Mechanical vibrations

ME 4253

Harmonic Analysis
 Harmonic Motion
Oscillatory motion may repeat itself regularly, as in the case of a simple pendulum
or it may display considerable irregularity, as in the case of ground motion during an earthquake
If the motion is repeated after equal intervals of time, it is called periodic motion.

simplest form of periodic motion (deterministic).

Periodic motion around a central (Equilibrium point ) where there is no net force
There is a restoring force directly proportional to distance from equilibrium and act in opposite direction

Harmonic motion Pure sinusoidal (co-sinusoidal) motion

Sinusoidal motion emanates from cyclic motion
Example: Scotch-yoke mechanism rotating with angular velocity  - simple harmonic motion
Similarity between cyclic (harmonic)
motion and sinusoidal motion
The mass m of the spring-mass system are displaced
from their middle positions by an amount x (in time
t) given by
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃 = 𝐴 sin 𝑡
The velocity of the mass m at time t is given
by
and the acceleration by
acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement
directed toward the center
is known as simple harmonic motion
Vectorial representation of harmonic motion

• Sinusoidal motion
emanates from cyclic
motion
• Can be represented by a
vector (OP) with a
magnitude, angular
velocity (frequency) and
phase.
• The rotating vector
generates a sinusoidal and
a co-sinusoidal
components along
mutually perpendicular
axes.
the projection of the tip of the on the vertical axis is given by
vector
and its projection on the horizontal axis by
As seen above, the vectorial method of representing harmonic motion requires the description of
both the horizontal and vertical components. It is more convenient to represent harmonic motion
using a complex-number representation

Where a and b denote the sinusoidal (x) and co-sinusoidal

(y) components
• a and b = real and imaginary part of vector X
If A denotes the modulus or absolute value of the vector 𝑋 , and  represents the argument or the
angle between the vector and the x-axis, then 𝑋 can also be expressed as

cos and ί sin can be expanded in a series as

Equations (1.39) and (1.40) yield

Thus Eq. (1.36) can be expressed as

DEFINITIONS
Phase Angle: The difference in angle (lead or lag) by which two harmonic motions of the
same frequency reach their corresponding value (maxima, minima, zero up-cross, zero
down-cross)
e x a m p l e 1.18 addition of harmonic motions
 Harmonic analysis
Motion of many vibratory systems is not harmonic. However, in many cases the vibrations are
periodic

Fortunately, any periodic function of time can be

represented by Fourier series as an infinite sum of sine and
cosine terms
If x(t) is a periodic function with period , its Fourier
series representation is given by

𝟐𝝅
where 𝝎 = is the fundamental

frequency and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 …..,
𝑏0 , 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 …. are constant
coefficients
To obtain 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 the series is multiplied by cos(nt) and sin(nt) respectively and
𝟐𝝅
integrated over one period ( = )
𝝎

𝟐𝝅
for example, from 0 to  =
𝝎
Then we notice that all terms except one on the right-hand side of the
equation will be zero, and we obtain
Any periodic function can be represented as a
sum of harmonic functions

Their amplitudes and phases are defined as

The Fourier series is made-up of harmonics

e x a m p l e 1.19 Fourier series expansion

Therefore the Fourier series expansion of x(t) is