PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING 23/09/2C2

DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
JVeyüng the Scena or t of determaung the Telative
pas tions of a pont by eLtno manng duret tr seLt
Measue ment
Juwveying Can be difined a n ut Junc u tue Le
of debes mning the elat ve pasuhtns of poui or
ntivnsun(ludlurg natiyul and man made etIG ON
dboye or belo w the UHa@ y the ewbh and lpresent
HroSe pouts on a planmay Jthbns wng a Jutabe Scalt
NHY O WE EMBARK ON SURVEYING?
Amost vay ngnw in
project fejuIES be
únput of
Juvuing
Juyveying the e of aul tere vae nmntal ad
gneerng pamng puuposes
TYPES OF SURVEYING
Thase bai Laily too typs of Suveyurig
axe
1Plane Sufveyng
wdauc yvyung
PLANE SUAVEYING
Thsisa-prnus in whih the Cusvatue of the erth is
rot Consutusd t ateqoriacl unto;
iTpcarophital Suveyung Thge ae Suve thab are ana
tult to dopidk the Physical feabuesbot akral and
mun made) Df te earthSSUsfa Lncluudes Yelues
dauna0e,Vayetatavn, (ommurnicabi0n, retoorns
Codaveul jurvey ing These aseSuneys hdertanen b Mapsudenents of wpteCana post onger Hran 10m ae no
dihiu bu bundkanes of Properbes, laguslabve aUtas and
even countres Thale aUveys are CSKNy Uh oder t
Stalblsh ourer) of pr puuès lands ond clea
u EguneerNg Swvayng Thee afë suryeus Car ed oub ts
provide Speual n format on fiy tonstrucbon f Projects
They are eSntially lale Sale tpcgraplut SuU ves pa
SPpuying detauly fpr puamar engneoring SChenes and
Coud n lude thu Setbing oult of worns n 4é
v.Eolbaa/ eophuysla Suyveuting hse dIt Suyvuys wndurtahin
t pividk Sfcial úformabon (eg iation, xtivt and quanbd
On muneya or dipoStt that are
uuna bouakh the ast
gust or o he eayths Susfal for Mulng tx eyp Lorabon
psposes
CEODETIC SURVEYING
Ths s a ye 0f SurVeuyung asid out cna nahvnal bass
Ukudh prtvdes Survey Stabion precusely boated with loe
dlistanas opurt In bype f Suvejny du anunt y the
uvabuse hape tf Ba esh i tanen into Cunsdu abon and
l otuKate masureas (Ugd fyms Put tf the Sabna of
pbdesy inuluch ta,Sa, Shape and bu tanaaruity un
tonger teaardad as plane MEasUusemnt, hen a are treated
as gvdebt mepswennb "refore tha conyutat o and
ualsebf Such mareMN YAUiTe the Kinowldge of
SpherCal qugmLBy and Sphenal bgonomuby cohuse
ymathenaha (onapë We wde, tonpl and vayed haspa
undohie Suyvay stakitns urn usdas a
fsune wom to provide
NUYS fy all tu Cdur eer af JusVeys Categeded des
plare uvy
BRANCHESUF SRVEY/NG
Coodssu.Ts LS Su 5 wnc iuluch deai webh dz Surdy ofb
pre deteminaion f SAe, Shape ard iydanalaravity
ted 0 the eth
2PhotogyAmmeby& daals uxtn the Scimt f tann9 Xelible
 Sadteteeneau
utaplu t oonn luh au c nRYatent tuk
Souany e han bi eCe thanmeivas &ho Sng appopriate Szale
SLd vuJ Ths abanh 0fuvcy bat m ly
IMPORTANCE OF SURVEY ING
Th Rauanent of land ad fOxaein of bouniany
Phaject
o m SE nmaps or plan dnd Scchb the aw and volue f
anhubOUS 0.iv te RUpaie ofiutumon tand Can be Calwulatet
plt f
3fiv plaunina wd dun o l erenrid.n4 ojezti Jh
kaeitrud ut Hr QVaNt1120ue planning pupa FGURES AF THE EARTH
5 Remoce nsena(t S DndUnLd dh the sine and The eah hu tde dihet rgdunê Sufat
tChneeay tf manung rehabe peasurmants ostant The phySical arbntan (apigrpCal bufac)
2 The w0d (lean Seu livel)
u.7hng phys a Antg wGh Suchobjet By 3The phaCal Sufau lelupioudai iufaa
TheLod u an equupo tentinlyurfaa 0f tie urth sezt
and quutalitn oslPortuy b ti (un Sa lovel
ThepherauufaL Ths tS a unfom Surfae 0u
t LSAyeySitlly odoptet for onputdtion in sVayuny
tyiy Auú spun e b - --(and eantr dly)
=-b unear Lan
p
a-b --Hattenina)
ML
Vefthal lne to
Pumb Lun e
b Semi-Minr ad
e Casily
+ = -- - bi-w.ul ellpraa)
RINCAPLES 0F JURNEYING
UDrhung n be whue t Be paut to mnyn thi enor
t+z =I
---lbironial llupso.d) 2LoCube Vey new Stabon ki at last wo fasurert
b
3 Outhug
 STEPS IN uAVEYIN TYPESCF ERRORI ENÚUNTERE) IN NAkING MEARLREMENTI
Tae eSpme Fundamentai Jip n evty Suvyny wls
e Conibaf a (ha ustenan n naise Thi (an be suh vë Drligutve
Ch& feue Ths nvtluel ranng for hs woh fom be ha
9 0na4 (gpan f tape Sagg ug tf tipe, Jupe f be
felt fea.ralui f the Noa yun dy d
tep xatist voratbn, poor raena4
Cevaitns ut eaNyments 2 u0 t a r e Se mstaney rmau e
yuing om
Cas nes a t u unpesna 2td Cmmon Stuss tf
hsuitattn TO uci mnuplaarent u t Seakaorn mai,
s gunbing upt logth, Sfatugtf tape lingelh, uoro
MEASURE MENTS bODrn
Thafe ato baic meamnë n SAVeyg
1O Arguia meayma
1 Urtmleadina
nt t hauwimhenG 12tna (uon
etung t n e tnTuwt tn a turtng m a s s i n t
2 Anauiay eaiuvenëNG tnt,[lincmto tnpals, Thaalala
Ttéal atitrns RarciDvJo
Lmpropey un pf tha uoumut
 CORRECTIONTO LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Catunyy muswemert isa type Cf lQSUNeMENb UShg DYYecabn - h
tupe uohue hy the tape is SWpendeal dbove thegtnd 2
deStundar uzatton Jq_Owthon
COYCCt dusStane Meased dsta XAultua wyti Oftupe
NunmnalandaklLengt Suppostia
tape)
Temfeuhut (oahon
Cor'yeu Lxa x(t -td Sag COrettibn =wt°
tf eld tefealure
ts SEandaud upaatuye W= Weght f he tape N/mm
L h tf tofe Lmeasuret ngth m)
T 2nsibn
Pansuon tv DUu tt >ts EARORT IN SURVEY MEASURENENI i t t 07o/2021
Drect
For opresien b Oaur tf < ts Dtance
Luneax measiKments Inclires
Higut(Levellin)
Grauoe
LCO-Ox dinatej
Slope dista Wt alumy longu at hae bu ngth
2 mguua measusunm0 Dhseyvables
Obsaled BUanbb
o= LCaSe Anau
 Levelling se prou Of meauringhetht (Vstitalneiar
yahtalbtana
ComplLmerted wth be Mauenent OF hvgkt
Tne aQuaate posiibn of a point s dihred by w bordrate
4 eanzotiat, Vyaul pnd lape gstang. In suvang DOrlunabes ore mau
Woophic OOrolindtsat () Lona (
ue. drersbnag kufas bit tanes y tie Shpe
2 fChnga 0ordinates [x(E), Y(v
whre Easting (E) Gnd N=Norbuing
bung maans duethon beg aNa ustana ESnkisas
Sufae RUD Lution pontaon. t iSudly yCfuenao o te North
MALDly tn SuVeuina, beaning" ore nHd oghunise
ATT uz#1 Berg (on be dened as n cuguuar disant ef a PloCe
For &Ferna tlpod DF be evh oderued by om-mayor referente bo the Noh Too Pount ae RkaAu 2Senhab to
nd rtilng Jhow bhat 2Pblish a being
1 e=2--! he
in mum 0f Spouts Teuded t
f=
l-(1-e)'a durfuenb tuwon 2 beanngoí dutante oetuen 2 dugtn
o/34
2 Cenbrat fora ocaleHaena gllpsod diired by u
ucl0duis la =6378 49 145m and unverse 6 -d
neg 293-465 Cmpute the JuLodino 90
180
 Kondom erro Ourt indoinutuby
Dyect megSulemint. u beng nprta wh ba d Has
uw tokuhg mépswynent
Dordungtu
NPLpin Crect Mayrod bu uich olont onbe miasun
yAngs Pa n
DbolPajuhonuno Sysm) u uie b meaguweCoodindu 2 Topng
Treboou ond al Sialhon ose ukd to easure 2vg 3 EDM Epomagneht bustona MeatwEnt)
p a s s neasuxes beorung dnd angls H Speedometr
Sytat Wed bmeasw beaugmosty onJe 5 hogl Metx 0dpmet
Tota Stobon has he obliy bo meoAve heidut, beatona
dusank, noe, wclurates d a vesahle inshment Indured Melrod by uwhlh odustanaon, be meaued
or Measuung un SuVayuhg 1aheomoter
EVey masuemut n juvying p0ne D urs a GPS
3SUbcana Bar
rors oCuS om
Irituwmutoal ro utemait aor) SRu upe s Wed.n Surveu ng. ut n aloy o dn
2-Pegscnal tmi (or anos or aox duu to nstaKas >EM We e prinple f llecbomag neb wove
3 Nabyal toroY beypnd orerol) qlso Mrun as fandon vDo ntathedpa bheodolit , A ePotbr usrouah adue
Sptemahit eytoyS Con
odiustad mobhamabially - y DUanaU measured Dand ffo
eras be D d by nag Vuutedyiakurenat S D ST
Noise in Maluin y a data ho dn10E un D= a ST
Cor'iSternt Wih dgts
 FORMULAS
SSPeed Standouduzation (Osection
Dstcu Tue putun@ - Measwtd bWtana
TTme 13U2 Distant = Mesued Dtuuna Acuiat top knqeh
Non nal 1aye length
ORRECTIONS APLICANE 70 TANCE NEASUAEMEN OS/10hoau
Sand.cti zatun (orechun tVe 2Temprature (oyehbn
Tft Cvehon(fve) Lo(tf -t)
Stpe DCi-Ve ohere L. = Measurea lengel m
ve) (-eff oat tf luea txunsivuty(par )
5 1enon Caton(tve) t fed timpexuture (C)
Müun iua level (oechicn (-ve) ts=Stawelasd tenyeraae (C)
7 Jale fac tr DYrwhpn
8 Refsalhve Inden prechdn Sep Comegnon
1 Catihacn (Zuo) Mechon
10 7-6 (Tenstn to tgon) CoYrechbn
Ihe rust Su ut tny pucabk to duJtzuna inasuael wth
D
The 7-10 twth oddutun ef 3 and 6 le appli cabli to uheeL=Measred linqth \m
dwtant s s al tutth EDM. L Slope Argle (tve
-L Cose h He.ght bsfana (m
(porecbtn= (L-LCose)
=L(I-COse) = Ah
 5 Ten ton Coehin T-TS)X
=
CnDmetr 0 Suvu Ugument Wal to masire nqi Whue AE
TandaiTensun in Nutbns
ppied Hed Tansün un Newttn
Swat T4pu0Tus s when tie ape PrGd n Be L= Megu wgth un m&ys
Juuo be measu diitana- In Surfa terUng, thee d A 0is-Sethonal Area tf i tofe in mm
un Nuuns mm
atar Tping Ths when he tupe hud bt
d as tust.nalle At ag 6Man Su Level YYecbion=-LH
e ckion =w*2(L)
24T MEaUrul ungu. ubirs
tt Meon Sea Leyel rEht u m isit
uWeught tf kape pa unit Lengt(H/m) -rapwC tuth
in mius
s u s d ngt. lm)
T-Appud fiua Tendion (
h Steu. tape 0f fominal ngn 30m uoas ded tz neaue
custan e A of a bae lig.Ths rouin data wae
Paua ng puES ore ufed fr auiy nmast tuanment
ULng tie ine tC
Line Medsued Lnuth uf n Teunp
Heia ik Temp Tensuun
1Std- (s =Tue Dut -Measud but
AB 14 815m -02.32m 28C 105N T hut = Mesuxd bst AHal Tap Lingte
BC 30-199m +0 374m 32C 125N TNimual
=
60 004 30050
is 30 05m at 20t ond 50N ensipn 1he tape uxigh
rS-Secbond. oga tf 2-08mn?. = 60 104
62 M (nd has a
Std. u 60 104-60 004
and. kunt tf lirvar isparaun f the tepe s t0 000m
Il:2x10/T: Te. fan lwiel te lne is 723 54m
ukveSea.uNel Detiymine tha true ttaizuntal Linqf iienp: Lurn =Lolu -6s)
AC =0 co4 Xil:2 X106x (30-2)
= 0LE 7m
Line Masuled ina, inHeg Pmp. Tensicn 3
M-Spe Orr=-0032m
B21-15
815m-232 8C105 26503 574+0-gCAC3
BC 314m t0374m32125N 27513-5220 t0 2317 N0g Corr. =
W*2) - o5 x5t017:046
Lm6-CC4 7.0140-00322
322 24T2 24X115
30t15N 0 0 496m
V Tuiston om =(T-Ts)xL
15-5)x 60 00+ = 00094m
08X 20OxIt3
 On onpLtio hela ujotK, te 50m tVe use fpr Meapue
ndpad70 e IDom UE
= -CO06 Sm
nun Pl base f lingëh
n b e -050m g Ti bnR waghs 162 Kq and
Teeal oecni = t-it +t t067-0:tja- c49
-Oc - 0 0068 =0 0565m The Cofiuiet tf urin poniivi t i matenal ued
TiuTZEal lertn AC =5D-004 t0 0565 Oft pe t n i l l 2-0 x ]D*KN/mm. The trear p
600im 0 i527 3m abcve Sea Livel. Lein
TL hona Ln9 tf the bojeline
Measuburnot dipnds on h nabuYL f the terun
r2 nan tfa kaseling wat measured by durldlengt
2qph ntb pans 0nd the luu ng CbivuionS ANULAR MASUREMENTS
beatngs u be hesudea wubh Setant,Compal
wrOS pe {uderayound Lasusmet). The Kfereno
SFan Cbsavllingenuff.tn Hight TEp(1ution[u point is Ogin Of ary boasing Compuss tn measuYng
b&lriny s Se{snia to mugneb. Ntub MLSt learny
129.434? 106 90 0 OU eerun h b TrtnCmoropuc Nortn)
29 9976 -0 232 108 i l or ny North S e noth of poeCh'on ihith
30 0025 tD 382 90-2 C0-Orcdurnibe unmcuhn is ufeed tw istabls%
424-979 t0473 106 q0-2
 Prelc NCs for Bering aluulabons AZunuth B a birng othout dieLEbr
True North t Ypiial A Guaddankal bearng wl fD erieed 90° ud are u
2. Maynehc Nort Spuchect diseson inulse be reated br e Nore
3 rd/Colonu Nortn/ Projechon Nut Sguth -e t mst be eer ruerntaelha North
Prh truy Nosh Stuth t9
S6O°E =I809-
Ybuoy Noth qun be tanen ún any dusechbn- ts
Wcd fr eYgineering norh ASStunp tuon) &u bakung 1/10[ 202
ay dur e aon as noytn bu uhen the tuk Pnorth Us
M-N
yalcsed ansmauton tahes pla Ce
buyng Cat be tiuwwel un 2 Wu (ypu ofBeaninp
Whal CTul biring (AZumuba)
LLaddsutal Bearna (Aecuid Besing)
360 N,O B
MB FaUt Of TN
NaE =
No-360-0 R-B
-E (40°) Whse
27 S = Argle f dellsnbon
Sx=0t SaE= (180-
d - T beasind
2nd
he qula dfkynw btwan de bu Pubh unt Munic Arqlu measWd (ugawde ddatton afe Calld futanal
0yto tw üngie or dedunuOn
Ang Theocdolite uut le posibional tnbebwee buo
pounts tvasue aungle
E TN >t
WFTN >-ve Poinkaht Face Measused angle RuduelAnu AL
to5 +o 20"AB
TN L8812 56" dAd 3+2 32'36"
A
270 15 3O" 342 32'50"
PAB 287 42+O"
W A Maan 242 32 43"
AB105-6722222
XAC 85 21555556
MBWut TN 2l to la02/
TYWeXSin Sa Suveyun poaf08 Measuxuig oolas
0nd. du Stwn
ANLES
C
 INTRODLCTIONTO PLANERECANGULAR (CO RDINATE SYITEMS
The goal of Susleynd u o esbibush a t e poRbo. d tan '|BE
rOJuong Can be stubushel tn bwd uouys AN
CDOrdunates d ton'E-EA
2 zas uy gnd duStane Ne-NA
NNOYung AE AE and i ú (tve)>0> q0°
NB
AN
(Ng-Na) A6--Ve AN
NA
AN=We
AE +Ve AN
=tVi
(EAA) AE-V AN tV St
AN
>E( Easthq) 0 90
EA 270 36o E
AE=Ve AE2tve
STd N- AN=Ve 2nd
L bE tN AE- +ve
DN
LJCEA)t (Ns-NA) Ds tonca AN
go 270
2 tand =
DPP DE
Ad AN
Beafung
tand-BE
N
 EE)=AF 3 Ea-Et LJunx
N Hyp
AN = OS a
L
E AN=LS
Na-N = Lola
Na NitLls
Dutana=L
beayun =< 4 N2 NItLCOS
8rd pt 1 (E), N)
=
Compute CoOrd-f fe. 2 5 E=EtLSn
Na= N, t LOSAJ
pe = Sin
Exornpe
1Gwontia te ordnates of point A and B e
AESin
L A' 61-7mE, 312 3m N
BE LSno B: 332 2m E, 5%1m N
E-ELSen Calcuuate Ha lungth and bearuy of une AB
E E t LSina
CODKGirngutU Of A 32 +3mE, 61-15mnN
=
ngeh AB -217.2m
 Busng AB(AAR) 31° 36 00"
=
IL=4EtN
CBnpute the (rdunutes f pout B DE =
Eg- EA - 359. 5
=
3 Tiy poirts A,B and e Coluneas pouts wth B luung A Ng-NA =t278-
bewwn Aond c The clstana Bc 21100m L=(-3595) +[278 8)
The Coucndlfe of A and B gdon in metes are L454.Jm
A610-OE,447-00 N
6331 00 E, 350.00 N bearng (oAB) Eau DE =
Cpute he 00idurates o Pont c ond ditemne he ustane AN
AC = tan-359 5
4A bebueun t278 8
S t tunel ú b be Y tuwofouits Pand
fke Ccadurdtu f ukuh art avn bellw. t opoJe -52 12' 20 360
to Stnk a Shuft at fount S huth S he Mudpouit alung AB307+7'40"
P& bat tt npossebke t nmeasuke along Padueit'y.
S thaqor b be fixed om aniber Hrown pount Rlo 3 Any bw pounts alorq a Collunay Lue hs be Same
Oxaate alse q Win below al uweU bia ng
Stabbn ECn) N)
P 1500 00 1000 00 (510-00,49700) 2/350 00)0om
4514:00 256 00 (33/-00,
326400 2392-00 poR Of C
npuce tia tllawuey Beuy ry AB buring Bc
The Ceokuiate of Point AB B
i Thu (gti aud beang RS.
i he ye PRS tat uall atale Peut S hbe set ut on He grp
 00 4+9- = dN -SN= N

= 7
w9E 9T9

w 00 T11 = SN
98HT-)4 (L9 99h-)- 1
98ShT- N- °N= NY
w00y o0E= L9.99h- *]-3= 10

=
T l = 994 0001 =
N +N N

( ) N9 IST, 7£E+tl:
u9190 9,lTHTS) o -1IT f 00 08= ?N
= =
9d ueo09 nnad-YuD s n wSS ,S TlUhT uS O0 IT +00.1SE °7

0S 000t 090E o00 001 9 Son 74 8N= ?N

S
00 01

oos
00 41
00 bLT-/U
wN-9N
N
ITojois
 bewing R=dRs = tan"|E\
CB B=194° 47'36"
DN
Pustane Bc= 1413 77/m
an 257-00 OOvde nates of 6 -13 529. 40m E
-/264 00/ 51041 6 {m N
19/ 2934 Calauiate be lououng
poxdungte at pochb c
3. Anga PRS = 8 =dAP -RI 2 Tle dstana ond bcarca pf Une AB
R-tan E-E=tan"-1764 00 3 The ngle at ponb A
Ne-Ne/ -1392-00 he voscuates at uwluh pht A muSt be Sat dut from
R 231 43'21" Pount c
GA bta Stabon ugaunent was Set up at a ybol Jtaton po. n
= 231°43'al"-19°29'34" K wdh wttun tha Lnct of a fiue sided pely gor as
ER40°3'47" Shown th 4he diag rOm bllow
5 A,B ardC are thsee bonhol
points propojed pr drcllung
at aConstbucadn Ste t was dscovexed that pontA
U ot olteubly acassble hut can be hxecl
frovn
Pount 6 and c Yapechloly In oker athoUe twi, The Cooycduinaes of pout K afe qven as 2033 0opn E
fh plow.n measuseLnti uIe ynade un the hell 1990000mN
ABC 33° 1s 0s" Te buringS and distanus h te file dsner
poundayy
ACAC It7* 40'53" o ints were measuYed and reCosdad as AUows
 LIn aNGa butanem)
KA 286 5 0o" 34482 7:AC@ua
KB 037 35'18" 31 892
8 Reuabilb
KC 090 27 56 38286 9 Degte f fudom
16624 +" 3016 10 Keclundonay
KE 247 28'43" 32 55
pipute tC Tuoud 12 Senndayd Devition
the looKduirates of all tha bouwldayu pount 13 MeyAD Standard &ntr in eaWemit
2 The beartng S and distanas of ul the hve Scder of thu Mean ondard tyor
PDygpn 19 ROot uoN Sauare (AMI)EYTOY
3 AUl He Uteynal angls of tu Poygon
Ts aea of tha Polygon Sihg hordirate 1kauls Only 1 TRUE VALULE
f a quant
In muasurant, tue Vu does nob ouust Al MeasAnut
0e pror to error
THEORY OF ERAOAS IN MEASUPEMENTT
The thoonks Of eYors orly duals j te landom esr 2 MEASUAEN VALUE
Meusured Veuluk of a quanb by at valuLs that are
rUL Valle durectyobsesVedl n a
fold undr Co tah onditons
2 Measured Vadue
3 Most proba.bie Value:MPV) aka eAst Squase EstimateljE 3 MOST PRDBABLE
Most Pobabla Vauule U the maan (Average) f all
5 Rcsaual OD C0bsYVed yauue Df oanbty Measurd wnder
6freusLDi tha Same hll ndua on afto rroVung ta
efet of
QrosS efyoS \MPV) t ienesats bue valua
4 ERRDR
8 RELIABILITY
Err dtes nt s t in eaAuMent th sealuby Snce tue Reluabtluty s defind as the degee t wbadi a WMasured
eist
ou claes not eutCit Wrot plaa of enor Vale Cf C qnbb Can be ee som rStahes os qross
ALSdual
exTor from held ASUrementt can aUo e cle pned
as he daarec of (orsstency of a mastired quant
5 RESIDUAL
hdul tS Hhe duffexer betuen tie measrelvalug DEGREE OF FREEDOM
0 Guant iy pndl tts Mat poboble Hene
value Oegree of edom the MovlMu umbey o inclepndert
yalus
= Measuyd kuudtly Value n=Dagre 0f (seedom
x = Mojt Probable Vadue 10REDUNDAN CY
Thse afe oS opervabibs tahng un he
felu sstead of a
were V Ridual Senqe men&uemunt thgt S Sequd Aoduundant obseyat on
Cre Soubinej tofen Yeqnuddun otho to dtet qvoss
PRESiCN rOS MLstakes
Gsien ii te degse of Cnenesr BYOpeateci Miaured R-
1610/2021
tVARIANE
7 AACY Voriana mean of e Squge Of
esdual duldud
by he eqenay \ bal umber of easured ualue)
st
ovana= s(i- =
2l)2
n
 12 STANDAR) DEVIATION
1wsh SeuaseYopt of Vodtance (n be repynJented
TADARDFORMLAE FOR BTATEMEnAT TREATMENT OF
RAboM ERRRS
mathemah'ally os Most pYobabu Vaulua WIPV) oR Last Sauares Estmatz(LSE)
Sed duviabion 2 a-
n
13. STANDARD ERRUR IN MEASUREMENT 9 Kesieluol (D) = (%-z)
(Oi) =tsv) =t 2 -
n- n- 3 Mean Rasiduinl =2 i - ) = 2
STANDARA EAROR IN MUT PROBABLE VALUE (Oi
Voxun 2u-TJ= 2(V)2
n
t auoCalled Mean Stundaxd EXror
5 Jta doviabtn = 2 l =2-)
15Koor MEAN SAUARE ERAOR RM n n
t also (alled standold dolbon wsithrng the
/oPulatdn or Standard uy wlen the Samplo out f 6 Stlayd yyor in
Ymeasureneti) =t2{Vt)'-t Eu
Ba populateorn ase Measured
n-I n-
7 Standord &ror n most frobable Value (Gzi) Ox
=
n
 Anglas
Te al neajuWet hetuw n tuo lunes dede obsexved
CVe Ly ed tie loU) data UXr ecodled 1O651's" to1
-03 01
C6595 1O oo'o D6 59'59 00 O0
I co 07"
06 59'56" t03"
09
106 5 5 106 5 56 5 106 5' 57 t02 04
I06 S56" 1D6 59 58" IU7 00' 00 -0
lee S 57" 1O7 00 00 107 00' D" -02" 04
IO7 106 59'57" 06 59' 54 00
106 59' 56t03 09
ule tiy dbeve ltt Cbnp te tbs floco ng 10659'54' 58 to"
L J t uo sat anglu ). I 07 D0' 00" 01"
12 106 59' 57 F02" 4
2128351'43" EV43"
Mean Sauaye Ravdua tzvi - t 43" t 3 6
=
L a t a r Shmat ( ) = = 1283 51 2
12
106 5'59" Shd tror un nhuusuemene(60i) = t v - 1 4
-1
:48
 Ddamune the laae lquay Samate of a m unLre
12
ye f ar taruar yo uf3 'uler
rup 3 Croup+
119434 120 002 118 748 21-434
C0000 118 14 ERROR FROPAGATLON IN JURVEY MEAUEMENT 0
198 2033 18 750 2/ +33
19 987 I19-999 18 15 21 433 aueydn Swveyung a e T L t ye eith
120-001 113 750 12 441
20005 18 7+? 21435
120 00+ 118 741 12436
gt bralt Fgnt
1980 119944 11 750 12 437 av CerdVabu de gotte pethar from a
PaHaans
120 00 1 750 21 43 Luy g Afas, ojuhe aun ate
120 003 18751 24+ gu 0f agdedn f youu Ut nb u
1d
TN LAtA Siaun abou YuPsients the distan&ofo wure a un Ch 0n CfJevw Varabu f
musused betuin tut poun everouy un cuy tu Som Xn)
nal oruatn by Herot fet tudir pu n N Stonduy d eor ankunanud gw d
O=du O, t u t
uhye uDauved uob
Uayndut Val.abu [ohievabls)
11

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