Lesson 12

Higher
Order
LDE
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Reduce the order of homogeneous LDE and

find its solution

 Lesson 12
Higher
Order
LDE
General Form:

𝒅𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝒏 𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒏−𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

where 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 , … , 𝒂𝟏, , 𝒂𝟎 are constant

Which can also be written as

𝒂𝒏 𝑫𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑫𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝑫𝒏−𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝑫 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒚 = 𝟎

Method I: Reduction of Order Lesson 12
Higher
Order
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1: Find the solution of the DE
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 LDE
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 (𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑄) = 0 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2 𝑦 = 0 ‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−2𝑥 𝑄) = ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 ‫)𝑦 𝑥 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐷−2 𝐷+1 𝑦 =0 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2
3
let 𝑄 = 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2
but 𝑄 = 𝐷 + 1 𝑦
𝐷−2 𝑄 =0
𝑑𝑄 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒙
+ 𝑄(−2) = 0 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑄
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦(1) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
‫ ׬‬−2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
IF: 𝑒 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑄 IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑄(−2) = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦(1) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2: Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 LDE

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑 −𝑥
− 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (𝑒 𝑄) = 0 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 0 ‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−𝑥 𝑄) = ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−𝑥 𝑦) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥
𝐷−1 𝐷−1 𝑦 =0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
let 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 1 𝑦 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝒙
but 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 1 𝑦
𝐷−1 𝑄 =0
𝑑𝑄 𝐷 − 1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
+ 𝑄(−1) = 0 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑄
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦(−1) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑄 IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑄(−1) = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦(−1) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 1 1 -2 -1 2 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order 1 -1 -2 Higher
1 -1 -2 0 Order
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
LDE
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3: Solve 3 − 2 2 − + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 0 𝑑
(𝑒 −𝑥
𝑄) =0
𝑑𝑅
+ 𝑅(−2) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 − 1 𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2 𝑦 = 0 𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−𝑥 𝑄) = ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝐷−1 𝐷−2 𝐷+1 𝑦=0
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑅
+ 𝑅(−2) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
let 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 2 (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 −2𝑥
𝐷−1 𝑄 =0 (𝑒 𝑅) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥
but 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 2 (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑄 𝑑
+ 𝑄(−1) = 0 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑄 ‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−2𝑥 𝑅) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐷 − 2 (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑅 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 +𝐶2
let 𝑅 = (𝐷 + 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑄
𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑄(−1) = 0 𝑅 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐷 − 2 𝑅 = 𝐶1 𝑒𝑥
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 3: Solve 𝑑𝑥 3 − 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑅 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦(1) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑅 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 𝑦) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
but 𝑅 = (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 𝑑
‫𝐶 ׬ = )𝑦 𝑥 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶3
+ 𝑦(1) = 𝐶1 𝑒𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝒙
IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4: Solve 𝐷3 − 13𝐷2 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 12, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = 169

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑄 𝑑2 𝑦
− 13 𝑑𝑥 2 =0 𝑒 −13𝑥 + 𝑄 −13 = 0 = 𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐷3 − 13𝐷2 𝑦 = 0 𝑑 −13𝑥 𝑄) =0 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 13𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 − 13 𝐷2 𝑦 = 0 𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−13𝑥 𝑄) = ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒13𝑥 +𝐶2
let 𝑄 = 𝐷2 𝑦 𝑒 −13𝑥 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 − 13 𝑄 = 0 ‫𝑐 ׬ = 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬1 𝑒 13𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥
𝑑𝑄
+ 𝑄 −13 = 0 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑄 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3
𝑑𝑥
but 𝑄 = 𝐷 𝑦 2

IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−13𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −13𝑥 𝐷2 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 4: Solve 𝐷3 − 13𝐷2 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = 12, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = 169

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑦′′ = 169𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒
when 𝑦′′ 0 = 169 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
when 𝑦 0 = 1
169 = 169𝐶1 𝑒 0 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙
𝑒0
1 = 𝐶1 +𝐶2 (0) + 𝐶3
1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❶ 𝐶1 = 1 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❸

𝑦′ = 13𝐶1 𝑒 13𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❶: 1 = 1 + 𝐶3

𝐶3 = 0
when 𝑦′ 0 = 12
12 = 13𝐶1 𝑒 0 +𝐶2 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❷: 12 = 13(1) +𝐶2
12 = 13𝐶1 +𝐶2 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❷ 𝐶2 = −1
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5: Solve 𝑦 (4) − 7𝑦 ′′′ + 10𝑦 ′′ = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑄 𝐷 − 2 𝑁 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
− 7 𝑑𝑥 3 + 10 𝑑𝑥 2 =0 ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ = ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑁
𝐷4 − 7𝐷3 + 10𝐷2 𝑦=0 𝑑𝑄 + 𝑁(−2) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑁
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐶1 𝑑𝑥

𝐷2 − 7𝐷 + 10 𝐷2 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑄 IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥

‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥
𝐷2 𝐷 − 2 𝐷 − 5 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑁
𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑁(−2) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
let 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 2 𝐷 − 5 𝑦 but 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 2 𝐷 − 5 𝑦 𝑑 −2𝑥 𝑁)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝐷2 𝑄 = 0 𝐷 − 2 𝐷 − 5 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−2𝑥 𝑁) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑄
=0
𝑑𝑥 let 𝑁 = 𝐷 − 5 𝑦
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 5: Solve 𝑦 (4) − 7𝑦 ′′′ + 10𝑦 ′′ = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−2𝑥 𝑁) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 ׬‬2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐷 − 5 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1 + 𝑦(−5) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = − 𝑒 −2𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑁 = 𝐶1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬− 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 +𝐶3 IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−5𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑁 = 𝐶1 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥
+ 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 +𝐶3 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝑦(−5) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑁 = 𝐶1 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑑

(𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦)
= 𝐶1 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑁 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−5𝑥 𝑦) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
but 𝑁 = 𝐷 − 5 𝑦 𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−5𝑥 𝑦) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 ׬‬2 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 ׬‬3 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 5: Solve 𝑦 (4) − 7𝑦 ′′′ + 10𝑦 ′′ = 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑
‫ 𝑒( 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−5𝑥 𝑦) = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 ׬‬2 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 ׬‬3 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = − 5 𝑒 −5𝑥
1 1
𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 − 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬− 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑢 +𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥 +𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 +𝐶4
5 5

𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥 +𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 +𝐶4

𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶4
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟒 𝒆𝟓𝒙
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6: Solve 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = −7, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = −1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 5𝑑𝑦
− 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − +6= 0 let 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 3 𝐷 + 2 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑄 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0 𝐷−1 𝑄 =0 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑄
+ 𝑄(−1) = 0 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑄 but 𝑄 = 𝐷 − 3 𝐷 + 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1 1 -2 -5 6 ‫ ׬‬−1𝑑𝑥 𝐷 − 3 𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
1 -1 -6 IF: 𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑥
1 -1 -6 0 𝑑𝑄
let 𝑇 = 𝐷 + 2 𝑦
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑄(−1) = 0
𝑑 𝐷 − 3 𝑇 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑇
𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 + 𝑇(−3) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝐷−1 𝐷2 −𝐷−6 𝑦 =0 𝑑
‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑄 = ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝐷−1 𝐷−3 𝐷+2 𝑦 =0

 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 6: Solve 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = −7, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = −1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑𝑇
𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 + 𝑇(−3) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 but 𝑇 = 𝐷 + 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

‫ ׬‬−3𝑑𝑥
𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
IF: 𝑒 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦(2) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑇(−3) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
IF: 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑇 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑦(2) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
‫ 𝑒 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬−3𝑥 𝑇 = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑇 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑇 = 𝐶1 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ‫ 𝑒 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑦 = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 6: Solve 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = −7, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = −1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑦′ 0 = −7,
‫ 𝑒 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑦 = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = ‫𝐶 ׬‬1 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 ׬‬2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝐶3 𝑒 −2𝑥
−7 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 0 − 2𝐶3 𝑒 0
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶3
−7 = 𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 − 2𝐶3 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❷
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑦′′ 0 = −1,

𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 4𝐶3 𝑒 −2𝑥

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 0 = 1,
−1 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 0 + 4𝐶3 𝑒 0
1 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 𝑒 0 + 𝐶3 𝑒 0 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❸
−1 = 𝐶1 + 9𝐶2 + 4𝐶3
1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❶
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 6: Solve 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = −7, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = −1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ❶ 1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
❷ −7 = 𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 − 2𝐶3
𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ❸ −1 = 𝐶1 + 9𝐶2 + 4𝐶3

𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛𝑠❶ & ❷: 1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛𝑠❹ & ❺: 8 = −2𝐶2 + 3𝐶3

−7 = 𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 − 2𝐶3 2 = −8𝐶2 − 3𝐶3
8 = −2𝐶2 + 3𝐶3 ❹ 10 = −10𝐶2 𝐶2 = −1

𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛𝑠❶ & ❸: 1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❹: 8 = −2(−1) + 3𝐶3 𝐶3 = 2

−1 = 𝐶1 + 9𝐶2 + 4𝐶3 1 = 𝐶1 − 1 + 2
𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑛 ❶: 𝐶1 = 0
2 = −8𝐶2 − 3𝐶3 ❺
 Lesson 12
Method I: Reduction of Order Higher
Order
LDE
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑥 6: Solve 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 ′ 0 = −7, 𝑦 ′′ 0 = −1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑦 = 0𝑒 𝑥 − 1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥

𝐶1 = 0, 𝐶2 = −1, 𝐶3 = 2 𝒚 = −𝟏 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒙

 Lesson 12
Higher
Order
LDE

1. Solve 𝐷2 + 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0

𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. Solve 3 −2 2 − + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. Solve 4 − 3 −3 2 +5 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. Solve 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 3 𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ = 4

5. Solve 𝐷3 − 3𝐷 − 2 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 ′ = 9 ; 𝑦 ′′ = 0