DETAILED SPECIFICATION

EARTHWORK EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION:

Any operation involving the excavation or construction of earth embankments.

Any construction made of earth. Thus they cannot be constructed until the soil or rock above
the base level of the foundation has been excavated. Excavated earth shall not be placed
within 1m of the edge of the trench.

FOUNDATION:

It is that part which is in direct contact with the ground and located below the
ground level. It transmits all the loads from super-structure to the supporting soil. Hence,
foundation is the most important part of the building.

FOOTING:

The structural unit constructed in masonry or concrete under the base of a wall
or a column which distributes the load over a large area is called the footing.

RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY:

In this the stones used in the work are hammer or chisel dressed. The stones are
not suitably shaped or finished and as such the deviation of this type of masonry show
irregular shaped stones with non-uniform joints. The height of stones should not be greater
than its breadth or length of tail into the work. The stones are arranged to break vertical
joints. This type of construction is used for the construction of residential buildings,
compound walls etc.

CONCRETE:

A composite material made of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and binding

material in specified proportions mixed with water may be called the concrete. Concrete is
bad conductor of heat is has high fire resistance capability. The extent of fire resistance
depends in the aggregate, density and position of reinforcement in RCC.
PCC-PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE:

Concrete is an important construction material consisting of ingredients which

are inert materials, viz.., coarse and fine aggregate and binding materials, viz.., cement or
lime. After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done.
Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction; concrete placed below ground should
be protected from falling earth during and after placing.

RCC-REINFORCED CEMNT CONCRETE:

A combination of a concrete and steel is known as reinforced cement concrete

and is widely used in various situations. As concrete with stand compression but not tension,
steel rods are embedded in the bottom portion to with stand the tension. Reinforcing bars are
available from 6-32mm diameter and length of 22 feet. They may be plain or twisted.

DAMP PROOF COURSE:

The process of preventing the entry of moisture into the building by giving
some treatments during the construction of building is called ‘Damp proofing’. Damp
proofing of a building is done by interposing a layer of damp proof material between the
source of dampness and building itself and this layer is known as ‘Damp proof coarse’.

REINFORCEMENT:

Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement. As plain concrete is very weak
in tension, steel reinforcement is placed in it to take up the tensile stresses. This is termed as
‘Reinforced concrete’. Reinforcing bars are available from 6-32mm diameter and length of
22 feet. They may be of mild steel or tor steel and may be plain or twisted.

CENTERING AND SHUTTRING:

Concrete is in a plastic state initially and has to be kept with in an enclosure of a

desired shape by proper supporting till it gains adequate strength. This temporary enclosure
is known as ‘Formwork or Shuttering’ or simply as ‘Forms’. For circular works such as arch,
domes, tec. The term centering is used generally instead of formwork of shuttering.
Similarly, the term moulds is used to indicates formwork of relatively small units such as
lintels, cornices, cubes for testing etc.
SLAB:

Slab is a thin flexural member used in floors and roofs of structure, which is
usually supported along its edge. The deflection of a slab may be assumed to be with in
permissible limit.

BEAM:

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally

across the beam's axis (an element designed to carry a load pushing parallel to its axis would
be a strut or column). Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending, as loads produce
reaction forces at the beam's support points and internal bending moments, shear, stresses,
strains, and deflections. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape
of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and material.

COLUMN:

Columns are the vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive

loads, which is used to transmit the load of the structure to the foundation or base. Tensile
forces may be produced due to the bending action in the column over a part of cross-section.
Hence, a column is defined as a structural member subjected to axial loading.

SHORT COLUMN:

A column is short when the ratio of effective length of the column to its
dimensions are less than 12. So a column can be short in one direction and long in other
direction. The column can also be short in either direction or long in either direction.

LONG COLUMN:

A column so slender that it will fail under longitudinal load by bending rather
than by crushing and typically having a length of 20 to 30 times the diameter.

BRICK MASONRY:

A structural technique in which the bricks are laid out in a systematic pattern
and the joints are filled with mortar to make a solid structure. Some of the topics covered
here include proper stacking, identifying high-quality bricks, and the importance of frog in
bricks.

POINTING:

The construction term pointing refers to the finishing of mortar joints in

masonry whether it's stone or brick. Since mortar often does not have as long a lifespan as
the brick it holds together, it must be periodically removed and replaced. Pointing is usually
carried out in lime mortar or in cement mortar but sometimes the composite mortar are also
employed.

PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR:

Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material

called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable surface. The
plasters may be applied either in one, two or three coats. It is in the cheapest form of
construction that plaster is applied in one coat. For works of ordinary nature, plaster is
applied in two coats and for works of superior quality, plaster is applied in three coats.

WHITE WASHING:

White washing, color washing and distempering are all building finishes. Their
main purpose is to protect the surface from atmospheric effects and provide decorative
effects.

White washing is carried by 3 steps and they are,

a) Preparation of white wash

b) Preparation of surface
c) Application of white wash

White wash is made from pure fat lime or shell lime dissolved in a tub with
sufficient quantity of water and is thoroughly stored with a wooden pole, until it attains the
consistency of their cream. This mixture is strained through a clean coarse cloth. Clean gum
dissolved in hot water is added in the proportion of 4kg of gum per m 3 of thin cream. To
prevent glare and to obtain pleasing effect indigo is also added in proportion of 3kg/m 3.
PAINTING:

Paints are coatings that are applied over metals, wood, plaster, concrete etc. for
protection against the elements and also to give a good appearance. Painting is done by
painter’s flat brush or by spraying. The surface to be painted is first carefully prepared.
Woodwork should be clean, smooth, dry and seasoned, iron and steelwork should be clean
and free of rust and plastered walls should not be dry as it will suck up the paint and leave it
inert. Now woodwork usually requires 4 coats of paints. In best class of work 5 to 6 coats
may be required for external work and 2 to 3 coats for internal works.

WOODWORK:

Timber is a from of wood suitable for building or engineering purposes. It is

obtained from trees. It is used for door and window frames, shutters of doors and windows,
roofing materials etc. It is also used for formwork of cement concrete, centering of an arch,
scaffolding etc.

VARNISHING:

Varnish is a solution of resinous substances like lace, copal in oil, turpentine or

alcohol. When applied on a surface, the varnish dries either by evaporation or by chemical
reaction thus leaving a hard, transparent, glossy film which is resistant to air and water.
Varnish should be applied uniformly in very thin coats and sparingly at angles or corners.
The second coat should be applied only after the first had become hard. The brush used for
varnishing is of fine haired type and not ordinary paint brush.

CEMENT:

Cement is the most important material in building construction. Cement is

obtained by burning at a very high temperature a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous
materials. Calcined product is known as ‘Clinker’. A small quantity of gypsum is added to
the clinker and is pulverized into very fine powder known as ‘Cement’. On setting, cement
resembles a variety of sandstone found in Portland in England and is, therefore, called
‘Portland cement’.
SETTING OF CEMENT:

The setting action starts within five minutes after addition of water and it
becomes hard like stone in less than thirty minutes or so. As the reaction between water and
cement continues, the paste losses its plasticity. This early period in the hardening of cement
is referred to as ‘setting’ of cement.

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and
the time at which the needle penetrates the test block to a depth to 33 – 35mm from the top is
taken as ‘Initial setting time’. At the point when the paste has attained such hardness and can
sustain some minor load is taken as ‘Final setting time’.

Setting time is normally depends on the nature of cement. In Hot weather, the
setting is faster and in cold weather, setting is delayed.

COARSE AGGREGATE:

Aggregate are the important constituents in concrete. Coarse aggregates are

produced by the disintegration of rock and by crushing rock. Coarse aggregates are usually
those particles which are retained on an I.S. 4.75mm sieve.

Stones which are hard and durable such as granite, basalt and quartzite provide
good coarse aggregate. Naturally available river gravels and shingle obtained from sea-
beaches after removing shale’s may be used.

FINE AGGREGATE:

Fine aggregate is sand which is usually obtained from rivers or lakes.

Sometimes beach sand is also used. In places where sand is not available or a large quantity
of sand is used crushed stone dust is used.

The fineness modulus of sand should be around 2 to 3.2mm.

MORTAR:

A paste formed by mixing fine an aggregate such as sand binding material like
cement or lime with water in specified proportions is called mortar. Mortars are used in
masonry for joining stones, bricks, blocks etc. And are designated by mix design.

Mortar must have the required strength. It must be workable and durable (Lime
mortars are more workable than cement mortars ) It should have water retentively.

RC WALL:

Reinforced walls are to increase the strength of the wall, reinforcement is

provided at the horizontal joints. Because of this provision expansion cracks which may
occur due to moisture and change of temperature may be reduced. The location of joint
depends on the convenience in placing the framework and the access of compaction of
concrete.

DOORS AND WINDOWS:

A door is a movable structure for opening an enhance. It is provided for the

purpose of access to the users of the structure. A window is an opening constructed in a wall
or roof that functions to admit light or air to an enclosure and is often framed and spanned in
the glass mounted to permit opening and closing.

Door should preferable be located near the corner of the room. The sill of a
window opening should be preferably be located at a height of 80cm from the inside floor
level. The materials used for doors and windows are wood, glass, plywood, metals and
plastics.

STAIRS:

A stairs is a serious of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of connecting

different floors for a building. The enclosure containing the complete stair way is termed as
stair case.