STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

(MECHANICS OF MATERIRALS)

NGUYỄN HỒNG ÂN, PhD.

Head of Department of Mechanics of

Materials & Structures
Faculty of Civil Engineering
HCM City University of Technology
Email: anhnguyen@hcmut.edu.vn
Handphone: 0909 48.58.38
 CHAPTER 2: INTERNAL FORCES
2.1 Free Body Diagram

2.2 Internal Forces & Method of Section

2.3 Sign Conventions

2.4 Procedure

2.5 Diagrams of internal forces

2.6 Relationships between loads, shear force and bending

moment
 2.1 FREE BODY DIAGRAM

Useful definition

Free body diagram: A sketch of the outlines shape of the

body isolated from its surrounding. On this sketch, all forces
and couple moments that the surrounding exert on the body
together with any support reactions must be shown correctly.
Only then applying equilibrium equations will be useful.
 2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS

Internal loadings: These internal loading acting on a specific

region within the body can be attained by the Method of
Section.

Method of Section:
Imaginary cut is made through the body in the region where
the internal loading is to be determined.

The two parts are separated and a free body diagram of one of
the parts is drawn. Only then applying equilibrium would
enable us to relate the resultant internal force and moment to
the external forces.
2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS

CROSS SECTION METHOD

2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS

Point O is often chosen as the

centroid of the sectioned area

CROSS SECTION METHOD

2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS

Four types of internal forces can be defined:

Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area.

Shear Force, V. This force lies in the plane of the area (parallel)

Torsional Moment, T. This torque is developed when the external loads tend to
twist one segment of the body with respect to the other

Bending Moment, M. This moment is developed when the external loads tend
to bend the body

CROSS SECTION METHOD

2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS
• If the body is subjected to a co-planar force system then only normal
force N, 01 shear force V, and 01 bending moment M component exist
on the section.

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.2 INTERNAL FORCES & METHOD OF SECTIONS
Consider a bar at “balance” state (ie. free body diagram)
P1 P4 6

F iy 0
i 1 Fi : P1, P2…, P6
P5 6
P2
F
i 1
iz 0

P3 P6  m F   0
i 1
x i

An imaginary cross section

P1 Qy > 0 P4
Mx > 0
P5
P2 O Nz > 0 Nz > 0 O
A z z B
Mx > 0
P3 Qy > 0 P6

y y
Fi : P4, P5, P6, Nz, Qy, Mx
Fi : P1, P2, P3, Nz, Qy, Mx
CROSS SECTION METHOD
2.3 SIGN CONVENTION

CROSS SECTION METHOD

2.3 SIGN CONVENTION

CROSS SECTION METHOD

2.3 SIGN CONVENTION

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.3 SIGN CONVENTION

Shear force: clockwise

Bending moment: compresses the upper part of the bar or
elongates the lower part
Normal force: elongates

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.3 SIGN CONVENTION

• If the internal shear force causes a

clockwise rotation of the beam segment.
Then it is considered to positive.

• If the internal moment causes compression

in the top fibers then it is considered to be
positive

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.3 SIGN CONVENTION
Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
CROSS SECTION METHOD
 2.4 PROCEDURE

Determination of support reactions by studying the

equilibrium of the whole structure
(Xác định phản lực liên kết bằng cách xét cân
bằng tòan hệ)

Imagine a section passing through the body

(Tưởng tượng mặt cắt qua vật thể)

Equilibrium of one divided part

(Xét cân bằng một phần bị chia)

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.4 PROCEDURE

1. After sectioning, decide which segment of the body will be studied. If this
segment has a support or connection than a free body diagram for the
entire body must be done first to calculate the reactions of these supports.

2. Pass an imaginary section through the body at the point where the
resultant internal loadings are to be determined and put the three
unknowns (V, Mo, N) at the cut section. Then apply equilibrium.

Suggestion: take the summation of moment around a point on the cut section
(V and N will not appear in this equation) and solve directly for Mo)

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.4 PROCEDURE

Determine the reactions

using the equilibrium
conditions of the overall
structure

Cut the beam at the cross section

at which shear force and bending
moment are to be determined.
Draw a free-body diagram

Set up equilibrium equations of the F.B.D. to

determine shear force and bending moment at the
cross section
CROSS SECTION METHOD
 2.4 PROCEDURE
Example: Determine internal forces on the cross section at C
(Xác định nội lực tại tiết diện C)

 Fx  0   NC  0

 Fy  0  VC  58,8N

 MC  0  MC  5,69N.m

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.5 DIAGRAMS OF INTERNAL FORCES

Beams are long straight bars having constant cross section

area and support loads that are applied perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis

CROSS SECTION METHOD

 2.5 DIAGRAMS OF INTERNAL FORCES
In order to properly design a beam, the maximum values for V and M in the
beam have to be found. This could be done through the shear force and
bending moment.

At each location z, values of V(z) and M(z) are obtained by using the
procedure of determining internal forces on the cross section at z.

V and M vary throughout the length of the beam. This means that V = V(z)
and M = M(z).

Graphs are plotted as values of V or M versus distance z along the axis of

the beam.

Graphs are called shear force and

bending moment diagrams.
 2.5 DIAGRAMS OF INTERNAL FORCES
EXAMPLE 1: Cantilevered beam and concentrate load
 2.5 DIAGRAMS OF INTERNAL FORCES
EXAMPLE 2: Simply supported beam and concentrate load
Remind:

Given: beam AB, length L, concentrate load P

at distance L1 (from A)

Problem: plot V and M

diagram?
 EXAMPLE 3: Cantilevered beam and uniformed distribution load

EXAMPLE 4: Simply supported beam and uniformed distribution load

 2.5 DIAGRAMS OF INTERNAL FORCES
REMARKS

If we let the cross section to move from left end to right end of the beam and
always consider the left-hand side segment then:

1. Whenever we see a external concentrate force or concentrate moment,

there will be a sudden change of the shear diagram or moment diagram.
Value of the change in the diagram is equal to that of force or moment.
Direction of the change in the diagram follows that of the change of the
force or moment.

2. Whenever we see a change of external force or moment (including

reaction force), it is necessary to add one more time of considering the
internal force formulation i.e. the internal force diagrams will have one more
segment.
2.6 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOADS, SHEAR
FORCE DIAGRAM AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAM
 2.6 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOADS, SHEAR
FORCE DIAGRAM AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAM

The concentrated loads As the differentials are small, the

cause abrupt changes in bending moment does not change
the shear force wherever as we pass through the point of
they are located. application of a concentrated load.