6SxE @o6od 1$*ecg 5q5oe 6$ aege>
$56253 a$o SoJm cn6e.rQ 65:So0 em55 eego6Sg-6. qero6
roBe sQod;:r 551 do$odd Srr0 SrsXFS da,r 6rr2SC $g
6pdoUrOS 50.1o6. 6q"$$o1e &ffd 1F6625Og {r"c- 566 $;$o$o
i$o$ &o$o16o S;$drCB ;5ne")6r. yS, B16 @562$o8 s;bo6od
S0dct. 5 $S:o6od 4546 ::$ar aSo $66a8 5Qol6.'* & JQSe:
tg6625Q $5 dQsg 5S 38 5f; er&E fo.'n' e.5 de aa:3d5 d$;Uu :
"er&>6fo 3 esQs"65 66C oo0:r Sfu da:. wC, @*6od ar6 e#5Q5on
ege65d sgg eo$E &."

irsOoFdar 6f6 5t':do6. 5:e*.e$ &65 3,ro6n 50A6


di.66gp6, hEeS S,E66p ep6n"6: : "5 S.E5Srotip SOirS'$uq:56:og&
Sdo@arAB Sr56>c$oe?." hoe6 3.$6 espg{qn ao0u;(u :

"s653ro6r 60A5 alr:erga$o[& SdogBr6.f$ 6o6""']$ er$S ad6r0c


w6g5{og es5Qode J{oa:$ ar.6 gc}e5c 5%s" d.a6. esSS Cfe)
p$ *rUr;o16. 6au Sird.*96 afpd ar"6s a.5 $a$$5 Sros y$6e.>CB
Sgfr6.5$ deo{ esd p$ afp:d: ar"Ac esQs.6$6o J34o5a-SB 6"giro
SCog6oX(u.'ne

a:"6 55io"5Q 6o"{orn 1$u6o dos:ood $ir5oQsga Eo&aS


6o6o. a"54 5ag sood e"d a.5 tFd:6S +55 5:o0 300 Lp3o5 +59$
${0oOoB EOSaS 6o6o.'50 fuedr Sbeare:: $05 d:ire
"610*
epo0,r6r : "6 ddod a"5 dc $ddts>oeS$a; Sssou g,ucg$o&6oo5
fuq:g;bot-S epoc.:p i6pu aoXUod eo6 e"54 Sdog6a:.6d:. ep6;1:
EOsaSc Jer of,,:S;rd (zooz JUgf) aem EoKu$o16:."1u1erd5:S
S* Oocr$p5 1$5ec$o eedfq.do0:fio€oB o{S 1$Suporn 6rbq'
Su;or:. eso5:S d* o5g o5; s5s)Ju> BOeaSd a6 RE s$;Sd6g"
65*6od3 dgepdrs. ee JQSo 65;n6od 69 5:o0 30 6:o6
rta<r6d>UU ,E6O*er, 503, 6$ JQSo @*e$S 665{ $$6o
SopQoa6s EoKo$S;5y6o, er l$dg[ 65]es3 6fea:n" 55 @Son"Q
t'uae& pir xboS aro6d3 Snd;*;u"6:.152 oo6:59 Jc5:Uu6oa- 65;

ar6o;o6 407
dU* aa6o6 S&SS;S8, dc cns{d an6 6o6 ddeg{on
esoUr e.5
$:*FdBe 1$tn6o eporisor:o6. 8r.6 JS64 d.5$oe 5pR:o6.
aw&oO &*rd
a+Jd 883: StripdB $Qroa. e"5 5c-6 $6o a5O8
doo6s 65$ afyf,: aw&oO: **d $*6od $gd a66eo$5:oo56;
eoQ6$QqCo. o€$oo, eocr5Su: oXo$o1Uu - ar.6 dSfS$ 65,
a{OS:S5 epQs.6ilsebo ep$. sS, eo6 ;rffo8, a:"63 S5g esQs6
it6cl'0con" ;!"6do5s a"dp er$;c$ aelKu$d6. 'o.a6d> oaa:,t' ar6
ag"&oO
P*d AE3)B $6$5o 53rle' epc a.5 &gado:o* epBES
t-fdl$ 6EpE 5:*Fa516&$po6oa6 : "erod, d:6:oe rparos) e?t$s;C
5r6:yw;5r? 6a6ner:rn S:o eaSoSpgs foairso::oa elS$3$m qof
a5o4 a-f; tno$ 5a ;rgi3 eoQs.cr.Q erb;ho,5c.cs. ? "' 53 .

2002&6oa6 125 65o5:o 8 fio0co ;to$ $d6o16o 5 6o€co ee


r{>ae6d irsOoF ag88o6. 55 So;1>oB }oird iF0(rq:, 36,657 iFOoF
dotp"%- sberse6:.'u' er5;6d JQSo 5d5o: q6 EB8oB, so@58
'Soo5-du' eoS;grrn $6:65g JQSo erS B$3or:.155 15 PSI
"F
ao6dyo' gDso6 : "S)Ft'r $g aUF o{er ;5:oB d"er* J.#SJ 6a iQSo:
d,SeaSoJro 6d-6,t$ C$or:o55>o1oo. "
1 56

***
doCo 6aaro 66:u6 €"egr 8B4oa6.
o"$odc Er{o 182 H:gd rzz B.*f sdogan6 }6{god EaB:
SaoS:6os 1p:"hoSo6. es e$oC 083c eo$g
flo"erS: $6o5e.ro esd

tu583.0.
es tQSf ar.6e €"ql dss apry deeoeep (erSp6€ sd$ agEs
esfieeoyer $O;lpeeeD) ea6dl $o563ef arA e"ea:o5o$ $e3eon0B
o"OJr3,:QoXo,l.

bo6:gS erQSado a:"6€ aeoda6. So$oo: dof:df;. A:.o6gS


JSCu S:6e**od 6oxd u{oe ar6B o"ea:d@6:.'u' eog{$ero:
iFe^riFdn" AAbg €"er:$e6:. 506:er:, iufloo:, h6ai$el eo@5pg

408 S56r R:e$e


&)6, .5J.i"6. XDE AASog er$; po"u: Je> 5e3ol. B{oSa8S $erer
i5ro$ 6r66DC 55:5Oo56o o"S@ AB3) 66J*" S:f eg5g6x5r
$6ooo6.'u'3:oo6r SSpagod ee{ SEo er$05 &OaSgq* Je6er
aro6:e.r?:gnoo. SoSi$;er, 6C5:o: AAbg ${d:Ou.16:. ro:5 f-er*
so@53, AEbg 51655 SoePA:"O.

aQ p&o"go $S5 Enc- oQ5,a6o f.€r6 ABbd €.e,Ddd6c-Cg

15p5e6eoo - Ar.6 Soi"Ao;$$5g t$ew6$ea. ego65 a1:q:6;$o[&m


5a-Bsoo Src- g"Qn $SdS 6o65i568, €"dcf;3 erc5l$ e"5 esp6$66h$,
60d* eo5:$&n" 5$Broa6.
,"ergs 6ryC6o dAS aUU ooat' g13c50-5r03 6:(eaer 6e5o
6o6. J$e;5 SroK J546 a0flod erS4d aAec urdsf* (r50ao5:o
&Qrc*6>.16e

e f0eer: 8r"6S efohoS SAdr"Cg $ell S*d$ero Srg6$r


JQSer
sdr, &&6 **f a8B) 65 aQSo {r.SxeQ.6oo'Je.psg a"5 $Suen
S0*ol.
K):U6PS 5'616o'eod eroe$;oald p€?ooo, ero5Ser 13dr8o5
A"ergg,6o"63:.ot5r$oB 5pc- SpSoU 6p6on 6oi5l6r SrDd,eg epo6o
esp"6orn$ a:"4 cspo$.5orn, c83(r6rd;orp dr:Qoo 16oo$, i"g+S
i$Oo0 Ju:dQ 1$a6o da6.
5 'E:so' epd eroe5;ood e€?:or, ere55o: 5$ @Sornf
@$So'56:oa- 65*6o dE, fqo4, esd
g)ero eod eooeo; an6:
flo::
S:os Er:6u>b$, e$f,o::d eaerp5 5o{u65 3lo6r SXrra 6$s
,5r3,:o50p$B Ar.6 6$dr.no.5:5:o1du.

$o{::66 uo$565 frpgd ipddwoc ao6eoo ;u"6'?:oo, ere55


iodn deu:6r 5*3d, eso6m ar"6 e aQ6od 65 bg$e5fo 65
&5>e10r,65
Od€('
Sdr$506:6S
oJ t$fuCSr
sr JC:So
d 1$a6o a0$6:.

665 fi"o"8oip epo0.r(> : "ffd?)oD, exr55o Dasd6o esoe 'SDSo

e.oecom ise&d es6v6odB edo' esoerF eeEJSJF uo5:5e5s;


ar6o;o6 4og
Sg ${55&o6. wa$ $So grro6r'65 a"60a 6o.6uc5:Q
e"8:po'5cco
(:pa- So:g$Be;O. ego6:S$o eoo"55, ;r6?:oaro q66* 6r.g)
spO."t60 6a $1163: eoe55, o6'fiopo$ Je>oB esea:iFg$ Sra-

5116o 6a frle$g 866o"4o,r.


1971 e6 bo6p [-er6 5r.OiFdr"6. eood, bo5r
2OOZ SS3$OB
aw&odlo6o dotS: S(toSpod Caodlsodo v60ho6. e.56 - aC;S$
RerS0:o, do6,r - S,ro6$Q 5So Soire.:o. e6'$or: epd e.6 6o"6o6,
eorr55 esd e,5 3,roc5r65 B:&uB Sob iFeJ.eFdn" $nooS 'ar6o;o6'c
65dwho*0;$ eo5S6o dSoc-d Brodr aw&o6u6o 2OO2E e
&ardn$;$0ooo6.
&6oa6 uE JQSo: aiw6: a.5 C{o5nQ$p$o Saoo:. S:6u
"2OOZ
5Ar3S b6no6o esp6orr"S $o eadnQ 50o56oo. JUgf Roi0co
$tro S6noeQ56rn"e.1Q5 eo6$6o dA. *;bec 50;6om 86;6oo161"
esoe.P6) 6S5eE en So::".

SQ98* $$ 4dlt66r. Sagd6o 6dn So6:SQ$;


o556 AqySS$oc-
Srfod 2002 o"E JQSer u€$o.r, ere5Ser 6y$B d66or5e.rQ
es6ofl{., Sdo15An6 6wSB d6&aor:.
{.:1. *

410 e56: R:e$S


2004, es 6t1lp6
il8#6l$;S$erc
2004 eBB qP65d.6od do6: 56q: $w6od 6oXor:

&)566 -
ao6$5ro6: erq"SoJrf afysSgqrrn, {:"S5o $o0
aw&oS:&od CFg aoQr$ 08b po6:5:8n" SdogarA atrXero.
oL
Bo6s.t - n"o6sx6 xbos 928 Sd5:e4dc 69d 6o.ssoto
+5i:o::,,*SFq"S$o1& ero"55 Sdaod Sp5o, J"BQ.S, SO5SS6:e:
Ce3eao, es$S1$6& eroa$ 6$5o0u" a"5 5r:g5So5:e.:o.

2003C p do65 56 er6:g5;6 P*d $6.:$o6. el5;6 d,J e45


6066e 6ea"ose:: ,:r{,66fo.:fodd irsdrfro 10.4 a6o el0q)B
d*Q. e.65 $6ooo6.1 es so56p6oC dxodc sQ e$$ aons
JQSo 6O@f Sr.c- €b LSo,So 5C3:oOo6. es AQs$ €"ec* 656we:
&CS
QEJ
s.6eaioi$ aQ d.bdd66o So6 a0f55;68,' dXo aoqo 5:X
563S e.5 $Xo6po al"ep56eao dd$oe eoep;tr:$S 6od$ 083:
QJ '$*
6sAJ"oOo6. 2OO2 8,6oat$ o"E r$a:e6 iQSo 56+6 ero"55 p6o &
esgs fadfios ,Jr8cod a.ergs es5$r$+oc $OSoaU:. (ap6 oe5o
epSoo8otrpos ee$rSd6)

2004 &651S5 JQSo ;1oo5: daod C653:"oOS $d5o $Oeer es


acgsf Ea3: $665odn aS.e.a gr"ertug sao $eg 5i"o6s Krroo*oo.3
J5.B.ero"55 S"bf B$;ood : "irrc; *#f adsel $s: $Ooos
sagoirod;1r Ca5$o a,rm ?:0fio6. 5:8,dr" SSoer n"c, dOdA trd5er
6oee): n"s ABh &66gods as.e.a 6r"er$ a*0 $QQo5e
Beo6oXor. iQSo 2004 665r"$od a6:6:eo5:$; F"&66SS 6a
@o5p."a

ar6o;o6 4L3
eless {uo0.rb{on" ES;c-SB v6eao }gd epoSusr Spc-
epo6
ep$:S*oom 6o60:o. 1990d ero"55C 66oJrLdB 1$6;Sro5eco o.se, ee
6605:"tdd d"bg{D C566on @pedo SoOrlOn S$ G6Ar"5 5o$sa5
S$o3&oa6:. a5;6 $irsa53 arrn 5$o35o 5:66o6. $651eS AS;SO;
e.5 o5: Srle:: 5oo6:5: aO*{ }$3 Cao$o qro65:S eoe55$ Src-

64r"5 i$*Fag5 e"3:3oac5:.

ero'55 epotv6l : "JQ60;;fuo65: ag65c-Sg d$ gr"6- a$56e$:."6


CawSB e (fei"65 u6'?:ouB 6e3iro SOnoJd6:.

JQSu: Cg6 555Qd eg6Ed, rySo o6: 5o65;eo &Qwoo


(bq"S;$oL&rr. 6sdSS ao eqI*66
po6:$&n" 5016d sooiloeUu.
eperys JQSo:;5r:o5:$ a08d, er "fQSf $$ AaoIrQfuOo.:dgirsd,
er 8q USS 65gc5r. s-s, erS;6d aq:6:d6o $$ uo6:S:6,: ,5ogerer:
uoJut$ s6trs 56 65e aoEs $53pe5 rra Sr5god ds$d aU6%.
a$od$ af;O8 taaa, 6eb &$o$) 15dwa:5o 6oer>o5s
;5r:ot5:5:
5$>at'rdn 5u3Uu. u6'?oo:: Jeudog$ds Bed 6ra Sgdr"Uero"55d
S6daUu. eoe55 656rn AQSo$ af, aep$oC aods 3"0 S6i"e,D
j
d,il6).

a$So 6&S5 eeqr5drf Jn$Scgrn" o$l:ol:, eoo"55o ar6$5;$go


Sa:d65o6on" $6c-SB w6oao 16{:65od aFg6O ${g arf56o $d:d
b.;$on" 6o60.:o. 083: epoy6ode SogS aD66 $o553ef eroo55c
e6Toou af:Qo*6:. wS, 2004 Sd;SoB ero"55 e#rgfOgO s6eao
e5;5r9, 5o[r S0eE i$oO 66;$n SQ5; S;$62er s$t$;. egoS:S
eu:"558 @p.5g60 a$5$rn6. a665q"$$o1e oo"55 &On 65
Xof; 6o"fuQu erQS:.$Og 5r66epSln"6. 2 002d SdoganA r{:age6

;1oq:5;$o[8n" eduSp dd"q 50;5 S{o5:od 6oa- ego$S +6'fcorC


o86$o'J60n"6:. eso$ilsor:S o6f:oo 2OO4 $65q85 JQEerS:
$oaoQoS 65 ei5ro6rofuoo508 $o€eer: Solt$. *5:q. AUgf
Src- $$ eo0s.6od3 efiOsd eur5$ 65p$S:oge yoos e$:

4L4 e56r $e$S


$U:Soe.roXSn SodSod Sp$o Safr:. 6 6oeo.;5per.f Sq aQrwq,
es

S:$Eesfu &o65 ere55 ebi$; JQSo 6UuoU u6.$ol $g63 eS:


e e,c'!
iF&o5a66oXf0 $a1r36:.
JS&J gr"er&ds a:16$q,od $H fg,areo ig6*Fo.o ,Xr*
ew{gdc ry63:qr &SSo1A. 1999d 8i$B }$3 aoas 12 5:o6
iot:er ie>o6 *5 dsoc- o€$oo 66eSQ.S;$$oe6r. aS;t$ 2004
aQ6er $d;fOB ero"55 SJS;B ec6:o io&,i5:B.f (ao5:o05) dOer
Sob JUgg! lFd $Opos c$oa:o;n6. er636 S&oir"% 69 bg.
X)Qdfir$oe6, : "aed5:o06 (Ao&ASB) 3:.o6p Se3CB e$:Sreres$
ero"55 ql$odu6."u +51:or:3 aod:o06 6g eero6 S5:35o d6.
eoor$b;E8, em"55.f 50S 5&*6.?

2000 eB JQSo @*6o BSvo {r5fr655 eooe ero'5Sd. eso65


u€H:ol:3 d6oo cdo$6 5r15S: s5:,6OpS sddD6 Spc-. eso6:5s
$$ tFuU es6(ean p$:o 6s$c 65drho':$$q6. $$ aqSe:
16ce"g5d 54 e6'?cor: +5t%. SSouc{:.8 ee 16ee05d J54c-
ep056eao-370 r{:Oo0 mC, edr{gd ee$5:o66o Se3eao l$6o0 n C
::fn" $$Oo'5dn. Em,es 1$eo"g5 tgS aer 6o6: "er05p$, $156$o$,
aoo - ed ss o{Jo." $6e *dofo 6 Agg c6cpod co}(u.e
6a $od,J epere d,6Sodev 'qlD65 465)' o5pl6 e5e 65a"6o
ddpoC ero.5S So5-Opou6. JQSer Sodarerolod:Sn 77 5f, eoo"55,

32 6{aro 5g$Qd 12,0009d sler* $656o5e;o ese L2L


$dra56qpd sd.,6orn 1$*6o Sa6r.'o 1990d 66dptd @6oQos$
Rrs$:pEB 2500 gdbec$ cir6odc (5Aea e6ud.tod) 5o"56:510
i$o0 & 'e65 656:'65dpL6$ @6oflo*Cu. 1990 uB 6$d:'16
erlfo S6:. aSpB 2004 o"6 66ofrL6 63do"a#o dt{:.
5o"5$5nod ed36 fr6$ 6o5 aeloer ai:qr60ou<$. 6tod;rc3:,
dUgog 8o65 tF$.s
LU 6"er6lsr, so65>oa ;toilo o.o6r6:el Era- 6
drg6 @6o{od oo"55B d>pwo{er eo6de6:.1r es e66 d56)
66dr"Ldd ere55 65$o6od Sdfd &sboO$ 6eer eodw{g, et36,

ar6o;o6 415
;!:Soer w6:. "66 esdgC Sx 1p$65o *fl5J8 66od d,eQ Jod
5uo6r$ &ssagoa. 5r" rs&6e ef;os$ 6oeor lgaso3 s;$on'
6$hQoXo,r"l2 egC eoo"55 1$u6o daCu. e 15ae&; e65 Bro6n
$oA6ds $6:Sod:6er 'eo8o$ ucc5o' caoerr u5er5soa"6:.
"Edr65d ealroo6: Se3eao 6*55 d6:oc- 6 @*eCB 5oS.$6
dcSr" esoe,u" o$ +5ergSor6:.'3
6a 'eF66 666)' dr"Ldd Spfuorn a:OflS (ere55 t6$on"o)
es$)o5o s{ 5oe.r 6s3?:$o6. ego$S 55 @Sornt' 'qo&dr pao6'
(6r(Dgrip6$g a,r65) erc glc{, cnQ'BOfilE6:Sg qp65,'o epo0a:"
es$56oaUu. a6;o$ 5555 o"5r{:} Baoe6: ' "ere55B er aQSS
esa)oe *63S6 d**'6XS gssorno LB6eosdJor:. 'q05 6a5 i5nogoF
esRoDS qS ep&ov' er$ 655eo$.'15 er 655015 o€o"f 6fS a>fgi"o
e$g$&n c653roo$ $163 eo$o6$o6. 1984d do65$o Jc;SSe.rsB
d*'ff&oa.'u eocr55 {r"c- 2004d eoef, es{5gr6.
o6'i:oa:3 Eer:(r: - " '30hil66$1 ao&o5*'S (ego5:5)
$U:6:oeooac-? " h6$oo"*65 eo0^r6' "eour55 $U:$oX6:, ;16'$oo:
.

ego$S5lleo 5&*6>."17 2004 6"68 d"g60 ;$63 Soapireao) ileF


5p65on 6oJp6dp5oo:. eSSg eoSdpr: S(to6:oC S:rai +f{O S65
epSn irs $eaoOoA.

e65 a56: dFL6d 5r6$#dr.6. "er6 ere55


ero"55 Coc-
dss &6J"eD. &g uo5:5r6 eoo6a>{ oirl6 dfgsf;:a .rpe}
&5r663SpS $ee05d Bg"OJ 6o6. ep6 a546 a66d6." sq JQSe:
$d5o ag0mor:. +6d JS&J gr"b$g,6585g,o8 $Sg o.er lrseniFdrr"
$*6o $6$o6.1'qp6&d6 a5e &$ So6 eoo6f;6 epoSpo 1gw6o
erf5:C,:Sg 182 Jo9c $gc noaegr$SXo S:"c- 5:$p65o.20 ero"55 dfgs
oin15$.{d:g S$oir"Og 6a epoSpel ;$0o6 S;$o s}n'oa:. a,5 9{
s.655{ lt6 dKD$e6 : "in66iSroloa 5&ecod, er$:$S:oc- dl"Lo"
Snfo @ea"05d g'U e.6i"e*l as6rr.oD. s.S, a6;:t': eSC SOdfD$S

416 e55: $eb8


$$o$od6:." S€c55 SoF Srrr a"5 u5o.5$o da6 : "ildi:or SdoB
eg$o *e> 6er5n Sq)6.Sdf er0rp a5gfeo0 c$66625 6rBco5€oo
d5:. * 15tr6oC OE3: e6o;$6dod0 1$q"$$ot-SB es65DoDo6."21
a6e> 6o6rr. s.o1$5 65 65*6$60S 63"0 510;o6. 1999d
eo6w6 9ccrQpd5o d$$oop cSr$t'rn" Sdpbo So boag0ho56 es&$
6>Qo6. eso6:d 6 3.0 AUgf erB: 6$36orn, er$irssorn @u6o dt:
$60C 5rd:35:o6. ;5r:o6:rn 05;SSg$$oo505 es5$r5:o6. 6d y66dc
G5q"s$o1e esd qp5$ is03 e$oa- awg{g[$to6." aqSo: 5f6sd3so3
qP6&d6 a5e $$ 1999 uB tuL6trH,eD JS$6o6$ $dpouo6." 6
@6ge@an6;$*FaS 5;$otr6od : "+f,56 e{ @oes.$ }$5 s6eo"e:
5g &8lFdr6: sS, 5r"er$ E6o5o 5g$, $$ eo6:565o 5g$ *6>."2n
tu16$H,o S{o$oCS s-d), aQSo 6*6 {rgfr"od Sra-
iFsoXrri.o6, eron55 c0sf Srp# 5o6:$oec{:. ABb 6ai"o esAd rggg
o65o1d(,m25 J$zs $qC efd Sso6.'u 15*6o 5pc- eso6)$ 6E5€,Bn
?:o;$$e.03 50;o6. ir6SoJrn"o6 6$ JQSo $65ec$C - so1fl5 nOS
erss.au:$;e$od 5o&:6o dsoa. es& 5s @*6od 33 5g s6$s
6rG. 6$.s{ &SScagoa. eivud n o6 eg JUS# Br:$tu56$on'
e"55;6 65 6o@8 B:$C Se.:ryo6 epd:6 pApag6$fo;$os efddQoaO.
iFCd;.n o6 65 65*6od 31irrr soo $roo 6$ S:0uoaro dac3
droS *So 6ooo $fso'5eco e5o" 083: t$aeQ. Jt$dglno6. erd
S$:o6:od e€ $Sr$ga el0f;f 65: f,go5:o ersJeln aer*r5iper$:
es5$r5:3er 5n$o8o6. 'qP66 tFsSSo6' eroe.u' A53o $QSJ @5.eCB
6e.:on" RFCdr" 1$;16o ae> 6o8 : "eo1fl5I f,s6, el5: es63d $5 (wot05
ir{o - $SrS5 5F56e $So).""
so@5 $ros * 65aec3 5r8o1.d tle55o e5ob5o6 eda:.
erdg65 1$aw66o 6Oh$ a,5 aoflE 655lsg $o&6$er e0536 $oQes
6r6dfDss oo016: : "OB3:5s36on'ep6s6od3 5Qo5c Sp d:ddarod
5S:3o6. epo6:d ;Jr 56o,o Sra- eooSr$ 6n$epn'odrq 50;o6.
epQs6 J.g 5rd $:6 pa6on e065f;$ a$5: 8*346."

ae,6o;o6 417
p66d6o ero@ ere, 1$*6$>oo#or:oa - S)d3.6 55roo
05b$o5c.
,f rf rf

2004 $ 13...

(,9d of6Up$ Joder. eeS6eaod 6BpU16 a1 Sglo i:o3o653


dpiFor:o6." o6looo d5$63 d{r, aoa6-7ds 65 a:oded 6ox6.
eocr5S ao$ sro-;c d,6a"g{orr €"H B34o$c, 6oeo s60s 6sd

'5rQilI6.'8 ego6:5 epotp6: : "65d6:o 10 doccod:gS0g $fu €"tiFd,


6dn" 5o60&qXoc eo$6:oro6."'n qo6@rr.o6 ag$56, Fo-10d 65
aog6sro'.p 6a ,JrQox6. 5545 Sers6$on Src- 5r6r3oa6:.
"RFsdpmo6, SS SSrJd glFdrolo OaoS:o $$a%. 50ff ods. " 30
es aQ6t' eogs $$ awrn 6oae,$5e^rd: wt5:, 083:5oa i5:45n
56 CE$d P*f ea:c6rQ$6oooa. errn 55egSo JS46 50;o5od
ot'; an6; $LdSH,e: aeaerf. JS&J grer& Br{o 186 $ep }QoOo6.
tF66So Sep0l: dotrrood aoe ee$ 100 $*, euO. eo@S &$
$'eJ& (dDpBE ipESS eood:Sp) BuSo 216 Sgs deg5:o6. ;wS:Sq,e:
Sr66rd ce ecoo 278 epor:o6. eood, &S$ooud 6{:65o Se;er:
doOc-ng s5ob5 q6PS aero d6p0o6. es JQSf 083: qro5:on'
@

Ro:Qods egSoOS a"5 da i1w55 a.35' ep,f6 dEdc OE3: dog


seSoo6o aro6:e.r o &g 5e5o 6o6:Q6:;Oo6d*s. s&o$o, e$$5.1
6or$t' B6BH don$c 5e3eo SAoa. $o6:o[6o uo:6d:5 SoB eo6fo
Cd;gon" {oOlFo6roa:.31 er JQSo $Oeoi$ .5r"S '6 5r5dn64 p$3'
51&5 $c- Jod $ot$;5r$B t{:6or:o6od, el 6LSSd er SOeer dgS aer
?:$oA :'p65 ")USf Sg.o660CI5 RFCdpn"o6 J.$ Saso6ro."'

E66 e6eeor Jer 6o1,6 ea8O5: dl.goi"S315p$e6eao'p66


1$s8So6'esoe.r:. EBB: el(roesod atrawhoOS Se6o. SpoESboE
es(nna.Odn epo0,r6r : "el6 56eo€ $O$6pS Se5o. oo6:d
555$o5:6ot5o iSatSro6? p* pSSo *gtree 66er Jert{p ?:o'5d6r.

4LB S56: $e$e


Sg5$o5r 6od ep66eers $$oi$S:$; eq:eror d6."" a6 S:d 6ag
sooleu &$ $oo5c-sB eSe>S$ Sf5go qo6rC 5566do6.
eo1flS
Ur.5:* e.6eSB s.Se:R:oB dsoo $g$deu (Et?c) y6:.
*bd6 55o6:o?:55 5o[u d$S af&eo $d 65on 6o6. "]$
So"o6o
Qde)'e)8
a5roirodoS$r en$Sd i.6 ae*dit. y6c56dS: eou$56
.$odSSo6."34 &.tS Bpo6p 6oAEg 8o65 6S56. eri.8d6r epo0.r6r :
"SeodS6d:5
oLQe)c(m
co56 i.666 2004 p63 65od 65r0un d6c rfae))
e,r$o*t5>. 56$o5 $6r{:58o6. s$, $6no6o SoJa&o6."s6

6 6Oero3 eoo.55, +€?:o::eD J5:45n Sgnoedg so6o*6:.


eoo65r$ro6: t1:ase6 So$ds.ood o€?cor: ir.eJ$ ed$ ero"55 a:.68
$66: at56.ego6$$ abyecB es65)oDo6 6$:5oda6a. a"5 &:96&d
ero"55 A&p6 : "&65 3:oo6n 5O{5 Src- 5r" €.ertu3 s6eao. o6;$5:5ga
Boecd a:0fiFeo5;6fr"6fr"...." & 60eo5: 2002 eE t{:ae6 (r:(eaer
s6ea6:s o6i:or eofl@od:Sp6:. "erd d:o dss 6sJ"'u eps +€soor>
;r5er5$o*6. 66o6 aons $$ Sfr.d.tod egoSr$ $dlo Spc-
ar"60 6uq:5a$o[S $6S;$o0 Soho*oS CSo 15d5r6;o da6. 05Og
&$ Snogs6o +d'*oo a{565;d6:.3?
2004 JQggq $$ $oaoSrSB p63:d: s-6ea5p, ere55 e6eair
- Jer 3$o? eagSod: *gdq drf,o$dn65 e.5 S56ea ar.16 : "883:
leee ausq6 iFo& 63"0 aug# 6$o6e.: gS aa $g u6o;ssoa...
Affir ArLdSH,er 1 9 99d 1 1 4 Se*l AOQ eo6 5 8 5&irso.ro6."38 ipqs*&,
1

so@5 $$ a{6Sg,o) elnrr $oar$oaou. 1999d u6 acoo 23n" 6od,


63"0 77 ffuo Ro:;5:oXor.3e

6 &:g6$g,o5, 6r"66g6od p$ogo eoo"55d 3o66:o6. 1993d


er$;;d:5eOn a$g er6&o{: a$tr }$d $Oep Sobc-CB 1998 u6B
a-5 da$ $0* $lo6:$+3oo:. s6eao, edBor.5phoO$ e55$5o.
em"55d a6 965&o6. 6&:f;pdcd &aoBc wdsoss ao6o06S
dU:o 5o56o Se $0 ao $g $d;o::o6.n0 eg 40 $ep Ser:5Soa
;ed*or: epQs-6od3 5$;6od+Uu. eoo"55 6"5p ea8o5: ,5&66 JSg6
ar6o;o6 419
55b&o6od - a$o65 55:ASg igsdSon" t$g5ogU:Sg tFrwU{r€Q"
1990d 66o6rtd rw5e S;$Sisd:er $oOe.:od. rragSos:onp esd65 dbs
er& d0&65:45 epcS:i{: & 2OO4 JUS# $&o6.
#5 g.Sd Jo:r6
es6 $o$63eo $ea: do6$ab65 Bl5doo6e.5ds
so8rr5 6t5:So$ $o$ $noo$ eoe55 Ht-uP* eoSo5rrg:
e5n66:drg6:. ep6re580 e+6J : "ee6) So563eo &eu SBb $0*
$ago O{eo,Je.rSB, aro$de,rSB a0hod$: d6:. eo$$3{n" aQS$
€"erg$ &f::5:r:oeerod af6: Slo"fs?... esd trsdirod ep$6 fu, ar6
bod,a6: 5:'6o&. e$ eo& ;bUui$ro gr$od 6"erg$ Src. $$
ao$oC3 &$S:o"Sc-Sd eoSgro6on" $SSap6. JS;So: dO*15."41
da8,ro5$ 6
c5:{Oee;$o u6'too::C ewm Ceo650$o6. 6S
6dupd 6qr.$$oLSrF eoo"55C SoB$noS; eso6$ ee6er: e$pitsdroa:.
s-s, eoQseQ erc6?:$rsC 6oc-o5; egd5Sq: 6116o ;n{s C&o?:$
Bgd6r. 5o ag66Cdo66;: 6 ? eo{ @d;S: 13cdE erL}ry eso0v6: : "55r:o6?
8a:.5s: .:t$$o. $5"* ${:5:oo*o. "42

apir66:Sg1fo5;$oL& es So5:o16o awes 5d4u:3$J6 : "5n &0,


tu[56g,u: ")C15$ €"&iso.r:6o65t$.1. sS, (e.5 366S 06r$65d) rU6,
qF66 6aw$5$go f, O*oD."aB

6agnu:rn eoe553, o6Bor:3 5:{g :o53Kr:6:ilsor:5 ao6od


5$fi6 &irdroqo:. 5.19 airdrero1oo. S6nodS6&5 ep$dS
rPe))ileloD.

JSp6e:
ir., g)- 5*^ 516.56 85:o6 6odo6.
oL e"Sd3 5(ro C/-

$$s SS?ooJdoC ;$oo B6oq: d6ar Sssc $&dar6.


20S dergod * dXod er& 6"5p eo8o6r ao{om *960 *giro
Soa8o6.

e"56 3u54 o"€.rt$. e"56 ur$$ 3:o$lF&o46. OSO3 o"S


S6;Oeo$ e6$od S;6erc 6r5od es&56o*Uu.

420 S56: $e$e


caer qGi6F 60S &SSo6dS$ g$oo 2004 $d u6i€do6
*9H& 50$ ar6o;o6 $nooS 050 (eeos.

{.**
1p6f ea8o6: dq e$q: iFad a"6&o eooaUu : "eoc; eo8o5,
dseer - 56Sd 5Ss"SJ es$o656p$ $E0er f! 6f; - 05og
tun*6 p6o5odd.nn

edo"6r $roS 5c-a 56o6 o€*oo g3o5r8er6


656n$$ogS 66Cg
eaEo5ro i$oO &gn' 6$y$$rn6:. 2OO4 JQSo 66:od eoe55
$64$0 $$ e065,$odr5fo. 2005d eso6$ 65 6$e3 566o i"gi"Sds
5e$ ag.6:. eosgd esd$$ $fr$35 esb eo1 S365 6o"5$$o"Sg
$o50;o*Uu. EoaS'3:"o6r - 5r&o o5565: eddre.r0' el0 er0$poa"6:.
eugsr$S 6rQS5'groX6 :'a,5 ?:(:5oE dXod 13see'6&9, 65$ a$o
$0;5 $erQesi$$C,od *55;6oc-0. s.C,1$S55o 5rg6o #6:gG $6o
&e6665 e5{ .518:o.59r"65).'05
ad aroQar.STcoo epood fDe&gs, tg.53&5 5c6d ss3:od+6:.
s$, Eu6a$0 ere55 +5tcoo: 'o555056oe>' 6$ ile5q. +ooo*o$
eos:$oa6. sC, aoEod&:E? ero"55$ B$:;&6ea:o.Uut': epc esEaSaS
tu$d$oa. i.g SdSg ed;r$r doSSoa. 'BS:;ilscaro"6:t':' ep$
B:o3co;$$5e,:o $3$5 S:o0 5o$5sg$ a.5 So6 XUeegB it6eao SoX
t$6p6o. "qs il ea8o5, daUod er55o6 6:6p6p$ {**"nu eeox6.

esod8 6a{:sn;wo5: Q5;orn, RF$drn o6 1$p"55:o18 55SS


86540o;16:. 1995d eorr55 Jerpd 65 $6SC edtcoo 6rOoS e56o
dad, eoert a$;:do 135 tFcpSSroLArr" Rp$dr"*o6 *HE $$3fr5
SoES CoESo6. S:el:oa S,ryo.d$o::p SSO3 e"5 egOof$o.f
S{r5:irEeor. exrf,, 5e5d JSr46n" 6rH.8$ot$$ ero"55C $o[r:
$o+6 {oodsoa. 2009 iQ6od * er 5f em"55 s:$3ir5 boFB
bg&dSon" ir66de6r. ero"55 e"5 d;6$63o6o SOhS uo5:5:t$. 65se$B

as,6o;o6 42t
RpCojr"rpo$ fuf SS3*.$$oE eOp6b&Seprn, eo"55 JbSrC* JbO$d
eso6s8$ 5g$s6:. er aQsf erer 555$oo,56o 5gS, $$ em5r5$ a.5
t$esinoS:
seJc{D o"o5:$6 5p6e;o @6oflo$o6.

6'$e55r;o5:'epda t1lageSd Sc3:o0o6. erbp6B r{:ao"Ed 65


tF66So $Ooo$ er053Q 5g 5do6al6 zooz-Sg{r(oo 5u1$ S:o0
ao5:ec$5-6.'o4SJB 5oer5;1o[&' u,C *6*oi'6ot$$oa6:. ad *AC
2007,2Ol2E 6pc- 66dpfot$SS t$ae6 ;5uqrgi$o[&n" JQSdrg6.
';5rilo 55od3' eS; $o15c aO*Ku$poC e516o6:$6d6.

ase $$d aw&oO **g SdolganA J6t{c-s3 es5*do


ap6&of:
aQ15 6:d $o{ue;S 6BrE $irsa5 In65. 2006d 6arA S:6sa5s
ego65 $Xd66d 6r"e5 d* .:oi"f:. $gd ero,5b, a.d'*qr:o$ o.o8of
+6{r:&m ;$*FaS J6n"6. JSyC;" 3663 S6S65d +$ 555$seer
$8* 6:$sa5;$6eeod 2014 ew6o6 ae6o o"63 G5o"SS:oqs erdgQn'
J6fr ep5sEo $$d 5do@ar63 er0o0o6.
JQSo$ $$ 6u6$6Qn" 5dog5 Br.6 coir.$god
2014 $6SL8S
$gd ?r$$oed"$o .$eoSSSo6. e"5$p6 a5$oEu $$ $os aSp6
e6&o6: ase &$ uns $$d erds $ortos s6gf ar$56o:
S653*oS$ erd S3$ ero"55 $gd 65 eoQSSgerS: edo";1p da6r.

eg edeSw dqrd 5so5od...


"66 sod s"oorr i"$ rc$qsg&ads:., i.g 6d6s&s166eS6r
SS go$ 6cdd66-Cg aqlo6 Sfod:oXS:. c-$6 agS: 6$5 6:+9,
655o$"5d, o"o'd dE5D6'd, eeeJS ax,EO u6'?oord &o;ags asgo
S6no6o SO8S J"g ad epC a$ydc p5: ep0S:o$do d6:. 5 $gpd
a,553:C,: dX Sa:.rgo, 6Sas"6lo6:Ku3 5ng6$ erc&$o$dn er &$er
a$";:(:,: &83: u$ 50bo,J6o dm. SS o.o6:$f *e>$o63 a.H ai.{
5S66 gdrauo og"5d &gd SSbQoaor:...."a7
errr55c &g 56oBg56c Jq 6werm sJ;B*; (po5rd;o $a6:.

422 e$6r $eSe


eeeSSS rP65(SdpS
fsod $$ .Xrc-oi$$o$o6$ ((Fo.S$oLs
fSSg Ar.6 erdS$65o 653) SoEr S6oE uo$S:e:: BBrS'5ra"6.
1$dras5o d6itsor:oa.

2014 $651e5 JQSer 1$*6a$oe'a:'6...a:"6...4r.6...' eoou:n


3.noa. es 133*6od o6t:o::, ero"55o 66 a<;Xoa ss3:oudp erod
B6:$45oSod.

$dog6ar6 Soe$Ldod OEh 6{36on" }noo$ 6516 e6g[5$:o


6cd$oa. 5aB &Sa:oe.:6 fluf 282 $ql pSso $iuss (tuLdsg,e)
5:66l o556o dsoc-S) &83: esQsp6 S*Q.534o;5:5:o6. Sdo@Ar6
p66d,rod do65 3:"o6p es.&dirry5 (Sq"S$oL8rp aQSdrS6:. erA:6
fu &g eo{g{:u:n" So5:4fi:6drg6r.
5;$oo Sfl cSaQso6...sg da:s:"o 665${ead.

2020 o"68 qP6&d$ a6e $$d $6;ro$$er: *ep 5:o6 656ve:


s 6 ee o 5 g 865: Cu 6drg6. 6r e5p$, (> *3S5e d'er 5 S:;;$r ,a Uu. ar" 6
eo

&o$$ a$5o6 $oF 46680n 6:. 606on" 5543 63:1o5ag"6. 2014


i$o$ eo6:S $Srd 6ox6. o6:d5o6 Sg, ep6:e5'Eoer Spa-
e6:r{:eptarda6. od?co:, eo55o5: pe> q6rES 8o1 $5:6>tt:
S$oedn $64S: 66p:S:oX6. e6.S. 5o&e5 esoe.p6) : "2004d 483)
€"8irsor:$ u6 Sro0 $$ o&dp 6pa- cr"a8o6: aopo Sro0 6p6on'
6o8i6o616>."08

e#go6 &sL6&5 s{o$$arerod zotg dsrd JUS# a6'.8.


ercr5S3, 6ir60 sr$rr"6 Care &$ eeg o0o.5d6:. $Q so65:oa
$O# aoA eooarttsoloSs ** LPde" troeireaf s3:;S6368, aBr6o6
e;$62er doOd6. ar"A, & 5w16o (eH 515$196 55u5;5p68)
a8r6o6om ere55, der SoO ?:{erc5o 5g tr65o gr5o;{f 5q)6.
ar"6 60"5$o[& eoar6 5c-B 6t$*6 e]66d8od eod:g516 $6]46p$
'p65 66J d epecd OSs6 o6'*oofl g5{:65o il60o$o6.

ardeSo6 423
ea$5r.0 *5 2014d r$odiFo:d 5:6e3o;r6:. eo6erpo6B
5fO aod:p5 ea5:a5r0 *6 50 5o563eo $e.r: ao6ec @boa$B
S$3:o.J$oa-S dao*6:. ea$e5r6 *6'o6'*o::d SoS 65; e-d e"54
ild a-oBo6. es& 5 *F$;e.:dd epor:d per:t$ Sagnoleo erdgi:oa
el&3ir$ a3:3oS, 036; Sooo0 65 *+ 36&S CerB$r$o6€, epd
O6r<rog

6CIdc 'esd qo&o5r aSfter:"5e5 eg$ &&55 &BJS' (JoscJ$JF) C 65


s$o 66a:.Qo86"3 &S:$Serod 6&bo6. a"S6p:t': ea6:irse5E $oaoofo
::cg6:5;oc5:5:u€*oo$&$KooSarBrQo$$SesEJFJS?15;0o$o6.
esd ee6a5a5 uo$S:eD esd: oo55L3o5:o$ fFa6d5r56.n'

o6: $o563eo 6Ur:oU - 5o$5;eo5: prn dCeq


eoo"5Sd 50
$ot$$S1S&SreB 5S:e: - eod ao:r5:;d 5i$;;5ue6. eoo.55 s;wiro
a0n$ S{d es $er>oa,r$; 65 ego"o5:od gSo iFBrouUu. S:boa:
*656 Arrgq. 55 Sa$4oo.o5:5 SSS$ ero"5S3 6.q S5rd6r"SJ
o"aSOrgG68* qprp5$;1$$6oa6. 5>0roa: qpo"C;Eer.od elAr $16$
(es& 66+6) 5:5rq 15e{ R:556oa6:.

p5*o:: 6odn d & 8o6 eoo6513d$o agomoo. o€*ol,


ea6:a1r8 erodgt-Bo5:o6: wS,505S:o eoo65gBo5:o$ n"S *Fa36s-d6.
2009 $o0 esd$S 6o:F865,8&EoIr"e 1$qr5o 5g e.5 gsgg drp ao6d
$0tu6$:o5rgUr:. esd6$ S53oS gJ* 555 Srf;, Eoaf-6 acoded$
aoBC;SdE o6r.se5d 6f::g6oX6. eso6$B oe63 d{t 50;5 e.5 a-$6:
B$36: : "€5oo S:oCuo6$ egd65 qos- dAoO 6ox6. $i:"q 5C)5,
eegdc 6oa5 {gna65 esoS:CgSS?rq,SC eq6.es 5dd eso5:S15r$S
a,5 So5626:er: A$36: : "@elo6
frOd a6pe Jo6soo dnC SC::egrSC
6oe.l(u? s$ *96& 6rg6o Jepo6 dtro d$oc- oo6q.
'5r(rS:oeloa6."
p6t:or: eo536B esQs.6od dgitsor:u dguU5
5rg6o eu.5d Sg 55 td6", il6eQ o$qr6Son S5$ho;p6:. ueSB
e.56doc5: $$.5gs.er S:6;d e€*ors 66doS a:o$68 6SSSd;u.O.
eo$;c$ egos:s epflalp$ &drOdSrS 5:54 Fo6:5 Jflo eso6$ a,g8 S:.Ogda.
"er$;EB eso$S Sf; $o"el ewn a:oir$ 6F*.506" ,5:.6d$iFd> a"t5:"
eroc.>6: 1$S6{a:. erd6fu 50:51 SQfi J5.J5:. ;rre.pd.

424 S56: $eSS


erero8gad S:.c. p6?:ou e"54 Sg$c 5116o 6:eo.56otodu.
eso65 ercr55. q66 epQs6o SdSo:: 6oa6.ef;Od 6.656 LtoS:,
es05n5o $fl ?:epruS:&ql*. ero"55 g5tro aoda:.o3 a,5$0 50;
+€*oo fSgS 5:"63du6. irereD d5, Sr6exfd Sdrc)
519>6,:5:3o64....?t'

sQc&:*er 565e$6od SbSSoX6 AF6, +. 6F* sq


er6g8,B
$UUf 6$ A.65rr6er dqoXO...zols JUS# qp6&d6, a$e $$ -
5016C aOSon" - 303 $Hg6 cao:releooo6.
6 ${5o 1fi$6eadB Adp S5:o5rSB $do16BnA, ep$:E }e:
$6g5od 083: eo6e6od3 5q e#g epo::o6. & erdf;d ;r.g
o"a8oJrer: S&bS &OaS;u: - pdtror:, eoe55u: es(u 5e6no:m
$noCS eo8o6 B:"o6n65 S6"oe$B a,5 65er55r;o6:on' 1f;Soa$8
SSSoQoaoo.

a546 dodc tFdJ* a5p:6r 68$ero::.


ar$iro::, oo"55o ao6o (uf;6om ier Sera&o6?

es a:o{od a6p6 5do16BrA, ep&5 }o aop"Q ier ilso;Xoo?

***
esocS'05s6 u€?oor: a.5 fl-Sp 5$. efi eso5:53 55 5o$ ;.$oS
$o[5&:o0o6. eso.f, @awsoaop.o ersg6er: 655o5r"6d eo538$;eco Sg
5Q;o6. esd$S e"5 $dgfioar 5S. ego6:$ 5$65od 'JodKuS 5o1bo.e:
&r1(u JS:g$. 6Cg dt',: egoSS&$a:oo::d 6$;o6ee.ro aot$$o.5r
o$o o"s &$ uo5:5:d. $56o16 ar66ddod e#5o6 [r5gorn, eo$f;6on"
5r. ge6r6r", d6-DJ So16fu ph S* S:"erc 5ro1&5:C,r ;eff:or a"54d.

;15o Br$scdpu 5D$t$ 6h0o':$5:od, ile)o s.oo 66:;w6 es


$)fD6S 5$ a$o SrSoJ6rqA.6. $Sa:o0r: - u€?:o:rB 3(nr 5ou:65;
ar6@q. a66oOoa. eg $e"So ap"65d.5od 666S fof%. il6po9o6;
3eot5:e5Q $oSB ao5:e.: 6o$o6; daCdass erQ6:p5 iuQoo 5g

ar6o;oA 425
&SdrCd $3o6o0o6; esQS 555f 5f 6et gS $d6o[6ea $6:g:oa;
Cdeo6 ee5 C(ro5:od ep&OwC 6r6on 6o$o6; p6'tooo A"6f
a5foa.oe.:a$o.$5:oXfu. ee6 3GSqr.5f 1*Xo.f v6:, (tu6o6 Ca$625:e:
q)bd) ers;6 $Sa:oer sg aq 1*sd.
+5?cor: easSo$ doo.q $eps6o d*s Sgr.g ea$;b6. a$
@oeo $oo $pB 5o35 bodn (o5?,:oo)c esar p6o6 dagod
J6f,e d$oa. epdg $fs"a5 eroaop u$ '5o3ot5:5:Sa"Uu. 5::ar5on"
eee"66 ee$;$o66o eiroS:od es& dSS 56.1o: u€*oo egd5p
Sa.ilq" *ry (6ap$6o d$oa.
esoDd,6 3(ircr"'5p536o'*$oS $5o6o*55 SoEr:B 50566:. s.S,
6 beo656&5 $oiu6aC;e6'*or;l:l"t'o
'ol 6sern" S6t'o deUu. a,56
- JUgf doee.rod eogt?:66 $$erC, 6o.6o6 a*0 S,roc$$Og
es6Qo*-03 6o6 es$ eeEJFJFS a.3:3oan6. Bot': - eso5:S $$ 5r$8rn"d
6o0:r, a,5 ae6o6 5p5;w"Q$65 ${f 5u36:. qo6:5:6eir6eaer ;
eedr"65 655i1nCB ;$f;6$$5dco, i{:ae6 a5r:er8$o[&n (658$o
dgirsoa:o") ar"6s s$funo5bo. er soSep# a"6 6s ea5&cA,&g
15$S{eaB 5:{5 S0nir€o5:6. elon;l", ego6$ S$ t56:e{od Sepa:a
SsdaCr:. $r'6 - 3:"o6p egr&o5:;r6 bBnoen03,65 do"6il5 6q5CB
$65 S$d:o5o $6o'5c-CB esd6$ Jot$$Sgea8o5, ee6$54r.

aoflE 5rgrd, EQF erd erd 53$ ero"5S d'gadas rg {Lu}oa:d


$ao.f 5:$5o e56o ierd 3A;SoaA. ep66, &3$5 oon tugE
e+oc d;6sd;o{:od SOScQoX6:. ea}Sd 6$s.oo 1g+65n
S$&66o 5g 5n56Soaoper, S65irea $S:$go ?prr Ebso"Sq.
$o60ot$$oXo.r:. 1957d erc5:5 $f, 5$"1, a"€Bor:S w65502n" *636
$550odo6B a"5 $06.$PS ec"6gd SOhS s656{n eso6:5 6d"p
6q6.
od?:oo, ere55o ao{o o{$ es{&:16o:rn dSoA. esode6:,
bodp aw&o5xn6od eo5$6p$ ar{56o5: 5o.$$S 69,5o5: $c-

426 e56: $e$e


a.6p# &SFb $$ ca:$6 6o €.9c, s.655{Q 1$e;Sffug"
CoB:o6.
S&B:oaO; 6o6. eoeo6 $;!o5:od erSo5op$ es630,e5Sod,5p6p$
cE;o5:od, er5:o66p$ 16$:S{eed Scd*og soO. So6p6 n"o6
ircerg5o66o roEu 55 585 eoSlgg 5g Sofr: eoS6656B 6:po6. epero6

Bsd So& s6OSq $$ eoee6od3 e+ood, 65ao $SKDd 6@6


e.r8o5, qrSewero B6n"O. @eo6orn egdOod 6{5o ?:6rnO...a,5}o
od'?:oa: P6"666 e.S iS;So Sdd 5r.ge66rodm, J56a a"5 es6o6$Co
a$odB a"6 $ir:c cSec5:. a6d 'i"$)..i"5D..' epS ep65n d ag5o
q:ono6>m daiF&oa6:. Boecd o5?:oo: o{o508 p65o B}J6.
6opir$Oo"6. 'i"3r da:. $c5oRoc5:5: 5rg:?' epot:p epo50$
*'rO4;a$$6:. ga6OoS p65o 503o6. $d ewn asohitsoa)o6.52

656dr"5 dlq"Sd6 S:6eao 66:;rd $gd apQs6 iFeeco


Er:5oouo6. epeyo6 66d eoo"55, u6'l:oo as;6.$3sd dUsBd US
6$ $16u: S6o*6:. 1970 665od rr"S, 66od 1990 5d5o
6S&oUr.Hod n s dXod S6no666p$ 6a"6;:p6 OsUrA J"Sr6rSJ
5;$o$od o6'*oa:;5oro6: SBtp6>, eorr55 ep$$Oo*t$. 1980 5d5od,
1990 5d5o @65n$od d'Xod egod65 Sos.$;$ydo ere55 ,5g5o
8&36, u6Boa: ep$$Oo*6r

dc44 $tro esdoos 6h$S>n" b{so$ $oEooderod


dA 6gs"o
S:ebu: e6: u€$oo rr"s, eoo"55 n s. s-$, e$ dX.SogUc
;5:o$S5;6On 6. p66ddod &166 er6: 5e6no s.erod
556o15
5&05 eo@5, 3:.o5:" ew&o5:o6 Cq"eoit & 5O166Sd +$
6r0;da6:. & lSdreaod ** Src- $16er: 60o*6. oS 661 66:
$L6%. Joi$$5erod, u6d dao5e,rod aep e$S:$6d
555iroo*6. oo"55 6$5:5g S$Sod J5:45 6$$o6:8* $6oa(u.
udsdoD Bghn$p"uo 6o'6;r6no 655: eS: $q:6n'aleU$g:ofUu.
q66" SD$r$d {Eo*6.
ee s;b$on $CSa6. Jol5:Sg eoo$ - e.SO $16C
SL66Sd6o
$eg6 Ser::gd6:. (2004 $651sS JQSo 5r:o6: Sq gr.er$rs ee55
ar6o3o6 427
So3o$S $o66po e"5d eo6:$ A{p56) u€$ooc eo53r65p6o }$ do1$
seSoo6rS; 6o2oda"6r. s6g5{o: }$ eo6e6o e56o Sfo sq
eroe$ 5 $6$ o.d66o.6:? er{ e{ro5:oC ego5:5 ero"55C 6"qrr
55136:. ao6:5r {$pS 6o.ir6ea 2002 5t$5d - r{:ae6d a:"4.
Ar.6S ;i:ergi:o1e $5S S:o0 SoAoaoC u€*oo io5 6{par$u,
elo"55 es6 as66g)oc-
'5146.
&g 6"qn- ero"55 ep66dd S&so6. epo6:5: S$SoosoB
+€*oo. qo6:$ g&n Src- o€*oa:B a$p$ $16Qo€*or:
eoo"55

6oodoc$5: d;:.f4-O. 6o"ip6eag $giaoeod, $$ t6OcQn" 5


&itd6:o 5f blpc-ooX o"€?,:ood 5ro6:oSpUu. aero8 er5$6o
Stro 1990 SdSo (}6o{od eeEJFiS$ $"6- sc$$ ero"55
Q54Oo*6. ero"55 $5o2o05 eo6god n-ip ${:area: - 65$oSodBg
eoe?:{ t$aw}55r5$B 6qr"$$o18 56SP e$$oS ep6sdo 65$ 5$3o",
o"Qo6*oo8 55S{orn 6BABp6r. airoa eoo"553 6:pc- do:i::, (6o%.
$ar3$bod o65g5d, .56:66ef 15$ono'5e;o u6?coo:d apn" 6s:$c.
o$Tror:, eoe553 s:95 aw&o6:P*d 6a 656o boB:e8c &gd
SoSUr: po6:5:o d6o*oS @o5:e;o0$5p6g", oS$Uw a.SssSUu wb
s*o6. aoe6 $d5, JS.JS. RFo6, (utgp$eo5 $5tu, na&oe;:"65o:
a"d?ooo o-o5:5e5s3 ind ra.1sry6:, eoe55 o€?:or:d 95r:3*a6:.
eserf, suO $Sfr.6 d8re, ero"55U 5:6J eriroqroo s;$u: 563855ydc,
;wd*oo eoo"55$ d>a:o 50$Uu. de6 t{:* CAAsod : "epr55, off:ooer
e.5 53f; 5o569"o6o*.a"Hf ;rg,r 8;Serfo$o0rUu. 5r66d J56oa
5r"Od S:.t6o. +0561
609 50$i6oo e"SORf SUu S5:Ooi5r$ooJ"6)."53
eser.SF$56Co ep6 e"5 Cqp6;an:5 a:.6o;o6d:5o"! eg as"6o;o6d
$S; ;wul.6u: dd5Cu uo"er &S3:$oo. a"6$ lprno$S$cS: 664o6
Sohod $16 5$bKro6. 656yo eso,a"d eFd SpSrRFoa. 8o6o 5:5
OairoOdo d*,464o6{06p5 $oA6o a,66n e$b$o6.

;rff:or: es6$ad $6eco a.e> doS. egoS:$ 656m $Br3S5


56&.6r. *S, eotr55 $H esS(eo ::o;$$56o 5$o. eo65 6o6:, 6:S,

428 e$6: $e$S


il.SS dS 6o5$36o ero6pt$. ao6r5: a:(nre e.5 y6eao - o5?:ood
iFO{ eoo"55 er55od [SS:S{ea 6o pCS:Co. ea8o6:on a"{3 55SdB
epoo$ e"5 so1fl5 eo$5:6c ao$63 AOd6S e.5 &ird5:o B$;c$ :

"eoe555oa o6'i:oo Soos 50r:60. +6*or:5q. fi"{ 5eD6 4r"6.


ad5rc,:Bey g$bq.d, dfo Sr.c- ero"55 eood."

a"g60 ao{o 1998-2004 s-ood ?:e6(r:n S }noa. eocr5S }$


$6"u: dS$ $&ScoJO,rQ od?:qr es$56o*Uu. e$ epOy6oCB
eSbo 65 ${&oec6 }163 $SJ.no* erS;e.prn er5o6o*6>. a,.g6o
53966 Soaropel' Jddriro ?:6Br:irom' SohS d*f Sra- SpQS6orn
6r.966 5O* fcde6. o5:65o8 bg, Sne^:t' B&pood : "opf;o8 errn
e{Es airoO$a:ood - a-56: dSf;f: $6'5os eed6@ sP$o
Bo€.rt':6r 6o0uo6. o$S 6a3:O &S$Cf5So56 a-Q$ SS3S8#oor:.
6;$ S:{5 &do"er Ef,es $!, af;d$u S$iFeS:C o{B arn do:ip.
u{3 Ber$: ese> aOhd, a"Sf; 5g Sr€Pg* $$i}Ee$S."Ea
,Jq bg 5:.a- ee ao6od a{o8 eg[ o{ lgdnao.u>
o"E6oao5:oep6:. esodyc$, ;rfl{O ${5 f6f36o L*Sr"ASr"uer S:c-
eoerf, aoXo6ocp6r. 5:5o & 6{9" 56eS 66:;rd $$5: 53$6:66o6

- p6't:or, ero"55 gOS 6Sdd60.rSB ege6o dsoo 5g$661gdrauo,


L*5r.flbr"il.d e6eao s-6S, ero65:fuo0$ Cfo$o a"56 ao6$.
esd - e5r 5&:rS R:o"o6o $So i$do$eJod ager: Spr0&
s.$6:$56o.
**rl.
*bo6 55o5:o*65 SoEu t6o.5&60n 6$s.ero rco656 s653:.os5
i5:.J5.nae4o46 (6)6r.d) 6a -* Sr;9 eooaSJ Sdrd 3134 3*3o6:.
6$$oao$o 5g 563d 6:0roaacopeD SoED 1$*65er Ca$65r - 3:.o6r
osgd S6no6o fooO - aer9,r5tr6:+d5r$ egoS:S ee$odar6. $oflu
&ooC
oo 6 eooacB Soa:o0o$$ 6eeove:: a.5$0 6rPo. $oEr:d
OQo5ads a.5 co5r$:o 5a:erod - eog{6d$e BoBS $o[r }66:er

a:.6o;oA 429
epop3r6d epol 6oa-0. (& e{o6od a{Od &:$ifouo6 o0o0o6.
e.56 - 6:6:56eS d655, BoCo - 45.e.p65) 5od S6:S0o.6
5^r6:e95
AQ
65 6QC .:r$$$c'Cg P'63 es5$6;bp fi)6r"dg A$36. 66
so5:5:o eo$:o:d3 Sd; o"6d aS:.*.pdg $co0:0 B.*d so3w6p
6q6. eso$$ $;$t$er 5rc- a$;t': $o$:d L66S, Up&oO @ea
o"o6565od aoX6:...AQo€ p 6*# Soilr uo5:565o eoo36p5o$
$C$d6G-Cg eo$uS:.6p 6o60co er$;So6e$o Jo6 $6on" 6od $SS)
eo$$66:o6.

$o[r:C $od]6o66g o"o5:565o Sg Sfuel6 'l:"?: noOSo $g


Oq0tlo:re:: 6ilXoa). a"56 - S $od&6o665 o{eao f{}d pe$B
ep5v6o SOpQo6. doCo - $0::oaaoryel, ;:.6$65aopq) - SoEu
S:0r:oase3eeC3 $*ra:p$ es$64ryel: epbeoo. egEaFaF se3eaod
a$dpfloOb $6 5a:ercd - g:eooryq: dn w655{ooe e"5 aop5
3ro61 S:0roaom 56;S 6$6:odp5 a;oa"Q Se3eao do::.O. *
S6no63: AQSerd 3:.o5:" 5;1r.ewQ e.5 eEpB &$$e$c-Cg
6Sdr.6$d o"6o. epd aQ5erd saqJFsB 5veep6o.
S SrgeQ awre dgo;$$q6. sQ $o6e1f eso5:5 ad
ero"55
$FL@q. eeEJSaF egdeo$ dg&dSon" 6rc- 6Sdrflo+6:. eso65
J5;68 ed*ord eeo6?reg$S 6odc-Q So6;$o6 S;$02o0$5prt'o,
ae eroX(u : "6:0Doa ::{d6:oc- Se>oaco Soa66r. Sreooa ?:{ ercd
eso65 eed6o $0r:oecod eso5o8 S6aq"65o. Sr$ i.gd 656dr.5d
SUued 5>0roa: B{ ere.:6'dd:."55

qer e"5 a:BrF 5O*po6€;o eo$gSrpg$ *96& 56:96:5;qp6&od)


sr
'5otd $rxf odB A60o0o6. 8066o 3ro6r ew&o$o.5od a"56:
es$5fld B.a$.$rQ eb5 p66 5oL6s & q6& 56SSuH. fa:& foEr
*ef dss ag5od "1060l
l6son gs) $sKD$ rrgs:de d6oos sadr"g!
a.56 - 3ro5r $Srasod 65g e€?:$ ecer*p56 S64+$ 5o65:S
AfJdgiFScJo. b.o6:$u: S>eno u6n, @oeo p6n", o*rop;we:
v6eaom S&il6oo dOEolO. eso6d ;5oftoo:, eS 6Uuod @68 oS,

430 c$5: $eSe


oSoB s.o@S &g o$ *rc- 3:odp $irawQ &#8o$ i.ood Bea:S:

BerKu$oa6.

3:.o6r $$raunQ adtcUo $oSa-Cg & aflireaC SQ Sofer


65dp8o*o::. a5$o[r:, AB$, eg6a5i5 5o6 $ofo el$6l$o0
6o65irsd 3yo6p Sbrao JS368 erp5gorn$ ao8ipd)6. e o"{uQ
g{bo*Uu 65d ;ed'fcoo, eoe55 - 66rd 6$$ JU Sgeg}or,
esfl1}o6:dtlne:loe - i.$C af3:6:" ASOABd6:. o$ Hrc- a.SORfSUu
e6saBd6).
+€?:oer, eoo"55 ao$65o a"er CS$p56 erSc-SB 5:d w6eao -
p6(po0
otQ er556p$$;r6l P** 5pe6, er{g6o Sn6:;5:oX6:.
5r*J6. eloDil Sf;i$o"";6r. er $f:$go o6;3 ao6. 1986 - 1990
yood A"g 5O5ESu6o 66n Sd5:SoSo6. erb;rt'o ero"55 uo6:565od
p6'*or 6s$e6c. $64$0 1995 d 5rc- ee>f, aoEo6. eg 66p6
5ag eood o6'toudr $Q0 583:oa"6:.
ao6en ea8o6: e6$5$5od a{6:;:"o5r$o S6J P*r 5no"1&
S:dS4c- a5r5o .5rd;b. 5016d efoE'5r{ Spc. - 5gF.6 665
36hrgo6d 5s$a6:. 31ixr i53r& fdd Bof S$dd6rd6. ad5:o05
J6;r& J$.8. e5:5o955€ Addro"q:n 6o6.6rdp5& Src- J$y&
sQeS:B Cddprrepn 6o6. S ao€co eiro$od J54a-, Jbp:C,r ***
Sp6e.:o ae66d6:. eso6d odt:or, eoe55o a$ Srpg& dAod ss6ps
S&d5:o. epodrdsr eoQs6:f n"S, p$5od mC erer 658o5 6SdSS
5S666 65, $s$d6r"S 5{edo"6r. SS drn, ?:o$5:6 EflitEo::5a"9[C
Ssgerm Srlo.sC, ieno6 epipoe5 &06 rySd5n"o$ d$:s-S:oa-
$6$p6o P** 5:.6:;$5ob 503$Spc5: it"6g5coe;r, Je>oE es63il65o
66$$ d5:oc- Sc$bil* 5ng6o p5t:or:, ercr55o:.

$e.165 d*f ;wodr6:o S{d5:o 5rgo. epd:ov er{g$urrn


6cSSi ae5 a.eu"ir 3o6 alsg$tn" es peS Scd*+6c. esd e6 paS
3o6 ae5 a,ewir 5C $o66oc-? eo$eD d aad S)dSo a"ariw Bo5
SndoSr6oc-?

a:.6o;o6 43t
+#":or, ero"5$ ao6o +f 55S65ods '?pir56$o', $6$p6o
as;fa$:;6:S il65 ;1e56er: v6eaom 5F163, 5&so6$ BSpdo. ;r{B
q6p5, +f;s arm eseQod'oB f:"p$ Src- *er 565: v6eoo. es6>SS
S$raod 60,u$or5 eosg eag8o6: So-oedBo 3:"o5r aw&o$u5o
eo{$6no5$ +966;5foB do.1oa ;eod +f$6gdseodo &&,S$oc-
50b 6o0o6. '
***
6 ${5o a54&o"s 56S5o6;3 e.5 Sod(po e5.5:g. e"5$p6
A83:9, eS36 A83)g 5tu6 55e5$o? ;rdtoor:-ero"55 arop$S,
Sdol5Bn6-eptu5& aoq'CB 5tu6 dc-? 6i3 @dg$ S;3O"5o dOo5rood
- o$ 5 55rdr"g6 eaSo:rg6S gdaoad aoKuss &o,0. e€*or-
ero"55o: 1950 565o6t 6gd eodc6:3:SnUu. es6 Je>oB $5:o5:o?
eogif,:56 $$* 5316o aS$'6e>5BgSri.6oO5 5y0tlo6: eq.pq.
afip$oa6:. a$$se3n"o6 ir6S s-6eaom ee6JFJ5, a55o[r: ]9*
S;lpagod er$336563 r$6o5rg6:. epero6 $6:o5:od o€t>or:, ero"55e:
6H* 5{$go Sror$er5s3 So4}o 6"65np+Q &S:g:o6ero. 6
df5Sod$ ;:.p{od a,5 egdJ$ 5OEo6. esd Bro&" aw&o5:uo"s3
'6o"66'3 #&o*O. epod, 8:&o6o S:o0 ao5:68 50; 36hn Se05
Srfod 565c-SB (uafuq:5 ,5pS6o. f-gs: EoSc-SB ad $pS Srfo
er0 u$ qrsout$. eg 66+6 o$ o.a8o5rod a$;o6soo ad'6cio6'
Sq"uQeeSoo8oa6>.66od a5;C.r d5odn Br"o6$u: $05S5 Bo6,
qp$d5rr"od 66drt6d $flSg$yfi 5:"a-, a,5 66d ere5$ 6"qrr
Sroctr65oC 5:3:5o y6:oc- 6$5: er$ So5:o1So.$$o16.

ao6:5: 6"qn" 06:f; orn...

Ar"6- epfu6 *u: 1970, 1980 66s$ t{>ae6 o.a8o5:.o $oS


65: (ea8o$) C55 dO;SoXO. eaSo$on C;b; $ero J6:r{:5e:
3roc5rd,,S*o 5d;QoA ; wogs $$ tuSoer0 S5:; $eo 3:"oc$gOg
inOn"OS eq3{6:ero 5:fe Afd$o6. es Sf55od BpA, ep0:5 }q:

432 e$5: $e$e


o"a3Edr.Q 6OSES 6dn" S&3oo56d: & 608S3 $;!.p"So ep$
der$6:oXUu. oS d0Srn 5ro easSdr"Q BSBS d,a6. SuSo SgSdS
pilq. e.rn" J656a6:. o.od, $erod S&:{o d6:oc- 3no6>$ooe
;tu$oo3 558d5on" 55o s.SerSS SOB& 56p&o6. es 3ro6p o6gd ag
6"$od flAhB A5:;55:;rn Soa8o6. ap6, &er eoor:io6 1ga'6o
dd:.e.rs, $$ JeoB lSe;iro a55d5c 6o.6a"6 6"cJgg,50${5*5
€"ergg 55;8Spc.:.SB o€Xcor eoo"55 uer 5$6c--O; $S3o6.

Er"6 - * 55o5:o 8OSo563eod do;ss;eaSard


6:ae6d er

ao5$B SC,:QoXoo. $p"$S:o1S 4r.6, d5o$.o6 aqv a$o[& eo&:E &or


S5:g S:enQ esS$rS:oeu, Sr:floerB SgSdSom 1$*6o d6g" arof:"
SbrawQ Adb64 Sffi:od $o5:6;o dQqO. d.6od eeory 6eeos-e:
5g SQS; Sgerglo 69 erodd5o y6eoom a:So0$ adSO #6555
$56ea 5$o, #Uuo daSO os$6er boed"i5rol$ odso:or, ero"55
S5o6on S6gdSo*Q 5s;$5368, d,"* e dXoCc 20 S* Sr:floe>
auq:.S: d5&o'5c-S3 &;tup6 5p3: 6od+6:. e.66p E CIa8,:d6oX a53 6
AA3,d eog{6:eo esQ$6go 6floq, sS 66od SoX tuffo 53&d66
?:6ho6.

6 do6 ag8 ${g p6:q"5CB s6sao - ;u"€*ol, ero"55 SC;


6e6ner $ea: ${a:oe.r:d 68i.6r. ao6:$ SASJom 5do1$E*6ms,
eo$E n"C 20143 a5r:o5: 6Qd Aero6 SBSdfSr t$8$6:q:n"
fo
ssd$ aodd6:. #[a:oerd 5s3:oS 05;$os56er e66d.J6 ps{5oef
6ob dco.Jerod an6, &o5r Jero6 8g[ee, er$d5o d5. +g agee

f165:oe dSoo fuae5 So&06 eagSo:pd.


e5?oor, ero"55o 5od Ep6, &q:6$ eaSor:66Sf" S*) $*F
56gdon" d5$frO{y 6ot:'t5:. 2019 JQggs r$ae6 n'o6SXE S:o0 iFd
dos:c-cg ero55B $$ 6se5 se$0oo55;:t$, eoe55 65 ero6g'er
${Sod (aoer6so5 EE) ee6: :

ar6o;oA 433
"e6&o5: a5e $$ er&ep$o i$os ird SSdaoSc o$$ Sot'r
5n'd16$o'n" agC dsoo'6565{>o:'n 51163>'5pd€lo
SOdEBo.Sd*.
aOEo6. esepf, $$) 36:35:{ p"6&o5: aw&o5:u5o $s6o - 5r.56
<ro8o6ron cdaoos +$C d:Su J$ytir 'aw& 5g8d6 6$o:' erc
5a)13r$d6d6."uu

*{€ *
dofi aoq"el) Jeo6 $feSf t&6od& i6n"6r eo$go"Q a$
es

+{ erd.5o" S6Q (pc- 6u'g6$$o6, erert, aQ6od d.g ea8o5:o


S&3:oB. epor:d, u5?:o::-e0o"55, dJ"6-+ 65oirer3 a,S0iro$od iFOS
ao6. &$ ao5re.:Spo SH aof po0, a*$d5n"o Jer 65JbJSg, &g
eoo6f;5 o556 eiro5:od o$ a"€ 6od 55$fro$.5*36r.

2018 es6{:d eer6'AX,s6 odioor: 6$ 935 5er 5$J$r"a6:. B16


eirobod +6?:ou Jer Sgsiroo*d Eod$Sr>od 5:So B6;:$oXo.
2OO2E itage6 ;luerg;$o1& 66C ;5:o0 Ar"6C Sono'5e.r$B u5*o,r:
&6Son" o5:8;oa6. 2004 JS;Eo (65 €.er$) 66o6 5rc- se>o8
6o$6J$ deUu. eof,)u, ($p"56:o1S 5dol5AnA od$or: erc6gt-3o60;
a,5 aw&o5: $o{ubin" ao3:o*6:. ego$S 5:36d&o Bo€c ero6g[3d5:er
$5o
Q
565: eg6: Bd5:e.:6
6 516o d3rdSo.f
1..^
O
56e6:.57

6cS aO5orP (6 da ,:ogUc ;$Xf$:er:6 s3035 ;eo6$fr) Bo.s.

$6boirse6 e&o5rod 5o a0flo6?


2OO4&6oa6:d esd6$ 5$:;;5ua6:. obp>f,o eoQs.6od a{6
so1}S $$. udtco:: Sg 4J"63 er{ SO8SS, B:.C 5g RFCo6rn"o6B er6
50s6o65;$g. esod! 3,:.e. 6rp6d*Fe so@5 $$ es$6eadB Spc-
&SSo"Cf5da:. erodu! erd6:J f:pUdXfCB erc6gt-Bo6:er 6gd
a66SS5d6. 05Og es Srpdd$se !:"deen6: SoB:o0 ercdglBodrer
do:ro*t5r. B:.& &{o6od a0flS 6 b0ee"irel qd 6doa:6 e$i ,$s$
oo5:5'6{5od SrdS;$"1.58 es go:er: .56&5 ero.55 soc.r6: : ,,S$eur
5r. i"gd5r" d5ipd6r. s.c, &E s6g5{o:, uo66:o fg d:fu exr
434 e56> $e$S
(p6Qodo." a.54+5god B$;ood 0B3o n0$5$3:6; ex> f00o6. ex>
aod abp:6,r RerQo6.
so6;$o6 55:s u6$6od - $gd 6a Sqr56B y6eao $oft$so6
uo$Sre: df55o. 6o.ip6so3 - eg uo5:$ooer d{6q}6e0B 8o65
[nir3ea:o. so$, er6 o{5o s.6:. o{id:&u:od - u€fcoo aq66d5
(grir3ea:er. ercr55 Sofi @oeCB 8o65 e$6'ho6duer. 5do15ar6
t{:ae63 SoBS 6roSdrs:. es$E fo r{:ase63 3o65 acCdrep. En"
AAhg Bo65 SOS 3.5r"e5 555f erg{(:ero $oS hoa$ Spo$,6rd6f
6rePo$,505 5Eo5: e{O{f 503o6.
esodm5, S:er a:oo &$1615&o55; n"g6od CS
"Sld "BS?qs
df:. ad $erSB 8o65 &9* erc6f;6 $5r3eecf 5r:sElFolroo.se
wc, 8ro6r" aw&o6:o6:el: qp66dd SoLdc SJbd Bcds"s 6cdQoe6.
$o[ud aSpr6:d 66r"d qlilel> aer 66rAoD:
"6Qs $oo0$ bcngS$.ro bo6p ear (p65ear5:5:fr5:35 {S6
€,,&o,Jdsc-c3 s6eao ird {LsdSDr$ aod:5o6 das asgirou. eo$6
$o$d eee 65eFS: e.5 epds i$oO a5r6a epd0B BoCp& aoe.r65 5g$
od g:ercg 8o65 crer 515$o6. €od $*Fe6'B gra- esd 6:er.s3
8o6$o$ J6l6&0n"6:. 1818d Sno6wearog, 1!D6A cpa:.er3 &u
6$ a:OnS 0$O otu$od pdn eg$ e.5 *&5 SSm 3ro61 6o'sQ
6od$, @EE $esQ Jr66ser$.60
6a .5oLd Cflfroc a$ $SB 53$$6d>o4 - $*Q. ac$ s6r, er
*;il.aopur $6on Coac&o6. e-5 S6noe$B 5epa85 ag Srpg $r"Ldd,
?: dot': a0c an6&\5pt$r
E-------- oJ eJd
SoBb60ho6.
a)

+6'*or-e0o"55, Er6-foer 55dno pelO Src- ee> 5OS aode.:3:


epood, $o6d ogfos{ru: ese}i 6oc.For). a$or3s836$ $oaoQo0$
es656€ao-370, bg68 i"6565 5go, erdn6Sd e6:a$o66 Se3eao -
ep$ R:qi"o6S6pS sadr.f a"6 66:65o e-E 636s63o5:od $uo6:g:

ar6o;o6 435
A$o5{eg 5CbQo6. aS og,ger 66od$r 6oXo.r:. vC, ;e6i:q:>
t$d:5so es 6dn" ,r65&fDs6dg&ESe.l$g y6eao eoS;6 So8$ 666S
6oaq. &6ou03e5e.:o. s-S, a$;>6 $0BS 6.qm ;5r0iForo6. S"Q
esQ5g6.f E8& es6s6odg e66o Sg 6$ S6noe$8 ep6:6reaon"

S55irOo5e.rSB vSoSS *55;, Soergaroo BpA $4f:e5SB 6ireoa:.

ero::d, &o55r 5oa:o6o$ S'SJCAoir.f 6 dodc a;oot' 55$e5el


dd56: SOeer$ &SSf*;oor. Soegon erQ66od siro$od aB
SSO;Sep 55at's6:o6. o€*q:: $o$d e66d.6o es$56o6od
SdAP$ fpQdca: (10.5 a6o)S $8o0o6. esd esp6orn JUS$
gSreSB Src- &$ 6flo6. epo66 es530.a5&Cg esQ56o6o es $$B
as;o6. ec, 2019-2020C BrA &er$C dAod er$56o6o esO5JB
Jo6 eeoJono 6o5od, aQSo 1$a"6od es$56o6 epoaer$ ar6
o6:$6a:.
;w€i:oo t6{:55o 65 $o"o"o (Soogorn esQ56o6o) 55 $oLeSH
fdr5a .50;o'5e.rc3, &$62o'5e.r$B Sra- eo$:$8odt:o6 &eer
ir36o$od 5g5ir0o0o6. eg 6o6od sgea:pSoo 3"$BBq. +6'*oar
S65R:o*Uu. 6ce cOSorn aSpd r{:ae6d 'A:$6 er053$ 5r+gS:og8'
eoS ASp6:oaoa, esd$S erQ56o6o e.5 $d5SpS esodom esoASOo'J6-SB
a$666:. dSoo 9Q5:oA S$eoo 5:5 ese65d;r6:. J5365$yt'r
e.s8dSr es5$eer3 68$grm e{5 555$seo$ 583:Qod;r6. }$ $o6e
Jer 6oa 65 5:o1S5f ffi..56r0J o$rer er$se:on" 8536:$o6:.
eoood,roHSf 5eo ciroS:od61, $55$o5: 6oX s{td6:od$:" do god
a.5*or: tF65So SoX, r{:ae5d ar"A 6665o ;toO eofl$$c
&8oso6. q65pa- ar.6-4. 55o6o es656god 2019 JUgf aaa
doSc-SB s6ea$oor:o6.(3:.oc5r65 R:gno6o Jert{r e"5 e6eao.) yC,
urOSJB $Qo05Sp68 o5*or:-ere55o $6{god AE8: 2004d
t€c&rlooooB.
6CCag er$S 6orn$3'8r6etu53'5:o06 *5iF5t$;. s.$, €,gC
&fu$SdrqJ@-Sq esQS 6o4rtog aoa.

436 C56> $elp$&


?'16&o6 aser $$ esQs6od 65;6ot5 dd56 s-*,f Sge5&cB
s6eao - d"erg6'6 En6 eyn" ir3rgp 6o60ro $"c- e5;$;. ${a>oeu
fd:5o $r'EC 65$ essSroom i:e:t5:$Sercd ar€$oo SSr*,Ed, &g
se3eaoC, s{6eod ere55 $iaea:t':. ec, af;08 ep6&d6 $6eD f.er6ef
p$o65 eoHoero{o d5:. epeo6 er$aoq"Q Ssg dagnu:n Sdo15Br6
a.rrn elarsSo 3e{u. Srd65on" S};ood - eoo"55 mS, +5?:ol n $
;1rS uo$$q: y6:. $q, nerf+SB ogi3 @as"S(ea 6o a.5 &ao6red
So6o5:" s-+O. do", {yg*Fo 6So5c-SB e"5 63ar6 a$6sa5 e+O.
s.s, sdo$BnAg dd J56r" *9d6. 55 6"er6d e5: d6:n aoFQ,
?:o;$$d us-")6>6go 6o6. 6 Cito$od - Ar"6 ;$64 ao6en o6
5o6+6.
***
*Sror:-ero"55, a:"4-&...t 56 a"Sof g e,56 Je> 5g$*p0odar6?

5(::o66ed R:oQd* tt6 dQ"6, : "615?ro:: - eoo"55or af;Cu


fircJ6 $5Kr:4o:. 5 sS; eiro$Spu 6sqro 5! 56+O, er$o6o 5{
5d$.6u'. Bp6-es$5 & 55o5rod 6 er{eao dA:. +g er5>ao6o
S6$;6 esSrr"iF5.f 5t':Qo6. o€*or-ero"55u: a-50 uo5:565od
$o-g6 Sd5cu fo5ep# $sdo5:6onsep, J5;6oXer5$6pd estuE &
3od 5do@B:"6 fcdoS:Xoe eo5;6 6a365$. +63:o::, eoe55o: eir
SA:35 3:.odp aw&o5:p6o fo6d e.5 agsrpg$ Sc$d66.sg
eso+b$8iFo5r.6. oS6 a"5 b6no6S6p5 ao6o - 8r"6, $s 5od.

2018d od?:or> $o$36ead a0flS es0e${ 1}$il $ir'd'Jod


Sr"gee$ 91 so56;eo eoe553 6 siroSro (Brotlr ew&06:ud
R:epo6Krrt0^)
O qJr' avn" r$SoB 6o0r:o6. ego5:S dSS Soer$ @$o6o
$Saon S $&36on 6o0ro6. es, ee 6aag. er6 e-S a{a{odps
1g5o6o. egoS:$ *d'?:or: B66d 65 $16 r{:oo0 55 afp:$d6>. da",
ar6&o6: a5e $$d 6f;:5o+:o $dr6r{ *do" 6:0o5 a53:$d6. sc,
esd$S 6w6'?roo3 epJS {Sgoo'er B}p6:. eoodw6:, }gd 65: esds

arde6oA 437
&irdrer a66 o'odr5:o$ gF6- {Sgueu:
SA;sESc-CS e6eap5
B$36c. $563 ego65 65 65$on Q6"n{f aer eooa(u : "odt:or: Jop
dao*d $o.36:. es Srpgs ;$5o g{Broo, S)S daeq 6{a{06o
$Ku$oo. ;$5o 5 3:ug: aer do6:6o:r$eBp, es d:us ssS fo$>
$o;S &er:So;$ 95$no5fiet:t{>eo. epd SSg esi.6&5 So63QS
C:fd36."62

eoo"55 u5i:oog6 65 o$:ecopQ'dac6 eF o5' ers oflSQos


6o6515:3. Ef"6S p6eo"god S0SSS a,6 SXo$ES a$rn 6$ a$o
66oS 33:p 6od$;$;. ego6:$ eperoE t$i.S5d5l doS:dA:. sC, a.Sg

o55o B$;Uu :

"6r. 61 So663eo ea8o5: ar6$55r5o d6oo S6i"o666p$6."


5do$8n6, eo0r6 $er 5pa- 65, fi:Oo$ A6p:6o1 aer
B5;:5:oCre?

5Er, vo$: a$;o.


;r{ er6}5$5o aos 6.qn" a;$;$d6r - 66oorQ$g S6rero
dSg"rn$. 5&u erQ 6fo;u: 556 a,Sdar o&iFeoa:. o"6&6eor:.
er6;tS: ;5:$o elo +{'ar6o;o6'epde, 610o0.

438 e56 $eSe


$o"$65o

e66d.Eo SdogSa:"6 uo5:6e5Q Srde.r$Soa 5uo6 - tg24


$o0 2004 56$ - 5d a"5 6p$od p6&oir a5e $$ Jeo6 i$o:go:
S6r{:dr. 50;oA eo$;d 6a 64SodC 1$poo6o. @q"Sorr a{O
uo6$o &6Sgod $$ ae 58OoB eo{ 5SS 6SSSgfyA epoSrd
epd5 eso,ae:>,56;o5: o"o &$o. 6a g{Sod egdp eooao 5:f eo;S
&56eaeD 6a 56.1o5: e.rn" 6550lor:.
e9 @o8e)) :

3ro5r aw&05:+6o esod 5tu6?

'ero66;5e6$ Bd;e,ro - 66.6il5o' er$ Srg6o AB3)g SQQocr?

an65oa5r:o6: sp66o6 aSe $$ Je$r{:5o3 y6sa"el: 5$6?


6a eroao 5:A acrSdqu:, S$62$o: 55:oe.r:oX6a, Jeo6 ,5633

6 esoaq: ep5s6o qQoxdr rSJd 6 erq"gd6od,Jr*o.

bo6p are6cOaOoZ
66.5Sd Sp5q. a5:4S $o{u0,:5o e5e, $5$o 555fs6 560
@Se, Soe6eaer rse, egd.Sso e5e '+6&o5: ag5e &0' 6gSQ.
sSOoS $o66;o ago6o6. eQ 6s.o dyS4ee"o$: $63eoo 5g 3ro5n
aw&o6u6 556rl$8 6a ${6od S{ e{o oflo'5$.5:3.

Bro6r ar&oilu6o epod 5:666ps as.6o5xr6o ess ego$s 6r"A,'


$15l"E Jfi'eod d:eber: a$;s s65'5pod 6 655 586so.:erc d6>.

ar6o;oA 439
3yo6r aw&o5:o6o es$a * (3:"o5p)'aw8 6:QoS'5:6 ese6$& aco05
es6$5 551$dr6o ess q66 3:e6er SroS cU5':usJ6 655 6:Q$o6.

& $c"6o 6JAd'es{:s6'esd 56o 195 6eg6 e}66d.Uod UABE


$o5d @6o6psa. do"XnpeaB :'3ro6r aw&o5:p6o'eo$ $5o 1p6E
$er$o 'CdEoO $Oo;$' SO"5o S:o0 6$eoOob eoS .5016 st5:er
oaa:er w56 esoer.gD.3 es6.0. {65'6bd $$er5 &635 aa.1$ c65SSd:
Sps6. 6 5o$ $o5d s653:.os5 apq} o54o *56d xD656Ps
6:Qo$c 6r$6Qoa epc sSe>F 86455 a,6$6. ad fpS c65'55orn
es6.0. d65 *6'4ot*6:. awsew$5 er$ ':o1U s6:a$ epoc.r6: : e.6
gS;$a:$on 5&d ddo Bro6r $Srao s65(:"eas 1$ql$6o SSoa er$;a
a"5 t$$ epo0e6r. ep6 Jerha eso65 p55d esd$$ S$bq"6r. ese, 19S
degod S&oS &ofu6 SoS46eao a5g5*e3 (ap5 gr"5$5)'Bro6r
aw&o5:u6o es$epo03 v6eeer.

6ego u6;A6ElerS 6a daod a.5 $SrSg 3,roc$6 p655o


195
ae> &Ko5:ea:"0 eo$; EH"5 ?:66c.s3 s6ea&oa. aw&o5:o5o eoS;
f*Q. C65Oo.5e.rSB a"5 bfo dr64 6:Qoia $O*F6o6. 6 655d
6$5nq"5o5rod AdASOoOSegn, '(6e:er)', '$O$.$:u:' er$J BocS:
eroa"o5: d6r"'ea8o6:' $oS Snc- dpd esa'ew6d$ o6o' eo$dlo6.
eoor:d, 195 6efl se.ro e6 a6g6rt' 6a 35 eso,6o d6r. eaS 6a
$655u$;6$n" S5:$o5do. lt€5 8066o (ryer oa5&e6:8 5oB es65
SSrdoIr:er6: e6r6p$) es65$5r6' noS, ao3o5"t6 SbQ n"S gA6E
$erSB tF*.S6ed $inawQ S65Oo.5d6:. ogi erilf J54a- e"5
'3rodp ddo' {ea:go) r$0oS 3r34Bfpd6:.

ea8Ang! & 'Sroodr' er5; 56o ADBADS* &0n ASy6r


$Krpecon" S55&o6 esod - 205 6ego er6o{od 1p6f, }o6:e::
JQSer S65erlS:S;$6,r. sC, 3:"o6r S;lpawSB erc6t$ epoAgOod
5pS erQ*6 flUo d6r. bodp ewSo6:o6rerg aCJS# ROO erQseQ
634ot$$oerq. ilgg '3:"o6r $eg$1o6:o' @o0cr 55d6. sC,

440 056: $eSS


alilqlC 3:"o6$er eo6g85 e6om 6oa6.*{oe 5OS e"5 €.0::ew5o5:rn
563ed (e.5 6gflB a"d e.eo G).sr65s), ep6v6o eg do3 SQoa. es6d,
eo6ad 'Bro5r er&o$e6o'eoS qp$S 6eg,g'OJo6. 3:.o6r$ooe d6oo
6$ aw& erdg$:o$ 6XD (Fe06rern" JoiS:$C a$S$d3 6d:{, er6
3ro5:"aw&o6:o51$41>55o eo$6o6. eoody0, eg6:S5 $o$ &er$o d,5o
s5:5o"!
gew$5$5 sSsfd JQSo &q.556c sJbd B*s$ .5r$ss;60,
d5e63o5: d63, i.d. Srec 6666 $e6o +5$od 6 655 sdaQoa.
osoe Aabc, eeEaFJFs gew&5S:g S5OdS Sofern e do' il$$
$ofo:n o1&SoEoaO.'o 5a'fl"Saso' epdo 205 6ego ;$6g
(S:6Bos3)

s-ood ddrF6SC dm6od ger$5$5 f5Sfd acos$ a"5 $o${o


5:o0 6e,AgOJo6. 5d e"5 '$er *01&5 s6ea"o 5g 6$ISO3S
$665drn"Sg S:6e $$oo05oe SQobdo5ro$:S:Sg 5o&6:el)
ero6:d$ 9$g o{eeoC d6da"O. ess 'awe5p66 aw&o6e5o'
'555;1eQ$55 ?:q>a8o"655o' Eo{o asilel f5:S6eo (0tuf;o 5o6
ers$et'.)"
wC, erQ C655u$5r e.5 o{eoo 5116o qro6:on do6. }Sao
- &Sa:oe:6 $aw$55:5 SgSf fg er&a5$o 6oc-O, Co5:o6p65
"Hrtl"f
$eir" 6drt. es 55sf Sr,:Q" 6oc-o.12 3:"gE eldor,: a635d JQSer
o"5e$ eoQs-6od3 5*3C,r. Se35 Js;6o 5g5fs 6$:det'r. eoer
ioc5:5: da6o5r5 erod - "t$aw$5i:g SSSfd uodr565 o$,eo"er.f 6$S
Ui6f5o6:el $6:n" i.erSo:m Jo3:5 doSad ep6sdo 65145."13
6a S655eo5: S6$on 6a 65$d 1$S erpgo6ro e.d eoaQ
s;;8Q'oa : "5dog63r6g rooa 3ro6r ew&o5:ry6:q: cnawSo6a{p5
$ew$55:g 555f (aQ5o:) o"5e$ JQSo{r56, epQs6od3 5e3Uu.
a.g eres6ods so.;s (FsJ.6 JQSo sg,Sfc u$ u$:d$6oe.v
4
ea$625:er 15a6o d*o$. o$ aQ5$ JSy6: €"t0soru, +$ eoQe6
9oe$g SS,S0 dg"6e$s $e465: Sra- Sofi dAr. u5*o, ere55
agi05 'erege"O6 ew&o5:u6er' ep$0co Si:oag$on" 6o0l:o6. o$

ardo;oA 441
$aw$5irg 5g5f3 $:wo{oar"p$ JQSod Sa5$o 6$go$. <rewgo6
5116-3
q)r
65 65r$oc- $6o05 6io cnasSd6 6e6;ecrQ i"5r.8g
d

a:awod6{5o6€ eg86$os5o*. eoo::d, aos. e.5;165 $flOeFooo6.


1924 x$oO 2004 ev 6a 3ro6r aw&o6:+5:eo6Ob #Sqer: ep56o
Soar?

3:o6p aw&o5:o5o 1$aw$5$g 5g5$ 5gS 6r$6$:5:o6 elscrod


6 655 5"P6 5616w6:o pilf $6nsg6c Soxsad &ssoa. +6
p$5 96$ fr5s35, eg8E$o6,'n g8S66 a66ere.5. XF5535 SFer#
B&;erod : "u€4 C{o5:o ;$5o e.$;$0 &e0. 6 3ro5r aw&05:p5
665;1lo ern" S{OoSo6. $568 esQs.6odB 503o6. es6gr6- }Sa:oec6
@aw$55:g spuo6: dacd. "'u

s-S, 65o&6:o t$aw$5$5o 69 AAbe a$g $4f;6 erce ppd


esoe^F6).16 3:oo5r aw&o6:o5o erda a"5 ?:{oo"6 5g5f o{eao. $od$:o6

$o1ga"oo5 $cr"6* 6nc gS*trod::gnO. io6:5od, eoQy6 $*Q.


JB4, o"Q$dpd:oa$$ do66e, $S08 o.SC Je>64e> d*Bgo;5r*fe.ro
5g) erSdAo0 6oX6:. epo5>d, aero8 1$*6o $qox6."
qo6d so6 o{5o 6o6. E83:, es6a5aSe:l $65so0$ c{om
3ro5165 Sve>er $o1$o"oo5 $p"S 5$od $)e6t 6oaor.
$o1$tnor5 $eF6* {8drer:. (5gS 5p?: da:er
eood prir3earu:,
e"66 6 ew&oO Srodp ilrq.'bo&doE Sroo6ror:ao'18 esc t6*s{i.
6oc.rUu.) +€i:or:, eoo"55 5o6o$od e4f$erer of;3 @Ss{5o
53:.QSg $ofo C65iread 4066o €"ergd JSrgSn" dodo6>. 7,8,9
eepsdrf B6;S:{epn $ero 1}asa6s oad5&So 6o;od go66;o
eog{S:enf egodt'Sog: o.o6hoa. esd A83r Ea$oo aO}on
&SboSc-sg dfpff8oa.

'SS:ero' aep sSR:oJc.SB e{fi$ero eso66d5o 5r[6d: sp6eoo


s6, qos- *er so6see:>il'eo:). 36g5;5, a$6ee5er & J6:r{>6oS
'(}o&o5r e}fu6r"s6 3no6r65o'eo$ c65sou6:. epod, dada @o&o6>

442 C$5: Se6S


y6eeeD 6 3:"oe5r65 a5r:t':35:oaor. eg *6eaom 6
$**%.65od
3:"o5p er&o5:o6 S6no6o e.5 6aS63Be>o661e eootp6: ;u.5. 6CB
.fa a.6*oo, ere55o SUSU5od .fo3"o 56:oo e5sQ5; o"6d
J"ir.ss 5fp66go A83l €"crgd 5r"66F 5{ro6. o"Q. ag e }gC
4066o eB eog{$ero 50$6:o5: 6n$epn 655:
esQS6go [E;$orn
eib ;$o;$Srot::" 5Q'o6. A83)C e"S ?:{oo"6 }$ eo$a-Sg $d
s.6eoo -'Oo6o{eao'. rep $oA $e"6o o65 S0recod AdSod A5:45
$63&56:5S: 6$dQoa.'o ao65: Suo6 erc.go$f B6;${tpn"
egEaSaS 6"qrp 6Cu$o $of. t$w55:o18 +€*o:r 5:ogsbf;od 6rc-
;$bds a6o ue 65145. es&osd 060g5 &$dSu1 eAr"LgEs
&gd;$bder ao65: s6f;on e65d $,6Ofu*
JSraSrn 6oQ.rl$.
e-d eodS$$fo aerd$60. 6eir6ea3 adso s.ood sabd B:66:65g
6,ecp .a6o ,5r"&, g, 66illo a,e.:( ${5 fise.owod 5ge5}o: aer
S5o;o. a65o #Oo6:C ern $p$on" 5c3:So6. eoor$6;68 qr66d6od
5:Bpdo,66ir:er dAdO s6eeo esp6orp e*, dQile6.'?1
'i:{ocrt$o }$'eod 5D65g o€tror:, ee55er 66od $*$L
J$45 5e.5re6r. 205 Eegod ;n$ 5OS $tuo5c-C3 s6eap5
a3*ne465l56:o e"54d - B:"o5raw8c a"54eBpB &Kog:e5erc. eoodrSg
;5upoeri$ .$"S do$66odSg arcS 5:eroQo65 6f og &Kr6re60n"(u.
qa $o1$croer5 Svodp $iraod a66d6:. ?:{oo"t$o:,
$o1$eol5odro er5eco5oX 6 seroil.6 3ro6r aw6o$ar6:q
'$6o6 6059[$o6:e::' essero $6:oag$orp 6o0r:o6.

65orp eaSd:"o5)d {)bRg S*6no. er5:36aiu e>o6 oS


es
3yo6p ew6o5roo"q &g &5r"89 65g;$on" 6rc- afl&o*t5:". 3,ro6r
aw&o$o6o r$6oo 3.5r"sg 555f 6oQd 6a ${5o aero6 dp6
SAdr.h Sp3SoJ56do6?

6 6{Sod 6uod aac;sfgrn Jo6:$ e af6r fS$dL (+6't:or:,


em"55) erS5odr$o do5>eco a0ho6 epod - J"6J.E5 65ge5ne:
")d$sS

arde6oA 443
5tr soleaSoo +$o 5ld as;s f.lba€ er{go$So $OrersSs;ry6
6 af;6r u So5(r3B 6gn6.eoo6rd & 655 er e$6 $g$o$ es$:ao6o
6{ Aab fufS f;gc do@Sooooa. er }$d: JocS:$? a,5 d,,0o arSo$
(€"ecg S$r"XFod) ceJea.$B 6pds63o6od trc droS i"$n ,1$ewf1-6od

ad $trr*S &qo6 6$15po$ e"546n Sogrtro Sfo sq $ofod


Sp&S $eooao ($oilr 5oryOd qrt{on" 65g }Qm a$;68 SfiQS;
eaSo:rf Odh e"5 6$. o6'?:or, e*r55er: JQSod f,o6e.:d> $65r"50
,5J* ere405 1$dnesso 5f gS 53$S i5:45rn ?:$$$y6, ee
6:ea:oao ?rf;go6 es6J5a5, &?J.sb, da6oF 65 uo6:6e5o:
esglSroeor:. $oEr: Sor6d & poo ;r€*qr:, ercr55od er$o6pQs,
esStrSc SOAo*or. eser5o$ crosaon. eror$$368, u$ e"5 e{o5r'sJ
ep{o
OdqD
dSSor6r. 66..s.ooC'gro6:" $Spaod o5g6 S6od atrgSo
6$ (Adh)e Src- iQ6od cao::"q &SSSqoa.
a"5 $$ra5 d65i5n$B, JQSeTC #8S S55S:$; aoeQ -
3:"oc5r65 $eaoC erto36 a$ awg{{n" erfgo5r$o da6:. epo6:d5p,
SuSo 55sdS 3ro$535 So{u(eaer6: Sra- 56t{eaSdg &SSoo*
$at5r.'3 6cg do, $d 511616 co"5dg[er ]6'pwF,2n $5 co45$5,'u
U8,r5'6quer'uq) 5116o ddog{on 6a Sl.ocirp fuSo {r:$eoo B$se)
a-S JC;So eas8o5:o o"E $o6 epotr6:. aero6 S(rdpo 5f * UXS
'56 S:o0, 56 A6)'erd ogos:S$oiro doOar. sS, 7,11,16 e6r5oint'
?:O";qegrr 3:"o6p $llSo {u(od aaa eo5;Sg ir{o 5n16o $o6.

'es6l6.5ee6o
€,q o
3:"o$' esd 656nn $3 Sro6naw&o6 oSod a,5

501e636 e6eao 6o6. 3po5r6or, tS8 8,roe5n-atuflo &(eo$ Snc'


6OLdd '3rodr dXop aloQoeu 6o6d$'.L6el: do5re;o, es 6oddn16S
3vo6:6el 5eeeo6:o $o50co' erS; $eoodod *.Eoo.O.
6s v6eood bo66el 55o erO epS e"5 $6o BareUu. Sr:Soe:
aerq.6ed,$Sor.Sg dn$grn 3ro6$o: Snc- 6$$odrer s+0 ep0
ao$ $6o Sar>et$.6 ddod a0fl5;$rt$ G6o"$ 3po$635 $o{r:e.:SQ
b"o6raw&o6:;r5o S $eaod$ '5pSoB : 1948d'i6IF63'Brip5o"S

444 SSd: $e6S


56o'5o5 rno$ So.g5o66 {u(eau:, 1992d aw@ S55l 6r"o;dd
es$o66o aOnS {u(eae, 2002d i'oa:e6d a6n$ {u(eoo:. * [{5o 6a
So(uec5erp a"5 Soi:65d55o $So6. esdr Sof)crSf a:"ofr aw&oS:
e5 $ofer &g6 ero66r 3$p$oo:{eCSoXJ$45 $o4{od S&Ooa.
b.oc5r65 R:6no6o - pS 330;5 Su6: So{u(eao;b 'es63 5o6{ea'
eo{odod ,JrSoB epS€;od 55rg5o $od.Eo df:. 1pe iFo"e.:od5:"
3ro6$o Stro (aroA:"6o:) e"546n $oa8 &e03od eoS; Srpg0
$E$oa.
ooe6o 59 &of.in a'l6cu) a6od 6o66!
boS esd6 Xu6a So.SSirooS .56g5: o"O &$oA - esd * 65$d
0{o5ro - "ero66;5q:66: BSe.:o - 6o"6p6 $eodo."

6 Rr6no6o5o Bar:do6od - a.5 1$aw&5$:g SqI"Sod 55q.


&15+r i"g JUSod eFd da, $g US.*J"b aOd $51es 6o-6+6
"
+9U, p6 SoE ca5$og Src- $56sQo6. 6;$ i.g fooe ad5r0,>
€,ecdi$ esSQo,56-SB 66, i.0 SpoeO; SoBo S6OQo6.'z7
65:4oole)Qc
s.c, a:"6€ 5oo6: Aabs e"5 '1$ew$55:5 55ad5' $$ eo5e.:o
aDBaD66 5$Sg. Sro6pew&o5: +5od 3"5:.e5on" rnS, esQSon" rn$
'61166' ddr. epo::55p68 Srodraw&o5:+5 655eto eo8o6, dsgc
SOSoe$oa. eoa Sg$ 6"$od e"5 SgfB a"5 6.e.r: Sn16o 5:f. aqSe:
SS$'3.:"o6:"aw&oSr +6o' epd 6656:o 5o3o6. 1$aw$5$:god Suergp$
o{eao epd 5e!
apAB so6: aaSos 3"5rsg 65966 *5.$, p;nod $$4o,
d:ewod 6sg so{og ir6d ep$ elo@e: dog BS6:oc- ep8*6o
Sd5:o[&oSoo"?

p6.foo:>, eoo5So ag5soEu $gc 6e6u6 &9* 6$ade>


$a:"op 65o5:s1or6. (a6 3, a ery"gdpf Sss:Qoa) eef, Ae?oc
*r.c- ddroi$5:oa6:. (eoq"5d$o 11d gsb&o6). erdg556 6o8s

a:,6o;o6 445
sooC a6fl5 er6Jeogo: (ep5o5:o 5) 6ra. #6fr5:40ga"$ FP6SoSer
&O;Agnoo. aB u{:
erQs6od 5*35 @$rpecon" 55a8o6. (erW"5o6o 6).
q6 ai"€*oo 666So egood 1998-2004 ;5rSg sood 5$ 6665od
J'EFsg 6e66S 1;5502o$ 65o66go SAoa.
e erq"Sdrd s5>o6-, Oo"5dgp6 5oa5> 6r'i"doo$.,'?8 19$66
er6; dE foS'oer
as$6ere5," $c- EBcpSql - tuSfForo$o aer
6oa*.5rq:5orn 2002 e6 $6 &gr*. o€i:or:, eoo.55o @aw$5tu6
'5016,
ererf, 6o"6p5:er:rn .5016 6{6om S&rqr:.
adb oot$$ Aoooo?
e ${Sod a635g5:d:5 O$o 563 - $do$anAB ;too6: ry6&o6:
a$e $$ aQSod Je> &aoS:o &Qo0o6?

&p6eaon" 5d3 a:oer: -'ABbS S&3:od6 *bd6 $5o5:o*SE


so[r:. ea8o5:$996, s5:62$t',666, s.s>od" 5o6 so"6${o a1:oo
5rc- 5dg asilau ad. epood, OEBI sasd6o eo5;6 e"S;$orn 5s;o6 s.6.
dXod egEaSaS 55Sf So.Sorn, ft6orn S{O{g" ao6e.:o$d OaBc
?:6:r{:6o Spc- 5u&$&6o6. "OB3: 6Epo$ S&iFSroc- s&B6od 3:&s.5
(dcoSo) eeEJFJS" epoc.r6: eo@5 oo5:$er Eo"5l 6$,5.*

aer 83:;553:6 Srd t$d; a6p5;5:66:o6. 1977-80 yood


a:S$o[r: esQe6od3 J6n5b;:t': rr.S, 1999-2004 sood A83)
es0y6od3 JAnS$yf,: n"C 083:8 e6:$orn egEJSiS 5g5ir0o0o6.
$6e sode:d qJ6 Ae3) 65 Soe"dd
r saSer esEaFJS a,a3
-r-- dsoa.
-

6cr$6eeB : 1980 5d5od eee.66 a555re883: eoASOoSen dboa.


+51:o;r, eour5Ser: a"gi *5r666d SoLd S56rlQ o$o$(r6:Ser
dSoa. Svodr ew&o$+6eroe 5OS aoder egEaFaS a,5 e;o5oer
Sg$i:.OoSoB e$ e{53:6 S164 $dg a63{5:66o6. eg$o eEa5.)S
uo5:6:etl 5OS 6o6er$B w6eap$ erogo 56? o"6$'.6d::.fu6 {55
6r5od eEJFJE 555f a$uSoerer>rr - &{Oo5e.rCB e6eeer es$go.

446 e56: $eS&


SAS: iQSod OaO:"q SOq" eSe.rCB do65 s6eao 5tuerod
eeBS6646s. *59 SEAE, ew5*F65 5oB s$63$er 55:o0.r6od -
d.5od e9o5 eO"pd ao66B,3r.o6r aw&O5:aD6D$B grc- v6eoo a.gd.
@

&$56on" BoB $ero 5:{6:$5o 5r"L6Ar Fe66So eoo&e:: r{:3:po6e.:o


6$ 'a66 $erfC Co"g$o6o 86:l$er0r.'3t epor:d, 7,8 erq"gdrS
863a85 ABb J6l$5erB w6e6.el>rn 353aBS eeoaeq) 6 6cp6o6o
$ooSSSSc-cB ;loodc serodc 95 eop5d6:od SSS 5s3oQo6.
1990 565od b.c. 56soi:seb 6dr@Sq. $"odoOec$ a"5 $$
565w5Qn" ?:$r$o6. eso6$a)os er SoS6pod es $$B Sd c+5$er,
e{5 $oS46eaer:5o6S s-6eoo s6).
aw&oOfuood
a
aaSo J56c-sB B$5a&5 $eo
0ad5{S eoodo,
eldwSSd e 5:$o6 6 Ce3ea erc do, p0$ 5 a65So *r.,* o6 r 5, 61r5d5:S
s$:62$u: e,0J5.5s,341e$s66 ag66eref,uu: $$eoOS so@q) 5ra- 6s
6qg" $o6sa$dB &S6:oa. 6a cScnofo 7,8,9 eopSdrg6 aSUon"
6oao.
6 655 dn:ofg" - 5616w6er, $P6e,
deX er5SoOoer$ pS
ABcpS s6eenel: e"Srrcd a"56 5D&5e 6o60:o 5g 5;1erc Jer
'S5So0o65' AOoS:8*p 50ee6ro$ 56$155:od epo6oJbo.

565od 8*o6:6# sqerca66$er Serdn"oar. arc9:"Str6:OS;


1980
e$5 555f, 5:eroo6n" oasd5irQ, b5:4 do"3ea:o6>er: &noo Bro6p
55ad6 3:"o$ Src- 3ro6gf eodd5er ?:odeor:. 6 egodCser6r
50&46o 3rot5:6o$ off:oa: $6{gods s"q ABbd o0o,Jd6c.
eo636d e.5 ?:$5oE RpfiOE $0* OdB: s5en6o ;116:3$5g5;68 el6
eso6m erflo'Jd5r. B,rofi:6f ego56t'5el, e5o63Q Bossgel S$o6rod$
ee6i5J5, EB3:q: eee"63 o"$XooBE 655;$o e5e €"oc{d 6O6ES
6SSS{oO5: 6o6odB 6Eo6. 6 a5g;1nQ A83) 1980 665o 05$
5n16d: $5:$o0o6, d.gr $QoOo6. (odr65 65g;1138 so@5 $$
J.$dr"e 6rb{f, 6e 3ro6p f-0uargo6:S e$ $a3;o;tSd erd5S
SSSfyd & Soee$:o 5od&o0o6.)

ar6o;o6 447
6a 56ee5rer 56$g5;1n$gd6, Adb 8oi.6 ier &agd6ro 6dm
5uo65:6r.$$ 6 $S5o s56Q"o6.
BpoSE

AEb, eeEJFaF $ofo Oad6: 6ir55o - $rySon" - So{u66om


Ssdd66od ;ngi crddc caf;6. epod, ql66dd auqld 80 e6orp
d{Srot5rgooe e"d6gorp esd0os 6"e,o ddre>$Jofuo$ $c$o5:e.ro.
S:ero @$55c 5pSodn'efg{i",a}o 55sd66c @633,rod 6y"5fro
qoc(- JOSS aasddro $0o50:o. ;l"$ irg"d n6S6 C?r6o,
dsve: oS.-qo
des: - $o$2g6+gQg Ufpenso 5oB &o523s6 eoo@o o{go 6rc-
ad. Eer er$;od 5n1e"$ Srodraw6oS:oSrooe 6 fo6.Hp$
"q,5f
&e5$o a$g &{:na5r6er eo0 eo$o s6>, '$853 3:"o5r $Spago' epd
S65.5uC;$0o5e;o oS eo$$6o so€.
OE3: *er$* tpl${f 50.1$ 0"era.r5o5: ea;8o5peD q66 }gf
Src- 6oaor:. sS, Bro6p aw&o5:+5o J546 ead6lo $QoOo5od -
AEb, eeEaFJS, s?r"s$ Soferd S6no656p5, 5$66ps
ep0tlo6do"* Jq. aS;f;SB osoe e"56n"d SOb doX6.
qo65: flS;orn, dg 66Jg &CI* erc6f6 $$r:3ee,:er, 6f;edo"o.f
ao9,:"Spino:ro:r. aw&o$ P*d eo@S $$e a,S fi"S; ge55:1o6on"
i6n5 a5e &$ dSoo es#oarse: iFd w6eoom Jer $eaoood
erp"5o$o 6d 5sbQo6. wo@5 +$ $eaqs; rxC aat es$s.do
65;5368, a5e56, ;rd:Sg,er:, a*ta5 Sfr"d $$ dSoo erc6f;6
Sdeerd Su$Ritsoo Jer es$vaQ $d;ofrdr" 7,8,9 eep6drf
5rao. 5rr"65 $oe5 1${:65o 5:.c- dsero qo66ooder v6eaom Jer
$$iFoo66 'Jra"o.
1980 x5:o0 a5p6$6$ ry5foor:, eoo"5So 16p.SS6$5od aan$
pU&o$ ase $$ a,54d aa"5p3 ew&o6:
**d t$*Sbr;d $0*
Coa660ho6.
o$ esSos5 'a,r65' ROso6. Jo6:5od, eq. e.Sz6n" go$
53$46:.
***

448 e56: Sebe


NOTES

5ro65rec : 1$6"5$o[8rn ero"55 (1995)


l. Dilip Chaware, 'Management and a million man hours make BJP session a
realiry', The Times of India, 12 November 1995, p. 7.
2. Satish Nandgaonkar, 'Saffron security: 6,000 cops deployed at BJP
convenrion venue', The Times of India, 8 November 1995, p. I .
3. Dilip Chaware, 'Management and a million man hours make BJP session a
reality', The Tirnes of India, l2 November 1995, p. 7 .
4. Different Strokes, 'Brokers largesse', The Times of India, 12 November
1995, p. 18.
5. Neena Vyas, 'Plenary projects Vajpayee as "Future PM", The Hindu, ll
November 1995, p. 13.
6. See Chapter 8, Section I of this book.
7. 'L-K. Advani Declares Vajpayee as next Prime Minister', India Today, 30
November 1995.
8. Suhas Phadke, 'Vajpayee's pd is man behind the decor', The Tirnes of India,
l0 November 1995, p.2.
9. Ambarish Mishra, 'BJP faces dilemma of reconciling power and principle',
The Times of India,l0 November 1995, p. 15.
10. 'BJP plagued by factionalism', India Today,3l October 1995.
II . 'Lotus wars' , India Today 3l Ocrober 1995.
12. 'Shankersinh Vaghela: The Complete Story of Khajuraho', Nttas
Steet Journal. Available at: https://www.newsstreetiournal.com/india/
shankersinh-vaghela-the-complete-story-of-khaj uraho/

449
13. Ambarish Mishra,'BJP faces dilemma of reconciling power and principle',
The Times of India,l0 November 1995, p. 15.
14. 'A rale of rwo chiefs', Outlook India,22May 1996. Available at htps://
www. outlookindia. com/ma gazineI srory I a-tale-of-two-chiefs I 20 | 392
15. Ambarish Mishra, "'Yajpayee is BJP's choice for next PM," says Advani',
The Times of India, 12 November 1995, p.28.
16. Available at: https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/saying-abhi-dilli-door-hai
17. Interview with Govindacharya, Delhi, June 2018.
18. Ibid.
19. The BJP leader Subramanian Sryamy says that Ashok Singhal said this to
him. From an interview with Subramanian Swamy, Delhi, June 2018.
20. l-al Krishna Advani, My Country Mt Lrft (Rupa Publications, 2008), p.
838.
21. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
22. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, New Delhi, May 2018.
23. Interview with Vasundhara R4e Scindia, Delhi, June 2018.
24. Scholars such as Amrita Basu and Thomas Blom Hansen have written about
Hindu nationalism as a'socid movement' and as a 'public culture'. This
book focuses more on the electoral and political story, without discounting
Hindu nationalism in the 'social'. See Amrita Bass, Violcnt Conjunctures
in Democratic India (Cambridge University Press, 2015); Thomas Blom
Hansen, The Safton Waae: Democtacy and Hindu Nationalism in Mod.ern
India (Princeton Universiry Press, 1999).

ED56 qr6o : 66o (192a-80)


Bu56erq"5o$o : b"o6r€co5 o (L924- 45)

l. Milton uT . Meyer,,4sia: A Concisc History (Rowman & Litdefield Publishers,


2000), p. 218.
2. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradtx (Penguin Books,
kindle edition , 2017) , location 196 of 3595.
3. See Manu Bhagwan, 'Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring
the Canography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial Irl.diia', The Joumal of
,4sian SndieqYol. 67, No. 3 (August) 2008: 881-915. See also: http://
www. india-seminar.com/20 I I I 622 I 622
-christophe-jaftelot.htm
4. N.K. Singh, 'Ard Bihari Vajpayee: A private person with strong dislikes and
few close friends', India Today,3l May 1996.
5. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpaye: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
P.20.

450
6. Tilak Sharma, 'A teacher remembers a srudent by the name Atal', The
Times of India,l8 May 1996.
7. Steve Inskeep, Iwtdnt Ciry: Lrfe and Death in l{arachi (Penguin, 201l),
introductory chaprer titled'North of Nonh Karachi'.
8. L.K. Advani, My Country M1 Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 28.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., pp-27-28
I L Kewalram R. Malkani, The Sindh Story (Nlied,,1984), p.70.
12. L.K. Advani, My Coantry My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), pp. 17-21.
13. Ibid., pp.3t-32.
14. Ibid., p.293.
15. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Cornrnunities: Reflzctions on tbe Oigin and
Spread of Nationalism Nerso Books, 2006), p. 60.
I 6. Available at: htp://www.nationalismproject.org/what/anderson.htm
17. See also Barrington, '"Nation" and "nationdism": The misuse
Lowell 1W'.

of key concepts in politicd science', PS: Political Science & Politics 30, no.
4 (1997) : 7 12-16, et 7 I 4 -
18. \(endy Doniger,'Puranas', Encychpaedia Bitannica. Available ac https://
www.britannica.com/topic/Purana
19. Horace Hayman Wilson, The Vishnu Parana. Vol. 9, (Triibner, 1868),
https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp060.hm
20. Diana L. Eck, 'The imagined landscape: Patterns in the construction
of Hindu sacred geography', Contributions to Indian Sociolog 32, no. 2
(1998): 165-88, at 168.
21. '\7hat is India's caste s)rstem', BBC News, 19 June 2019. Available at:
https: //www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-ind ia-35 65061 6
22. The Indian census in 2018 estimated that Indians identifted 19,500
their mother tongue. 'India is home to more than
languages and dialects as
19500 mother tongues', The Hindu Business Linc, I July 2018, hnps://
www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/india-is-home-to-more-
than- I 950O-mother-tongues I aricle243057 25.ece
23. fuvindM. Shah, 'Sects and Hindu social structure', Contribations to Indian
Sociolog 40, no.2 (2006):20948, ait213.
24. Ibid.,p.2ll.
25. David N. l.orenzcn, ''Who Invented Hinduism?', Comparatiue Srud'ies in
sociay and Hbtor\ 41, no. 4 (1999): 630-159. The author cites the scholars
Sheldon Pollock, chris Bayly and]ames laine. AIso see Andr.orJ. Nicholson,
(tntfiing Hinduism: Phitonplry and ldentity in Indi.an Inulhcaul Hittory
(columbia university Press, 2010), for the argument that Hinduism was
concepnrally united berween the founeenth and the seventeenth centuries.

45t
26. David N. Lorenzen, ''il7.ho Invented Hinduism?' Comparatiue Sndies in
Society and History 41, no. 4 (1999): 63M59, ar 655.
27. Charles Herman Heimsarh, Indian Nationalisrn and Hindu Social R fo*
(Princeton Universiry Press, 20 I 5).
28. Norman Barrier's superb study of the Arya Samajis in the turn-of-the-
cenrury Punjab Congress advances the argument of this book. It was only
in the context of elections (which the British had begun to introduce in the
late nineteenth century) that Arya Samajis like tala lajpat Rai moved from
a purely socid reform movement to a political movement with a conception
of state power. See Norman G. Barrier, 'The Arya Samaj and Congress
Politics in the Punjab, 1894-1908', The Joumal of ,4sian Sndies,Yol.26,
No. 3 (May 1967):363-79.
29. Dwight Baker, Iskmic Theory of Statehood (Indian Institute of \7orld
Culture, 1981).
30. Daniel Judah Elazar, Coamant as the Basis of the Jewisb Political Tradition
(Center for the Study of Federdism, Temple Universiry, 1979).
31. Stephen Backhouse, Kierkegaardi Citique ofChristian Nationalisn (Oxford
University Press, 201l), p. 60.
32. Prarap Bhanu Mehta, 'World Religions and Democracy: Hinduism and
Self-rule', Journal of Demooacy 15, no.3 (2004): 108-21, at ll4.
33. Valmiki in Yaddha Kanda in Ramayana. Available at: https://www.
vaachaspathi. com/vedic_library/Ramayana-VOL-3-Yuddha-Kanda.
Pdf
34. Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall, 'East-west
orientacion of historical empires and modern states', Joumal of Voild-
rystems Research 12, no.2 (2006):219-229.
35. Swapan Dasgupta, Awahening Bharat Mata: The Polhical Beli$ of the
Indian Rigbt (Penguin-Viking,2019), p. 132.
36. This was the exact andysis thar Sir Syed Ahmed Khan had provided in his
book The Cau"ses of the Indian Reuoh. See Madhav Khosla, India\ Founding
Moment: The Constitution of a Most Surprising Dernocracy (Harvard
Universiry Press, 2020), p. I16.
37. Even before 1906, and staning from 1882, the British did make some
concessions to the idea of liberd self-represenration, by introducing
limited elections ro municipal councils and rural boards. These councils
and boards could now nominate Indians to a limited number of seats ro
the centrd legislative assembly and the provincial assemblies. See: James
Chiriyankandath, "'Democrary" under the Raj: Elections and Separate
Representarion in British lndia', Journal of commonuealth & comparatiue
Politics,30 (l) (1992): 3943, at 40.

452
38. Maya Tudor, 'Explaining Democrary's Origins: Lessons from South Asia',
Comparatiue Polhics,Yol.45, No. 3 (April 2013):253-72, at258.
39. The 1911 census, original text available ar: htrp://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/
presl20141pra2014-0779-l9l l -0 l -02.pdf
40. Valter James Shepard, 'Indian Council Act' , The American Political Science
Reaieu,3 (4) (November 1909): 552-56,^t553.
41. Ibid.
42. The prehistory of rhe Hindu Mahasabha began wirh the Punjab Sabha,
formed in 1907 ro counter Muslim lrague lobblng in anticipation of the
1909 constiturional reforms. Its failure rold the Punjab Sabha that it needed
to organize at a national level. Richard Gordon, 'The Hindu Mahasabha
and the Indian National Congress, I 91 5 to 1926' , Modzm ,4sian Studies, 9 ,
2 (1975): 145-203, ar 146.
43. Mad\av Khosla, India\ Founding Mornmt: The Constitution of a Most
Surprising Democracy (Harvard Universiry Press, 2020), p. 130, foornore
139.
44. Richard Gordon, 'The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian Nationd
Congress, 19ll to 1926', Modern ,*ian Studies,9,2 (1975): 145-203, at
151.
45. lbid., ar 164.
46. James Chiriyankandath, "'Democracy" under the Raj: Elections and
Separate Representation in British lndia', Joumal of Cornmonweahh (r
Comparatiue Politics,30 (1) (1992): 3943, at 43, footnote 20.
47. 'Sikhs in Council: Question of Proportion-the GovernmentYiew', The
Times of India, 8 May 1920, 14; 'Joint committee: The trouble in Madras
Indian Christian representarion.' The Times of India, I August 1919, p.9.
48. Just three per cent ofthe populadon could vote in the provincial elections,
and just I in 10,000 for the Council of State. James Chiriyankandath,
"'Democracy" under the Raj: Elections and Separate Representation in
British India', Journal of Commonwealth 6 Comparatiue Politics, 30 (l)
(1992): 39-63, at 44.
49. Ibid., at 43, footnote 22.
50. Ibid., at 42, footnote 18.
51. 1957 candidates contested the 774 seats in the two (centrd) legislative
councils and eight provisional councils. 'The Indian elections: A summary
of results', The Times of Indu,8 June 1921, p. 10.
52. 'Mahomedan Meeting: The Khilafat Movement', The Times of India, I
November 1920, p. 11.
53. S.K. Nair. 'Gandhiji's visits to Kerala: Gandhiji remembered on 30th
January', SpiderKerah, 30 January 2011. Available at: http://www.

453
spiderkerala. net/resources/492 8-GANDHIJI-S-VIS ITS-TO-KERALA-
GANDHIJI-REMEM BERED.aspx
54. The scholar Manu S. Pillai says that one-fifth of land revenue from the
region came from just eighry-six landlords, eighry-four of whom were
Hindus. Manu S. Pillai. 'The Mapilla rebellion of Malabar', Liuenint,
7 September 2018. Available at: https://www.livemint.com/kisure/
rj zdSI KbbcDUEjkJSTuq4M/The-Mapilla-rebellion-of-Malabar.html
55. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the WorA (Volume 2),
t 9 t 4- 1 948 (Knop[, 2018), p. 149.
56. Vaibhav Purandare, Saaarhar: Tbe True Story of tbc Father of Hinduna
Quggernaut, 2gD), p. 193.
57. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of the Hindu Right (Thomson
Press, 2019), p. 68.
58. Rahul Sagar, 'Must liberals oppose Hindu nationalism?' Indian Express,
23 April 2018. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/
columns/mustJiberals-oppose-hindu-na tionalism-5 I 47 683 I
59. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hinduna: \Y'ho Is a Hindu? (Veer Savarkar
Prakashan, 1969).
60. As the political theorist Niraja Jayal says, for Savarkar 'religious minorities
should [in the abstract] enjoy equal formal rights of citizenship'. Niraja
Gopd Jayal, Citizcnsbip and hs Discontents: An Indian History (Harvard
Universiry Press, 2013), p.217.
61. Vaibhav Purandare, Sauarhar: Tbe True Story of the Father of Hinduna
(Juggernaut, 2019), p. 189.
62. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of tbc Hindu Rigbt (Thomson
Press,2019), p. 84.
63. Ibid., p. 90, footnote 47.
64. Walter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseaah Sangh and Hindu Reaiaalism (riTeswiew Press,
1987), p.33.
65. rbid.
66. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of the Hindu RrgDr (Thomson
Press, 2019), p. 27.
67. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mot)ernent in Ind.ia (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p. 37, footnote I12.
68. \Talter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotberhood:
The Rashrtya Swayarnscuah Sangh and Hindu Reuiaalism (Veswiew press,
1987); Christophe Jaffrelot The Hindu Nationalist Mouetnmt in India
(Columbia Universiry Press, 1996).
69. 'Threatening lrtters Received By Hindu Leaders At Nagpur', Thc Times of
India, 13 May 1927 , p. ll.
454
70. \tr?dter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Rniualism ('Weswiew Press,
1987), p.36.
71. Clemens Dutr, 'lndia Nationdism and rhe Elections', Labour Monthly,Yol.
8, No. 12, December 1926:733-744. Available at: https://www.marxists.
org/archive/dutt-clemens/ I 9261 l2lx}l .hrm
72. Richard Gordon, 'The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National
Congress, I 91 5 to 1926' , Modern ,*ian Sudics, 9, 2 (197 5): 145J03, ar 150.
73. Clemens Dutt, 'India Nationalism and the Elections', Labour Month$,Yol.
8, No. 12, December 1926:733-144. Available at: https://www.marxists.
org/archive/dutt-clemens/ I 9261 l2lx}l .htm
74. Farzana Shaikh, Community and Consensus in Ishm: Muslim Re?resentation
inColonial India, 1860-1947 (lmprintone, 2nd edition, 2012); Venkar
Dhulipala, Creating a New Media: State Power, Ishm, and the Quest for
Pahistan in Late Colonial North India (Canbridge Universiry Press, 2015).
75. Some scholars have argued that the Hindu princely states of colonial India
offered Hindu narionalisrc an imagination of what a Hindu state looked
like. Even if this is accurare, such an imagination was nascenr rarher
than clearly thought out. A Hindu monarchy was never considered as an
alternative to an elected state with majority Hindus by Hindu narionalists.
Manu Bhagwan, 'Princely States and The Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the
Canography of Hindu Narionalism in Colonial lndia', TheJournal of,4sian
Studies,Yol. 67, No. 3 (August) 2008: 881-915.
76. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of tbe Hindu Right (Thomson
2019), p. 90, footnote 47.
Press,
77. 'Gwalior home reflects Vajpayeet simple lifesryle', Hind*stan Tirnes,
l8 August 2018. Available at: hmps://www.hindustantimes.com/
india-news/gwalior-home-refl ects-vaj payee-s-simple-lifesryle/story-
YjXRJOEcPs0sUihYgcTw3N.html
78. Ullekh N.P., The UnnA Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
kindle edition , 2017), location 210 of 3595.
79. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, Delhi, May 2018.
S0. L.K. Advani, My Country M1 Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 29.
81. Haris Masood Zuberi, 'Through hardships to the stars: St. Patrick's High
School turns 150 years old today', Tibune,6 May 2011. Available at:
https://tribune.com.pk/sto ryll62698lthrough-hardships-to-the-stars-st-
paricks-high-school-rurns- I 5O-years-old -oday I o/oE2o/o80o/o99 I
82. 'Minure by the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835'.
Available ac htp://www.columbia.edr"r/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/
macaulay/oct-minute-educadon- I 835.html
83. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.

455
84. Haris Masood Zlberi,'Through hardships to the stars: St. Patrick's High
School turns 150 years old today', Tibune, 6 May 2011. Available at:
https://tribune.com.pk/sto ryll62698lrhrough-hardships-to-the-stars-st-
patricla-high-school-turns- 1 5 0-years-old -oday I o/oE2o/o8oo/o99 I
85. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
86. Kingshuk Nag, Aal Bihan VQpaye: A Manfor All Seasorc (Rupa, 2015), p. 23.
87. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradax (Penguin Boola,
kindle edition, Z0l7), locadon 369.
88. Interview with Vijai Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2019.
89. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Parad.ox (Penguin Books,
kindle edition, 2017); Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpayee: A Man for All
Seasons (Rupa, 201 5), p. 62.
90. Srinath Raghavan, India's Var: \Yorld \Var II and the Mahing of Modzm
South,4sia (Hachette UK, 2016).
91. Book quoted in Ajai Shukla, 'India's Vorld W'ar II', Business Standard,
* 30 April 2016. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/
beyond-business/india-s-world-war-ii- I I 60429 0 I 402- I .html
92. Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS
(Media House, 2006), p.213.
93. Ibid.
94. Manini Chatterjee and V.K. Ramachandran, 'Vajpayee and the Quit India
Movement', Frontline, Vol. 15, No. 3, 7-20 February, 1998. Available at:
https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html I fll503 I 15031 I 50.htm
95. Ibid.
96. rbid.
97. 'Hindu Sangh as "Nazi"', The Hindu,8 March 1934, p.9.
98. ttrTalter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseaah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism (lVeswiew Press,
t987), p.38, footnote 74.The figure is for 1939.
99. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihan Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 201 5),
P.24.
100. Ibid., p. 23.
101. Ibid., p.24.
102. Ibid., p.25.
103. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa, 2010, paperback),
PP.37-38.
104. Ibid., p.33.
105. \0falter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtiya Swayarnseaah Sangh and Hindu Reaiualism (lVeswiew Press,
1987), p.84.

456
106. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 37.
107. Uday S. Kulkarni, Soktice dt Pani?dL 14 January 176l: An Aathentic
Account of the Panipat Campaign (Mula Murha Publications,2012).
108. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,2010, paperback), p. 41.
109. Ibid., p. 342. Munshi's interpretation is contested by, among others,
Romila Thapar in Somnatha: The Many Voices of a Hisnry (Verso, 2005).
110. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, \Ye or Our Nationhood Defned (Kale,1947),
pp.4z4a.
lll. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts (Vilnama Prakashan,
1966), p. 176.
I12. Phone interview with Sridhar Damle, 2020.
I13. 'Golwdkar: Crusader for a Strong ln&a', The Times of India,6Jlune 1973,
P. 10.
114. The scholar on the RSS, Sridhar Damle, says that OTC is a three-step
process; however, this source says otherwise. See, Vasudha Venugopal,
'\07'hat does it take to be an RSS karyakam?', Economic Times,30 May 2018.
Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-
nation/what-does-it-take-to-be-an-rss-karyakama/anicleshod64390472.cms
l 15. Ibid.
I16. Interview with an RSS leader who does not wish to be named.
I17. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.42.
ll8. 'Vajpayee and his father studied law together in Kanpur', The Indian
Express, l7 August 2018. Available at https://indianexpress.com/article/
education/when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-and-his-father-were-classmates-in-a-
kanpur-college -53 I 2260 I
I19. Viiai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongd (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.84.
120. 'Yajpayee and his father studied law together in Kanpur', The Indian
Expres, 17 August 2018. Available at hmps://indianexpress.com/article/
education/when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-and-his-father-were-classmates-in-a-
3 I 2260 I
kanpur-colleg e-5
121. Tilak Sharma,'A teacher remembers a student by the neme Atal', The
Times of India, l8 May 1996.
122. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: Tbe Years that Changed the WorA (uolume 2),
1 9 1 4- 1 948 (Knopfi 2018), p. 7 57 .

123. Ibid., p.771.


124. lbid.,p.757.
125. This was particularlyso when the Hindu Mahasabha was run by Savarkar
from 1937 to 1942, and from 1946 onwards. See Nandini Gondhalekar
and Sanjoy Bhamacharya, 'The All India Hindu Mahasabha and the End of

457
British Rule in India, 1939-1947', Social Scientist,Yol.2T, No. 718 Quly-
August 1999): 48-7 4, at 63.
126. Yaibhav Purandare, Sauarkar: Thb True Storl of The Father of Hinduna
2Al), p. 27 3.
(frrggernaur,
I 27. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, Pakistan or Partition of India (Thacker, I 946).
128. Neeti Nair, Changing Homehnds (Harvard University Press, 201 l).
129. Joya Chatterji, The Spoik of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947-1967
(Cambridge Universiry Press, 2007).
130. Ayesha Jalal, Tbe Sob Spohesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the
D emand fo r Pa h is tan, Y ol. 3 I (Cambridge University Press, I 994).
131. Gandhi had toyed with the idea of Pakistan in negotiations with Jinnah
in 1944. But, using the Raja.ii plan, he thought of partition as an option
to be discussed only after the British left. Jinnah did not take che
discussion any further. See G.S. Chhabra, 'CR formula', Aduance Study
in
the History of Modern India Uolume-2: I80i-1920) (Lotus Press,
2005), p. 168.
132. Hindu Mahasabha Papers, 1944, C-60-1, p. 15. Accessed from NMML.
133. Ibid, p. ll.

eeqrosd6o - 2: DdaS 1*eer (1945-50)


l. The remaining seats (out of 102) were divided as follows: Europeans 8;
l,andholders 7; Indian Commerce 4; Sikhs 2; General 3. 'Government of
India, Return Showing the Results of Elections to the Central lrgislative
fusembly and the Provincial lrgislatures in 1945-46 (Delhi, l94S)' , p. 5.
2. This was the Cabinet Mission Plan of the Brirish governmenr, released in
May 1946. Though rhe Congress had some issues with it, they were by and
large willing ro go with the general principles of the plan.
3. 'Hindus betrayed by Congress: Mr. Savarkar's criticism', The Times of
India,3l October 1945, p.5.
4. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 73.
5. Schwaraberg Atlas, v., 222. Digital South fuia Library. Available
at: https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.
html?object=260 &view= text
6. \7.\f.J., 'The Indian Elections 1946', The World. Today,2(4) (April1946):
167-75, ar 168, Charham House: The Royal Insritute of International
Affairs.
7. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World (uolumc 2),
I 9 14- I 948 (Knopfl 2018), p. 772.

458
8. Schutartzberg Atlas, v., 222. Digitd South Asia Library. Available
at: https : //dsal. uchicago. edu/reference/schw arvber gl pager.
html?obj ecr=260 &view= rext
9. rbid.
10. Rupa Subramanya. 'Facts Don't Back The Argument That Most Indian
Muslims Wanted Partition', Huffngton Post, 19 fune 2017. Available at:
https: //www. huffi ngtonpost. in/rupa-subramanya/facts-dont-back-rhe-
argument-thar-mosr-indian-muslims-wan ted-pa_a)248 8 8 8 5/
ll. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icoru of the Hindu Nght (Thomson
Press, 2019), p.354.
12. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa, 2010, paperback),
P.42.
13. Ibid. p. 5.
14. India, The Round Table', Tbe Cornmonwealth Journal of Intenational
Affairs, Yol. 37, No. 147 (1947): 26249, at 262. Available au https://
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/ I 0. 1 080/ 003585347 0845 1456
15. Yuvraj Krishan, Undtrstanding Partition: India Sundered, Muslirns
Fragmented (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , 2002) , p. 247 .

16. Chandni Saxena, 'Dimensions and Dynamics of Violence during the


Partirion of India', Proceedings of the Indian History Congres, YoL 74
(2013):909-20.
17. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World (aolurne 2),
4-l 948 (Knopf, 201 8), p. 861.
I 91

18. Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Political History (Roudedge, 2014,
Third Edidon), p. 84.
19. 'lndian Independence Act, 1947', chapter 30. Available at: http://www.
legisladon. gov.uk/ukpga/ I 9 47 I 30 I pdfsl tkpga-1947 0030-en.pdf
20. 'Move to partition Punjab and Bengal: Text of Mr. Jinnah's Statement,
I and B Department', New Delhi, 4Mayl947. Available ar hnp://www.
narionalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-Partition/jinnah-
partition/
2l .
Tahir Kamran, 'The Unfolding Crisis in Punjab, March-Augus r 1947: Key
Turning Points and British Responses',/PS 14, no. 2 (2007):197.
22. Sankar Ghose, Mahatna Gandhi (Allied Publishers, I 99 1), P - 341.
23. S.P. Mookerjee, 'Hindus \rill Never Accept Partition', Organiser,Yol l,
l,3 July 1947, p.5. Accessed from the Nehru Memorid Museum and
Library.
24. L.K.Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p' 8'
25. lbid,.,P.2.
26. lbid,., p.4.

459
27. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpaye: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
P.27.
28. Ibid.
29. Interview with Govindacharya, Delhi, March 2018.
30. Prashant Bharadwaj, fuim Khwaja and Atif Mian, 'The big march:
migratory flows after the partition of India', Econornic and Political Weehly
(2008): 3949.
31. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the VorA Qobme 2),
I 9 I 4- I 948 (Knopf, 2ol8), p. 843.
32. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of tbe \Voild.'s Largest
Democracy (Picador, 2017), p.86.
33. Arunima Dey, 'Violence against women during the partition of India:
Interpreting women and their bodies in the context of ethnic genocide', ES
Reaiew, No. 37, 2016, p.106, Universidad de Vallodolid.
34. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the \V'orld (aolume 2),
1 9 1 4- I 948 (Knopf, 2018), p. 843.
35. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa, 2010, paperback),
P.11.
36. Ibid., p. 109.
37. lbid., p. 51.
38. Ibid., p.46.
39. tbid., p.67-
40. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the VorA Qohme 2),
1 9 948 (Knopf, 2018), p. 854.
1 4- 1

41. Interview with Prafirll Goradia, Delhi, April 2018.


42. Ranjita Ganesan, '!(e fue the Godses', Business Standard,T February 2015.
Available at: hmps://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/we-are-
the-godses- I I 5 020600 67 l_ I .html
43. Nathuram Godse, Mal it Phase Your Honour (Surya Prakashan, Nai Sarak,
1989), p. 50.
44. rbid., p.67.
45. A.G. Noorani, 'Savarkar and Gandhi's murder', Frontline, Volume 29,
Issue 19: 22 September-5 October 2012. Available ar: https://frondine.
thehindu.com/sratic/html/fl 29 19 I storiesl 2Ot2tOO529 t9l I 400.htm
46. Interview with M.G. Vaidya, Nagpur, April 2018.
47. L.K. Advani, M1 Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.72.
48. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Yearc that Changed the \Vorld (uolume 2),
1 9 948 (Knop[, 2018), p. 867.
1 4- I
49. Nathuram Godse, May it Pbase Your Honour (Surya prakashan, Nai sarak,
1989), p.78.

460
50. Rajesh Ramachandran, 'The Mastermind?', Outlook, 6 September
2004. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.c oml magazine/story/the-
mastermind/225000
51. Tushar A. Gandhi. 'Nathuram Godse pulled the uigger, but who
really killed Mahatma Gandhi?', Economic Times, ll September 2016.
Available at: //economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowl54270465.
cms? from= mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm
medium=text&utm_campaign= cppst
52. Ullel,rtr N.P., 'Savarkar escaped because nobody probed how Godse got
an Itdian revolver from a Gwalior dealer', Open,20 May 2019. Available
at: https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/history/savarkar-escaped-
because-nobody-probed-how-godse-got-an-italian-revolver-from-a-
gwalior-dealer
53. Prabhash K. Dutta, 'Nathuram Godse was neryous, fearful going
to gallows, said judge who heard his appeal', India Today, 17 May
2019. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nathuram-
godse-was-nervous-fearful-going-ro-gallows-said-judge-who-heard-his-
ap p eal- | 5 27 | 8 4 -20 I 9-05- 17
54. Gopal Godse disputes rhis. On being asked, he said rhat the words 'Hey
Ram' had been uttered by Ben Kingsley, not Mohandas Gandhi, hmps://
www.youtube.com/watch ?v=cKiuJn\7NaLU
55. Kanika Sharma, 'Spectacular Justice: Aesthetics and Power in the Gandhi
Murder Trial', in Awol Allo (ed..), The Courtroorn as a Space of Resistance
(Routledge, 20 I 5).
56. rbid.
57. The appeal was heatd by che Punjab and Haryana High Court. Savarkar's
acquittal was not in contention. The judge upheld the rest of the trial
court's verdict.
58. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'The retrial of Nathuram Godse: Gandhi assassin's
poliricd audience', Indian Ex1tress,30 January 2015. Available at: https://
indianexpress. com/article/opinion/columns/mahatma-gandhis-assassin-
seems-to-have-a-political-audience-once-more/
59. Kanika Sharma, 'Spectacular Justice: Aesthetics and Power in the Gandhi
Murder Trial', in Awol AIlo (ed.), The Coilrtroom as a Space of Resistance
(Routledge, ZOLS), p. 25.
60. Nathuram Godse, May it Plcase Your Honour (Surya Prakashan, Nai Sarak,
t9a9), p.65.
61. Barnik Ghosh,'The Trial of Nathuram Godse: A Defiant Rebuttal or a
Meek Submi ssion', India Law Joumal, hrtp://www.indialawjournal.org/
archives/volume2/issue-2/nathuram-godse-trial. html

461
62. A.G. Noorani, 'RSS & Gandhi's murder', Frontline, 14 October 2016.
63. M.S. Golwalkar, Colhcted Speecha (Sri Guraji Samagra), Volume 7 (New
Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 9.
64. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: Tlte Years that Changed the VorA fuohme 2),
1914-1948 (Knope 2018), p.896.
65. A.G. Noorani, Saaarhar and Hinduna: The Godse Connection (kft.W'ord
Books, 2002), p. 138.
66. A.G. Noorani, 'RSS & Gandhi's murder', Frontline, 14 October 2016.
67. Ullekh N.P., 'Savarkar escaped because nobody probed how Godse got
an Italian revolver from a Gwalior dealer', Opm,20 May 2019. Available
at: https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/history/savarkar-escaped-
because-nobody-probed-how-godse-got-an-italian-revolver-from-a-
gwalior-deder .

68. Vinay Ld,'Nathuram Godse, the RSS, and the Murder of Gandhi', UCLA
Social Sciences MANAS. Available ac http://southasia.ucla.edu/history-
politics/hindu-rashtra/nathuram-godse-rss-murder-gandhi/
69. Hindu Mahasabha Papers, 1944, C-175 (1948-49), p. 96. Accessed from
NMML.
70. From Mey 1948 to February 1949.
7l . Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Yean that Changed the Vorld (aolume 2),
t9t4-1948 (Gop[ 2018), p.899.
72. A.G. Noorani. 'How Savarkar escaped the gallows', The Hindu,30 January
2013. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/how-
savarkar-escaped-the- gallows I enicle43 5 80 48. ece
7 3. S. Padmavathi and D.G. Hariprasath.'Volume VI, Chapter )O(V, Bombay
investigation, point 25.106', Mahatma Gandhi Assassination: J.L. Kapur
' Commission Report, Pan 2.
74. Krishnadas Rajagopal, 'No material to probe Gandhi assassination again:
SC', The Hinda, S January 2018. Available ar hnps://www.thehindu.
com/news/national/no-material-to-probe-gandhi-death-again-sc/
arricle22398743.ece
75. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperbeck), p.71.
76. M.S. Golwalkar, Colhcted Speech (Sri Grruji Samagra), Volame 1 (New
Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 5.
77. rbid., p. 6.
78. Ibid., p. 8.
79. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nartonalist Moaement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 88.
80. 'R.S.S. Has Done Nothing To Feel Penitent: ActMties to be condnued as
before', The Timcs of India, l8 July 1949, p.7.

462
81. 'Association with R.S.S. May Irad to Dismissal', The Times of India,T
February 1948,p.9.
82. Omar Rashid, 'RSS is in it and outside ic M.G. Vaidya', The Hindu,.l3
September 201 5. Available ar: https://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/
rss-is-in-it-and-outside-ir-mg-vaidya/articl e7 6463 | 0. ece
83. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongd (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016), p.50.
84. 'Disturbances spread in Poona: more areas under curfew: Troops called
out' , The Times of India, 2 February 1948, p. 7 .
85.'Hindu sabha office riffled', The Times of India,2 February 1948, p. 7.
86. Interview wirh M.G. Vaidya, Nagpur, April 2018.
87 . L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (krya, 20 I 0, paperb ack), p. 7 5.
88. Ibid., p.71.
89. Ibid., p.75.
90. Rakesh Ankit, 'How rhe Ban on the RSS Was Lifted', Economic and Political
Veek ly, 20 12, 47 (t
6) :7 t -7 8.
91. Desh Raj Goyal.'Appendix IV: Text of the governmenr communique of
I I July 1949', Rashtrja Swayamsewak Sangh, p.255,Hindi Shop, 2000.
92. 'Unification Of Hindu Society: New Constitution of R. S. S.', The Times
of India, T September 1949, p. ll.
93. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
94. See, for instance, P.D. Saggi (ed,.), Life and Vorh of Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel (Overseas Publishing House, Bombay), p. viii.
95. That this older religious idea of India informed Patel's actions can be
seen from this telling comment from V.P. Menon, who assisted the home
minister in this task 'India is one geographical entiry. Yet, rhroirghout her
long and chequered history, she never achieved politicd homogeneiry . . .
Today, for the first time in the country's history, the writ of a single
centrd Government runs from Kailas to Kanyakumari, from Kathiawar to
Kamarupa'. V.P Menon, Inugration ofthe lidian Srarer (Orient Blackswan,
1956), pp.7-8.
96. V.P. Menon, Integration of the Indian States (Orienr Blackswan, 1956), p.
27r.
97. G.M. Nandurkar (ed.), Sardar Patel Series, Volume 2, p. 62, hmps://
indianexpress.com/article/explained/sardar-vallabhbhai-parels-views-on-
kashmir-problem-what-the-record-says- 5 0 6007 7 I
98. Claude Arpi, 'Tragedy of Kashmir that bleeds us to this day', The Pioneer,
2l December 2017.
99. The steps were that, first, 'tribesman and Pakistani nationals' were
instructed to withdraw from the region. Once they withdrew, India would
begin moving its own troops out. It was only once this was done that the

463
UN would conduct a plebiscite', i.e., elections in Kashmir to determine
whether the people wanted to go with India or Pakistan. See UNSCR,
Resolution 47 . Available at: http://unscr.com/en/resoludons/47
100. The reasons for India and Pakistan's rejections of the UN resolution is
provided in detail in Srinath Raghavan, Var and Peace in Modzm India
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 132.
l0l. Venkatesh Nayak, 'The Baclatory of Ardcle 370l A True Copy of J&K's
Instrument of Accession', The \Yire, 26 October 2016. Available at:
https://thewire.in/history/public-first-time-jammu-kashmirs-instrument-
accession-india
102. The best bookon the legal enactment of Anicle 370 and its subsequent
erosion (prior to 2019) is A.G. Noorani, Article 370: A Constitutional
History ofJamrnu (r l{ashmir (Oxford Universiry Press, 201l).
103. futicle 35A of Consritution of India, 1950, which has since been made
redundant. The prevention of outsiders buying land in Kashmir predated
the Indian Constitution.
104. Neeraja Singh (ed.), Nehra-Patel: Agrecrnent \Yithin Dffirmces: Sehct
dnatments and correspondznces 1933-1950 (National Book Trust, 2010),
p. 167.
105. Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (Navajivan Publishing House, 1990,
kindle edition), location 10773.
106. Romila Thapar. Somanatha: The Many Voica of a History (Verso, 2005).
107. K.M. Munshi,/zi Somnath (R4kamal Prakashan,2016).
108. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 84.
109. 'Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry', Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009 , p. 9 .
lI0. Dhirendra K. Jha and Krishna Jha, Ayodhya The Darh Night: The Secret
History of Rama\ Appenrance in Babri Masjid (HarperCollins,2012).
111. Gyanesh Kudaisya,'Ayodhya in the Time of Jawaharlal', Outhoh, l0
December 20 I 8. Available ac https://www.outlookindia.com/m agazinel
srory/ayodhya-i n-the-time-o f -jaw aharld,l 3009 43
I12. L.K. Advani, My Country M7 Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 361.
113. Ibid.
114. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: Tbe Cuious History of India\
Rehtions with Pakistan (HarpeCollins India, 2017), p.31.
115. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouenent in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p. 96.
116. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: The Cuious History of India's
Rehtions with Pdkistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), p.33.

464
I17. Ibid., footnote 4.
I18. Ibid., footnote 5.
I19. Ibid., p. 36.
120. Christophe Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Cohtmbia
The
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 86, foomote 30.
121. Ibid., p. 90.
122. Ramachandra Guha, 'Vhy Nehru vs Patel', Indian Express, 9 February
2018. Available ac haps://indianexpress.com/anicle/opinion/columns/
why-j awaharlal-nehru-vs-vallabhbhai-patel-505 6609 I

eeQ!5d$o - 3 : E6h* il"dSrd (1951-67)


l. Interview with N.M. Ghatare, New Delhi, May 2018.
2. M M.S. Golwalkar, ColbctedSpeeches (Sri Guruji Samagra), Volurne / (New
Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. ll7.
3. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 86.
4. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Oigins and
Deuelopment of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Cambridge Universiry Press,
2008), p.27.
5. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996) p. ll7.
6. Ibid., p. ll8, footnote 15.
7. Ibid.
8. BharadyaJana Sangh Manifesto, 195 l.
9. 'Bharatiya Jan Sangh: Convention in Delhi', Hindu,22 October 1951, p.
6.
10. Ibid.
ll. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of the Hindu Right (Thomson
Press,2019), p.2ll.
12. For a representative list of his writings, see https://deendaydupadhyay.orgl
ardcles.html
13. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and
Deuehpment of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Cambridge University Press,
2008), p.76.
14. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p. 88.
15. 'Bharatiya Jan Sangh: Convention in Delhi', Hindu,22 Ocrober 1951,
p.6
16. From a 1952 essay in the Organiser. Quoted in Ramachandra Guha,
'Rescue Nehru from his descendants, writes Ramachandra Guha,'
Hindustan Tirnes, 30 July 2017. Avileble ac https://www.hindustantimes.

465
com/editorials/can-nehru-be-rescued-from-his-descendants/story-
0aXiSThlFh4fgblO( 1S mrS P.html
17. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the \YorUi Largest
Democraqr (Picador, 2017), p. 135.
18. Ibid., p.134.
19. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Cohtmbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. l2l.
20. 'Dr. Mookerjee Explains Jan Sangh's Objectives: Attitude to Kashmir state
issue', The Tirues of India, 30 December 1952, p.5.
21. 'R.S.S. to launch campaign: Cow slaughter ban', The Times of India, T
October 1952, p.7.
22. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and
Deaehpment of the Bharatiya Jdna Sangh (Cambridge University Press,
2008), p.30.
23. Prabhu Chawla, 'United Front stuck with label of instabiliry as parries
engage in competitive politics' , India Today, 15 February 1997. Available at:
https: //www. indiatoday. in/magazine/cover-story/story/ 1997 02 | 5 -united-
front-stuck-with-labe l-of-instability-as-parties-engage-in-competitive-
politics-83284 l -1997 -02-l 5
24. Intewiew with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
25. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.834.
26. Ibid.
27. Ulleklr N} ., The UntoA Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Boola,
kindle edition, 2017), location 57 3.
28. The officid version is that Mookerjee lacked the 'permit' required to enter
Kashmir. See Kingshuk Nag, Aul Bihari Vajpaye: A Man for All Seasons
(Rupa, 2015), p. 30. However, Hindu nationalists argue that the arrest
was illegal. See Tathagata Roy, Syana Prasad Mooherjce: Life and Times
(Penguin, 2018), p. 377.
29. Ashok Tandon, 'One day this young man will be PM: Nehru on Yajpayee',
Sifi News,24 December 2014. Avalable ac hmp://www.sifr.com/news/
one-day- this-young-man-will-be-pm-nehru-on-vaj payee-news-columns-
omxua0gfeifdi.hml
30. 'Dr. Mookerjee's end followed weakening of hearc 82-yar-old mother
funts', The Timcs of India, 24 June 1953, p. f.
31. 'Ibid.
32. Interview with Swapan Dasgupa, March 2018.
33. Kinphuk Nag Aul Bihai Vajpayc: A Man for All Scasons (Rupa, 201 5), p. 3 l.
34. 'Aral Bihari Vajpayee lost his first election in 1953; this is what he did after
hearing the news', DNA, 17 August 2018.

466
35. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
36. Syed Muthahar Saqae 'Vajpayee's record', The Hindu, 26 March 2014.
Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vajpayees-record/
aricle5832273.ece
37. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongh (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.21.
38. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihari Vajpaye: Four Decadzs in Parliament,
Volume I(Shipra Publications), p. xvi.
39. YrlaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),p.21.
40. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. l0l-02.
41. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatare, New Delhi, May 2018.
42. Inrerview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
43. '\7dk-our By M. P.s', The Times of India, 2l August 1957, p.9. See N.M.
Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament, Volume I
(Shipra Publications), p. xviii.
44. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p 103.
45. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 23.
46. Interview with Ullekh N.P., New Delhi, April 2018.
47. lnterview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
48. For obvious reasons, this poet did not wish his name ro be quoted in rhe
book.
49. VijaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongtt (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p. 81.
50. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018. He says he was told
this story by an Indian diplomat.
51. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.104.
52. Ibid., pp.84546.
53. 'Netra', 'Only a Foreigner Comperenr to Film Gandhiji's Life, Nehru Says',
Organise4 Vol. )O[I, No. 19, p.12,16 December 1963.
54. L.K. Advani, My Coantry, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. I10.
55. Interview with Mahesh Rangarajan, New Delhi, January 2019.
56. 'Yajpryee And Subhadra Joshi In Neck And Neck Race', The Times of
India, 3 February 1967, p. 3.
57. Chirr:-saw India's 1959 reception of the Dalai tama as an interference into
im internal mafters. And China had long rejecrcd the British-drawn border
line, claiming some 2,500 square miles of Indian-controlled territory as
its own. For the larter argument, see Srinath Raghavan, Vlar and Pcace in
Modcm India (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p.266.
58. 'This is a Dharmayuddha', Organiser, Vol. 16, No. 13, 5 November 1962,
p. 15. Accessed from NMML.
59. Inrcrview with Harin Pathak, Ahmedabad, April 2018.

467
60. N.M. Ghatate (ed,.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decades in Parliammt,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 59.
61. Kingshuk N"g, Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
P 145.
62. 'RSS in R-Day parade: Highlight of Citizens' Group', Organiser, Vol. 16,
No, 26, 4 February 1963, p. l. Accessed from NMML.
63. Ibid., pp., l, 15. Accessed from NMML.
64. The scholars B.D. Graham and Craig Baxter have exhaustively studied the
policies of rhe Jana Sangh through this period. \7hat their studies miss is
that these policies had little to do with ideology and everything to do with
winning elecdons. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politi.cs:
The Origins and Deuelopment of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Cambridge
Universiry Press, 2008); Craig Baxter, The Jana Sangh: Biograpfu of an
Indian Political Party (Universiry of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
65. Victor Anant, 'Indians' anxious look at the era after Nehru', The Guardian,
28May 1964.
66. '\7hen Atal Bihari Vajpayee delivered emorional speech after Jawaharlal
Nehru's death', Econornic Times, 17 August 2017.
67. Craig Baxter, The Jana Sangh: Biography of an Indian Political Party
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
68. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
69. Interview with M.G. Vaidya, Nagpur, April 2018.
70. Jacques Maritain, Integral Humanisrn: Temporal and Spiritual Problems
of a New Christendnm, translated by Joseph Evans (New York Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1968), p. 22. Maritain was writing under the conrext
of the clash berween capitalism, fascism and communism in Europe-
and the devastation it had caused on family, freedom, as well as on the
Catholic church. His solution was to lead the human person rowards a
full development under the primacy of the spiritual. This conception of
a human 'person', free but non-materialistic, was a deliberate reaction
to whar Maritain calls rhe 'two opposite errors' of totalitarianism and
individudism. To prorecr democratic freedom from communism and
fascism, he argued that it was important that the 'secular' values of the state
be grounded in their religious and philosophical basis. Such a stare would
nor be rheocratic, but it would acknowledge that the values of secularism,
democrary, liberalism and freedom was grounded in a Christian rradition.
71. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 120.
72. Ibid., pp.l2L2l.
73. Interview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
74. lntewiew with Harin Pathak, Ahmedabad, April 2018.

468
75. rbid,.
76. YijAt Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.83.
77 . Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
78. Interview with N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
79. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar-3: Deendayal Upodboyo ki hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 25.
80. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengduru, April 2018.
81. Manjari Katju, Wshaa Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics (Orient
Blackswan, Second Edition, 2010), p.7.
82. Ibid.
83. .World Hindu Conference', (WHC l), 22-24 January 1966. Available
ar: htrp://vhp.org/conferences/world-hindu-conference/world-hindu-
conference- l -whc-i/
84. 'Anti-Cow Slaughter Mob Storms Parliament House: Unprecedented Acts
of Violence in Delhi', The Hindu,8 November 1966, p. l.
85. Ibid.
86. 'Demand for Judicial Enquiry', The Hindu, S November 1966, p. 1.
87. 'Yalpayee And Subhadra Joshi In Neck And Neck Race,' The Times of
India, 3 February 1967, p. 3.
88. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
89. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
90. Estimate compiled by Arpit Gaind from Election Commission data.
91. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
92. Yijayarale Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Royal to Public Life (Prabhat books,
2008, kindle version), location 2080.
93. L.K. Advani, M1 Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.129.
94. Ibid., p. l3l.
95. Ibid., p. t24.
96. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.

erq"6o$o - 4 : 65Ku3 gObS a)060 (1968-73)


l. 'Upadhyaya, Jana Sangh Chief Found Murdered Near Mughalsarai
Station', The Times of India, 12 February 1968, p. l.
2. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyaya hi hatya sc Indira
Gandhi hi hatya uh (Dinman Prakashan), p. I l.
3. 'Upadhyaya, Jana Sangh Chief Found Murdered Near Mughalsarai
Station', The Tirnes of India, 12 February 1968, p. l.
4. A.G. Noorani, The IllustatcdVeekly of India,25 April1971. Reproduced
in https: //thewire.in/history/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-death-mystery

469
5. Ibid.
6. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Deendayal Upadlryaya hi batya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tak (Dinman Prakashan), p. 11.
7. lbid., p. 12.
8. 'Upadhyaya's Death: Foul Play Suspected', The Hindu, 12 February 1968,
p. l.
9. Bdraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Demdayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
GandhT hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p 16.
10. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.142.
I I . Inrerview with Prafull Goradia, New Delhi, April 2018.
12. Inrerview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
13. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
14. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
15. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 61.
16. M.S. Golwalkar, Coilected Speeches (Sri Guruji Samagra), Volume Z (New
Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 144.
17. 'Deen Dayd Upadhyay is Cremated', Tirnes of India, 13 February 1968,
p. l.
18. Ibid.
19. N.M. Ghatate (ed,.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decadcs in Parliarnent,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.729.
20. Ibid., p. rorvi.
2l . Interview with Srinath Raghavan, Mumbai, 27 June 2018.
22. Balrq Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Dcmdayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), pp.37-38.
23. Maritain, Integral Humanism: Ternporal and Spiritaal Problzrns
See Jacques
of a New Christendom (Joseph Evans translator, Charles Scribner's Sons,
1968).
24. For a dated but influential political science book on Christian democracy,
seeStathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian DemooaE in Europe (Cornell
Universiry Press, 1996).
25. Balr^j Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Dcendayal Upadlryaya hi hatya sc Indira
Gandhi hl batya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 66.
26. Roxna Swamy, Euolaing with Subramanian Swdml: A Rolhr Coaster Ridz
(Bahrisons Distribution, 2017), pp. 5940. Confirmed in inrerview with
Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
27 . lntewiew with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 201 8.
28. Roxna Swamy, Eaolaing uith Subramanian Swamy: A Rollcr Coatter Ridr
(Bahrisons Distribution, ZOIT), i. 45.

470
29. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
30. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
3i. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018. Confirmed in interview
with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
32. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
33. This was told ro the senior journalist Coomi Kapoor by Nusli S7adia in an
interview in November 2019. From an inrerviewwith Coomi Kapoor, New
Delhi, December 2019.
34. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
35. Iqterview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
36. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyl,a hi harya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), pp.4748.
37. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayec: Four Dcca*s in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 41.
38. BharatiyaJana Sangh, Party Docurnmts 1951-1972: Resolutions on Economic
Affairs (BharatiyaJana Sangh Publishers, 1973),YoL2, p. 174.
39. 'Bank Bill Voted Unanimously by R^jy" Sabha', The Times of India, 9
August 1969, p. l.
40. 'Jana Sangh Talks Next Week on Parry Crisis', The Times of India, l0
September 1969, p. l.
41. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 16l.
42. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar j: Dcendayal Upadlryaya ki hatya se Indira
Gandhi ki hatya uh (Dinman Prakashan), p. 89.
43. rbid., p.92.
44. A.S.Driat, lhshmir: Tbe Vajpayee Yean (HarperCollins India, 2016), p. 106.
45. See minute 39 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBWCTlNyws
46. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018, and interview with
one other RSS person who declines to be named. The author spent months
attempting to trace the article, but was unable to. But given the fact that
rwo independent sources have confirmed its existence and many in the RSS
have confirmed the 'deal' that followed, the author believes in the existence
of this anicle.
47. lnterview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018, and interview with
. one other RSS person who declined to be named.
48. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar j: Demdayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 62.
49. Interview with Jairam Ramesh, Kolkata, February 2018.
50. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.20.
51. Interviewwith Ullekh N.P., New Delhi, May 2018.
52. Interview wirh Madhuri Sondhi, New Delhi, February 2018.

47L
53. Interviewwith Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018. See also, Christophe
Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia Universiry
Press,1996), p.237.
54. This was said by Balraj Madhok's daughters in a public forum at a tdk by
the author on Bdraj Madhok in India Internationd Centre in New Delhi,
April20l8.
55. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upodboy hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p.125.
56. Ibid., p.146.
57. KingshukNag, Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa Publications, 201 5),
P.71.
58. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyaya hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 138.
59. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
60. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendal,at Upadlryaya ki hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p.125.
61. Walter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism ('$7'eswiew Press,
1987), p. 186.
62. 'Madhok Leaves Kanpur', The Hindu, l0 February 1973, p.7-
63. See: 'RSS reponedly considering admitting non-Hindus in its fold', India
Today, 30 April 1977 . Available ar https://www.indiatoday.in I magazine I
indiascope/st ory I | 97 7 0 430-rss-reportedly-considering-admitting-non-
hindus-in-its- bld-823 67 6 -20 | 4 -08 -07
64. \Talter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotbohood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseuak Sangh and Hindu Reuitalism ('$7'eswiew Press,
199/), p. 189.
65. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayl Upadlryay hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi ki hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), pp.127-28.
66. Ibid., p. r28.
67.'Madhok lraves Kanpur', The Hindu. l0 February 1973, p. 7.
68. 'Madhok's View Challenged by Vajpayee', The Times of India, g February
1973, p.9.
69. Interview with Harin Pathak, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
70. Ibid.
71. W'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
The Rashtrila Swayatnseuah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism (\iTeswiew Press,
1987), p. 185.
72. 'Jana Sangh Threatens Action Against Madhok', The Times of India, ll
February 1973, p. l.

472
73. Interview with N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, June 2018.
74. 'Jana Sangh Threatens Action Against Madhok', The Times of India, ll
February 1973, p. l.
75. 'Madhok Expelled from Jan Sangh for 3 Years', Tbe Hindu, 14 March
1973, p. t.
76. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
77. Balral Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar j: Deendayl Upadlryay hl hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 138.
78. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
79. 'Golwalkar Dead', The Times of India,6Jwe 1973, p. 1.
80. M.S. Golwalkar, Collected Speech (Sri Guraji Samagra), Volume 7 (New
Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 3.
81. 'Touching Farewell to Golwalkar', The Tirnes of India,6 June 1973,
p. 1.
82. Interview with Seshadri Chari, New Delhi, April 2018.
83. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaet cnt in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p.257.

eeq,o5d6o - 5 : poo$o e>ryer (7974-77)


l The story in this paragraph is common to many developing countries
recovering from foreign rule. During colonial rule, dl manner of groups
unite against the occupiers to forge a 'multi-ethnic' national parry. This
party then dominates politics in the new country for some years, but sooner
or later, people begin to demand pafties that singularly cater to their narrow
identides. \i7hat follows is the breakdown of democrary, electoral fraud,
and violence. Alvin Rabusha and Kenneth Shepsle, Politics in Plural Society:
A Theory of Democratic Inaability (Charles E Merrill Publishing Company,
1972), pp.74-86.
2. Rajni Kothari, 'The Congress "System" in India', ,4sian Suraey, 4, ro. 12
(December 1964) : 1 16l-7 3.
3. Atul Kohli, Demotacy and Discontent: India's GrowingCrisis ofGouernability
(Cambridge Universiry Press, 1991).
4. Gyan Prakash, Emergency Chronicbs: Indira Gandhi and DemoraEi
Turning Point (Penguin-Viking, 20 I 8).
5. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Demooacy: JP Moaement and the Emergency
(Penguin, 2003),p.17.
6. Ranabir Samaddar, 'The Indian Railway'Workers and the Crisis of 1974',
\Vorhing USA: The Joumal of l^abor and Society, Vol. 18, December 2016:
575-94, at 575.

473
7. Ral<esh Ankit, 'Janata Parry (1974-77)t Creation of an All-India
Opposition', History and Sociolog of South,*ia ll(l) (2017):39-54,53.
8. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of DemooaE: JP Moaetnent and the Etnergency
(Penguin, ZOO3), p.34.
9. lbid.,p.37.
10. Ibid., p. 39.
I l.
Christophe Jaftelot, The Hindu Nartonalist Moaemmt in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p.260.
12. Vinod K Jose. 'Narendra Modi, Insubordinate', The Carauan, 7 April
2014. Available at: htcp://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/narendra-
modi-insubordinate
I 3.
See https://www.narendramodi.in/the-activist-3 I 29
14. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Party (1974-77): Creation of an All-India
Opposition', History and Sociohg of South,4sia 1l(l) (2017): 39-54,53.
15. lbid', p.42.
16. Interview with Sadanand Menon, Chennai, June 2018.
17. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of DemoraE: JP Moaement and the EmergenE
(Penguin, 2003), p.25.
18. N.M. Gharate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.394.
19. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
20. rbid.
21. Interviewwith Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
22. The jownalist Virendra Kapoor says that Nanaji told this to him. Interview
with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
23. Rakesh Ankit, 'Jayaprakash Narayan, Indian Nationd Congress and Parry
Politics, 1934-1954', Sndies in Indian Politics,3(2): 14943, p. 150.
24. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.186.
25. Ramachandra Guha, An Anthropologist Among the Mamists and Othn Essays
(Orient Blackswan 2001), first page of Introduction.
26. Ankit, 'Jayaprakash Narayan, Indian Nationd Congress and Parry
Rakesh
Politics, 1934-1954', Sadies in Indian Politics, 3(2): 14943, p. 16l.
27. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Demoracy: JP Moaernent and the Emergency
(Penguin, 2003), p. 40.
28. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hinda Nationalist Mouenent in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p.261.
29. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nabin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),p.49.
30. Valter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseaah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism flVeswiew Press,
1987), p.2ll.
31. Ibid.
474
32. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p. 189.
33. 'Ban Fascist Groups: MPs', The Tirnes of India,30 March 1974, p.5.
34. Rakah Ankit, 'Janaa Pany (197477): Creation of an All-India Opposition',
History and Sociohg of South,*ia (1 1) ( I ) (2017): 39-54, p. 42.
35. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.192.
36. rbid.
37. Rakesh Ankit, Janata Party (1974-77): Creacion of an All-India
Opposition', History and Sociolog of South,4sia (ll) (l) (2017): 39-54,53.
38. rbid,., p. 47.
39. Vdter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, Thc Saffon Brotberhood:
The Rashtriya Swayarnseuak Sangh and Hindu Reriaalism (\Teswiew Press,
1987),
P.2rr.
40. T. Ramakrishnan,'The 1975 Gujarat Assembly election', The Hindu,
5 December 2017. Avalable ar hnps://www.thehindu.com/elections/
g$ar at-20 17 I the- 197 5 - gqxat-assembly-election/anicle 2 I 262462. ece
41. rbid.
42. Sute of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, 1975 AIR 865.
43. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Demooacy: JP Moaemcnt and the Emetgency
(Penguin, 2003), p. 65.
44. lbid.., p.66.
'u7alter
45. K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, Thc Saffon Brothcrhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamsetak Sangh and Hindu Reaiaalism (\Teswiew Press,
1987), p.2ll.
46. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of DemooaE: JP Moaemmt and the Emergency
(Penguin, 2003), p. l3l.
47. B.N. Tandon, PMO Diary-I: Prelude to the Ernergenry (Konark Publishers,
2003), pp. 414-16.
48. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.203.
49. rbid.
50. Ibid., p.204.
51. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: Tbe History of tbe WorA's Largest
Dernoctacy (Picador, 2017), p. 493.
52. L.K. Advani, A Pisoner\ Sctap-Booh (Ocean Books, 2003), p. 14.
53. Ibid., p. 16.
54. Ibid., p. 16.
,5. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
P.46.
56. L.K.Advani, My Country, Mt Ltf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p-213.
57. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
58. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: Thc Hisnry of the \VorA's Largest
Demooary (Picador, 2017), p.494.

475
59. 'Nanaji Deshmukh: The main force behindJayaprakash Narayan's agitation
for total revolution', India Today 30 April 1977.
60. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of tbe lVorld's Largest
p.498.
Democracy (Picador, 2017),
61. Yijayaraje Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Royal to Public Life (Prabhat Books,
2008, kindle version), location 2701.
62. N.M. Ghatate, Ernergency, Constirution and Democrary: An Indian
Experience (Shipra Publications, 201 l), p. 51.
63. The journalist Coomi Kapoor conducted an interview with Nusli Wadia
in November 2019, when he told her this. Incerview with Coomi Kapoor,
New Delhi, Janrnry 2020.
64. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
65. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
65. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
67. 'RSS, Marg, Jamaat, Among 26 Banned', The Times of India,5 July 1975,
p. l.
68. 'Lethd\Jf'eapons in RSS Office', Tbe Times of India,l I July 1975, p. l-
69. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p.273.
70. Subramanian Swamy, 'Unlearnt lessons of the Emergenq', The Hindu, 13
June 2000. Available at: htqs://www.rhehindu.com/thehi ndul 2000 I 061 13 I
stories/05132 524.htm
71. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p.274.
72. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
(Tranquebar, 2013), p. 122.
73. lbid., t2r.
74. Ibid,.,123.
75. Interview with N.M. Ghatare, New Delhi, May 2018.
76. 'No let-up in activities of banned RSS: P.M.', The Tirnes of India, 3l
December 1975, p. 14.
77. N.M. Ghatate, Emergency, Constitution and Demooary An Indian
Experimce (Shipra Publications, 201l), p. 38.
78. Ibid.,39.
79. L.K. Advani, A Prisoner's Scrap-Book (Ocean Books, 2003), p. 19.
80. Viiai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongtt (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.47.
81. N.M. Ghatate, ErnergenE, Constitution and Democrary; An Indian
Experience (Shipra Publications, 20 I l), p. 5 1.
82. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
83. L.K. Advani, A Pisoner\ Soap-Book (Ocean Books, 2003), pp. 16-17.
84. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 226.
476
85. N.M. Ghatate, Emergency, Constitution and Democ'rary: An Indian
Expeience (Shipra Publications, 20ll), p.64.
86. Private papers of N.M. Ghatate, accessed in his house. The papers have
since been loaned r:o the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, Delhi.
87. Ibid.
88. P.N. Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the 'Ernergency', and Indian Demooacy (Oxford
Universiry Press, 2000), p.264.
89. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Democracy: p Mouement and the Emergency
(Penguin, 2003), p. 206.
90. Ibid., p.205.
91. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the lVorU\ Largest
DemocraE (Picador, 20U), pp. 500-0 l.
92. 'Nanaji Deshmukh: The main force behindJayaprakash Narayan's agirarion
for toral revolrrtion', India Today,30 April 1977.
93. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the \Yorld\ Largest
DemocraE (Picador, 2017), p. 495.
94- M.C. Chagla, 'Foreword', in Atal Bihari Vajpayee, New Dimensions of
In,lia's Foreign Policy (Yision Books, 1979).
95. N.M. Ghatate, EmergenE, Constitution and Democrary: An Indian
Experience (Shipra Publications, 20l l), pp. 54-56.
96. 'Fading Hope in lndia', New York Times,30 April 1976. Available at:
https://www.nytimes.com I 197 6 I 04 I 30/archives/fading-hope-in-india.
html
97. lbid.
98. N.M. Ghatate, Emergency, Constitution and Democrary: An Indian
Experience (Shipra Publications, 20l l) p. 80.
99. L.K. Advani, A Prisoner's Scrap-Book (Ocean Books, 2003).
100. 'Vhen you crawl, unasked', The Indian Express,25J:une 2015. Available at:
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/emergency-then-and-
nod
l0l. Vandita Mishra. 'Partition was Bricish guilt. The Emergency is ours, says
L.K. Advani', The Indian Express,25 June 2Q15.
102. Historians are still debating why Mrs Gandhi called elections. Some argue
that the Emergenry was a required response to the chaos of 1975 and that
she dways intended to revert to democracy. But another reason could
well be that Indira Gandhi-whose friends were'W'estern liberals-was
smarting at being labelled a despot by the \tr7est. Vhen the Intelligence
Bureau predicted her victory, she decided to legitimize her rule and call for
elections.
103. 'Non-Communist perdes in talla with Congress(I)', India Today 15

Jaruary 1977.
477
104. RakeshAnkit,JanataParty(1974-77):CreationofanAll-IndiaOpposition',
History and Sociohg of South,*ia (l l) (l) (2017): 39-54, p.50.
105. N.M. Ghatate, EmergmE, Constitution and Demoraryt An Indian
Experimce (Shipra Publications, 20ll), p.94.
106. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Parry 0974-77): Creation of an All-India
Opposition', History and Sociohgr of South ,4sia ll(l) (2017): 39-54, ar 41.
107. 'Jagjivan Ram's exit from Congress adds new dimension to the Opposition',
India Today 28 February 1977; Jitendra Tuli, ''1tr7e are confident about
geming a two-thirds majoriry: Jagjivan Ptam', India Today,3l March 1977.
108. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Party (1974-77): Creation of an All-India
Opposition', History and Sociohg ofSouth,4sia ll(l) (2017)t 39-54, at 52.
109. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouernent in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p.286.
I10. Dilip Bobb, 'General elections: Can the combined Opposition prove to be
a David to rhe Congress Goliath?', India Today, 15 Merch 1977 .

l1l. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.264.


112. Suchitra Behal, 'Congress attaclc Janata and Opposition parties with
satirical posters', India Today, 15 March 1977.
l13. Ibid.
l14. rbid.
ll5. Sunil Sethi, 'A day in the life of a candidate: Atal Bihari Vajpayee',
India Today 3l March 1977, https:l/www.indiatoday.inlmagazinel
indiascope/st ory I 1977 0331 -a-day-in-the-life-of-a-candidate-atal-behari-
v ajp ay ee -823 6 | 0 -20 I 4-07 - 3 I
l16. Ibid.
I17. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
ll8. \7'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Reoiaalism (Weswiew Press,
1987), P.214.
ll9. Francine R. Frankel , India\ Political Economy: The Gradual Reaolution
(1947-2004) (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 571.
120. RakeshAnkit,'JanataParty(1974-77):CreationofanAll-IndiaOpposition',
History and Sociolog of South,4sia (l l) (l) (2O17):39-54, p.4l-

eoq"so$o 6 : er6v6o Ed; Sg6 (1977-80)


l. Lloyd I Rudolph and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, 'Rethinking Secularism:
Genesis and Implications of the Textbook Controverry, 1977-1979',
Pacifi.cAfairs 56 (l)
(Spring, 1983): 15-37.
2. See hnps://www.inc.in/en/our-inspiration/babu-jagjivan-ram

478
3. Richa Taneja, 'Babu Jagjivan Ram, Former Depury PM, Remembered On
Birth Anniversary', NDTV, 05 April 2019. Available at: https://www.ndw.
com/india-news/babu-jagj ivan-ram-former-deputy-pm-remembered-on-
I I 2-birth-anniversary-Z} 18623
4. Paul Brxs, An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics,
1967-1987, Volume 3 (Sage Publishers, 2014),p.237.
5. Terence C. Byres, 'Charan Singh, 1902-1987t AnAssessment', TheJoumal
of Peasant Studies l5l.2 (1988): 139-89, p. 180.
6. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the Vorll's Largest
Democtacl (Picador, 2017), p. 532.
7. Sanjay Ruparelia, Dioided We Gouern: Coalition Politics in Modzrn India
(Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p. 77 .
8.'Jagjivan Ram's CFD group and Janata party spar over cabinet nominations',
India Today, 15 April 1977.
9. Arul B. Louis,'Rashtriya Swyamsewak Sangh gripped in throes of a grave
identiry crisis', India Today 3l March 1979.
10. rbid.
I I . Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
12. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
13. Ibid.
14. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
15. Ibid.
16. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),

P.90.
17. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihari Vajpayce: Four Deca*s in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 105.
18. Interviewwith T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
19. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoplt Nact Door: The Curious History of India\
Relations with Pakistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), p. 138.
20. 'Kashmir discussed in Islamabad Talks', 7 February 1978, The Times of
India, p. l.
21. 'Kashmir Not Main Issue at Parlcys', 9 February 1978, The Times of India,
p. l.
22. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peopb Nat Door: The Cuious Hisnry of Ind;a\
Rchtions with Pahisun (Harper Collins lndie,2017), p. 140.
23. Kingshuk Nag Aul Bihai Vajpayc: A Man for All &asons (Rupa, 20 1 5), p. 93.
24. Interview with A.V. Krishnan, Pune, January 2018. Full disclosure: he is
related to the author.
25. The video of Atd Bihari Va.ipayee's speech about the barde of Plassey is
available here: htps://www.youruh.com/watch?v=cePVvMvUGsw

479
26. Madhu P. Trehan, 'PM Morarji Desai USA visiu Doing his own thing',
India Today,15 July 1978.
27. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nabin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2015), p. 80.
28. Rakesh Ankit, 'A regional satrap, a Hindu nationalist and a conservative
Congressman: Dwarka Prasad Mishra (1901-1988)', Contemporary South
,*ia,24 (l) (2016).
29. Jaswant Singh, r4 Call to Honour: In Seruice of Emergent India (kupa,2006,
kindle edition), location 3309.
30. Incerview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
31.'The lTrecked China Visit', The Times of India, 23 February 1979, p. 8.
32. Interview with Shivshankar Menon, New Delhi, June 2018.
33. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
34. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.276.
35. Prabhu Chawla, 'No quesdon of not giving autonomy to AIR and
Doordarshan: L.K. Advani', India Today 15 December 1978.
36. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 284-85.
37. Interview with N. Ram, Kolkata, November 2017.
38. Lashmi Narayan, 'Maharashtra's two most popular women, Durga Bhagwat
and Mrinal Gore, part ways', India Today, 15 September 1979.
39. L.K.Advani, M1Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.281.
40. Balral Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyaya hi hatya se Indira
Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinmao Prakashan), p.219.
41. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, 'Rethinking Secularism:
Genesis and Implications of the Textbook Controversy, 1977-1979',
) (Spring, I 983): 15-37 , p. 19 .
Pacifc Affairs 56 (I

42. Vlaker K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safron Brotherhood:


The Rashtiya Swayamseuak Sangh and H;ndu Reuiualism ('Weswiew Press,
1987), p.214.
43. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, 'Rethinking Secularism:
Genesis and Implicarions of the Textbook Controversy, 1977-1979',
PacifcAffairs 56 (l) (Spring, 1983): 15-37, p.16.
44. rbid., p.30.
45. tbid.., p. 17.
46. Yinay Sitapati, 'Reservations', in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and
Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), Oxford Handbooh of the Indian Constitution
(Oxford University Press, 2016).
47. Shyama Nand Singh, 'Anti Reservation Agitarions in Bihar', The Indian
Joumal of Political Science,Yol. 52, No. I (January-March l99l):2442,
P.33.

480
48. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diaided Ve Goaern: Coalition Politics in Modem India
(Oxford University Press,20l5), p. 69.
49. Ibid., p. 83.
50. Wdter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
The Rash*iya Swal,amseua,h Sangh and Hindu Reoiualisrn fW'eswiew Press,
1987), p.215.
5 1. This figure is for 1979.'Vith 53 organizations linked to it, RSS operare in
almost every field of human acriviry', India Today,3l March 1979.
52. W'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Staayamseuak Sangh and Hindu Reaiualism (W'eswiew Press,
t9B7), p. zt5.
53. 'Rashtriya Swyamsewak Sangh gripped in throes of a grave idendty crisis',
India Today 18 March 2014.
54. rbid.
55. 'Battle-scarred leaders ofJanata Parry pull out their faded olive branches',
India Today,3l May 1979.
56. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hin&r l,lationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 309.
57. Arul B. louis, 'Rashtriya Swyamsewak Sangh gripped in throes of a grave
identiry crisis', India Today,3l March 1979.
58. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist MoueTnent in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p.304, footnote 116.
59. Bhabani Sen Gupta, 'PM Morarji Desai's tour of Russia and Eastern
Europe: Predictable as a Siberian winter', India Today 15 Jdy 1979.
60. 'JP Intervenes to Defi,rse Janata Crisis', The Times of India,29 June 1978,
p. l.
61. Paul Brass, An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics,
1967-1987, Volume 3 (Sage Publishers, 2014, kindle edition), location
250, footnote 58.
62. 'Charan Singh is in office but Mrs Gandhi is in power', India Today, 3l
August 1979.
63. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Party (1974-77): Creation of an AII-India
Opposidon', History and Sociohgt ofSouth,4sia ll(1) (2017):39-54, p.54.
64. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided'W'e Goaern: Coalition Politics in Modern India
(Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p. 87.
65. Sudheendra Kulkarni, ''Vhat made Bharat Ratna Vajpayee an
Extraordinary Leader', NDTV, 27 March 2015. Available at: hnps://www.
ndw.com/opinion/what-made-bharat-ratna-vajpayee-an-extraordinary-
leader-75001I
66. L.K.Advani, M1Country, W Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 305.

481
67. Sunil Sethi, 'Policicians like Mrs Gandhi cannor find anything against us:
Yijayaraje Scindia', India Today 3l December 1979.
68. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 20L6), p.60.
69. http://www.e le ctions.in/parliamentary-constituencies/ I 980-election-
results.html
70. Prabhu Chawla, '1980 Lok Sabha elections see virtud eclipse ofJan Sangh
in Parliamenr', India Today, 3l January 1980, hnps://www.indiatoday.
inl magazinelcover-story/story/ I 9800 I 3 I - l 980-lok-sabha-elections-see-
vinual-eclipse-of-jan-sangh-in-parliamen t-821 699 -20 I 4- 12- 19
71. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.63.
72. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.309.
73. 'Shekhar , 3 Janatt secreraries quit' , The Times of India, 5 April I 980, p. I .
74. 'Jana Sangh Group to Form New Parry', The Times of India,6 April 1980,
p. 1.
75. Ibid.
76. tbid.
77. 'Yiypayee Chief of Bharatiya Janata Parry', The Times of India, T April
1980, p. l.
78. 'Bharatiya Janata Parry', Organiser, Vol. 31, 47, 13 April 1980, p. l.
Accessed from NMML.
79. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
80. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
81. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.

do65 qr6o : i"g (1980-98)


eleo5d$o - 7 :3wo6r$05{fu"6er,6e6o5 o6'*or (1980-84)

l. Sumit Mitra. 'BJP convention: Old wine in new bottles', India Today,3l
January 1981.
2. 'Impressive show', Tbe Times of India,29 December 1980, p. l.
3. L.K Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 3l l.
4. Ibid., p.312.
5. 'Biggest-ever procession for Vajpayee', The Times of India,29 December
1980, p. 5.
6. 'RSS secrerary visits BJP session venue', The Times of India,3l December
1980, p. t.
7. 'BJP's Gandhian tag resented', Thc Times oflndia,25 December 19g0, p. l.
8. Interview with Seshadri Chari, New Delhi, April 2018.
9. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
10. L.K. Advani, M7 Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.313.
482
I I . Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 20 I 8.
12. Yijayarqe Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Rolal to Pablic Life (Prabhat Bools,
2008, kindle version), location 3237 .
13. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
14. Sumit Mitra, 'BJP convention: Old wine in new bottles', India Today,3l
January 1981.
15. 'Advani Explains Aims of Parry', The Hindu,l8 April 1980, p. 12.
16. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016),p.69.
17. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bibari Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 201 5),
P.97.
I 8. Atal Bihari Vajpayee's speech at the first BJP Adhiveshan, Mumbai, 1980.
Video available ae hnps://www.youtube.com/warch?v=PGqoA50uiBM
r9. rbid.
20. M.C. Chagla, Roses in Deccmber: An Autobiograplry (Bheratiya Yidya
Bhavan, 1974), pp. 26, 78-80.
21. .We are all Hindus by Race', Bhatan's Joumal, Volume 25, No. 2
(1978):2r.
22.'BJP only dternative: Chagla', The Times of India, 30 December I 980, p. 4.
23. tbid'
24. lntewiew with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
25. R. Jagannathan. 'Nusli W'adia explains his loss to Ambani in polyester
war', Fintpost, 14 December 2014. Available ac hmps://www.ffrstpost.
com/business/nusli-wadia-explains-his-loss-to-ambani-in-polyester-
war-5l4427.html
26. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
27. Results of the l98l Census of India.
28. V. Srinivas. 'The Economic History of India: India and the Internationd
Monetary Fund 1944-2017', Specid Lecture at the National Archives
of India, 2l July 2017. Avulable ac hmp://nationalarchives.nic.in/sites/
default/fi les/newlTHEo/oZ0ECONOMICo/o20HISTORYo/o20OFo/020
INDIA.pd[ 9.
29. rbid,.
30. Ibid.
3l . Prabhu Chawla, 'Anti-reservation agitation by medicos in Gujarat leaves l6
people dead, sweral injured', India Today, 15 March 1981.
32. YijetTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maarroongd (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016)' p.69.
33. Rajesh Pradhan, Wben the Sainx Go Marching In: The Curioas Arnhiaahnce
of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014)'
p.76.
34. OmGupta, 'I am not a Guru, only a postman of the Guru: Bhindranwale',
India Tbday, l5 July 1981.
483
35. Madhumita Sharma, 'A study of migration from Bangladesh to Assam,
India and its impact', PhD dissertation, 2015. Available au https://digitd.
library. adelaide.edu. au/dspace/bitstream/2 440 I 97 37 9 I 3/02whole. pdf
36. R.B. Bhagat, 'Census and the Construction of Communalism in India',
Economic and Political \Yeehly, Vol. 36, No. 46147 (24-30 November
200 t): 4352-4356, ar 4355.
37. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 367.
38. 'Harassment leads to mass conversion', The Times of India, 25 May 1981,
p. 18. There are varying number of converts, with some saying 1000. See,
for example, Man.iari Karlq Vishaa Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics
(Orient Blaclawan, Kindle edition, second edition, 20 12), location 7 5 0.
39. H.V. Sheshadri, Warningof Memahshipuram (Jagarana Prakashana, l98l),
p. 2. Cited from Gavin Irby, 'A Conviction to Dissent: Reinterpreting Mass
Conversion at Meenakshipuram', Virgtnia Reuiew of ,4sian Studies, 2005.
40. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouelnent in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 340.
41. V.G. Prasad Rao, '$7hy Some Harijans Embrace lslam', The Times of India,
I July 1981, p.8.
42. 'Harassment leads to mass conversion', The Times of India, 25 May 1981,
P. 18.
43. Ramachandra Guha,'A sort ofvictory: October 14, 1956:the dayAmbedkar
became a Buddhist', The Telzgraph, 14 October 2016. Available ac https://
www.telegraphindia.com/ 1 161014l jspl opinion/story_l I 3268.jsp
44.'Conversions are for personal gin', The Times of India, I 7 August 1981, p. 7.
45. 'Moopanar moots plan to stop conversion', The Times of Ind.ia, 3 August
1981, p. 13.
46. 'Conversions probe ont Zul', The Times of India, l0 August 1981, p. l.
47. 'Swaminathan blames Arab money: conversion', The Tirnes of Indla, 13
August 1981, p. 14.
48. Mohammad A. Kalam, 'Religious Conversions in Tamil Nadu: Can rhey be
viewed as Protest Movemenrs', Indian Anthropologist,20(ll2) (1990): 39-
48, at 47; George Mathew, 'Politicisation of Religion: Conversions ro Islam
in Tamil Nadu', Economic and Political \Yeehly t7(26) (1982): tO6S-72.
See more generally: Marthew H. Baxter, 'Two Concepts of Conversion at
Meenakshipuram: Seeing through Ambedkar's Buddhism and Being Seen
in EVR's lslam', Compttratiue Studies of South ,4sia, Afica and the Middh
East (2019) 19 (2): pp.264-81.
49. 'Politicisadon of Religion: Conversions to Islam in Tamil Nadu', Economic
and Political Veehly 17(26) (1982): tO6B-72, at 1069.

484
50. Sumit Mitra, 'Virat Hindu Samaj holds massive rally to protest againsr
conversion of Harijans to Islam', Indla Today,28 October 2013.
5l . Interview with Sadanand Menon, Chennai, June 2018.
52. 'Harijans Convened Back ro Hinduism', The Times of India, I0 July I98I,
P-14.
53. 'Hindus Blamed forTN Conversion', The Times oflndia,lT Jvly 1981, p. 5.
54. 'BJP's jamboree in Kerala turns our ro be a roaring success', India Today,
3l May 1981.
55. Chakmya Kalbag, 'Two-year-old BJP grows like Jack's beanstalk, projecrs
itself as a "national alternarive"', Indla Today,l5 April 1982.
56. Manjari Katju, Vishua Hindu Parishad. and Indian Polhics (Orient
Blackswan, second edition, 2012), p.7.
57. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
58.'fuhok Singhal's journey from engineer ro VHP chief , DNA, 1 7 November
201 5. Available at: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/repon-ashok-singhal-
s-j ourney-from-engineer-to-vh p-chief-2l 46 | 33

59. It was cdled Sanslniti Ralaha Nidhi Yojna. Sumit Pande, '[,ong Journey:
Meet the Daljt Boy who t^aid Foundation Srone of Ram Temple',
5 December 2017. Available at: https://www.newslS.com/news/
immersive/2 5-years-of-babri-demolition/such-along-j ourney. html
60. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 349.
61. Ibid.
62. R^) Chengappa, 'Ayyapuram becomes the flashpoint for one of the worst
communal clashes in Tamil Nadu', India Today, 15 July 1.982.
63. R"j Chengappa. 'Meenalshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes batdeground
of Hindu zedots and Muslim fanatics', India Today l5 March 1983.
64. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Cohtmbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 333.
65. Amarnath K. Menon. 'Commund violence burns Hyderabad, leaves 35
people dead and 280 others injured', India Today, 15 August 1981.
66. Sreedhar Pillai, 'Kanyakumari communal clashes: Six persons killed, 2l
orhers seriously injured', India Today,3l March 1982.
67. Interview wirh Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2018.
68. Interview with Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, on the phone, May 2018.
69. The 'Patan Trilogy' has been recently translated from the Gujarati to
English by futa Kothari and Abhilit Kothari for Penguin Books.
70. P.R. Ramesh, 'His Master's Mind' , Open Magazine, l0 April2014. Available
ac hmps://openthemagazine. com/features/india/his-masters-mind/
71. Interview with Harish Khare, New Delhi, September 2019.

485
72. Coom\ Kapoor, 'There is no single replacement to Congress (I) in all states
at rhe moment: Vajpayee', India Today,28 February 1983.
73. W'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Reaiualism (W'estview Press,
1987), pp. 23t-32.
74. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 328.
75. lbid., p.329.
76. Coomi Kapoor, 'There is no single replacement to Congress (I) in all states
ar rhe moment: Vajpayee', India Today,28 February 1983.
77. rbid.
78. Sumit Mitra, 'J&K Assembly polls: National Conference poised to sweep
Valley, Congress (I) eyes Jammu', India Today,3l May 1983.
79. Ibid.
80. 'statistical report on general election, 1983 to the legislative assembly of
Jammu & Kashmir', Election Commission of India, New Delhi. Available
at: https://eci.gov.in/fi les/fi lel 37 92-jammu-kashmir- I 983/
81. Sumit Mira, 'After defeat in J&K polls, BJP to take closer look at its
failures, revive its strength', India Today, 15 August 1983.
82. P.V. Narasimha Reo, Ayodlrya 6 December 1992 (Penguin,2006), p. 4.
83. Peter Van der Veer, 'Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested
Histories', Social Research 59(l) (1992):85-109, at 98.
84. 'Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis', BBC, 6 December 2012. Available at:
https://www. bbc. com/news/world-south-as ia- | I 4365 52
85. That it was Dau Dayal Khanna who came up with the idea is admitted by
the VHP on its website. 'Rama Janma Bhoomi', Vishva Hindu Parishad,
http://vhp.org/vhp-glance/movements/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-
andolan/; see also Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Ndtionalist Mouernent in
India (Columbia University Press, 1996), p.365.
86. Sheldon Pollock, 'Ramayana and Political Imagination in lndia', The
Joumal of Srudies 52(2) (1993):261-97, at 264.
'4sian
87. Ibid.
88.'Rama Janma Bhoomi', Vishva Hindu Parishad, http://vhp.org/vhp-glance/
movements/shriram-janmabhumi-mukd-andolan/
89. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaenent i/, India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 364-65.
90. Manjari Katju, Vishaa Hindu Parishad and Indian Polhics (Orient
Blaclswan, second edition, 2012), p.38.
9I . Peter Van Der Veer, 'God Must be Liberated! A Hindu Religious Movement
in Ayodhya', Modzrn ,4sian Snd.ies 2l(2) (1987): 283-301, at 292.

486
92. Shekhar Gupta 'Operation Bluestar: How Army operation unfolded at
Golden Temple to quell Punjab rerrorism', India Today,30 June 1984.
93. Prabhu Chawla, 'Delhi Police tightens security of VIPs in wake of growing
Sikh exrremists' threats', India Today, 15 May 1984.
94. 'Drive extremists out of Gurdwaras, Akali leaders cold', The Times of India,
9 April 1984, p. l.
95. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback) 363.
96.'Cong. plea to put off by-election s', The Times of India, 10 Aprtl 1984, p. 9.
97. VijeiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.70.
98. Maya Chadda, Ethnicity, secarity, and separatism in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1997), p. 135.
99. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
I
(Shipra Publications), p.498.
Volume
100. Peter Van Der Veer, 'God Must be Liberated! A Hindu Religious Movement
in Ayodhya', Modzrn,*ian Studies 2l(2) (1987)t 283-301, p.291.
l0l. Farzand Ahmed, 'Ram Janmbhumi: Ayodhya becomes rallying point
for start of yet another communal skirmish', India Today,3l October
t984.
102. Peter Van Der Veer, 'God
Must be Liberated! A Hindu Religious Movement
in Ayodhya', M odcm,4sian Srudies 2l (2) (1987) : 283-301, p. 29 l.
103. Farzand Ahmed, 'Ram Janmbhumi: Ayodhya becomes rallying point for
start of yet another communal skirmish', India Today 3l October 1984.
104. Ashis Nandy, 'A disowned father of the nation in India: Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar and the demonic and the seductive in Indian nationalism', Inter-
,4sia Cuhural Studies l5 (1): 9l-l12, p.95.
105. Ibid., p. 104.
106. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
107. Interview with Sheila Ghatate, New Delhi, June 2018.
108. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
109. Rajesh Pradhan, W'hm the Saints Go Marching In: The Curious Ambiudlelrce
of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014),
P.53.
110. Ibid., p. 14.
1l l. Ibid.
112. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), P.365.
113. Vinay Sitapati.'Liberd and nadonalist', The Indian Express, 17 August
2018. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/ardcle/opinion/columns/
aal-bihari-vaj payeeJiberd-and-nationali svs 3 I 07 03 I
I14. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
I15. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 841.

487
116. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 16 October 1984, sequence
no. 67.
ll7. Coomi Kapoor, 'BJP fuls to provide clear-cut sense of direction to its
members', India Today, l5 November 1984.
I18. This disdnction berween the political and social ends of Hindu uniry was
made to this author by the scholars Anup Dhar and Pratap Bhanu Mehta.
It goes without srying that the author alone is liable for its deployment in
this book.
I 19. Peter Van Der Veer, 'God Must be Liberated!A Hindu Religious Movement
in Ayodhya', Modem,*ian Studies 2l(2) (1987):283-301, p.299.
120. Ibid., p.298.
121. Ibid.
122. 'lndia: No Justice for 1984 Anti-Sikh Bloodshed', Human Righu \Yatch,29
October 20 1 4. Available at https://www.hrw. org/news I 20 I 4 I l0 I 29 I iodie-
no-justice- I 984-anti-sikh-bloodshed
123. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
P.72.
124. The evidence for this comes from a testimony by a bureaucrat who was
present in the home minister's office at 6:30 p.m. when Narasimha Rao
received the call.
125. Manoj Mitta and Harvinder Singh Phoolka , Wben a tree shooh Delhi (Pioli
Books Private Limited, 2013), p. 198.
126. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
127. Zoya Hasan, Congres Afier Indira: PoliE, Power, Political Cbange (1954-
2009) (Oxford Universiry Press, 2013), p. 13.
128. James Manor, 'Pardes and the Parry System', in Arul Kohli (ed.), India\
Democracy: An Analysis of Changrng State-Society Rchtions (Princeton
Universiry Press, 1988), p. 81.
129. Ibid., 83.
130. 'Cong. on the atrack: Anandpur resolution', Tlte Times of India, 14
December 1984, p.9.
l3l. 1984 elecdon manifesto of the BJP. Available au hmp://library.bjp.orgl
spui/handle/ 12345 67 89 I 237
j

132. R.K Rangan, 'Cassettes used in big way for poll drive', The Tirnes of India,
18 December 1984, p.5
133. 'George Menezes joins BJP', The Times of India,2l December 19S4, p. l.
134. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
1 35.'Akali DaI guilry of communalism', The Tirnes of India, t9 December I 984,
P.20.
136. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Madnoongd (HarperCollins Hindi, 201 6), p. 25.

488
137. M.L. Fotedar, The Chinar Leaues: A Political Mernoir (HarperCollins,
2015), p.2o2.
138. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. rrviii.
139. Shekhar Gupta. 'Gwalior to see epic election battle between Madhavrao
Scindia and Atal Bihari Vajpayee', India Today,3l December 1984.
140. Ibid.
141. Gautam S.G. Vohra, 'Close finish likely in Gwalior', The Times oflndid,22
December 1984, p.7.
142. 'lndial. Dates of Elections: 24, 27 and 28 December 1984'. Available at:
http://archive. ipu. orglparline-e/reports/arclINDI.A_ 1 984_E. PDF
143. Yijat Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
P.73.
144. 'A Massive Hindu Mandate', Organiser, Vol 36, 34,6January 1985, p. l.
Accessed from NMML.
145. 'Some prominent losers', Tbe Times of India, 30 December 1984, p. 13.
146. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
kindle edition, 2017), location 1662.
147. Intewiew wirh Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, June 2018.

e9a?sd6o - 8 : a5'eocr55 AEb', (1985-89)


I . M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 6 Jawary 1985, sequence no. 92.
2. }l-L. Sondhi private papers, leter dated 3 February 1991, sequence no.
259.
3. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
4. 'BJP DecidestoForgerJanaSangh', The Timesof India,18March 1985,
p.9.
5. Ibid.
6. rbid.
7. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), P. 321.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Foar Decades in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. :orvii.
I l. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journalist who wishes to remain
unnamed.
12. Interview with Vasundhara R4e Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
13. Yijayaraje Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Royal to Public Life (Prabhat Boola,
2008, kindle version), location 3251.

489
14. Shekhar Gupta, 'BJP under Advani expected to move more decisively
towards regaining its moorings', India Today 31 March 1986.
15. Interview with Sheila Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
16. Khushwanr Singh, Truth, Loae and a Littb Malice. Cited from https://
scroll.in/article/732469loperation-blue-star-was-a-well-calculated-and-
deliberate-slap-in-the-face-of-an-entire-communiry-khushwant-singh
17. rbid.
18. Tania Midha, Inderjit Badhwar and Prabhu Chawla, 'Attempr to assassinate
Prime Minister R4iv Gandhi exposes chinks in his security armorx', India
Today,3l October 1986.
19. Chrisrophe Jaffielot, The Hind.u Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p.353.
20. Ornit Shani, 'The Rise of Hindu Narionalism in India: The Case Study of
Ahmedabad in the 1980s', Modern,*ian Sndies 39 (4) (October 2005):
861-896, p.867.
21. RakeshAnkir,'Caste Polidcs in Bihar: In Historical Continuum', History
and Sociohgr of South,4sia 12 (2) luly 2018): l-22, p.8.
22. Report of the Mandd Commission.
23. Badri Narayan, I{anshi Ram: Leader of the Dalhs(Penguin, 2014, kindle
edition), locadon 1626.
24. Yogendra Yadav, 'Ambedkar and [,ohia: a didogue on caste' Scminar.
Available at: http://www.india-seminar.c oml 20 12 I 629 I 629 _yogendra_
yadav.htm
25. Badri Narayan, Kanshi Ram: Leader of the Dalits (Penguin, 2014, kindle
edition), location I 586.
26. lbid., location 1607.
27. Javed M. Ansari and Dilip Awasthi, 'In India, 50 per cent of rhe media is
pro-BJP: Kanshi Ram', India Today,3l December 1993.
28. Atul Kohli, 'Politics ofeconomic liberdization in India', Vorld Deaehpment
17, no.3 (1989): 305--28, p.312.
29. L.K- Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.326.
30. Ibid., p.332.
31. Mohd. Ahmad Khanvs Shah Bano Begum,1985 (2) SCC 556.
32. Simran,'Case Analysis: MohdAhmad Khan us Shah Bano Begurn', Legal
Seraice India. Avulable ac http://www.legdserviceindia.com/legal/article-
2I 6-case-andysis-mohd-ahmad-khan-v-s-shah-bano-begum.html
33. Mohd. Ahmad Khan as Shah Bano Begum,AIR 1985 5C945.
34. Ronojoy Sen, 'The Indian Supreme Courr and the quest for a "rational"
Hinduism', South, sian History and Cultare, I ( I ): 86-1 04.
35. 'Tirade Against SC Unforrunare: BJP', The Times of India, 5 January 1986,
P.9.
490
36. Muslim \ifomen (Protection of fughts on Divorce) Act, 1986.
37. Lchal,Prabhala,'When India became the first country oban Tbe Satanic
Wrses much before the Iranian fatwa', Sooll,4 October 2015. Available at:
hmps://scroll. inlarticlel758288/when-india-became-the-first-country-to-
ban-the-satanic-verses-much-before-the-iranian-farwa
38. Interview with Naresh Chandra, New Delhi, August 2016.
39. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouetnent in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 375.
40. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
41. Interview with Seshadri Chari, New Delhi, April 2018.
42. lntewiew with Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, on the phone, May 2018.
43. Interview with Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, November 2018.
44. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperbac$, p.325.
45. Chrisrophe Jaffrelot, The Hinda Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p.376.
46. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.714.
47. rbid.
48. Ornit Shani, 'The fuse of HinduNationalism in India: The Case Study of
Ahmedabad in the 1980s', Modcm .4sian Sndies 39 (4) (October 2005):
861-96.
49. Inderjit Badhwar. 'Devastating communal riots sweep through Meerut and
its adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh',lndia Today, 15 June 1987; Dilip
Awasthi, 'Provincid fumed Constabulary faces flak for controversial role in
Meerut riots', India Today,30 June 1987.
50. S.H. Venkatramani, 'Hindu mutts brush aside age-old religious taboos to
embrace liberal attitude', India Today 30 June 1988.
51.'BJP for status quo in quota', The Times of India, 2l J:uJ.y 1985, p. 1.
52. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
53. 'Prabhu Chawla, 'Lok Dal-BJP alliance wins by-elections in Haryana"
India Today 30 November 1987.
54. '\Tinning the Hindu vote', India Today, 15 May 1988.
55. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.75.
56. rbid., 85.
57. Interview with Vijai Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2019.
58. Ullekh N.P., The (Jntold Vajpaye: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
kindle edition , 2017),location 1772.
59. Interview with Jairam Ramesh, Kolkata, January 2018.
60. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
61. Vinay Sitapati, 'Liberal and nadonalist', Indian Express, 17 August 2018.
Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aral-
bihari-vaj payeeliberal-and-nationalist- 5 3 I 07 03 I
49L
62. Inrerview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
63. Yinay Sitapati, 'Liberal and nationdist', Indian Express, 17 Augusr 2018.
Available at: https://indianexpress.com/anicle/opinion/columns/atal-
bihari-vaj payeeJiberal-and-nationalist- 5 3 | 07 03 I
64. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
P.68.
65. Interview with fuhok Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2018.
66. A.S. Dtlat, Kashmir: The Vajpaye Years (HarperCollins, 2015), p. 172.
67. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, January 2018.
68. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
69. KingshukNag, Vajpayee: A Manfor All Seasons (Rupa Publications, 2015),
p. 104. This book quotes V.P. Singh's own memoirs: Manzil Se Zyada
Safar (2006).
70. Kingshuk Nag, Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasazr (Rupa Publications, 2015),
p.104.
7I . Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
72. Yideo of the speech available at: https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=cepVvMvUGsw
73. Interview with Atul Kohli, Princeton, May 2018.
74. PeterFriedlander,'Hinduism and Politics', inJeffrey Haynes, ed.., Routhdge
of Politics and fuligion (2009, second edition, 2016), p.76.
Booh
75. tlvind Rajagopal, Politics afier Teleuision: Religious Nationalism and the
Reshaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge University Press, 2001, kindle
edition), location I 186.
76. Simran Bhargava, 'Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan is being awarded the
sancriry of the original', India Today,30 April 1987.
77. Anind Rajagopal, Politics afier Teleuision: Religious Nationalism and the
Reshaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2001, kindle
edition), locarion 1214.
78. 'Critics Pan Most Viewed Ramayan', The Times of India,30 November
1987, p. 17.
79. Simran Bhargava, 'Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan is being awarded the
sanctiry of the original', India Today,30 April 1987.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. 'Stir for Ramayan serial's extension' , The Times of India,25 July 19S8, p. 9.
83. 'Critics Pan Most Viewed Rarnayan', The Times of India,30 November
1987, p. 17.
84. 'How South, East view Ramayan,' The Times of India, I December 1987,
P. 17.

492
85. Arvind Rajagopal, Politics afier Teltaision: Religious Nationalism and the
Ruhaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2001).
86. 'Ram Campaigns at Udhampur', The Times of India, t3 June 1988, p. 6.
87. Arvind Ra;'agopal, Politics afier Tehuision: Religious Nationalism and the
Resbaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2001, kindle
edition), location 63.
88. Interview wirh Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
89. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
90. Pankaj Pachauri, 'Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi row: Another legal
tangle unfolds in Ayodhya', India Toda1, 3l August 1989.
91. "'Shilanyas" peaceful', Tbe Times of India, l0 November 1989, p. l.
92. Badri Narayan, I{anshi Rnm: Leader of the Dalits (Penguin, 2014, kindle
edition), locadon 2ll4-15.
93. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), pp.
75-76.
94. Khushwant Singh, 'lndia at 70: Khushwant Singh on why he shuns men
like L.K. Advani', DailyO, t5 August 2017. Available at: https://www.
dailyo. in/politics/lk-advani-bjp-ram-mandir-modivaj payee-khushwant-
singh/story/ I / I 8961 .html
95. 'Khushwant Singh: l0 Interviews', Outlook,20 March 2014. Available
at: https ://www.ourlookindia.com/blog/story/khushwant-singh- 1 0-
interviews/3204
96. \Talter K. Andersen, 'Election 1989 in India: The Dawn of Coalition
Politics?', ,*ian Suntey 30(6) June 1990:52740.
97. lbid.
98. Badri Narayan, I(anshi Ram: Leader of the Dalits (Penguin, 2014, kindle
edition), location 2287 -88.
99. A detailed discussion ofthese various causes is provided in the end ofthis
book in the section in the'Scholarly Contributions' titled 'IVhy does the
BJP win?'
100. Yogendra Yadav, 'Electoral Politics in the Time of Change: India's Third
Elecroral System, 1989-99', Economic and Political Weehly 34 (34135) (21
August- 3 September 1999): 2393-99.

erqrDsd$o - 9 : $ro65, ;5ro66, sJ.Oae,s (1990-91)


l. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, Jantary 2019.
2. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hinda Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p. 412.
3. 'BJP hardens line on Ayodhya issrrc' The Hindu,27 Augst 1990, p. 9.

493
4. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p. 413.
5. Uday Mahurkar, 'Gujarat Janata Dal, BJP oppose Chimanbhai Patel',
India Today,3l January 1990.
6. Interview with Harish Khare, New Delhi, September 2019.
7. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided We Gouem: Coalition Politics in Modern India
(Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p. 113.
8. Inderjit Badhwar, 'Soft-spoken hardliner L.K. Advani bursts into narional
limelight', India Today,3l March 1990.
9. Interview with N. Ram, Kolkata, November 2017.
10. Ananth V. Krishna. India Since Independznce: Making Sense of Indian
Politics (Pearson Education India, 201 l), p.364-65.
11. Vinay Sitapati, 'Reservations', in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and
Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbooh of the Indian Corutitution
(Oxford Universiry Press, 2016).
12. Ibid.
13. Inderjit Badhwar. 'Decision to implement Mandal Commission report
threarens ro tear India's fabric apan', Indla Today, l5 September 1990.
14. The full text of the 1980 Mandal Commission report is available here:
http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User-Panel/UserView.aspx?TypelD= II6I
15. Christophe Jaffrelot and Gilles Verniers, 'The representation gap', The
Indian Express, 24 July 2015. Available at https://indianexpress.com/
article/opi nion/columns/the-representati on- gap-Z I
16. 'Beyond Mandal', Frontline, 25 October 1991. Available at: https://
frontline.thehindu.com/socid-issues/beyond-mandal/article6808404.ece
17. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.446.
18. 'lmplementation of Mandal Commission report lands PM V.P. Singh in
"no-win" situarion', IndU Today 30 September 1990.
19. Sukumar Murdidharan, 'Mandal, Mandir Aur Masjid: Hindu
Communalism and the Crisis of the State', Social Scienrrir l8(10) (October
1990): 2749,p. 36.
20. Nonita Kalra, 'Rajew Goswami's tragedy provides agitation a rallying
point', India Today, 15 October 1990.
21. 'Relent, Vajpayee urges VP', The Times of India,28 Seprember 1990,
P. 13.
22. Chrisrophe Jaftelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Calwbia
University Press, 1996), p. 415.
23. Pmkaj Pachauri, '10-month-old BJP-Janata Dal alliance had not been a
harmonious one' , India Today, 15 November 1990.
24.'BJP Hardens Line of Ayodhya Issue', The Hindu, 27 August 1990, p. 9.

494
25. L.K. Advani, My Coantry, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.373-74.
26. 'Twenty Years Too [-ate: A turning point in Indian history when history
refused to turn', The Tehgraph, 17 September 2010. Available ar: https://
www.telegraphindia.com/ I 1009 17 I jspI opinion/story_ 129 4777 8.jsp
27. Prabhx Pathan, 'Advani begins Rarh Yatra to "promote nationalism"', Thl
Hindu,26 September 1990, p.7.
28. Ibid.
29. rbid.
30. 'Overenthusiasm of youth worries Advani', The Hindu, 29 September
1990.
31. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia
University Press, 1996), p. 416.
32. Interview with M.K. Venu, January 2018.
33. 'Overenthusiasm of youth worries Advani', The Hindu, 29 Seprember
I990.
34. Christophe Jaffielot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouemerrt in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 425.
35. Ibid., p.430.
36. 'Overenthusiasm of youth worries Advani', The Hindu, 29 September
1990.
37. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, March 2018.
38. Interview with Harin Pathak, New Delhi, March 2018.
39. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
40. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
41. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
42. lnder Sawhney,'Vajpayee quesrions Hinduwa poliry', The Times of India,
4 February 1991, p. 8.
43. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
44. N.M. Ghatate (ed,.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decades in Parliammt,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. :oo<i.
45. Yijar Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
p. 107.
46. 'Pressure mounts on VP', Thc Timcs of India,23 October 1990, p. l.
47. 'Advani arested', Tbe Times of India,24 October 1990, p. l.
48. 'Advani arrested in nightclotha', Tbe Times of India,24 October 1990,
P. 13.
49. Pankaj Pachauri, '10-month-old BJP-Janata Dal alliance had not been a
harmonious one' , India Today, 15 November 1990.
50. L.K. Advani, M1 Coantry, 4 Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), P. 380.
51. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.

495
52. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.379.
53. Take, for example, this magazine repoft that the rath yatra's route
in communally sensitive areas was unusually calm: Pankaj Pachauri,
'I0-month-old BJP-Janata Dal alliance had not been a harmonious one',
India Today,l5 November 1990.
54. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 419.
55. Ibid., p.420.
56. Interview with Vijai Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2019.
57. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journalist who wishes to remain
unnamed.
58. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the \Yorld! Largest
Demonacl, (Picador, 2007), p.636.
59. Prasun Sonwalkar, 'Pitched bade in Ayodhya', The Times of India, 30
October 1990, p. l.
60. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), p. 421.
61. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
62. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
63. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 30 September 1991, sequence no.
282.
64. 'Y.P. Singh, L.K. Advani refurbish their images to project themselves as
serious leaders', India Today l5 February 1991.
65. Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar, 'Elections l99l:
By enticing voters to gamble
on an untried parry, BJP hopes to improve its Lok Sabha strength', India
Today 15 May 1991.
66. 'From helping Advani in filing nomination to replacing him: Amit Shah's
life in Gandhinagar comes full circle', DNA, 22 March 2019. Available
ar: htrps://www.dnaindia.com/india./report-from-helping-advani-in-filing-
nomination-to-replacing-him-amit-shah-s-life-in-gandhinagar-comes-full-
circle-2731829
67. Prabhash K. Dutra, 'From sricking bills for BJP ro managing Union home
ministry: Rise and rise of Amit Shah', India Today,3l May 2019.
68. Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar, 'L.K. Advani whips up Hinduwa fervour, attacks
"pseudo-secularism"', India Todzy, 3I May I99 |.
69. 'Of Crucial Importance', India Today,3l May 1991.
70. Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar, 'Elections 1991: By enticing vorers ro gamble
on an untried parry, BJP hopes to improve im l,ok Sabha strength', India
Today, 15 May l99l .

71. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.

496
72. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
p. lr2.
73. Ibid., p.28.
74. N.M. Ghatate Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decada in Parliament,
(ed..),
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.)odx.
75. 'Generil. Election, 1991 (Vol. I, I!', Election Commission of India.
Available at: https://eci.gov.in/files/filel 4l2l-general-election- 1 99 I -vol-i-
rrl
.lVe
76. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided Gouern: Coalition Politics in Mofurn India
(Oxford University Press, 20l 5), pp. l04, 148.
77. lntewiew with Seshadri Chari, Delhi, April 2018.
78. G.V. Ramana and Valsa kj, 'The Tenth Lok Sabha Elections: Sympathy
Swing Helps Congress (I) improve tdly by 25 seats (Appendix ll)', in
Devendra Thakur (ed.), Psepholog and Elections Forecasting(Deep & Deep,
1996), p.296.
79. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
80. Vinay Sitapati, Half Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transforrned India
(Penguin Random House, 2016).
81. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.458.
82. 'BJP flays gow.: foreign loans', The Times of India, 8 September 1991, p.3.
83. N.M. Ghatate (ed..), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decadzs in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.142.
84. Ibid.
85. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 30 September 1991, sequence no.
282.
86. Ibid.

eeA5dfo - 10 : a:irouo6565o (1992)


l. The theme for this chapter was provided by the researcher for this book,
Arpit Gaind.
2. For a general overview of the third battle of Panipat, see Uday Kulkarni,
Soktice at Pani?at: 14 January 1761. An Authentic Account of the Panipat
Carnpargn (Mula Mutha Publishers, 201l), pp. 224-25.
3. Kaushik P.loy, India\ Historic Banles: Frorn Alzxandzr the Great to lhrgil
(Orient Blackswan, 2004), p.86.
4. Ibid., pp. 85-86.
5. Ibid., p.93.
6. Uday Mahurkar, 'The lost Marathas of third bade of Panipat', India
Today, 12 January 2012.

497
7. 'Election 2019 like Third Bacle of Panipac Amic Shah's battle cry at BJP
meet', Hindustan Times, 1l January 2019. Available at https:llvrww.
hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-invincible-so-oppositionJooks-
for-allies-amit-shah/story-nKY5 uzsmnD9Od F4nu4LVP.hml
8. Madhav Sadashiv Golwdkar, Bunch of Thoughx (Vilrama Prakashan,
1966), p. 184.
9. Dhirendra K. Jha, ,*cetic Games: Sadhus, Akharas and the Mahing of the
Hinda Vote (Context, 2019), Introductory chaprer.
10. Villiam R. Pinch, 'Vatior, ,*cetics and Indian Empires (Cambridge
University Press, 2006).
11. Dhirendra K. Jha, ,4scetic Games: Sadhus, Ahharas and the Mahing of the
Hindu Vote (Context, 2019).
12. Rajesh Pradhan, When the Sainx Go Marching In: The Cuious Ambiuabnce
of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014).
13. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 30.8, pp. 128-29.
14. Ibid., pala30.t2, p. 130.
15. Note found amongst P.V. Narasimha Rao's private papers in Hyderabad
in 2015.
16. Dilip Awasthi, 'Ayodhya issue: CM Kalyan Singh's fonunes flounder as
Hindu hardliners mount pressure', India Today, 15 Seprember. 1991.
17. P.V. Narasimha Rao Sebcted Speeches, 1992-9i (Governmenr of India
Publications Division, New Delhi, 1993), p.30.
18. Ibid., p. 10.
19. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Governmenr of India, 2009), para 37 .57 , pp. 186-87 .
20. Rajesh Pradhan, V'hen the Saints Go Marching In: The Curiou Arubiaalence
of Religious Sadhas in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014), pp.
160-161.
21. Ibid., pp.t6r42.
22. Yubaral Ghimire and Dilip Awasthi, 'Ayodhya conrroversy became BJP's
most effective banering ram during rwo successive polls', India Today, 4
January 2013.
23. Note found amongst P.V. Narasimha Rao's private papers in Hyderabad
in2015.
24. Advani met Rao on 12 and l8 November. See Repon of the Liberhan
Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government
of India, 2009),para4l.27 and,41.38, pp. 207,210.And again around the
25 November. This latter date is from an interview with P.V.RK. Prasad,
Hyderabad,20l5.

498
25. Naunidhi Kaur, 'Of waffling and double-speak L.K. Advani's third-round
deposition before the Liberhan Commission leaves more questions than
answers', Frontline, Vol. 18, Issue I l, 26 May-8 June 2001. Available at:
hmps://frontline.thehindu.com/staric/htmUfl I 8 I I / I 8 I 103 l0.hm
26. Interview with P.V.R.K. Prasad, Hyderabad, 2015.
27. Loh Sabha Debates, Xrh Lok Sabha. Available at: https://padiamentofindia.
nic.inlls/lsdeb/ls-archivedeb.htm
28. 'Uproar in Lok Sabha', The Tirnes of India, I December 1992, p. I .
29. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), pera 41.51 and, 41.52,
p.2r5.
30. 'Ayodhya Row Rocla Parliament', The Times of India,3 December 1992,
p. l.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Repon of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 41.68, p. 220.
34. rbid.
35. Saba Naqvi and Sutapa Mukerjee,'Hour OfJanus', Outhoh,28 February
2005. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/hour-
of-jarus1226634
36. Swapan Dasgupta, 'The Hindu Inflexion', Open Magazizr, 30 November
2017. Avilable at: https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ayodhya-
ets-later/the-hindu-in fl exion/
2 5 -y

37. SabaNaqvi and Sutapa Mukerjee, 'Hour of Janus', Outlooh,28 February


2005. Available at: hnps://www.outlookindia.com/magazinelstory/hour-
of-jantsl226634
38. Zoya Hasan, Congres Afier Indira: Policy, Power, Political Change (1984-
2009) (Ovlord Universiry Press, 2013). P. 26.
39. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para, 43.16, p.242.
40. Ibid., para 44.11, pp. 252-53.
41. Ibid.
42. This number comes from the Liberhan Commission report. See also: '1.5
lakh kar sevaks, 2,300 police constables, I mosque: How Babri Masjid fell
on December 6, 1992', India Today,6 December 2017.
43. Minute 17.15 of 'Babri Mas.iid demolition: The most comprehensive
video coverage from 1992', video available at: https://www.youtube.com/
watchh=k-bhAFsnv2s
44. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 401.

499
45. 'Absurd to say PV was incommunicado during Ayodhya demolition',
rediff.com, 9 July 2012. Avuleble at: https://www.rediff.com/news/
report/slide-show- 1 -arjun-singhs-story-on-ayodhya-demolition-cock-and-
bull/20 120709.htm
46. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.401.
47. tbid.
48. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, March 2018.
49. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 44.21, p. 255.
50. Chandan Mitra's interview at minute 17.20 of 'Babri Masjid demolition:
The most comprehensive video coverage from 1992'. Video available at:
hrtps //www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-bhA.Fsnv2s
:

51. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of


Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 44.51, p.263.
52. Ibid., para 44.42, p. 260.
53. Ibid., para44.30, p.257.
54. 'Bloody aftermarh of Babri Masjid demolition across India', India Today
5 December 2011.
55. M.G. Gupta and Vijay Jung Thapa, 'Kar Sevaks Destroyed Babri Masjid',
The Times of India, T December 1992, p.l.
56. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, March 2018. He was told
this by a senior BJP leader.
57. Interviewwith M.G. Vaidya. Nagpur, April 2018.
58. P.V. Narasimha Rao Seltcted Speeches (1992-9j) (Government of India
Publications Division, New Delhi, 1993), pp. 6345.
59. 'Centre set to Ban Communal Bodies: Advani, Joshi, Singhal Among
Others Held', The Tirnes of India, 9 December 1992, p. l.
60. 'Parties demand ban on RSS, VHP', The Times of India,SDecember 1992,
p.3.
61. 'Cenre set ro Ban Communal Bodies: Advani, Joshi, Singhd Among
Orhers Held', The Times of India, 9 December 1992, p. l.
62. Edward A. Gargan, 'India, Acting on Militants, Ousts Local Rulers',
The New York Times, 16 December 1992. Available at: https://www.
nytimes. com I 199 2 I 12 I I 6/world/india-acting-on-militants-ousts-local-
rulers.html
63. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.
I11.
64. rbid.
65. Somak Ghoshal, ''ltr7atch: The Day AmI Bihari Yalpayee Apologised for
the Demolition of the Babri Masjid', Hffiost,19 April, 2017. Available

500
at: https://www.huffingtonpost.inl2}lTl04llglwatch-the-day-atd-bihari-
payee-apologised-for-the-demolirio_a_220 45 592 I
vaj
66. 'Speech of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Lok Sabha on 17-12-92'.
Speeches of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Swamy Chinmayanand, Shri Lal
Krishna Aduani on Ayodhya. Available at: http://www.ataljee.org/diglib/
b i ts tre am / I / 1 I 4 I 1 I 2. 3 o/o20At al % 2 0 B i h ar io/o2}Y aj p ay eeo/o 20 o no/o 2 0
Ay o dhy ao/o2}I ssue. P DF
67. 'Advani in image makeover mode; regrers Babri demolirion', Outlooh,3l
May 2005. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/newswirel story I
advani-in-image-makeover-mode-regrets-babri-demolit ionI 30 17 07
68. Ullekh N.P., The UntoA Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Boola,
kindle edition , 2017), location I 98 l.
69. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Governmenr of India, 2009).
70. Ibid., para 160.6, pp.922-23.
71. For instance, a later claim by some kar sevals that Advani ordered the
demolition on 3 December 1992 in Ayodhya rings hollow, given rhat
Advani only reached the ciry rwo days later.

eoe,'5d$o - 11 : erbp;{>6o (1993-98)


l. Yubaraj Ghimire,'\7hile senior BJP leaders languish in prison, sadhus
hijack parry's image and irs agenda', India Today,3l Janrnry 1993.
2. Ibid.
3. The only exceptions were the forry-seven National Front members, who
abstained. See G.C. Malhotra, Cabinet ReEonsibility to Legishture: Motions
of Conf.drnce and No-Confdcnce in Loh Sabha and State Legishtures (Lok
Sabha Secretariat, Metropolitan Bools, second edition, 2004), p.86.
4. Yubaraj Ghimire, 'All achievements of BJP, post-1989, have been purely
because of our ideology: L.K. Advani', India Today, 15 April 1995.
5. 'Kalyan Singh may be next BJP chief, The Times of India, 12 April1993,
P.15.
6. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
7. 'Kalyan Singh may be next BJP chief, The Times of India,12 Aprll1993,
P.15.
8. 'RSS against Joshi', The Hindu,l I April 1993, p. 6.
9. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 28 February 1993.
I 0.'Vajpayee to head opposition in 1-S', The Times of India, 25 July 1993, p. 9.
I I . 'Vajpayee is leader of opposition in LS' , The Times of India, 27 }uly 1993,
p.6.

501
12. 'Assembly polls: BJP emerges as dominant force but Congress(I) shows
signs of revival' , India Today, 30 November 1993.
13. Interview with Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Gurugram, May 2018.
14. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 485-86.
15. Ibid., p.485.
16. Inrerview with Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, June 2018.
17. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
18. 'Vajpayee "best parliamentarian"', The Times of India, 18 August 1994,
p.7.
19. Interview with Sdman Khurshid, New Delhi, 2015
20. Yubaraj Ghimire and Bhavdeep Kang, 'Faltering on the Home Stretch',
Outlaoh, 18 October 1995. Available ar https://www.outlookindia.com/
magazine I story I faltering-on-the-home-stretchl 200033
21. Yubaraj Ghimire,'BJP unleashes its propaganda power for a possible mid-
term election', India Today,3l July 1993.
22. Uday Mahurkar, 'Modi's tactics help BJP become first non-Congress (I)
parry in Gujarat ro caprure power', India Today, 15 July 1995.
23. Uday Mahurkar, 'From a backroom boy, Narendra Modi graduates to a
more public profile', India Today,2 March 1998.
24. Uday Mahurkar and N.K. Singh, 'Fate of Keshubhai Patel Gow hangs by a
thread as Shankarsinh Vaghela splits ruling BJP', India Today, 15 October
1995.
25.'Shankersinh Vaghela: The Complete Story ofKhajuraho', Newsneejoumal.
Available at: http://www.newsstreetiournal.com/india/shankersinh-
vaghela-the-complete-story-of-khaj uraho/
26. rbid.
27. Yubartl Ghimire and Bhavdeep Kang, 'Faltering on the Home Stretch',
Outlooh, l8 October 1995. Available at: https://www.oudookindia.com/
magazine/story/faltering-on-the-home-stre cchI 200033
28. 'ShankersinhVaghela: TheCompleteStoryofKhajuraho',Newsstree$ournal.
Available at: http://www.newsstreetjournal.com/india/shankersinh-
vaghela-the-complete-story-of-khaj uraho/
29. rbid.
30. Priyavadan Patel, 'Sectarian Mobilisation, Factionalism and Voting in
Gujarat', Economic and Political Veehly,Yol.34, No. 34135 (21 August-3
September 1999): 2423-2433, ar 2427 .

31. Yubaraj Ghimire and Bhavdeep Kang,'Faltering on the Home Stretch',


Outhoh, 18 October 1995. Available au https://www.outlookindia.com/
magazineI sto ry I fdterin g-on-the-home-stretchl 200033

502
32. P.Y. Narasimha Rao, Ayodbya 6 December 1992 (Pengain Global, 2006),
p. 100.
33. 'Chronology of Hawala Case', The Times of India, 17 January 1991 , p. 1.
34. 'CBl chargesheets Advani, Arjun, 5 others', The Times of India, 17 January
1996, p. r.
35. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.467.
36. N.K. Singh, 'Tarred with the same Brush', India Today, 15 February 1996.
37. Ullel.h N.P., Tbe UntoU Vajpaye: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
kindle edition, 2Ol7), location 2I 85.
38. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 481.
39. N.K. Singh, AJI politicd parties are accepting donations in "black": Atal
Bihari Vajpayee', India Today,3l March 1996.
40. Ibid.
41. 'Corruption will be the main issue in the coming polls, says Yapayee', The
Times of India, 6 February 1996, p. 15.
42. Padmanand Jha, 'A Prime Minister in the Making?', Outlaoh, 17 April
1996. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazinelstoryla-
prime-minister-in-the-maki ngl 20 1207
43. Sudeep Chalravarti,'1996 had more than its fair share of both failure and
success', India Today, 15 January 1997.
44. tbid.
45. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diaided We Gouern: Coalition Polirtcs in Modcrn India
(Oxford University Press, 201 5), p. 154.
46. Pramod K. Kantha, 'BJP Politics: Looking Beyond the Impasse', Economic
and Political \Yeehly, 1996.
47. Yubaraj Ghimire, 'ln The Saddle, But For How [ong?', Outl.ooh,29 May
I 996. Available at: hnps://www.oudookindia.com/magazine/story/in-the-
saddle- b ut-fo r -how -lo ngl 20 | 428
48. Vijai Trivedi, Hazr Nahin Maanoonga (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016), p. I16.
49. See 'Ya:jpayee Sworn In fu Prime Minister'. Video available ac https://
www.youtube. com/watch?v=IEJ nqsBbfu U
50. 'Jubiladon in Nagpur over new gow.', The Titnes of India, 17 May 1996,
p.3.
51. Janak Singh, 'Vajpayee Sworn in as P.M.', The Times of India, 17 May
1996, p. t.
52. 'Nl The Prime Minister's Men', Outlooh,29 May 1996. Available at:
https : //www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/all-the-prime-min isters-
menl201430
53. 'AIl the Prime Minister's men-and a lone woman', Tbe Tirnes of India, 17
May 1996, p. 13.

503
54. Jaswanr Singh, .4 Call to Honour: In Serl)ice of Emergent India (Rupa,2006,
kindle edition), location 2190.
55. 'Yajpayee Sworn In As Prime Minister'. Video available at: htps://www.
youtube. com/watch?v=IEJnqsBbfvU
56. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.481.
57 . 'Iraders, industry enthused by events', The Times of India, 16 May 1996,
p. l.
58. Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, 'Ideological Contradictions in an Era of
Coalitions: Economic Policy Confusion in the Vajpayee Government',
Global Business Reaiew, Volume 3, Issue 2 (Jantary 2002): 201-23,
p.203.
59. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.481.
60. 'Vajpayee urges Joshi to revive Srikrishna panel: A trick to project secular
image, says Congress', The Times of India,27 May 1996, p. l.
6l . It would eventually submit its report, holding the Shiv Sena in large measure
responsible for the anti-Muslim violence.
62. Janak Singh, 'BJP is not known for witch-hunting, says A. B. Vajpayee',
2l May 1996, p. 7 .
The Times of India,
63. Anil Saxena, 'BJP makes final pitch to get support of small parties', The
Times of India, 25 May 1996, p. I .
64. N.K. Singh, 'Atal Bihari Vajpayee goes down, but with the image of a
marryr statesman', India Today, l5 June 1996.
65. Janak Singh, 'Candid Vajpayee admits BJP may not win trustyore', The
Times of India,2l May 1996, p. l.
66. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuidzd We Gouern: Coalition Politics in Modcm India
(Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p.165.
67. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p- 482.
68. KingshukNag, Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa Publications, 2015),
p.122.
69. 'Y$payee tries to score points as Pawar, Paswan pack punches', The Times
of India, 28 May 1996, p. l.
70. Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Speech in Parliamenr on the Confidence Motion.
Video available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_l n_OIp3EOs
71. 'Conciliation and combat was his flavour', The Times of India, 29 May
1996, p. t.
72. tbid.
73.'Historic debate', The Times of India, 29 May 1996, p. ll.
74. rbid.
75. AtaJ Bihari Vajpayee's Speech in Parliament on the Confidence Modon.
Video available at: hmps://www.youtube.com/warch?v=_l n_OIp3EOs

504
76. 'Kesri blasts Deve Gowda', Rediff, available ar http://business.rediffcom/
news/augl09congl.htm
77. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Hinduwa will be rhe dynamo of rhe new India: L.K.
Advani', India Today, 23 June 1997.
78. Ishan Joshi, 'So, 'Vhat's Behind The Mask?: The Govindacharya-Vajpayee
tussle over "words" reflects a deeper malaise in the parry', Outhoh, 27
October 1997. Available at: https://www.ouclookindia.comlmagazinel
story/so-whats-behind-the- masU 20 4448
79. 'A.8. Vajpayee seeks explanation from Govindacharya for calling him mask
of parry', India Today,27 October 1997.
80. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
81. 'A.B. Yajpayee seels explanation from Govindacharya for calling him mask
of parry', India Today 27 October 1997.
82. Ishan Joshi, 'So, \7hat's Behind The Mask?: The Govindacharya-Yajpayee
tussle over "words" reflects a deeper malaise in the parry', Outhoh, 27
October 1997. Avulable at: https://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinel
srory/so-whars-behind-the- me.l,U 20 4448
83. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
84. For a detailed description of the manoeuvrings within the Congress and
United Front that resulted in the fall oi the I.K. Gujral governmenr, see
Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided We Gouern: Coalition Politics in Modern India
(Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), pp.272-75.
85. Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, 'BJP aspires for sobriety and respectabiliry, reaches
out to audience who shunned saffron', India Today,9 February 1998.
86. 'Hype over new alliance of psychological importance to BJP', India Today,
9 February 1998.
87. Swapan Dasgupta and Ashok K. Damodaran, 'In desperation to win
Lok Sabha elections, BJP sheds its distinctive character', India Today 29
December 1997.
88. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Major gains for BJPJed alliance, Vajpayee most
favoured PM: Poll', India Today,5 January 1998.
89. Ishan Joshi, 'The BJP's Best Man, Ishan Joshi and photographer T. Narayan
hop on to Va.ipayee's aircraft and trail him around', Outhoh,2 February
1998. Available au https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-
bjps-best-man 1204976
90. Ibid.
91. Ishan Joshi, 'A Deliberate Dualiry: Vajpayee and Advani adopt varying
postures on contentious issues to suit all shades of opinion', Outlooh, 9
February 1998. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinel
sto ry/a-deli be r erc- duality I 20 5 007

505
92. Yubarq Ghimire, 'Rumblings at the Top: The Advani-Vajpayee "feud"
comes to the fore with an RSS-inspired manifesto', Outlooh, 16 February
1998. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinelstoryl
rumblings-at- the- top I 205063
93. Ishan Joshi, 'Decoding Advani: The BJP chiefs post-poll role becomes a
topic of speculation', Outhok,22 December 1997. Lvul$le ac https://
www.outlookindia. com/magazine/story/deco ding- advanil 2047 5 5
94. Ishan Joshi, 'A Deliberate Dualiry: Vajpayee and Advani adopt varying
postures on contentious issues to suit all shades of opinion', Outhoh, 09
February 1998. Available at: hmps://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinel
duality I 20 5 0 07
sto ry/a- deli be r are-

95. Swapan Dasgupta and Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, 'PM-aspirant Atd Bihari
Vajpayee faces coalition of parties with separate agendas', India Today, 16
March 1998.
96. Atul Kohli, 'India Defies the Odds: Enduring Another Election', Journal of
Democracy,l998 (3): 7-20, p.8.
97. tbid., p. t2.
98. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, April 2018.

$r"65 e,r6o : esQs.6o (1998-2004)


e9Qosdoo - 72: &ersd @dn6o (1998-99)

l. This figure includes nineteen political parties plus the BJP plus three
independena.
2. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.534.
3. Sudha Pai, 'The Indian Party System under Transformation: Iok Sabha
Elections 1998',,*ian Suruey Vol. 38, No. 9 (September 1998): 836-52,
p. 839.
4. Ashis K. Biswas, Ishan Joshi, Rajesh Joshi and Lekha Rattanani, 'Tough
Act: The BJP is poised for its second brush with power. But its sense of
destiny may soon drown in the cacophony of codition politics', Outlaoh, 16
March I 998. Available at: hmps://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/
tough-actl205196
5. "'Nadonal agenda" adopted', The Hindu, 18 March 1998, p. l.
6. Ishan Joshi, '\We'll [,ast Longer than the Others', Outlooh, 18 May 1998.
Available at: https://www.oudookindia.com/magazine/story/well-last-
Ionger-than-the-others/20 5 5 30
7. 'Coalition partnerAIADMKgives sleepless nights to BJP-led Government',
India Today, 20 June 1998.

506
8. Interview with Shakd Sinha, New Delhi, April 2018.
9. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
10. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
I l. Shekhar Gupta, '!7hen an RSS chief was supremely unimpressed with Atal
Bihari Vajpayee', The Print,25 December 2017.
12. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, January 2018.
13. Jung Chang, Vild Swans: Three Daughters of China (Simon and Schuster,
2008), p. 174.
14. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
15. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
16. Shekhar Gupra, 'When an RSS chief was supremely unimpressed with Atal
Bihari Vajpayee', The Pint,25 December 2017.
17 . Jairam Ramesh, Interrwined Liues: P.N. Hahsar and Indira Gandhi (Simon
and Schuster, 2018).
18. Interview with Prarap Bhanu Mehta, New Delhi, July 2018.
19. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.534.
20. Interview with N. Ram, Kolkata, November 2017.
21. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
22. 'Y/x RSS informed in advance of n-tests?', The Hindu, l3 May 1998.
23. Yinay Krishin Gidwani, 'lndia's nuclear tests: loss of moral stature and
courage', Economic and Political Veekly $998): l3l2-15, p. 1312.
24. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
25. 'Pokhran nuclear tests:'$7ell done, says a large majoriry of Vajpayee's fellow
Indians', India Today 25 May 1998.
26. Raniit Bhushan,'Nuke Harvest: If there's a mid-term poll, the BJP says it has a
thanls to its bold N-stratery', Outboh,25 May I 998. Available
clear advantage,
ac hnps://www.oudookindia.com/magazine/story/nuke-hawes tl 2O5 577
27. tbid.
28. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.545.
29. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journalist who wishes to remain
unnamed.
30. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
31. Jaswanr Singh, I Call to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India (Rupe,2006,
kindle edition), location 3472, 3477.
32. Harinder Baweja and Sumit Mitra, 'With BJP firmly in the saddle, RSS
wants more say in gow's policies and fi,rnctioning', India Today,28
September 1998.
.$7e
33. Prabhu Chawla, are not authoritarian like the Congress: A.B. Vajpayee',
India Today,2 November 1998.
34. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.

507
35. Siddhartha Vaidyanathan, 'India. Pakistan. Chennai. 1999', The Crichet
Monthly, 3l January 2019; 'ufhen Sachin t0fept After Losing to Pakistan in
Chennai', Newsl8, 3l January 2018.
36. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
.W.
37. Celia Dugger, 'lndian Leader Accepts Pakistani Offer to Take a Ride to
Lahore', The New York Times,4 February 1999. Available ac https://www.
nytimes.com/ 1999l02l04lworldlindian-leader-accepts-pakistani-offer-to-
take-a-ride-to Jahore. html
38. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 551.
39. K.K. K"ryd, 'Vajpayee arrives in Pak., steps into history', The Hinda,2l
February 1999.
40. 'In 1999, Nawaz Sharif said, "Vajpayee sahab can now win an election even
in Pakistan"', The Indian Express, 17 August 2018. Available ac https://
indianexpress.com/article/lifesryle/boo[s/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead-nawaz-
sharif-delhi-lahore-bus-book- excerpr-53 l0 123 I
41. Srijan Shukla and Sajid Ali, 'The Bus fude That Almost Helped Vajpayee,
Sharif Rewrite History of South Asia', The Print, I July 2019.
42. rbid.
43. 'ln I 999, Nawaz Sharif said, "Vajpayee sahab can now win an election even
in Pakistan"', The Indian Eqtress, 17 August 2018. Available at: hcps://
indianexpress.com/article/lifesryle/books/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead-nawaz-
sharif-delhi-lahore-bus-book- excerpt- 5 3 l0 123 I
44. lnrewiew with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
45. 'BJP's one-vote defeat in 1999 was narrowest in history', The Tirnes of
India,22 July 2008.
46. See 0.51 seconds onward at 'DNA rewinds: How Congress toppled
Vajpayee government on this day 20 years ago'. Video available at: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykiXjYKhBsM
47. 'BSP's revenge spelr doom for govt.', The Tirnes of India, l8 April 1999, p. 8.
48. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
49. 'BSP's revenge spelt doom for govt.', The Times of India, 18 April 1999,
p. 8.
50. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.554.
51. Ibid.
52. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
53. 'The last time Sonia Gandhi said "we have the numbers"', The Times of
India, 19 July 2018.
54. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.556.
55. Rasheed Kidwai, 'May 15, 1999: The Day Tariq Anwar Joined Sharad
Pawar's Revolt Against "Foreign Lady" Sonia', Newsl8, 27 October

508
2018. Available at: https://www.newsl 8.com/news/opinion/opinion-tariq-
anwar-may-be-back- in-congress- I 9-years-after-joining-sharad-pawars-
revolt-against-foreign-lady-sonia-gandhi- I 89297 | .html
56. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.558-59.
57. Vinod Meha, Luchnow Boy: A Memoir (Penguin Bools India, 201 l), p. 303.
58. Shoumojit Banerjee, '13 years on, a good shepherd awaits recognition', The
Hindu,6 August 2014.
59. Jaswant Singh, ,{ Call to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India (Rrrya,2006,
kindle edition), location 3637 .
60. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 562.
61. Kargil Review Committee (ed.), From Surprise to Rechoning The Kargil
Roiew Committee Report (SAGE Publications Pw Limited, 2000), p. 96.
62. Ibid., pp.83-86.
63. Ibid., p. 96.
64. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoplt Next Door: The Curious Hisnry of India\
Rehtions uith Pakisun (HarperCollins India, 2017), p.234.
65. R"j Chengappa, 'I seriously wanted Kargil War to come to an end, says
former Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif , India Today,26 July 2004.
66. Gen. V.P. Malik,'frssons from Kargil', Indian Defence Reaiew, Volume l6
(5) 2002:2.
67. rbid.
68. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.575.
69. Swapan Dasgupta, 'BJP banks on Prime Minister Vajpayee to bring in
votes in the coming elections', India Today 2 August 1999.
70. Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, 'Once a BJP mask, Vajpayee's populariry today
makes him bigger than parry itself, India Today,2 August 1999.
71. Rob Jenkins,'Appearance and realiry in Indian politics: Making sense of
the 1999 General Election', Goaernrnent and Opposition 35, no. I (2000):
4e46.
72. In consdtuencies where the BJP went head-to-head against the Congress,
its vore share increased from 44 per cent in 1998 to 48 per cent in 1999'
Neelanjan Sircar, 'Lok Sabha election 2019: The gains for BJP were not
uniform across all states after the Kargil war', Hindustan Times, 14 March
2019.

e9p3d6o - 12: ro8$ 6d:6s s63o (1999-2004)


Alistair McMillan, 'The BJP coalition: partisanship and power-sharing
in government', in Katharine Adeney and Lawrence Siez (eds), Coalition
Politics and Hindu Nationalism (Roudedge, ZOOT), p.27.

509
2. 'Rare moments with Atal Ji with Seshadri Chari'. Video available ac https://
www.youtube. com/wacch?v=97XtD 1 IO0BQ
3. Interview wirh Dinesh Trivedi, New Delhi, May 2018.
4. Supriya Bezbaruah, 'Prime Minister Vajpayee's knee surgery to be most
warched medical event in Indian history', India Today, 16 October 2000.
5. K.K. K"ry.l, '!7hy is Delhi without an acting PM?' , The Hindu,l0 October
2000.
6. rbid.
7. Interview with Keshav Desiraju, New Delhi, 2016.
8. Farzand Ahmed, 'Vajpayee tightens his grip on BJP, picks Bangaru Laxman
parry chie?, India Today, 14 August 2000.
as
9. Farzand Ahmed, 'ln a deparrure from the past, Vajpayee's pronouncements
become a new theme song of BJP', India Today,22Jantary 2001.
10. 'CBI asks Tehelka for unedited "sting" rapes', The Economic Tirnes, 13
December 2004.
11. 'lndividuals using the Internet (o/o of population)', The Vorld Bank
Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.UsER.ZS?end
=20 17 Eclocations=IN&starr=200 I
12. Megha Mandavia, 'India has second highest number of Internet users after
China: Report', The Economic Tirnes,26 September 2019.
13. 'Rid PMO of incompetent officers, says Sudarshan', The Times of India, 19
March 2001, p. l.
14. Rajesh Ramachandran, 'Bangaru is a "failed swayamsevak": RSS', 1'ia
Times of India, 17 March 2001, p. 1.
15. 'Rid PMO of incompetent officers, says Sudarshan' , Tbe Times of India, 19
March 2001, p. l.
16. 'The PM's Achilles Heel' , Oatlooh, 26 March 2001 . Available ar: haps://
www.outlookindia.com/ma gazine I issueI 282
17. Aiith Pillai and Murali lGishnan, 'Reign of The Triad: The Prime Minister
has three blind spots. and everybody seems ro see them bur he', Outlooh,26
March 200 l. Available ar: https://www.oudookindia.com/magazin el story I
reign-of-the-t riadl 2l I I 50
18. Harish Khare,'I didn't dabble in defence deds: Brajesh Mishra', The
Hindu,20 March 2001.
19. Ibid.
20. Vinod Meha, Lachnow Boy: A Memoir (Penguin Boola India, 20ll), p.
202.
21. Ibid., p.205.
22. SmiaGupta,'PM meets Advani in bid to make peace ar home', The Times
of India,3 May 2001, p. l.

510
23. There is some confusion on the name of rhe RSS chief since Advani in his
memoirs says rhar it was RSS chief 'Rajju Bhaiiya' who met him in 2002
with this suggesrion. Bur Rajju bhaiiya, i.e., Rajendra Singh, had retired
in 2000. So it was likely Sudarshan who made the suggesrion. See L.K.
Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.83940.
24. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.83940.
25. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
26. L.K. Advani, Ml Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.599.
27. lnterview with M.G. Vaidya. Nagpur, April 2018.
28. lirishna Prasad, 'Two Out Of Five: India's Mr Nuclear is also an all-too-
human Kalam Iyer', 24 J we 2002. Av ailable at: https: //www. outlookindia.
com/magazine/story/two-out-of-fi ve/2 I6I 60
29. S.S. Dhawan, '\7hy Kalam-despite being a Muslim-is a favourire
of Hindu Righi, DailyO,2 August 2017. Avulable at: https:llwww.
dailyo.in/voices/apj-abdul-kalam-hindurva-bjp-rss-hindu-righr-muslims/
story/l/1872l.html
30.'Play second fiddle at home', The Times of India, 2 July 2002, p. l.
31. 'Advani says his appointment as depury PM has silenced rift-mongers', The
Times of India, 5 July 2002, p. t.
32. V. Venkatesan. 'A cautious exercise', Frontline, l3 April 2002. Available at:
https://frontline. thehindu.com/static/htmyfl I 908/ I 9080260.htm
33. This figure comes from the National Commission of Minorities. Cited
from 'India: Treatment of Christians by Hindus, particularly the treatment
of Christians who have convefted from Hinduism; and the protection
available to them', Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,
I 2 September 2002, IND39529. Available at: https://www.refirorld.org/
do cidI 3 f7 d4da8 2 3. html
34. Sumit Sarkar, 'Conversions and politics of Hindu Right', Econornic and
Political \Veehly (1999): 169l-1700, p. 1691.
35. Ibid., p. t696.
36. Celia 'W. Dugger, 'Amacks on Christians Unsetde Rurd India', ?"/r
New Yorh Times, 23 January 1999. Available ac hnps://www.nytimes.
comI 1999 I 0 | I 23 I w orldl attacks-on-christians-unsetde- rural-india. hrml
37. Robert Marquand, 'ln India, a pattern of attacls on Christians', The
Chistian Science Moninr, 29 Jlune 2000. Available ac https://www.
csmonitor.com I 2000 I 0629 I pl s2.html
38. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
39. For some essays criticd of this move, see Atishi Marlena, The Politics of
Hindund and the NCERT Textbook, Reuolutionary Democracy, Yol.
X, No. 2, September 2004; Mridula Mukherjee and Adirya Mukherjee,

511
'Commundisation of Education, The History Textbook Controversy: An
Overview', Delhi Historians' Group, Delhi (2001).
40. Marie Lall, 'Indian Education Policy under NDA government', in Katharine
Adeney and Lawrence Sdez (eds), Coalition Polhics and Hindu Nationalism
16l.
(Routledge, 2007), p.
41. Ibid., p. 160.
42. lntewiew with Sheela Bhan, New Delhi, May 2018.
43. fuhok Damodaran, 'Vajpayee is our undisputed leader, Advani is No. 2:
Venkaiah Naidu', Indla Today, t6 June 2003.
44. 'Congress gleefully watches pre-poll "power struggle"', The Times of India,
7 J:une2O03, p.6.
45. Prabhu Chawla, 'A.B. Vajpayee creates a politicd storm by announcing
L.K. Advani heir apparent', India Today, 16 June 2003.
as
46. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, January 2018.
47. Prabhu Chawla,'A.B. Vajpayee creates a political storm by announcing
L.K. Advani as heir apparent' , Indid Today, 16 June 2003.
48. 'Cabinet, parry rally behind Vajpayee', Tbe Hinda,6 June 2003.
49. 'Yajpayee is supreme leader, says RSS', 7}a Times of India, 5 June 2003.

e,e"Jd$o - L4: f-ir", A"gi.s (1999-2004)


l. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.621.
2. Ibid., p.622.
3. Kanchan Gupta, 'The Truth Behind Kandahar', Sulehhd. Available at:
http://creative.sulekha.com/the-truth-behind-kandahar-an-article-by-
kanchan - gup t a_43 59 97 _blo g
4. Sarabjit Singh, 'Once upon a hijack', The Indian Express, 2l March
2019. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/
indian-airlines-ic-8 l4-flight-hijack-kandhar-jaish-e-mohammad-masood-
azhar-56365511
5. Interview with Shivshankar Menon, New Delhi, June 2018.
6. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
7. Kanchan Gupta, 'The Trurh Behind Kandahar', Sulehha. Available ar:
http://creative.sulekha.com/the-truth-behind-kandahar-an-arricle.by-
kanchan-gupta_435997_blog Vir Sanghvi, 'Hijacked logic As politics
over 1999's lC 814 rages now, are we really different roday?', DaifO, 14
March 2019; Rachna Pratihar, 'Media complicared Kandahar', Hindustan
Times, I September 2009.
8. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoplz Next Door: The Curious History of India's
Rektions with Pahistan (HrperCollins India, 2017), p.237.

512
9. Interview with Yashwant S:nha, New Delhi, June 2018.
10. Uday Mahurkar and Farzand Ahmed, 'BJP-led Government's rrade-off
at Kandahar provokes RSS inro hardening ics attitude', India Today,24
January 2000.
11. 'Crisis and mismanagemcnr', Frontline, 8 January 2000. Available at:
https://frontline. thehindu.com/cover-story/article30 2531 42.ece. The
content of this note has been confirmed by a close friend of Vajpayee who
does not wish to be named.
12. Uday Mahurkar, 'India needs to take a strong line againsr Pakistan: H.V.
Sheshadri', India Today,24 January 2000.
13. Interviewwith T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
14. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: The Cuious History of India\
Rehtions uith Pahistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), pp.24748.
15. Jaswant Singh, ,{ Call to Honour: In Smtice of Ernergent India (Rupa, 2006,
kindle edition), locarion 447 4.
16. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp. 696-97.
17. Kann Thapar, Deail's Aduocara (HarperCollins India, 2018), p. 183.
18. Interview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
19. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
20. Interviewwith Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
21. George Iype,'Jiggs to provide food for summiteers'thoughts', rediff.
com, 14 July 2001. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/newsl200ll
jul/l4inpakl8.hm
22. 'Rare moments: AtdJi with Sheshadri'. Available at: hmps://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=97XtD I IO0BQ
23. 'Cancel summit, says VHP', Tbe Hindu, l4 July 2001.
24. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
25. Sheela Bhatt, 'Advani destroyed Agra summit with Pakistan: A.S.
Dulat', rediff.com, 6 }uly 2015. Available at: haps://www.rediff.com/
news/report/exclusive-advani-destroyed-agra-summit-with-pakistan-a-s-
dulatl20l50706.htm
26. 'Musharraf-Speak', Outhoh, 16 July 2001. Available at: https://www.
outlookindia. com/website/story/musharr af -speakl 2 | 2640
27. Josy Joseph and Sheela Bhatt,'Musharraf blindsides Vajpayee with media
blirz', rediff.com, 16 July 2001. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/
news/200 I /j ul/ 1 6inpak8.htm
23. 'Draft Agra declaration' Frontline,2g J:u/ry 2005. Available at hmps://frondine.
thehindu.com/static/htmUfl2 21 5 I storiesI 200507 29002304800.htm
29. Jaswant Singh, r4 Call to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India
(Rupa,20o6,
kindle edition), location 4638.

513
30. Seema Guha, 'Officials were having major problems in agreeing to a draft',
The Times of India,2l Jdy 2001, p.7.
31. 'Good evening India: Gen Musharraf seels audience across the border', The
Tirnes of India, 2l J'ny 2001 , p. 1 .
32. Interview with A.S. Dulat, June 2018.
33. Pewez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Metnoir (Simon & Schuster,
2006), p. 299. Exact quote is in: 'Musharrafs comment on failed Agra
Summit: "Hidden Hand" says "Maine Dekha Har"', The Economic Times,
7 December 2010.
34. B. Muralidhar Reddy, 'Musharraf blames it on Advani', The Hindu, 3l
August 2001.
35. Sheela Bhatt, 'Advani destroyed Agra summit with Pakistan: A.S.
Dulat', rediff.com, 6 July 2015. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/
news/report/exclusive-advani-destroyed-agra-summit-with-pakistan-a-s-
&iarl20l507 06.htm
36. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: The Curious History of India's
Rektions with Pahistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), p. 250.
37. Ibid.
38. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.627.
39. Thomas H. Kean and lre H. Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report:
Executiue Sunmary. National Commission on Terrorist Attacla upon the
United States (2004), pp.l-2.
40. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.628.
41. Pewez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (Simon & Schuster, 2006),
p. 199.
42. Benedikt Goderis and Mila Versteeg, 'Human rights violations after 9/11
and the role of constitutional consrraints', The Journal of Legal Studies 41,
no. I
(2012): 13144, p 132.
43. Jayanth K. Krishnan, 'lndia's Patriot Act: POTA and the Impact on Civil
Libenies in the \07orld's largest Democracy', Iaw & Ineq. 22 (2004):265-
300.
44. 'Our society, our governmenr is roo soft', Thc Times of India, 16 December
2001, p. 14.
45. Pewez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Mcmoir (Simon & Schuster, 2006),
P. 199.
46. Zatdi, S. Akbar, '\7'ho benefia from US aid to Pakistan?', Carnegie
Endtumentfor International Peace,2l September 2Dll, p. 101-09, p. 5.
Available at: hmps://carnegieendowment.org/fi1CI/pakismn_aid20 I l.pdf
47. 'Togeila urges Hindus to back US', The Times of India. 14 September
2001.

514
48. Mushahid Hussain, 'By sacrificing bin Laden it expects US help on rhe core
issue', India Today, I October 2001.
49. 'Yardaar: 2001 Indian Parliamenr attack (Part l)'. Video available at:
https: //www.youtube. com/watch ?v= kX2-hlo'\tr72A
50. This information in main, from the Delhi High Covtin State
is provided,
usMohd. Afzal and Ors,003 VIIAD Delhi l.
51. L.K. Advani, My Coantry, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.628.
52. Jassrant Singh, I Cail to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India (Rupa,2006,
kindle edition), locarion 4725.
53. 'Terrorists amack Parliament; five inrruders, six cops killed', rediff.com,
13 December 2001. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/newsl200ll
dec/l 3parll.htm
54. This information is provided, in main, from rhe Delhi High Counin State
us Mohd. Afzal and Ors, 003 VIIAD Delhi I .

55. 'PM salutes the marryrs who lost their lives during artack on Indian
Parliament in 2001', Press Information Bureau, Government of India,
Prime Minister's Office, 13 December 2014.
56. 'ISI planned to wipe out top political leadership: Advani', The Times of
India,19 December 2001, p. l.
57. Mohua Chatterjee. 'Our society, our government is too sok', The Times of
India, 16 December 2001,14.
58. 'All options open in war against terror: The Dividing Line Preach', The
Times of India, 20 December 2001, p. l.
59. Dilip Chaware, 'Destroy terrorist camps in PoK, RSS tells Centre', 7}r
Times of India, I 5 December 2001, p. 2.
60. 'Advani to spell out Gow. stand in Parliament oday', The Hindu, 18
December 2001 .

61. Hemant Kumar Pandey and Manish Raj Singh, India\ Major Military and
Rescue Operations (Horizon Books, 2017), p.210.
62. 'Tetor ar Dawn', The Times of India, 15 May 2002, p. l; Manoj Joshi,
'Amack is bid to derail J&K polls', The Tirnes of India, 15 May 2o02,
p. 1.
63. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
64. Mohua Chanerjee, 'No holidays for Vajpayee and his ministers', The Times
of India, 19 May 2002.
65. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peopb Next Door: The Cuious History of IndU\
Rehtions with Pahistan (HarpeCollins India, 2017), p. 257.
66. Karan Thapar, 'The untold Advani story , Hindustan Times,2 April 2008.
Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/the-untold-
advani-srory/story-wNChlh8dblzKbYEARdMEH K.html

515
67. 'Infiltration into J&K from Pak must stop: Rocca', The Times of India, 15
May2002.
68. 'Transcript of CNN interview with Musharraf, cnn.com, I June 2002.
Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2002AJ7ORlD/asiapcf/south/06/0 1/
musharraf. transcript/
69. See the following two sources for this data: 'Jammu and Kashmir Assembly
Elections 2002 Phase l, 16 September 2002',16 September 2002, Ministry
of Externd Affairs, Government of India. Available at: https://mea.gov.in/
in-focus-article.htm? I 8974f ammu+and+ Kashmir+fu sembly+Elections+
2002+Phase++ 1 +I 6+Seprember +2002; Jammu and Kashmir: fusembly
Elections 2002: Under the Shadow of Fear', Economic and Polhical Veekly,
Yol. 37,Issue No. 43 (2002).
70. 'Assembly Elections 2002: Under the Shadow of Fear', Economic and
Political Veehly,Yol. 37, No. 43 (26 October-l November 2002): 4357-
50, at 4359.
71. Shujaat Bukhari, 'PM extends "hand of friendship" to Pa|istan', The
Hindu,l9 April 2003.
72. lntewiew with A.S. Dulat, June 2018.
73. Shujaat Bukhari, 'PM extends "hand of friendship" to Pakistan', 7/r
Hindu,l9 April 2003.
74. 'Statement by Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Lok Sabha on his
rwo day visit to Jammu 6c Kashmir', Ministry of External Affairs, 22 April
2003. Available at: hmps://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/4351l
Statement+by+ Prime+Minister+ Shri+Atal+ Bihari+Va.j payee+ in+Lok+Sabh
a+on+his+ two+day+visit+to+Jammu+amp+ Kashmir
75. Interview with Shivshankar Menon, New Delhi, June 2018.
76. 'BJP stays firm as Sangh steps up attack on PM', The Times of India, 30
June 2003, p. l.
77 . A.S. Driat, I{ashmir: The Vajpaye Yean (Harye{ollins, 20 I 5), pp. 26445.
78. Ibid., p.266.
79. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltf, (Rupa,20l0, paperbacQ, p. 689.
80. A.S. Dtlat, Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (HarperC,ollins, 2015), p.267.
81. Interview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
82. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journdist who wishes ro remain
unnamed.

eeel5d6o - 15 : SO4$O $IFar65 Ccr3eao (1999-2004)


l. Bulletin, National Legishtors Conference, 2018, l0 March 2018. Available
at http: I I I 64. I 00.47 .l 9 3 I lntranet/ I Day20 I 8. pdf

516
2. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
Volume I (Shipra Publicarions), p. 105.
3. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
4. R4 Chengappa, 'US President Bill Clinton's India visit holds promise of a
major change in Indo-US ries', India Today,27 March 2000.
5. Jaswant Singh, .,4 Call to Honour: In Sen)ice of Emergent India (Rupa,2006,
kindle edition), location 5635.
6. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
p. 138.
7. Blll Clinton, 'Restraint, Respect, Dialogue: lW.hat I Hope to Accomplish in
South Asia', The Times of India,20 March 2000, p. l.
8. Swapan Dasgupta, 'NDA Government and RSS work in tandem, but
simmering rensions remain', India Today,2l February 2000.
9. 'Goals of the Journey to Asia', Presidenr Clinton, Tbe \Vashington Times,
2l March 2000. Available at: hmp://www.acronym.org.uk/old/archive/
spvisit.htm.
10. Srinath Ragha,'an. The Most Dangerous Phce: A History of the Unhed States
in South ,*ia \Penguin Random House, 2018, kindle edition), location
5904.
I l. Jane Perlez, 'Clinton Decides to Visit Pakistan, After All', The New Yorh
Times, 8 March 2000. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/08/
world/clinton-decides-to-visit-pakistan-aft er-all.html
12. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoph Next Door: The Curious History of Indiai
Rehtions with Pakistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), pp.24546.
13. Tilak Abeysinghe and L.U. Ding, 'China as an economic powerhouse:
Implications on its neighbors', China Economic Reaiew 14, no.2 (2003):
164-85, at 165.
I 4. Arun Sho wie, A S ecuhr Agenda: For S auing Our Country, for Veldingrr (ASA
Publicarions, 1993); Arun Shourie, Worshipping False Gods: Ambedhar, and
the facts wbich haue been erased (ASA publications, 1997); Arun Shourie,
Religion in Politics (Roli Books, 1989); Arun Shourie, Symptoms of Fascism
(Vikas Publishing House, 1978).
15. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Government must grasp that disinvestment is good
politics', India Today, T February 2000.
16. Ibid.
17. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Don't let secrecy and cronyism jeopardise the end of
socialism', India Today, 12 March 2001.
18. Jyotindra Dubey, 'Disinvestment got boost under Vajpayee-led NDA gow'
Here's how public sector companies fared post-privatisation', India Today,
6 July 2019.

5t7
has just 50 people', The Times of
19. Siddharth Srivastava, 'Shourie's ministry
India, S December 2002, p. 5.
20. Interview with Montek Singh Ahluwalia, New Delhi, March 2018.
21. Rohit Parihar and Rajeev Deshpande, 'How polidcs, corporate rivdry led
Yalpayee government to undo privatization', India Today,23 September
2002.
22. Interviewwith Arun Shourie, New Delhi, June 2018.
23. Jyoindra Dubey, 'Disinvestment got boost under VajpayeeJed NDA gow.
Here's how public sector companies fared post-privatisation', India Today,
6 July 2019.
24. 'Yery Much His Own Man', Outhok,2 September 2002. Available at:
https : //www.o utlookindi a.co m I magazine/sto rylvery-much-his-own-
manl2l7032
25. luup Ratan Lala, 'RSS chief says govt's economic policies are against the
poor', The Times of India, 20 March 2000, p.7.
26. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
27. Farzand Ahmed, 'Swadeshi Jagran Manch attacks NDA Government for
"mortgaging India's economic security"', India Today l0 July 2000.
28. Ragul Sagar, 'Ideas for India website', available au https://www.ideasofindia.
orgl
29. MayaMirchandani,.!(ideAngleEpisodelT:ttrThatisHinduNationalism?',
The Wire, 6 Ja;nuary 2018. Video available ac hmps://thewire.in/politics/
wide-angle-episode- I 7-hindu-nationalism
30. Bruce T. McCully, 'The origins of Indian nationalism according ro narive
writers', TheJoumal of Modcm History7, no. 3 (1935): 295-14, et30+05.
31. Arup Roychoudhury, Megha Manchanda and Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 'Atal
Bihari Vajpayee's approach ro economic issues had the common touch',
Business Standard, 18 August 2018.
32. AmyValdman,'Mile byMile, India Paves a Smoother Road to Its Furure',
New Yorh Times, 4 December 2005. Available at: https://www.nytimes.
coml 2005 I 12 I 04 I worldl asia/mile-by-mile-india-paves-a-smoother-road-
to-its-future.html
33. 'New Telecom Poliry, 1999', Departmenr of Telecommunicarion,
Government of India. Available au hrrp://docgov.inlnew-telecom-policy-1999
34. Priyanka Kokil and M.K. Sharma, 'Sap l^ap Analysis of National Telecom
Poliry: India', India Jourtak Available at: http://www.indianjournals.com/
glo gtk2k6 I gloeift 2 k6- I - I /theme_ 1 /Articleo/02 0 I 0. htm
35. 'A Twenry Year Odyssey 1997-2017', Telecom Regulatory Authoriry of
lndia, 2017. Available at: https://main.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/A_
TwentyYear_Odyssey_l 997 _2017 .pdf

518
36. 'Telecom lobby swayed TRAI, allege consumer groups', The Times of India,
28 Jamtary 2003, p.2.
37. Smita Gupra, 'Mahajan purs on brave face', The Tirnes of India,30 January
2003, p. l.
38. See chapter 9, section 7 ofthis book.
39. Rob Jenkins, 'The NDA and the politics of economic reform', in Katharine
Adeney and Lawrence Sdez (eds), Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism
(Routledge, 2005), p. 187.
40. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
41. Indrani Bagchi,'Israeli PM fuiel Sharon's India visit a watershed event,
both nations to sign several pacrs', India Today, 15 Seprember 2003.
42. Shekhar Gupta, 'A pragmatic peace', India Today 2l June 2013.
43, Sridhar Krishnasrvami, 'Bush, Advani discuss issue of troops for baq' , The
Hindu,llJune2003.
44. C. Raja Mohan. 'Decision on Iraq remains open', The Hindu, 17 June
2003.
45. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
46. Yashwant Sinha, "Vhen Yajpayee Summoned Sushma Swaraj and
Me', NDTV, 25 March 2018. Available at: https://www.ndw.
com/opinion/when-vaj payee-summoned-sushma-swaraj-and-me-
I 828400?pfrom=home-lateststories
47. lnrewianr with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
48. Interview with Natrlar Singh, New Delhi, January 2018.

eoq"5d6o - 16 : 5do$Er6 1$So$R,"o (1999-2004)


1. Kama Maclean, 'Seeing, being seen, and not being seen: pilgrimage,
tourism, and layers of looking at the Kumbh Mela', Cross Currents 59, no.
3 (2009): 3194r, pp. 320, 324.
2. 'Dharma sansad 9', Vishva Hindu Parishad. Available at: http://vhp.org/
conferences/dharmasansads/dharma-sansad-9/
3. 'Veak at the base', Economic and Political Veehly, Volume 36, issue 4
(2001), p.25t.
4. rbid.
5. Prakash Louis, 'Gujarat: Earthquake and After" Economic and Political
Veekly, Vol. 36, Issue No. I I (2001).
6. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
7. Interview with Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2018.
8. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
(Tranquebar, )Afi), p. 247.

519
9. V. Venkatesan, 'A pracharak as Chief Minister', Frontline, Volume 18 (21),
13-26 October 2001.
10. Manas Dasgupta,'PM grants Rs. 500 cr., toll may cross 30,000', The
Hindu,30 January 2001.
ll. That Modi wanted to get into the helicopter at Gandhinagar has been
confirmed by a journalist, who does not wish to be named, and who adds
that Modi was not permitted by the SPG.
12. 'Ram Temple After March 12, 2002', The Tirnes of India, I I September
2001, p. 1; 'Mandir Countdown', The Times of India,4 September 2001,
P. 10.
13. Sharad Gupta, 'Hindus are not ready to compromise anymore: VHP leader
Pravin Togadia', India Today l0 September 2001.
14. Neena Vyas,'Keshubhai may be replaced', The Hindu, 25 September 200 1.
15. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Tirnes
(Tranquebar, 20 l3), p. 245.
I 6. Neena Vyas,'New Chief Minister Likely', The Hindu, 27 September 200 l.
17. Ullekh N.P., Ila UntoU Vajpaye: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Bools,
kindle edition, 2017), location 304546.
18. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
(Tranquebar, 2013), p. 24748.
19. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
20. Interview with Arjun Modhwadia, June 2019.
21 . 'Modi warns of harsh measures in Gujarat', The Times of India, 5 October
2001, p. 8.
22. Manas Dasgupta,'Modi sworn in Gujarat CM amidst fanfare', The Hindu,
8 October 2001.
23. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
(Tranquebar, 2013), p. 246.
24. 'Modi warns of harsh measures in Gujarar, The Times of India,5 October
2001, p. 8.
25. '50,000 watched Modi's ascenr ro power in splendid sryle', The Times of
India,8 October 2001, p.7.
26. tbid.
27. Ranjit Bhushan, 'Gun to the Temple', Outhoh, I I February 2002.
Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/gun-to-the-
templel214496
28. rbid.
29. rbid.
30. 'Ayodhya: 'Govt. dury-bound ro maintain status quo', The Hindu, 26
February 2002.

520
31. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
(Tranquebar, 2013), p. 249.
32. 'Timeline of the Riots in Modi's Gujarat', The New Yorh Times, l9 August
2015. Available at: hctps://www.nyrimes.com/inceractivel2Ol4l04l06l
world/asia./modi-gujarat-riots-timeline. ht ml# I # time287 _85 | 4
33. Since the fire had taken place on the premises of rhe Indian Railways, a
central organization, the railway minisrer appointed the Jusrice U.C.
Banerjee Commission in 20O4 to inquire into the cause of the fire. The
commission reporr, submitred in 2006, held the fire to be an accident. The
political context is criticd. The commission was appointed by the central
railway minister soon after the BJP lost in the 2004 elections, and he came
to Power.
34. Report by Commission ofEnquiry Consisdng ofJustice Nanavati and Justice
Mehta- Available at: http://www.home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/
downloads/godharaincident. pdf
35. 'Godhra Sabarmati Express burning case: Gujarat HC commutes dearh
sentence to I I convicts into life imprisonment' , Economic Times,9 October
2017 . Avilable ac https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-
and-nation/godhra-sabarmati-express-burning-case-gujarat-high-court-
may-pronounce-verdict-today/anicleshow/6 I 00 I 28 l.cms
36. Manoj Mitta, The Fiction of Fao-Finding Modi and Godhra (Harper
Collins Publishers India, 2014), p. 7 .
37. Interview with Saeed Umarji, in April 2014, in Godhra town (Gujarat).
38. Zal<ryaJafri protest petition against SIT report, p. 53.
39. Report in Compliance to the Order dtd 12.09.201 I of the hon'ble Supreme
Court of India of the complaint dtd 8/06.2006 of Smt. Jakia Nasim Ahesan
lafti.
40. G.T. Nanavati and A. H. Mehta, The Nanavati-Mehta Commission:
Report by the Commission of Inquiry Consisting of Mr Justice G.T.
Nanavati and Mr Justice Alshay H. Mehta (2008).
4l . 'Gujarat coun accepts clean chit to Narendra Modi in 2002 riots', NDTV,
26 December 2013.
42. Sheela Bhatt, 'lt had to be done, VHP leader says of riots', rediff.com'
I 2 March 2002. Available at: http //m. rediff. com/ne ws I 2002 I mar I | 2:rain
:

htm
43. tbid,.
44. 'Gr\arat incident: Angry scenes in Lok Sabha', The Hindu, I March 2002.
45. rbid.
46. 'Compounding Injustice: The Government's Failure to Redress Massacres
in Gujarat', Chapter IV, Human Rights Watch,Jdy2003, Vol. l5 (3).

521
47. 'SlT report on riots in court; Modi optimistic', News 18, 13 February
2012. Available at: hmps://www.news18.com/news/polidcs/modi-ff-
modi-4462l5.html;'Jafri didn't cdl me, Modi told commission', The Times
of India, l2 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.
December 2019. Available
com/city/ahmedabad/jafri-didnt-call-me-modi-told-commission/
articleshow/7 248207 5.cms
48. 'Nishrin Hussain, The Daughter of Ehsan and Zak'rya Jafri W'rites: My
Mother, My Motherland', Tbe Vire, 8 September 2018. Available at:
https://thewire.in/communalism/the-daughter-of-ehsan-and-zal<rya-jafri-
writes-my-mother-my-motherland
49. Satish Jha, 'Gulbarg Society massacre verdict: "Mob dragged out Ahsan
Jafri, burnt him alive", Indian Express, 1 8 June 20 16.
50. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
51. Sheela Bhatt, 'Ex-MP Jaffrey's widow relives a day of terror', rediff
com, 2 March 2002. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/newsl2002l
mar/02train.htm
52. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, May 2018.
53. Entry 2A of Lisr I of the 7th schedule to the Indian Constitution.
54. JayaJutley, Life Among the Scorpions: Memoirs of a Vornan in Indian Politics
(Rupa, 2017) , p.257.
55. Sunetra Choudhury, "'300 Could Have Been Saved": Ex-General's
Revelation On Gujarat Riots', NDTV, 10 October, 2018. Available at:
https://www.ndw.com/india-news/army-lost- l-day-waiting-in-airfield-ex-
general-on-2002-guj arat-rio s- 1929 445
56. Interview wirh Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2018.
57. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'Gujarat 2002: Vhat Justice for Victims? The
Supreme Court, SIT, the Police and rhe State Judiciary', Economic and
Polhical Veehf, YoL 47, No. 8 (20 12) : 77-89.
58. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The Political Logic of Ethnic
Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics and Society,
Vol. 40, No. 4, 2012: 481-514, p. 491.
59. Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi, Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and
Anti-Muslim Violence in India (Princeton Universiry Press, 2012), p. 283,
note l.
60. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The Political Logic of Ethnic
Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics and
Society, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2012: 483-516. These towns where the BJP was
electorally neck-and-neck, according ro rhe economist Saumirra Jha, were
ones 'founded by Muslims, housed Muslim mints or polidcal capitals, or
faced a longer history of Muslim political rule'. Saumitra Jha, "'Unfinished

522
business": Historic complementariries, political competition and ethnic
violence in Gujarat', Journal of Econornic Behauior y't Organiz,ation 104
(20t4): 18-36, p.2r.
61 . See the 'Scholarly Contribudon' towards the end of this book, in the secdon
titled'What is Hindu nariondism'.
62. Howard Spodek, 'In the Hinduwa laboratory: Pogroms and politics
in Gujarat, 2002', Modern,*ian Studies 44, no.2 (2010): 349-99, ar
375-76.
63. Harish Khare, 'The guilry men ofAhmedabad', The Hind.u,7 March2}O2.
64. rbid.
65. 'Oppn demands Modi, Advani's resignarion', Tbe Times of India,8 March
2002, p.7.
66. Manas Dasgupta, 'All Parry team refuses to meer Modi', The Hindu, 9
March 2002.
67. 'Naidu in dilemma, seels face-saver', The Times of India, 14 April 2002,
p. l.
68. 'VHP seeks resignation of Central, Gujarat Gows', The Hinda,28 February
2002.
69. Bhavdeep Kang, 'The Arson \7'ithin' , Outlook, I I March 2002. Available at:
https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-arson-wirhin/2 I 485 I
70. Arvind Lavakare, 'A question of "squaring up"', rediff.com, 2 Aprrl 2002.
Available ac https://www.rediff.com/news I 2002 I apr I 02awind.htm
7 l. Murali Krishnan,'I Told Advani To Drive Some Sense Into Atdji', Outloo h,
25 March 2002. Available at: https://www.oudookindia.com/ma gazinel
story/i-told-advani-to-drive-some-sense- inro-ata\il 2 I 497 8

72. 'Ulelk the Talk with Bal Thackeray (Aired: January 2007)', NDTV, 18
January 2018. Available at: https://www.ndw.com/ndw-at25/classics/
walk-the-talk/307189
73. 'Don't become pawns, RSS tells Muslims', The Hindu,28March2002.
74. lnterview with Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2019, who says she was told
this story by the Ahmedabad-based journalist Arvind Bosamia.
75. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
76. 'Modi need not quic Advani', The Hindu, 12March2002.
77. 'Advani admits riots a blot, but rejecrs call for resignation', The Times of
India, 12 March 2002, p.7.
78. 'Modi should quit, says Opposition', The Hindu,2l March2002.
79. 'k's horrible: NHRC chief , The Hindu,24 March 2002.
8 0.'Vaj payee wanred to sack Modi: \7alk the Talk with Jaswant Singh', NDTV-
Video available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05MVcOfbVMY
81. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.

523
82. Prafirll Goradia, 'Modi is no bhai or bhatija ofyours, why are you defending
him?', rediffcom, 16 January 2017. Available at: https://www.rediff.
com/news/special/modi-is-no-bhai-of-yours-why-are-you-defending-
himl20170l l6.htm
83. Inrerview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
84. Priya Sahgal, 'Minor Modification', Outhoh, 15 April 2002.
Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com I magazinel story I
minormodifi ca ion/ 21 5 I 85
85. 'PM opposes snap poll in Gujarar', The Times of India, 29 March 2002,
p.7.
86. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.842.
87. Anil Pathak and Raja Bose, 'PM visits site of attack on Sabarmati Express',
The Times of India,4 April2002.
88. Uday Mahurkar, 'A.B. Vajpayee's visit to riot-torn Gujarat fails to have a
balming effect', India Today 15 April 2002.
89. Priya Sahgal, 'Minor Modification', Outlooh, 15 April 2002.
Available at: hrrps://www.outlookindia.com I magazinel storyl
minormodifi c ationl 21 5 I 8 5
90. 'Replace Modi, victims implore PM, The Times of India, 5 April 2002,
P.7.
91. Ibid.
92. 'Modi has blood on his hands PM told', The Times of India,5 April2002,
p. l.
93. Priya Sahgd, 'Minor Modiftcation', Outboh, 15 April 2002. Available at:
hnps://www.oudookindia.co ml magazinel story/minormodificadon/2 I 5 I 85
94. 'Yajpayee Raj Dharma for Modi in 2002'. Video available at: https://www.
6_vAgb3 64lk
yo utube. co m/watch ?v=
95. Ullekh N.P., The Untold. Vajpayee: Politician and Paradtx (Penguin Books,
kindle edidon , 2017), locarion 2977 .
96. Interview with fuun Shourie, New Delhi, June 2018.
97. rbid.
98. rbid.
99. futu Sarin, 'Hdf the night is over, half is left: PM', The Indian Express, 12
April2002.
100. 'Kashiram Rana may replace Modi', The Times of India, 12 April 2002,
p. l.
l0l. Inrerview with Harin Parhak, New Delhi, March 2018.
102. Neena Vyas, 'rVhat will happen to Modi?', The Hindu, 12 April2002.
103. 'Kashiram Rana may replace Modi', The Times of India, 12 Ap:il 2002,
p. l.

524
104. 'Yajpayee wanted Modi to quit over Gujarat riots, but party said no:
Venkaiah Naidu', Tbe Indian Express,9 March2014.
105. Arun Shourie's version is conrested by an anonymous source who agrees
with Shourie's description, but says that he very much wanted to protect
Modi, not sack him.
106. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.843.
107. Ibid.
108. 'LK stopped Atd from sacking Modi over Guj fuots', The Times of India,
23 August 2009.
109. Ranjit Bhushan,'His Second Phase', Outhok,29 April2002.
I10. Inrerview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
II l. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
I12. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, May 2018.
113. 'Modi feels the heat, friend Jaitley drops in', The Indian Expres, 12 April
2002.
114. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
115. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
116. Smita Gupta,'Seek fresh mandate Modi told: BJP meet rejects offer by
Gujarar CM to quit', The Times of India, 13 April 2002, p. l.
I17. 'PM opposes snap poll in Gujarat', The Times of India, 29 March 2002,
P.7.
ll8. Priya Sahgal, 'PM's Spin Quantum Number', Outhoh,29 April2002.
Available at: hmps://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pms-spin-
quantum-number I 21 5 369
I19. Bhatt,'Muslims don'rwant to live in harmony, says Vajpayee', rediff.
Sheela
com, 12 April 2002. Available at: hmps://www.rediff.com/newsl2002l
apr/l2bhatt.htm
120. P. Chidambaram, 'Vajpayee's speech at Goa signals his rebinh as a true
, India Today,29 April2002.
swayamsevak'
121. Smruti Koppikar and Pradeep Kaushal,'In Goa drama, Advani and
Vajpayee swap their roles', The Indian Express, 14 Apl:il2002.
122. K.V. Prasad, 'Conditions in Gujarat conducive for polls: Advanl', The
Hinda,25 July 2002.
123. 'UnhappyAta.lThinks of Quitting', Outlnoh,2 September 2002. Available
ar: hmps://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/unhappy-atal-thinks-
of-quitting/2 I 703 I
124. J. Venkatesan, 'EC rules out early polls in Gujarat', The Hindu, l7 August
2002.
125. 'PM raps Modi for remarls on Lyngdoh', The Times of India,24 August
2002.

525
126. 'Supreme Coun upholds EC decision on Gujarat polls', The Hinda,3
September 2002.
127. Ranjit Bhushan and Bhavdeep Kang, 'The Flip Flop PM', Outlooh, 2
December 2002. Avaiable at: hnps://www.outlookindia.coml magazinel
story/the-fl ip- flop -p ml 21 8 I 45
I 28. Milind Ghatwai,'Last lap: C in BJP campaign stands openly for commund',
The Indian Express, l0 December 2002.
129. J. Venkatesan, 'EC takes note of Godhra pictures', The Hindu,2 December
2002.
130. Ibid.
131. Darshan Desai, 'Dark Descent', Outlooh,23 September 2002. Available at:
https //www.outlookindia. com/magazine/story/dark-d escent l 217 3 | 3
:

132. Neena Vyas, 'BJP only guarantor of security for minorities', The Hindu, E

December 2002.
133. 'Cong donning mantle of Muslim League: BJP', The Times of India, l0
December 2002.
134. Manas Dasgupta,'VHP strategy', The Hindu, ll December 2002.
135. Darshan Desai, 'Dark Descent', Oathoh,23 September 2002. Available at:
https://www. outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dark-d escentl 217 3 | 3
136. Smita Gupta, 'How Modi's appeal works', The Tirnes of India,9 December
2002.
137. Manas Dasgupta, 'BJP creating atmosphere of fear: Sonia', The Hindu,4
December 2002.
138. Milind Ghamrai, 'Cong paints self pro-Hindt', The Times of India, T
December 2002.
139. Sheela Bhatt, 'Is Narendra Modi redly an OBC?', rediff.com, 5 June 2014.
Available at: hnps://www.rediff.com/news/column/ls-election-sheela-says-
is-narendra-modi-really-an-obc/20 I 405 I 0.htm
140. Ibid.
l4l. Interview with Arjun Modhwadia, New Delhi, May 2019.
r42. tbid.
143. 'Modi primes pitch for polls', The Tirnes of India, l5 April 2002, p. l.
144. Bharar Desai, 'Hinduwa strikes a chord with tribals', The Times of India,5
December 2002.
145. Interview with Ajoy Bose, June 2018.
146. 'Modi, the big draw', The Hinda, 6 December 2002.
147. Anirban Ganguly and Shivanand Dwivedi, Amit Shah and the Marcb of BJP
(Bloomsbury, 2018), p. 49.
148. 'VHP supports Modi, says BJP not nationalist', The Times of India, 3
December 2002.

526
149. Smita Gupra, 'BJP election campaign revolves around Modi', The Times of
India,2 December 2002, p. 8.
150. Nalin Mehta, 'Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the
2002 Gujarat Riots', South ,*ia: Joumal of South ,4sian Snd.ies 29(3)
(2006): 395414, pp. 395-96.
l5l. Ibid., p.409.
152. Ibid., p. 410.
153. Shekhar Gupta,'If Modi wins on Sunday', The Indian Express, ll April
2014.
154. 'G$arat assembly polls could chart future of India's politics, The Times of
India, 12 December 2002, p.7.
155. Sanjay Kumar, 'Gujarat fusembly Elections 2002: Analysing the Verdict',
Economic and Political Weekly,25 January 2003:27015, p.270.
156. 'Gujarat assembly polls could chart future of India's politics', The Times of
India, 12 December 2002, p.7.
157. Sanjay Kumar, 'Gujarat fusembly Elections 2002: Analysing the Verdict',
Econotnic and Political Weehfi,25 January 2003:270-75, pp.274-275.
158. Ibid.
159. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The political logic of ethnic
violence: The anti-Muslim pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics y't Socie4,
40, no. 4 (2012): 483-516. See also Sanjay Kumar, 'Gujarat fusembly
Elections 2002: Analysing the Verdict', Econotnic and Political Weehly,25
January 2003: 270-7 5, p. 27 l.
160. Interview with Prafull Goradia, New Delhi, April 2018.
l6l. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.

2004, es 6t$ud
o&it565;S5rero
l. This figure is for the third quarter of 2003. See: Carole Spary and Andrew
Wyatt, 'The generd election in India, May 2004', Ehcnral Studies 2, no.
25 (2006):398404, p. 398.
2. Elections were held in November-December 2003 for Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The BJP's success in these elections
were due to a combination of local factors like and-incumbency and
unemployment, rather than a national wave. See, for example, N.S.
Gehlot, 'Reflections on the l2th assembly elections of Rajasthan', ?"Dr
Indian Journal of Political Scicncc, Yol. 64, No. 3/4 (July-December,
2003) : r9r-202, pp. 19 t-92.

527
3. Ajit Kumar Jha, 'NDA rides on Vajpayee's populariry, appears set to sweep
elections 2004: India Today poll', India Today,30 November 1999.
4. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,2008), pp. 76243.
5. Ibid., p.763.
6. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, April 2018.
7. 'Yajpayee was in rwo minds over poll timing', The Times of India, 15 May
2004, p.7.
8. Rajeev Deshpande, 'BJP's Vision 2004 document marks significant shifts
on Hinduwa issues', India Today, 12 Apr112004.
9. '2004 Manifesto: NDA, An Agenda for Development, Good
Governance and Peace'. Available at: hmp://library.bjp.org/jspui/
bitstream/ I 23 4567 89 I 245 I I /NDAo/o20MANIFESTOo/0202004.pdf
10. 'Advani hits the "shining" path, again', The Times of India,3 March2004,
p. l.
11. Smita Gupta,'Advani hardsells BJP with Atd as USP: "Smiling India,
Shining India"', The Times of India, I I March 2004, p. ll.
12. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperbacQ, p.765.
13. Smita Gupta, 'Rein in VHP, BJP tells parivar: Rath Row', The Times of
India, 6 March 2004, p. 7.
14. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
15. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
16. 'Ronald Reagan: It's Morning in America 1984'. Available at: https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=fa8 Qupc4PnQ
17. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
18. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
19. Ajit Kumar Jha, 'Elections 2004 promises close finish berween NDA and
Congress-led alliance', India Today, 26 April 2004.
20. Smita Gupta, 'Parry not shining, says BJP report: "Seat count likely to
dip"', The Times of India, 4 March 2004, p.5.
21. Interview with Natwar Singh, New Delhi, January 2018.
22. Lakshmi lyer, 'Sonia Gandhi, Congress strategists plan aggressive poll
srrategy to take on NDA', India Today,2 February 2004.
23. 'Maneka and Varun Gandhi want ro be in national politics so they joined
BJP: Pramod Mahajan', India Today, S March 2004.
24. rbid.
25. Yogendra Yadav, 'The elusive mandate of 2004', Economic and Political
\Veehly Q004): 5383-98, p.5385.
26. Prabhu Chawla, 'l4th Lok Sabha polls: Sonia Gandhi performs
electoral miracle, brings Congress back to power', India Today,24 May
2004.

528
'$?'eather
27. 'New Delhi, Delhi, India Hisrory', lYeather Undnground.
Available at: https://www.wunderground.com/history/daily/in/new-delhi/
VIDP/dare/2004-5-13
28. L.K. Advani, M1Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.766.
29. rbid.
30. Interview with Natwar Singh, New Delhi, January 2018.
31 .
'Dearhly quiet at BJP headquaners' , The Times of India, 14 May 20O4.
32. Amy \7aldman,'In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Parry W'ins Election in India',
The New Yorh Times, 13 May 2OO4. Available at: https://www.nytimes.
coml 200 4 I 05/ I 3/international/asia/in-huge-upset- gandhis-parry-wins-
election-in-india.html
33. Interview with Montek Singh Ahluwalia, New Delhi, March 2018.
34. 'Absence of ideology led ro loss', The Times of India, 13 May 2004.
35. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
36. A.S. Dular, Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (HarperCollins India, 2017), p.
272.
37. Interview with a journalist who wishes to remain unnamed.
38. Yogendra Yadav 'The elusive mandate of 2004', Economic and Political
\Veehly Q004) : 5383-98, p. 5385.
39. Ibid.
40. 'Yajpayee was in two minds over poll timing', The Times of India, 15 May
2004, p.7.
41. Interview with Arun Shourie, New Delhi, June 2018.
42. A.S. Dulat Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (HarperCollins India, 2015), p.
270.
43. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.766. See
also: Neena Yyas,'Yajpayee quits, offers cooperation to new government',
The Hindu, l4May 2004.
44. 'Enoch Powell', The Econornist, 12 February 1998. Available at: https://
www.economist.com/obitu ary I 1998 I 021 I 2/enoch-powell
45. '\flhen LK Advani lost his job as BJP presidenr for cdling Jinnah a "great
man"', DNA,4May2018.
46. L.K.Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.785.
47. 'Full text of L.K. Advani:s resignation letter', NEW'Sl8, l0 June 2013.
Available at: hmps://www.newsl8.com/news/politics/fi.rll-text-of-lk-
advanis-resignation-lemer-6 I 4958.html
48. Interview wirh R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
49. 'Mrs Kaul, Delhi's most famous unknown other half, passes away', The
Indian Express, 4 May 2014.
50. Ibid.

529
51. Interview with N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
52. YyaiTrivedl Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p. 30.
53. Interview with Shekhar Gupta, New Delhi, May 2018.
54. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
55. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 841.
56. 'Never regarded those who disagreed with us politically as enemies . . . anti-
national: LK Advani', The Econornic Times, 5 April 2019.
57. Anvit Srivastava and Karn Pratap Singh, 'PM Modi's decision to walk at
Vajpayee's funeral surprised all', Hindustan Times, l8 August 2018.
58. Chapter I of Vinay Sitapati, Half-Lion: How P.V, Narasimha Rao
Transformed I ndia (P enguin, 20 | 6).
59. The Bahujan Samaj Parry, Samajwadi Parry or the Republican Parry of
India, for instance.
60. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoaghts (V'ilcama Prakashan,
1966), pp. 98,99.
61. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
62. 'L.K. Advani's Speech: All-party prayer meet to mourn Vajpayee's demise'.
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYOCQIeaSIQ

AD6E
1. Antony Copley (ed.), Hinduism in Public and Priuate: Rfo*, Hinduna,
Gend.er, and Sampraday (Oxford Universiry Press, 2009).
2. Koenraad Elst, 'Hindu Activism outside the Sangh Parivar', 18 August
2011. Available at: https://samvada.orgl20lllardcles/hindu-activism-
outside-the-sangh-parivar-dr-koenraad-elst/
3. Romila Thapar, 'In defence ofhistory', Seminar (2003):65-72. Available at:
http://www.india-seminar.coml2003l52ll52lo/o20romilao/o20thapar.htm;
see also, Chandra Mallampdli, 'Evaluating Marxist and Post-Modernist
Responses to Hindu Nationalism during the Eighdes and Nineties', South
,4sia Research 19, no. 2 (1999): l6l-190.
4. R.B. Bhagat, 'Census and the Construction of Communalism in India',
EPV Cornrnenury, 24 November 2001. Available at: http://www.sacw.
ned 2002 I CensusandCommunalism.html
5. Nicholas B. Dirlc, Castes of Mind Colonialism and the Mahing of Modem
India (Princeton Universiry Press, 2001).
6. John Zavos, The Emergmce of Hindu Nationalism in India (Oxford
University Press, 2000).
7. Charles Herman Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social R&*
(Princeton Universiry Press, 201 5).

530
8. Norman Barrier's superb study of the Arya Samajis in the turn-of-the-
century Punjab Congress advances the argument of this book. It was only
in the context of elections (which the British had begun to introduce in the
late nineteenth century) that Arya Samajis like Lala Lajpat Rai moved from
a purely social reform movement to a political with a conception of state
power. See Norman G. Barrier, 'The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in
the Pun.iab, 1894-1908', TheJoumal of,4sian Studies,Yol.26, No. 3 (May,
1967):363-379.
9. Jyotirmaya Sharma, Hindutaa: Explaring the ld.ea of Hindu Nationalism
(Penguin Books India, 201 l), p. 8.
10. A.G. Noorani, 'The RSS is at war with India's pxt', The Hindu, 1 May
2019.
11. For a discussion on the history of definitions of 'fascism', see: Joachim
Scholryseck,'Fascism-National Socialism-Arab Fascism: Terminologies,
Definitions and Distinctio ns' , Die Weh des Islams 52, no. 34 (2012): 242-89.
12. Joachim Scholryseck,'Fascism-National Socialism-Arab Fascism:
Terminologies, Definitions and Disdnctions', Die \Veh des Ishms 52, no.
34 (20 | 2) : 242-89, ar249 -50. See also, J uan J. Linz,'Some Notes Toward
a Comparative Study of Fascism in Sociological Historical Perspective', in
'W'dter
Laqueur (ed.), Fascivn: A Readtr\ Guide (Universiry of California
3-121.
Press, 1976), pp.
13. 'Fascism, Opposition to parliamentary democrary', Encyclopaedia
Britannica. Available at: haps://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/
Opposition-to-parliamentary-democracy
14. fuhis Nandy, 'The rwilight of certitudes: Secularism, Hindu nationalism,
and other masks of deculturation', Alternatiaes 22, oo. 2 (1997): 157-76.
Available ac http: //&. doi.org/ I 0. I 08 0 I I 36887 998899 69
.Waue:
15. Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffon Democracy and Hindu
Nationalism in Mofurn India (Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 6.
16. Ibid.
17. This definition of conservatism is taken from Corey Robin, The Reactionary
Mind: Conseraatism from Edmand Burhc to Sarah Palin (Ov'ford' Universiry
Press, 201 1), p. 4.
18. Romila Thapar, 'syndicated Hinduism', Hinduism Reconsidered 4 (1997):
54-81; Chandra Mdlampdli, 'Evduating Marxist and Post-Modernist
Responsesto Hindu Nationalism during the Eighties and Nineties', South
,*ia (1999): l6l-90.
Research 19, no. 2
19. Thomas Blom Hansen,'The Vernacularisation of Hinduwa: the BJP and
Shiv Sena in rurd Maharashra', Contribations to Indian Sociohg 30, no.
2 (1996): r77-2r4.

531
20. See, for instance, Prem Kumar Vijayan, Gender and Hindu Nationalism:
Und.erstanding Masculine Hegemony (Roudedge Studies in South fuian
Politics,20l9).
21. Data from the Lokniti-CSDS National Election Surveys. Compiled at:
https://scroll.in/article/893869/how-india-votes-has-the-bjp-gained-
enough-women-voters-under-narendra-modi-to-seal-20 I 9
22. Amite Basu, 'Mass movement or elite conspiracy: The puzzle of Hindu
nationdism', in Contesting the Nation (Oxford India Paperbacla, 1996),
pP. 55-80.
23. Amrita Basu, Violcnt Conjunctures in Demooatic India (Cambridge
Universiry Press, 201 5).
24. Patl R. Brass, Thefi of an ldol: Text and Context in the Representation of
Colbctiue Violznce (Princeton University Press, I 997).
25. Steven I. W'ilkinson, Votes and Violmce: Ebctoral Competition and Ethnic
Riots in India (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2004) 293.
26. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The Political Logic of Ethnic
Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics and Society,
vol. 40, no. 4 (2012):481-514, at 491.
27. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious pardes
and Indian democrary: The Jana Sangh and the BJP beween Hinduwa
radicalism and coalition politics', Democratization,20, no. 5 (2013): 876-
94, ar 876.
28. Sanjay Ruparelia,'Rethinking institutional theories of political moderation:
the case of Hindu narionalism in India, 1996-2004', Comparatiue Politics
(2006): 317-36.
29. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious parties
and Indian democracy: The Jana Sangh and the BJP between Hinduwa
radicalism and coalition politics', Demooatization, 20, no. 5 (2013):
876-94.
30. Lars Tore Fliten, 'The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: India's BJP', in
Oxford Research Encyc lopaedia of Po litics, 20 19.
31. Pralay Kanungo,'Myth of rhe monolith: The RSS wrestles ro discipline its
political progeny', Social Scientist (2006): 5149.
32. Interview with Jairam Ramesh, Kolkata, January 2018.
33. Stuart Corbridge and John Harriss, Reinuenting India: Liberalization,
Hindu Nationalism and Popuhr Demoracy (ohn Viley & Sons, 2013).
34. OrnitShani, Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violznce in
Gujarat (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2007).
35. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia
Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 485-86.

532
ACKNO\TLEDGEMENTS

This is one of those books where so many who gave their voices, memories and svr'eat
demanded to remain in rhe shadows. So let me state upfront that all controversies are of
my choosing, and the few named in these pages clrrry no responsibility for its contents. The
same disclaimer applies to a crew of brain-pickers who disinfected, brushed and polished
the manuscript. This acknowledgement is for them.
I come from a family with words to spare. Kamda Ganesh read each sentence with a ffne-
toothed comb that created the perfect middle-paning of academic arguments and popular style.
I owe who I am to her. Aditi Sriram, a writer's writer, partnered this book ,I"o"gh the three
years it took to write it. She added flair to the manuscript while making the story peninent to
even those who don't shop at Bahri Sons. Sudhir Sitapati, genius marketeer, read each chapter
as I wrote them. He has shaped the vision and tone of the book more than any other. Krishna
Sriram read much ofthe book, correcdng erors as well as flagging where the narative sagged.
R 'Ambi Srinivasan ranhis meahi chhzz through the early chapters; his amentive suppon and
inspirational life have made the book and its author what they are. Priya Krishnan subdy left
her ffngerprint on every page, the same skill she generously provided for my previous book.
My publisher Meru Gokhale from Penguin reminded me what courage and
composure look like. She read the draft multiple times, adding external markers and
demanding more emotion between Vajpayee and Advani. I can be fmtidious and obsessive,
as those who know me will unhappily vouch. Tarini Uppal dealt with that throughout,
being the surradhaar for this entire project. Thanks also to Shantanu Ray Chaudhuri for
expem copy editing and Gunjan Ahlawat for an enticing cover. i (
A battery of academics shone their light on this book. Years after mentoring me
through a vexing PhD, Atul Kohli condnues to keep a watchful eye on my words and
ideas. Lawrence Liang, lateral thinker par excellence, encouraged my storpelling to be
understated and my theory more pronounced. Shivaji Sondhi mixes the analytical clariry
of a Princeton physicist with the upbringing of a Jana Sanghi. Not just his dsiails, but his
insights have shaped this book. Anup Dhar brought his eclectic training to every chapter;
the double doctor clinically sewed together parts that were left hanging. It seems repetitive
to thank Pratap Bhanu Mehta for so many contributions to my life. Two of the main

533
arguments of the book----of Hindu nationalism's comfort with elections, and of its need for
defensive violence-are owed to him.
This academic rigour was the perfect jugdbandi to the comments of four practitioners.
Human rights expert Sunitha Rangaswami despises all that the BJP stands for, but read
each sentence with a fair mind; she is more objective than she is willing to admit. M.R.
'PRS' Madhavan is my model for unfussy public service. He brought his daily exposure to
politics and nightly exposure to fiction to bear on every chapter. Ashoka University's'most
valuable player', Eshwara 'Venkat' Venkatesam, was the first person I bounced this book
idea off, as well as the last to read the manuscript. He prodded words as well smoothened
ideas. Nandini Mehta in some sense invented the genre of serious non-fiction in India. Her
surgical hand has made for a well-sutured book.
A quintet of lawyers gave the manuscript pro bono vetting. Aman Ahluwalia produced
wenty-eight pages of comments: no misake was too small to redline or too big to correct. The
only thing more admirable than his ample intelligence is how lighdy he wears it. Not so much
Neel Maitra, who helped conc€ptualize the book and read early chapters. tVhen his normally
acid tongue began to hurl praise, I sensed I was on to something. Govind Naidu went through
each page (his legal acrunen disguised by light green crocs), ensuring balance and prevenring a
descent into polemics. Suhaan Mukerji read the entire mantxcript during the Covid lockdown,
providing me with seven hours wonh of commens on the telephone. His swift slices have cut
a lot of the flab. And the ever-diligent Abhishek Nath Tripathi kepr me on my ro€s with regard
to more tenuous claims on the Jana Sangh. Since I have left law as a profession, I endlessly
wondered why lawyers charge 60,000 rupees for an hour of reading. Now I know.
For newspaper archives, ProQuest provided a uial subscription of the enire Times of
India archive. N. Ravi, N. Murali and A. Sankaran kom The Hindu made available their
physicd archives in Chennai. Prafi.rlla Ke*ar h elpd wirh Panchaianya and, Organiser archives,
as did the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. They also provided a host of private archives

which the endnotes set in ink. Neeraj Priyadarshi and Renuka Puri helped with the back
issues of The Indian kpres and, Janasatu. Thanks are also due to the BJP's swanky new
library in New Delhi, as well as the idiosyncradc material on Hindu nationdism at Princeton
University's world-beating library (thank you, David Magier). For providing their private (and
hitheno unseen) papers, I thank N.M. Ghaate, R.V. Pandit and the Family of M.L. Sondhi.
Rahul Sagar's website Ideasoflndia.org provided lists of rare Indian publications. Ganesh Iyer
sent me a valuable book on Rajpal Puri (Advani's early mentor), and An&ea Costabir aided a
long (and alas futile) search to locate an interview of Vajpayee's daughter in Sawy magazine
Helping me sieve through this mass of material were two research assistants.
Nabhojeet Sen is a classic scholar-brilliant, painstaking and late! His natural turn for
historicd research has made the book bulletproof. Shivani Bajpai also helped with archival
work in the Nehru Memoria.l and the National Archives.
\i7hen it came to providing introductions, a shout out toJ.P. Singh andhis encyclopaedic
son Shubhranshu, K. Raju, Arvind Subramanian and Suman Dubey. Ashutosh Salil, raja of
eastern Maharashtra, rotated his rolodex of contacts. The many others who vouched for my
200 interviews have exacted a promise that they remain anonymous.
Over rhe three years I wrote this book, I have learnt from conversations with many.
These are: Sandipto Dasgupta (who refi.rsed to read the draft since he claimed to know all
about fascism already), Satyam Viswanathan (market research guru, who helped strucnrre
the chapters), Madhav Khosla (both for his ground-breaking work on constitutiond
representadon and for his Germanic work ethic), Naresh Fernandes (for being a genuinely
liberal trampoline to bounce ideas off), Geoffiey Sigalet (on comparisons to W'estern

534
conservatism), Ramachandra Guha (on rhe use of a particular reading of Indian history by
Hindu nationalists), Bipin Asparwar (who listened-nothing more, nothing less), EMESCO
Vijaykumar (for the initial idea of focussing on Advani), Sudipe Kaviraj (on Muslim and
Hindu anxieties in the late nineteenth cennrry), Nabanjan Maitra (on the history of Hindu
ascetics and sanyasis), fuhis Nandy (on elaborating on his original claims on Hindu nadonalism
while walking in Jhula Park), Coomi Kapoor (for her long-brewed insigha into both the Jana
Sangh and the BJP), Kanta Murali (for her sress on rhe demand-side explanarions for the
BJP's rise), Dwesh Kapur (for forcing me to follow facts, rather than ffckle academic fashion),
Srinadr Raghavan (on Hindu nationalism's Foreign policy), Dinsha Mistree (on nesding the
argument in comparadve politics), Jan-Werner Mueller (for conversations on populism, as
well as on Christian Democracy), Shekhar Gupta (on the need ro rell rhis srory in an accessible
way), Vivek Trilokinath (for loaning me his mind and his apartment), and ro Raj Kamal Jha
([or suggesting that rhe book lead up ro Narendra Modit BJP).
In addition to this specific assistance, a number of people helped during the wridng of
this book. Thank you: Alia and Naira Allana, Vishnu Shankar, Seetha Druva, Niraja Gopal
Jayal, Satyajit Banerjee, Keshava Guha, Sushant Sachdeva, Abu Mathen George, Mahesh
Rangarajan, RudrangshuMukherje, Mini Kapoor, Abir Baz^", Rita Kothari, Malabika Sarkar,
Kaushik Vaidya, B. Chandrasen Rao, K Vivek Reddy, Dinyar Patel, Srinivasan 'Murdi'
Krishna, Akshaya Mukul, Rajesh Krishnan, Gowri Tirumuni, Sunil K. Gulad, Matthew H.
Baxter, Rushabh Sanghavi, FEA's Deepak Chopra, Sadanand Menon, fuhutosh Varshney,
Patrick French, Shishira Rudrappa, Deepika Mahidhara, Darshana Narayanan, Malay
Duggar, Suketu Mehta, M.K. Venu, layadot Calamur, Radhika Herzberger, Pranav Ullal,
Kim lane Scheppele, Mohit Abraham, Ezra Suleiman, Rachel 'Tina' Immanuel, Saurabh Seth,
Kanick Maheshwari, Azza Cohen, Milan Vaishnav, Rohit lamba, Steven Wilkinson, Gautam
Sabharwal, Sunil Khilnani, Alex Travelli, Anusha and Aparaajit Sriram, Max Rodenbeck, Panrl
Bhandari, Shoumitro Chatterjee, Anisha Sharma, Averi Banerjee, Kanishka Gupta, Ashish
Dhawan, Neelanjan Sircar, Khushdeep Kaur Malhotra, fuhok Trivedi, Adarsh and Yamini
Aiyar, Panh Mehrotra, Shilpi and Pavan Jambagi, Ananth Padmanabhan, Vandita Mishra,
fuifAli, Anand Bhatkar, Pushpaji, Sonam Masta, Santosh MaIi, Surjit Singh and Balbir.
fuhoka Universiry was kind enough to give me leave for a year while I worked on
the book. And what nutritious soil to grow this project, from support by senior faculry to
camaraderie from the political science depanment (in addition to those mentioned earlier,
they include Malvika Maheshwari, Gilles Vernier, Ali Khan Mahmudabad and Bann Seng
Tan). I thank especially those students who took the courses on 'fught \7ing Politics'
(2017),'Religion & Polirics' (2017) md 'lntroduction to Indian Politics'(2020), as I do
my teaching fellows Mahima Malik and Rohith Jyotish.
A word now on the two without whom this book would never have reached the
finish line. fupit Gaind spent two years as a researcher on this book. In our jugdbandi, no
detail was too small for him to crosscheck, no idea too rePugnant to consider. I may never
again find someone as diligent a researcher and tireless a manager. The other Person this
book owes a weighry debt to is the journa.list Sheela Bhatt-her generosity, contacts and
labyrinthine memory. She has taught me much about India and its Indians.
Families are what you have above all. Thank you: Chellam Ramanathan, T.S.R.
Subramanian, Parvathy Narayanan, Janakiram Sitapati, Harish Khosla, Rukmani Sriram,
Ketki Sitapari, the Sachdevs, the Krishnans (ofthe tennis; police; and Shadow varieties),
and the Mannars. And to the next generation: Sahaana, Siya and Kabir.
Finally, I dedicate this book to Sitapati Ganesh' He's up there somewhere' whisky in
hand, grumbling about the book while secretly pleased that I wrote it.

535

You might also like