NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Operation and Control (EE3100)
Session: 2023- 2024 (Spring)
B.Tech. 6th Semester

Assignment 4: Power System Stability

AL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA
1. A four-pole, 60 Hz, synchronous generator has a rating of 200 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging. The moment
2
of inertia of the rotor is 45,100 kg.m . Determine M and H.
[Ans. 8.5 MJ.rad/s, 4 MJ/MVA]

2. A two-pole, 60 Hz synchronous generator has a rating of 250 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging. The kinetic
energy of the machine at synchronous speed is 1080 MJ. The machine is running steadily at synchronous
speed and delivering 60 MW to a load at a power angle of 8 electrical degrees. The load is suddenly
removed. Determine the acceleration of the rotor. If the acceleration computed for the generator is
constant for a period of 12 cycles, determine the value of the power angle and the rpm at the end of this
time.
[Ans. 100 rpm/s, 20o , 3620 rpm]

3. Determine the kinetic energy stored by a 250 MVA, 60 Hz, two pole synchronous generator with an inertia
constant H of 5.4 MJ/MVA. Assume the machine is running steadily at synchronous speed with a shaft
input of 331100 hp. The electrical power delivered suddenly changes from its normal value to a value of
200 MW. Determine the acceleration or deceleration or the rotor. If the acceleration computed for the
generator is constant for a period of 9 cycles, determine the change in power angle in that period and
the rpm at the end of 9 cycles.
[Ans. 62.6667 rpm/s, 28.2o , 3609.4 rpm]

4. A three-phase, 60 Hz, 500 MVA, 15 kV, 32 pole hydroelectric generating unit has an H constant of 2 MJ/MVA
and D = 0. (a) Determine ωs and ωsm . (b) Write the per-unit swing equation for the unit (c) The unit is
initially operating at Pm = Pe = 1.0 pu, ω = ωs , and δ = 10o when a three phase to ground bolted short
circuit at the generator terminals causes Pe = 0 for t ≥ 0. Determine the power angle 3 cycles after the
short circuit commences. Assume Pm remains constant.
[Ans. (a) 377 rad/s, 23.56 rad/s (c) 16.75o ]

5. A three-phase, 60 Hz, 500 MVA, 13.8 kV, 4 pole steam-turbine generating unit has an H constant of 5 MJ/MVA
and D = 0. (a) Determine ωs and ωsm . (b) The kinetic energy in joules stored in the rotating masses at
synchronous speed (c) The mechanical angular acceleration and the electrical angular acceleration if the
unit is operating at synchronous speed with an accelerating power of 500 MW.
[Ans. (a) 377 rad/s, 188.5 rad/s (b) 2 × 109 J (c) 37.70 rad/s2 , 18.85 rad/s2 ]

6. The generating unit in Problem 5 is initially operating at Pm = Pe = 0.7 pu, ω = ωs , and δ = 12o when a
fault reduces the generator electrical power output by 70%. Determine the power angle δ five cycle after
the fault commences. Repeat Problem 6 for a bolted three-phase fault at the generator terminals that
reduces the electrical power output to zero.
[Ans. 15.7o , 17.2o ]

7. Figure below shows a single-line diagram of a three-phase, 60 Hz synchronous generator, connected

through a transformer and parallel transmission line to an infinite bus. All reactances are given in per-unit
on a common base. If the infinite bus receives 1.0 pu real power at 0.95 power factor lagging, determine
(a) the internal voltage of the generator (b) reactive power output of the generator (c) Equation of the
electrical power delivered by the generator in terms of power angle δ.
EE3100 Assignment 4: Power System Stability Page 2 of 3

1 2

B12
x12 = 0.2
B21 ¯ = 1∠0o
V

3 ∞
B13 B22
F
B11

′
x = 0.3 xt = 0.1 x13 = 0.1 x23 = 0.2
d

8. The generator in Problem 7 is initially operating in the steady-state condition when a three-phase-to-
ground bolted short circuit occurs at bus 3. Determine an equation for the electrical power delivered by
the generator in terms of power angle. CONTENTS 249
9. A 50 Hz transmission line of 500 km long with R = 0.11 Ω/km, L = 1.45 mH/km, C = 0.009 µF /km
ties up two large power areas. Find the steady state stability limit if VS = VR = 200 kV (constant). What
will the steady state
11.6. A stability be limit if thegenerator
60-Hz synchronous line capacitance is neglected?
has a transient Whatof
reactance will
0.2beper
theunit
steady
andstate
stability limitan
if inertia
line resistance is also neglected? Comment on the results.
constant of 5.66 MJ/MVA. The generator is connected to an infinite bus
through a generator
10. A 60-Hz synchronous transformer hasand a double circuit
a transient transmission
reactance of 0.2 per line,
unit as shown
and in Figure
an inertia 92. of
constant
5.66 MJ/MVA.Resistances
The generatorareisneglected
connectedand reactances
to an arethrough
infinite bus expressed on a common
a transformer and MVA base
a double circuit
transmissionand
line,are
as shown
markedbelow.
on the Resistances
diagram. are Theneglected
generator andisreactances
deliveringare expressed
a real poweronofa 0.77
common
MVA base and perareunit
marked
to busonbar
the1.diagram.
Voltage The generator
magnitude at isbus
delivering
1 is 1.1.a The
real power
infiniteofbus
0.77voltage
per unit to
o
bus bar 1. Voltage magnitude◦ at bus 1 is 1.1. The infinite bus voltage V̄ = 1.06∠0 per unit. Determine the
V = 1.06 0 per unit. Determine the generator excitation voltage and obtain the
generator excitation voltage and obtain the swing equation.
swing equation as given by (pr11.36).
1 2
Xt = 0.158 XL1 = 0.8
E 0 V¶³
= 1.06 0
¶³.......
... .......
.....
..
...........
..
........
.....
. |V1 | = 1.1 ∞
µ´ .......
.. ...
...... µ´
XL2 = 0.8
Xd0 = 0.2

FIGURE 92
[Ans. 1.256∠27.819o ]
System of Problem 11.6.
11. A three-phase fault occurs on the system of Problem 10 at the sending end of the transmission lines. The
fault occurs through an impedance of 0.082 per unit. Assume the generator excitation voltage remains
|V1 ||Vduring
constant at E = 1.25 per unit. Obtain the swingPequation 2|
= sin the
δ1 fault.
XL
12. The power-angle equation for a salient-pole generator is given by
(1.1)(1.0)
0.77 = sin δ1
Pe = Pmax sin δ +0.4
PK sin 2δ
or deviation in power angle from the initial operating point δ , i.e. δ = δ + ∆δ. Obtain
Consider a small 0 0
synchronizing power coefficient. Also, find the linearized swing
◦ equation in terms of ∆δ.
δ1 = 16.26
13. The machine in the power system of Problem 10 has a per unit damping coefficient of D = 0.15. The
generator excitation voltage is E = 1.25 pu. and the generator is delivering a real power of 0.77 per
unit to the infinite bus at aVvoltage
1 − V2 of V1.1 pu.◦ Write
16.26
=6 1.0 0◦ linearized swing equation for this power
− 1.06 the
I =
system. Find the equations describing = the motion = 0.77
of the rotor angle − the
and j0.14
generator frequency for a
jX
o L j0.4
small disturbance of ∆δ = 15 . ◦
= 0.78266 −10.305 pu
14. The generator of Problem 13 is operating in the steady state when the input power is increased by a small
amount ∆P = The perreactance
total
0.15 is X = 0.2
unit. The generator + 0.158 and
excitation + 0.4
the=infinite
0.758,bus
andvoltage are the same
the generator as before.
excitation
Find the equations describing
voltage is the motion of the rotor angle and the generator frequency.

E 0 = 1.0 + j0.758(0.77 − j0.14) = 1.256 27.819◦

from (11.36) the swing equation with δ in radians is

EE3100 Assignment 4: Power System Stability Page 3 of 3

15. Refer Problem 13. Find (a) The maximum power input that can be added without loss of synchronism.
(b) Repeat (a) with zero initial power input. Assume the generator internal voltage remains constant at
the value computed in (a).
[Ans. (a) 0.649 pu (b) 1.195 pu]

16. Refer Problem 13. (a) A temporary three-phase fault occurs at the sending end of one of the transmission
lines. When the fault is cleared, both lines are intact. Using equal area criterion, determine the critical
clearing angle and the critical fault clearing time. (b) A three-phase fault occurs at the middle of one of
the lines, the fault is cleared, and the faulted line is isolated. Determine the critical clearing angle.
[Ans. (a) 82.593o , 0.273 s (b) 77.82o ]

17. A synchronous motor is drawing 30% of the maximum steady state power from an infinite bus bar. If
the load on motor is suddenly increased by 100%, would the synchronism be lost? If not, what is the
maximum excursion of torque angle about the new steady state rotor position.
18. The transfer reactance between a generator and an infinite bus bar operating at 200 kV under various
conditions on the interconnection are: (i) pre-fault 150 Ω/ph, (ii) during fault 400 Ω/ph, (iii) post-fault
200 Ω/ph. If the fault is cleared when the rotor has advanced 60o electrical from its pre-fault position,
determine the maximum load that could be transferred without loss of stability.
19. A synchronous generator is feeding 250 MW to a large 50 Hz network over a double circuit transmission
line. The maximum steady state power that can be transmitted over the line with both circuits in
operation is 500 MW and is 350 MW with any one of the circuit. A solid three-phase-to-ground fault
occurring at the network end of one of the lines cause it to trip. Estimate the critical clearing angle in
which the circuit breakers must trip so that the synchronism is not lost.
20. The generator of Problem 7 is initially operating in steady state condition when circuit breaker B12
inadvertently opens. Use the equal area criterion to calculate the maximum value of the generator
power angle.
[Ans. 42.62o ]

21. The generator of Problem 7 is initially operating in steady state condition when a temporary three-phase-
to-ground fault occurs at point F . Three cycles later, circuit breakers B13 and B22 permanently open to
clear the fault. Use the equal-area criterion to determine the maximum value of the power angle.
[Ans. 44.98o ]

22. If the breaker B13 and B22 in Problem 21 open later than 3 cycles after the fault commences, determine
the critical clearing angle.
[Ans. 80.58o ]

23. Rework Problem 22 if circuit breaker B13 and B22 open after 3 cycles and then reclose when the power
angle reaches 35o . Assume that the temporary fault has self-extinguished when the breaker reclose.
[Ans. 41.9o ]

24. A synchronous generator represented by a voltage of 1.15 pu in series with a transient reactance is
connected to a large power system with voltage 1.0 pu through a power network. The equivalent transient
transfer reactance X between voltage sources is 0.5 pu. After the occurrence of three-phase-to-ground
fault on one of the lines of the power network, two of the line circuit breakers A and B operate sequentially
as follows with corresponding transient transfer reactance given therein.
(a) Short circuit occurs at δ = 30o , A opens instantaneously to make X = 3.0 pu
(b) At δ = 60o , A recloses, X = 6.0 pu
(c) At δ = 75o , A reopens
(d) At δ = 90o , B also opens to clear the fault making X = 0.60 pu
Check if the system will operate stably.