AICTE

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi -590018.
AICTE ACTIVITY POINT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
“ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING”
Submitted By
SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL
USN: [1AR19EC021]
Under the Supervision of

Prof. ANITHA N
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE
AIEMS
AICTE Activity Point Undertaken at
DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

AMRUTA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
2022-23
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi -590018.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL bearing USN 1AR19EC021
has satisfactorily completed the AICTE activity points program in partial fulfilment for
the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic
year 2022 – 23. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated. The AICTE Activity Point report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements.
Head of Department Principal

Dr. VEERESH PATIL Dr. SANTHOSH MURNAL
Professor & HOD AIEMS
Dept of ECE, AIEMS
DECLARATION
I, SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL bearing USN 1AR19EC021, student of final semester

B.E, Department of ECE, Amruta Institute of Engineering and Management Sciences,
Bidadi, hereby declare that AICTE Activity Point has been carried out by me at Amruta
Institute of Engineering and Management Sciences, Bidadi,Under the Supervision of Prof.
Anitha N as partial fulfilment of the course requirements forthe award of degree in Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2022 – 23.
NAME USN SIGNATURE
SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL 1AR19EC021 …………………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of AICTE Activity Point brings the great sense of satisfaction but it is never
completed without thanking the persons who all are responsible for its successful completion
First and foremost, I wish to express my deep sincere gratitude to our Institution, Amruta
Institute of Engineering and Management Sciences for providing me an opportunity to
manifest my skills.
I express my gratitude to Dr. M Santhosh Murnal, Principal, Amruta Institute of

Engineering and Management Sciences, for providing me an excellent facilities and
academic ambience, which helped me in satisfactory completion of the Technical Seminar.
I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Veeresh Patil, Professor & Head, Department of ECE,
AIEMS for providing me a valuable support for the AICTE Activity Point.
I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. RudraMurthy, Professor & Head, Department of CIVIL,
I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Srinivasa R, Professor & Head, Department of CSE,
I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. AdiMurthy M, Professor & Head, Department of MECH,
I Would like to thank Prof. Anitha N, ECE Department Coordinator for AICTE Activity Points
program for providing guidance and valuable support.
I Would like to thank Prof. Vidya B R, CIVIL Department Coordinator for AICTE Activity
Points program for providing guidance and valuable support.
I Would like to thank Prof. Vinod Biradar, MECH Department Coordinator for AICTE
Activity Points program for providing guidance and valuable support.
I Would like to thank Prof. Anil Kumar, CSE Department Coordinator for AICTE Activity
Points program for providing guidance and valuable support.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my earnest gratitude and respect to my parents,
teaching & technical staff of the department, the library staff and all my friends, who have
directly or indirectly supported me to complete AICTE Activity Point.
SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL

[1AR19EC021]
AMRUTA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES,
BIDADI
Department of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
has satisfactorily completed the AICTE activity points program conducted by the
Department of Civil Engineering on the Topic “Developing and Managing efficient
garbage disposal system”to award the Bachelor Degree in the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering during 2020-2021 and Secured 25 Activity Points.
Dept Coordinator Head of Department

Prof. VIDYA B R Prof. RUDRAMURTHY
Dept of Civil Prof. & HOD
AIEMS Dept of CIVIL ENGINEERING
AIEMS
LIST OF CONTENTS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SI NO TITLE PAGE NO
DEVELOPING AND MANAGING EFFICIENT

GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
1
1.1 Introduction
2
1.2 Bio Degradable Waste
CHAPTER 1 3
1.3 Actions taken Place to Avoid Plastic Waste
4
1.4 Solid Waste in Rural Areas
5
1.5 Treatment and Disposal
5
1.6 Spreading Waste on Land
COMPOSTING PROCESS AND TYPES

2.1 Factors Affecting the Composting Process 6
2.2 Materials to be Avoided in Composting 6
CHAPTER 2
2.3 Advantages of Composting 6
2.4 Types of Composting 7
2.4.1 Aerobic Composting 7
DETAILS OF COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES AT
THE COMMUNITY LEVEL
CHAPTER 3 3.1 Pit Composting 8
3.2 Rotary Drum Composting 8
3.3 Vermicomposting 9
LIST OF FIGURES
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO
1.1 Waste Hierarchy(Defra,2011b) 1
1.2 Cycle of Biodegradable Waste 2

1.3.1 Collecting Waste 3
1.3.2 Panchayat Vehicle For Collection of the Garbage Waste 3
1.4 Solid Waste in Rural Areas 4
1.5 Treating the Garbage Waste Management 5
1.6 Waste in Land 5
2.1.1 Aerobic Composting 7
3.1 Pit Composting 8
3.2 Rotary drum Composting 8
3.3 Vermicomposting 9
DEVELOPING AND MANAGEMENT EFFICIENT GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM 2022-23
CHAPTER-1
DEVELOPING AND MANAGING EFFICIENT GARBAGE DISPOSAL

SYSTEM
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays waste has become a vital part of our economy, being a by-product of economic activity
and originating from businesses, the government and households; at the same time, it can be used
as an input to economic activity for instance through material or energy recovery (Defra, 2011a).
Waste arising’s have been increasing over the past few years, hence their management has proved
to be a rather challenging issue in the 21st century and a lot of research is being conducted in this
field. First of all, it is important to define waste in order to be able to manage it successfully.
According to the European Union (EU) Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, any substance
or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard is defined as waste. In
addition, municipal waste consists of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and
disposed of via established waste management systems. The waste sector has conventionally
referred to municipal solid waste (hereafter MSW) excluding “wastewater”, which is considered
under the water or industry sectors (UNEP, 2011).
Figure 1.1: Waste hierarchy (Defra, 2011b)
Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 1

1.2 BIO DEGRADABLE WASTE:

Presently, much of the biodegradable waste are disposed off in unsafe ways – burning, unscientific
dumping or discharging into water bodies. Moreover, bio-resources such as animal dung cakes,
crop residue and firewood are commonly burned as cooking fuel,
Liquid
Waste
Visual ODF
ODF
Solid
Waste
Fig 1.2: Cycle of Biodegradable Waste
causing indoor air pollution. Bio-waste has the potential to be harnessed as energy, fuel and
fertilizer. Organic wastes such as cattle dung, kitchen waste, poultry droppings, pig excreta, human
excreta and crop residues can be converted to organic manure and biogas through aerobic and
anaerobic digestion.
By biomethanation process, this form of bio-waste can be used to generate biogas, which can be
used as a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, running biogas-based engines and generate compressed
biogas (CBG). 1.2 Need and importance of Biodegradable Waste Management Swachh Bharat
Mission (Grameen) (SBMG) Phase II aims at sustaining the open defecation free (ODF) status of
villages and improve the overall cleanliness in rural areas through the implementation of solid and
liquid waste management activities.

1.3 ACTIONS TAKEN PALCE TO AVOID PLASTIC WASTE:
FIG1.3.1: COLLECTING WASTE
FIG 1.3.2: PANCHAYAT VEHICLE FOR COLLECTION OF GARBAGEWASTE

1.4 SOLID WASTE IN RURAL AREAS
Solid waste
Biodegradable Non-Biodegradable waste
Household Community » Plastic: send to Block level PMU unit
» Paper, Cloths, Glass, Metals etc.

sendto village segregation
shed/SWPC and then segregate
Composting/vermicomposting into diﬀerent waste streams and
sold to recyclers.
Fig 1.4: Solid Waste in Rural Areas
SBMG Phase II is being implemented from 2020–21 to 2024–25 as a national mission to achieve the
goals of ODF Plus in the villages across the country. It has been conceived as a novel model of
convergence between different verticals of financing and various schemes/programmes of the
Government of India and State Governments. Solid and liquid waste management comprises four
components:
(i) biodegradable waste management
(ii) plastic waste management
(iii) greywater management and
(iv) faecal sludge management.

1.5 : TREATEMENT AND DISPOSAL
Waste collected at the village segregation shed/solid waste processing centre can be segregated into
different waste streams. Whereas biodegradable waste can be converted into compost by simple
composting methods, recyclable waste can be sold to the waste recyclers/kabadiwalas by Gram
Panchayats.
Fig 1.5 Treating the garbage Waste Management
1.6 : SPREADING WASTE ON LAND
You may also be able to reuse your waste, such as paper or sewage sludge, by spreading it on land.
However, before you do this, you must check what restrictions apply and whether you need a waste
management licence or registered exemption.
Fig 1.6 Waste in Land

CHAPTER 2:
COMPOSTING- PROCESS AND TYPES
Composting is a process of controlled decomposition of the organic waste in which the organic
matter breaks down under bacterial action, resulting in the formation of humus-like material called
compost.
2.1 Factors affecting the composting process
1. Microorganisms: Microorganisms breakdown organic matter and produce carbon dioxide,

water, heat and humus.
2. Moisture content: Moisture is necessary to support the metabolic activity of the

microorganisms.
3. Temperature: By affecting the growth of microorganism, temperature plays an important

role incomposting process.
4. Carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio
2.2 Materials to be avoided in composting

1. Non-biodegradable waste- like plastic, rubber, polythene packaging materials, Coal Ash.
2. Meat scraps, bones, grease, whole eggs to the compost pile/pit because these material
decompose slowly, cause odors and can attract rodents/animal.
2.3 Advantages of composting

1. Composting minimizes or avoids greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
2. By proper decomposition, biodegradable waste gets converted into good quality organic
manure.
3. Composting also prevents vector breeding and breeding of rodents.
4. In the aerobic composting process, considerable heat is generated.

2.4 Types of composting
Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural phenomenon. Composting is

an organized method of producing manure by making use of this natural phenomenon. Composting
canbe carried out in two ways:
» Aerobic (in presence of oxygen)
» Anaerobic (in absence of oxygen)
2.4.1 Aerobic composting
Aerobic microorganisms oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide, nitrite and nitrate. Carbon
from organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Due to
exothermicreaction, the temperature of the mass rises.
Fig 2.1.1 Aerobic Composting

CHAPTER 3
Details of composting technologies at the community level
3.1 Pit Composting
Fig 3.1 Pit Composting
Pit composting can be implemented in areas with lower rainfall and the site for construction must
beat a higher level to prevent flooding of rainwater in the pit. In villages having constraints of space
at the household level, community-level pit composting can be adopted. The following process can
be adopted for pit composting
3.2 : Rotary Drum Composting

The rotary drum can be successfully applied in a small land area for rapid composting of all kinds
of organic waste (kitchen, cow dung, dry leaves, etc.,) generated from households, institutions and
diaries.
Fig 3.2 Rotary Drum Composting

3.3 : Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is the process of using earthworms and microorganisms to turn kitchen waste/
organic solid waste into black and nutrient-rich humus. Vermicomposting involves the
stabilization of organic solid waste through earthworm consumption, which converts the material
into worm castings size reduction.
Fig 3.3 Vermicomposting

BIDADI
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering on the Topic “Reduction in
Energy Consumption” to award the Bachelor Degree in the Department of Electronics

Prof. ANITHA N Dr. VEERESH PATIL
Dept of ECE Prof. & HOD
AIEMS Dept of ECE
AIEMS
LIST OF CONTENTS
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
SI NO TITLE PAGE NO
REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION

1.1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER 1
1.2 Energy Conservation 2
1.3 Energy Efficiency 3
2.1 Overview of Energy Consumption 4

CHAPTER 2 2.2 Appliances 5
2.3 Building Design 5
11 WAYS TO CONSERVE AND ELECTRICITY AT
HOME
3.1 Adjust your day-to-day Behaviours 6
3.2 Replace your Light Bulbs 7
3.3 Use Smart Power Strips 7
3.4 Install a Programmable Thermostat 8
3.5 Use Energy-Efficient Appliances 8
3.6 Reduce Water Heating Expenses 9
3.7 Install Energy-Efficient Windows 10
CHAPTER 3 3.8 Upgrade your HVAC System 10
3.9 Insulate your home 11
3.10 Replace or Clean your Air filters 11
3.11 Use Natural Light 12
4.1 Sustainable Energy 13
CHAPTER 4
4.2 Renewable Energy 14
MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES
5.1 Solar Energy 15
CHAPTER 5 5.2 Wind Power 15
5.3 Hydropower 16
5.4 Bio Energy 17
CHAPTER 6 6.1 Nuclear Power Proposed as Renewable Energy 18
7.1 Health and Environment Impact 19
CHAPTER 7
7.2 Conservation Areas, Recycling and Rare-earth Elements 19-20
8.1 Emerging Technologies 21
➢ 8.1.1 Enhanced Geothermal System 21
CHAPTER 8
➢ 8.1.2 Marine Energy 22
➢ 8.1.3 Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling 23
EFFICIENT UTLISATION OF FUEL
CHAPTER 9 9.1 Controlled Building Ventilation 24
9.2 Waste-to-Energy Plants 25
CHAPTER 10 10.1 Re-Use of Energy for Heating Purposes in Industry 26
CHAPTER 11 11.1 Conclusion and Recommendations 27
LIST OF FIGURES
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1.1 Energy Pyramid 1
1.2 Amount of Energy Conservation 2

1.3 Energy Intensity of Economics 3
2.1 Overview Consumption of Energy 4
3.1 Switch 6
3.2 Replace Incandescent Bulbs with LED Bulbs 7
3.3 Smart Power Strips 8
3.4 Smart Thermostat 8
3.5 Energy Efficient Appliances 9
3.6 Water Heating Expenses 9
3.7 Energy Efficient Windows 10
3.8 HVAC System 10
3.9 Insulation to Home 11
3.10 Cleaning Air Filters 12
3.11 Natural Light 12
4.1 Sustainable Energies 13

4.2 Renewable Energy Sources 14
5.1 Solar Panels 15

5.2 Turbines and Graph of Wind Speed in Turbines 16
5.3 Hydro Power Plant 16
5.4 Bio Energy to Biomass 17
6.1 Nuclear Power Plants 18
7.2 Conservation Areas 19
8.1.1 Geothermal Energy 22
8.1.2 Marine Energy 23
8.1.3 Passive Radiative Energy 23
9.1 Building Ventilation 24
9.2 Energy Plant 25

10.1 Urban Development in Energy Consumption 26
11.1 Overall Materials Used for Energy Reduction 27

REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23
CHAPTER 1
AICTE ACTIVITY POINT ON REDUCING ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
1.1: INTRODUCTION
Energy consumption refers to ALL the energy used to perform an action, manufacture
something or simply inhabit a building. It is essential to understand that energy consumption
does not necessarily come from a single energy source. Indeed, it is a common misconception
to think that to save energy you have to save electricity whereas it could be a totally different
energy source that has the greatest impact on a certain process.
Looking closely at the definition of energy consumption, it means that the entire
production process must be evaluated. If you are part of a value-added process such as
industrial metallurgy (like TACSA, for instance) the process does not end when the
final product is manufactured. Indeed, if your shipping fleet brings them to the
customer, the fuel for this delivery fleet is also part of your energy consumption.
Fig 1.1: Energy Pyramid
Dept of CSE,AIEMS PAGE 1

Here are a few examples:
• In a factory, total energy consumption can be measured by looking at how much

energy a production process consumes, for example, by making car parts. This will
include water, electricity, gas & any energy source needed to transform the raw
material into the final product
• In a household, energy consumption includes electricity, gas, water, and any other
energy used to live comfortably.
• The energy consumption of transportation includes how much diesel or gasoline
vehicles consume to run.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the process of reducing the
amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a
building allows it to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a therma
comfort. Installing light-emitting diode bulbs, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight

windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination
compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Improvements in energy
efficiency are generally achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production
process or by application of commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses.
Fig 1.3: Energy Intensity of Economics

There are many motivations to improve energy efficiency. Decreasing energy use reduces
energy costs and may result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset
any additional costs of implementing an energy-efficient technology. Reducing energy use is
also seen as a solution to the problem of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.
Improved energy efficiency in buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce
the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help reduce global emissions of greenhouse
gases.[3] Another important solution is to remove government-led energy subsidies that
promote high energy consumption and inefficient energy use in more than half of the countries
in the world.[4]
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable
energy policy[5] and are high priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy. In many countries
energy efficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to
reduce the level of energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which
domestic energy resources are depleted.


CHAPTER 2
2.1 OVERVIEW OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
Energy efficiency has proved to be a cost-effective strategy for building economies without
necessarily increasing energy consumption. For example, the state of California began
implementing energy-efficiency measures in the mid-1970s, including building code and
appliance standards with strict efficiency requirements. During the following years,
California's energy consumption has remained approximately flat on a per capita basis while
national US consumption doubled. As part of its strategy, California implemented a "loading
order" for new energy resources that puts energy efficiency first, renewable electricity supplies
second, and new fossil-fired power plants last. States such as Connecticut and New York have
created quasi-public Green Banks to help residential and commercial building-owners finance
energy efficiency upgrades that reduce emissions and cut consumers' energy costs.
Fig 2.1: Overall Consumption of Energy
Lovin's Rocky Mountain Institute points out that in industrial settings, "there are abundant
opportunities to save 70% to 90% of the energy and cost for lighting, fan, and pump systems;
50% for electric motors; and 60% in areas such as heating, cooling, office equipment, and
appliances." In general, up to 75% of the electricity used in the US today could be saved with
efficiency measures that cost less than the electricity itself, the same holds true for home
settings. The US Department of Energy has stated that there is potential for energy saving in
the magnitude of 90 Billion kWh by increasing home energy efficiency.

2.2 APPLIANCES:
Modern appliances, such as, freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, clothes washers and dryers,
use significantly less energy than older appliances. Installing a clothesline will significantly
reduce one's energy consumption as their dryer will be used less. Current energy-efficient
refrigerators, for example, use 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001.
Following this, if all households in Europe changed their more than ten-year-old appliances
into new ones, 20 billion kWh of electricity would be saved annually, hence reducing
CO2 emissions by almost 18 billion kg. In the US, the corresponding figures would be 17
billion kWh of electricity and 27,000,000,000 lb (1.2×1010 kg) CO2. According to a 2009 study
from McKinsey & Company the replacement of old appliances is one of the most efficient
global measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Modern power management systems
also reduce energy usage by idle appliances by turning them off or putting them into a low-
energy mode after a certain time. Many countries identify energy-efficient appliances
using energy input labelling
2.3 BULIDING DESIGN:
Buildings are an important field for energy efficiency improvements around the world because
of their role as a major energy consumer. However, the question of energy use in buildings is
not straightforward as the indoor conditions that can be achieved with energy use vary a lot.
The measures that keep buildings comfortable, lighting, heating, cooling and ventilation, all
consume energy. Typically, the level of energy efficiency in a building is measured by dividing
energy consumed with the floor area of the building which is referred to as specific energy
consumption or energy use intensity.

CHAPTER 3
11 WAYS TO CONSERVE AND ELECTRICITY AT HOME:
1. Adjust your day-to-day behaviours

2. Replace your light bulbs
3. Use smart power strips
4. Install a programmable thermostat
5. Use energy-efficient appliances
6. Reduce water heating expenses
7. Install energy-efficient windows
8. Upgrade your HVAC system
9. Insulate your home
10. Replace or clean your air filters
11. Use natural light
3.1 Adjust your day-to-day behaviours:
To reduce energy consumption in your home and increase your energy savings, you do not
necessarily need to go out and purchase energy-efficient products. Energy conservation can be
as simple as turning off lights or appliances when you do not need them. You can also use
energy-intensive appliances less by performing household tasks manually, such as hang-drying
your clothes instead of putting them in the dryer or washing dishes by hand.
Fig 3.1: Switch
The behaviour adjustments that have the highest potential for utility savings are turning down
the heat on your thermostat in the winter and using your air conditioner less in the summer.

Heating and cooling costs constitute nearly half of an average home’s utility bills, so these
reductions in the intensity and frequency of heating and cooling offer the greatest savings.
There are tools known as energy monitors that you can use to figure out where most of your
electricity is going in your home and which appliances are using the most electricity on a day-
to-day basis.
3.2 Replace your light bulbs:
Traditional incandescent light bulbs consume excessive electricity and must be replaced more
often than their energy-efficient alternatives. Halogen incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent
lights (CFLs), and light-emitting diode bulbs (LEDs) use anywhere from 25-80 percent less
electricity and last 3 to 25 times longer than traditional bulbs. ENERGY STAR® is the
government-backed symbol for energy efficiency. So, if you look for the ENERGY STAR
label, you know you’re getting a product or appliance that’s proven to save energy. For
instance, LEDs that have the ENERGY STAR label use up to 90 percent less energy than an
incandescent light bulb, while providing the same amount of light. Although energy-efficient
bulbs are more expensive off the shelf, their efficient energy use and longer lifetimes mean
they cost less in the long run.
Fig 3.2: Replace Incandescent Bulbs with LED Bulbs
3.3 Use smart power strips:
“Phantom energy,” also known as “standby energy” or “vampire energy,” is the electricity used
by electronics when turned off or in standby mode. Standby energy is a major energy waste.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), it accounts for 5 percent to 10 percent of
residential energy use and costs the average U.S. household as much as $100 per year. Smart
power strips, also known as advanced power strips, eliminate the problem of phantom loads by
shutting off the power to electronics when they are not in use. Smart power strips can be set to

turn off at an assigned time, during a period of inactivity, through remote switches, or based
on the status of a “master” device.
Fig 3.3: Smart Power Strips
3.4 Install a programmable or smart thermostat:
A smart thermostat can be set to automatically turn off or reduce heating and cooling during
the times when you are asleep or away. When you install a smart thermostat, you can help
reduce the energy you use from heating and cooling without upgrading your HVAC system.
Fig 3.4: Smart Thermostat
3.5 Purchase energy efficient appliances:

When purchasing an energy-efficient appliance, you should look for appliances with the
ENERGY STAR label, which is a federal guarantee that the appliance will consume less energy
during use and when on standby than standard models. Energy savings differ based on the
specific appliance. For example, ENERGY STAR-certified clothes washers use approximately
20 percent less energy and 30 percent less water than other washers, whereas ENERGY STAR
refrigerators use only 9 percent less energy. According to ENERGY STAR, certified
dishwashers can also save you up as much as 3,800 gallons of water over its lifetime.

Fig 3.5: Energy Efficient Appliances
3.6 Reduce water heating expenses:
Water heating is a major contributor to your total energy usage. Other than purchasing an
energy-efficient water heater, there are three methods of reducing your water heating expenses:
use less hot water, turn down the thermostat on your water heater, or insulate your water heater
along with the first six feet of hot and cold water pipes. If you are considering replacing your
water heater with an efficient model, you should consider two factors: the type of water heater
that meets your needs and the fuel it will use. For example, tank less water heaters are energy
efficient, but they are also a poor choice for large families as they cannot handle multiple and
simultaneous uses of hot water. Heat pump water heaters are one of the most efficient ways to
heat your home’s water.
Fig 3.6: Water Heating Expenses

3.7 Install energy efficient windows:
Windows are a significant source of energy waste. The DOE notes that heat gain and loss
through windows uses 25 to 30 percent of the heating and cooling energy in most homes. To
prevent heat loss through your windows, you can replace single-pane windows with double-
pane products instead. For homes in colder regions, “low-e” storm windows are more insulating
and can significantly reduce your heating expenses. In addition, low-e interior or exterior storm
windows can reduce unnecessary heat loss by 10 to 30 percent. You should especially consider
storm windows if your area frequently experiences extreme weather events.
Fig 3.7: Energy Efficient Windows
3.8 Upgrade your HVAC system:
An HVAC system is composed of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment.

Replacing your old heating and cooling equipment with ENERGY STAR certified
equipment can cut your annual energy bill by nearly $140. Whether you select heat pumps, or
a natural gas furnace, you’ll want to ensure the HVAC equipment you choose is sufficient for
your climate.
Fig 3.8: HVAC System

3.9 Insulate your home:

Insulation plays a key role in lowering your utility bills through retaining heat during the winter
and keeping heat out of your home during the summer. The level of insulation you should
install depends on the area of your house. Your attic, walls, floors, basement, and crawlspace
are the five main areas where you should consider adding insulation.
Sometimes utility providers may offer no-cost energy audits through local contractors, which
can help you determine if you need to add insulation. In some cases, programs in your area
through your utilities may even help cover some of the cost to add the insulation. You’ll want
to check with your local utility to see what’s available.
Fig 3.9 : Insulation to Home
3.10 Replace or clean your air filters:
Many products across your home use filters, including your HVAC system. These systems
often come with displayed reminders to replace or clean filters regularly. Doing so will not
only help you avoid having to make costly repairs to your air conditioning or other system, but
could also save money. In fact, The DOE notes that replacing dirty filters regularly can reduce
household energy consumption by 5 to 5 percent. This is because clean filters are more efficient
and put less strain on your system. Check to see whether your filters need to be cleaned or
replaced and you’ll want to clean them every month or two usually, or refer to the
manufacturer’s recommendations for your specific HVAC equipment.

Fig 3.10: Cleaning Air Filters
3.11 Use natural light:
Using light from the sun is an intuitive way to reduce your energy consumption. When looking
for a home, it is better to have north and south-facing windows instead of east and west, if
possible. This allows for more glancing light that produces heat and limits harsh light in the
winter. While east and west-facing windows allow for more direct sunlight, they aren't as
effective at letting heat in.
Fig 3.11: Natural Light

CHAPTER 4
4.1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY:
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are considered as main elements in sustainable energy
policy. Both strategies must be developed concurrently in order to stabilize and reduce carbon
dioxide emissions. Efficient energy use is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so
that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too
rapidly, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean
energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total
carbon emissions; a reduction in the carbon content of energy sources is also needed. A
sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and
renewables.
Fig 4.1: Sustainable Energies
Energy is sustainable if it "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs. "Most definitions of sustainable energy include
considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions and social and
economic aspects such as energy poverty. Renewable energy sources such
as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy are generally far more sustainable
than fossil fuel sources.
However, some renewable energy projects, such as the clearing of forests to produce biofuels,
can cause severe environmental damage. The role of non-renewable energy sources in
sustainable energy has been controversial. Nuclear power is a low-carbon source whose
historic mortality rates are comparable to those of wind and solar, but its sustainability has been
debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents.
Switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate

impact, but may lead to a delay in switching to more sustainable options. Carbon capture and
storage can be built into power plants to remove their carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, but this
technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented.
4.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY:
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally
replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, the movement
of water, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some
are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates
of exploitation. Renewable energy often provides energy for electricity generation to a
grid, air and water heating/cooling, and stand-alone power systems. Renewable energy
technology projects are typically large-scale, but they are also suited to rural and remote areas
and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. Renewable
energy is often deployed together with further electrification, which has several benefits:
electricity can move heat or objects efficiently, and is clean at the point of consumption
Fig 4.2: Renewable Energy Sources

CHAPTER 5
MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES:
5.1 SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
technologies such as solar power to generate electricity, solar thermal energy (including solar
water heating), and solar architecture. It is an essential source of renewable energy, and its
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how
they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques
include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power, and solar water heating to
harness the energy.
Fig 5.1: Solar Panels
5.2 WIND POWER:
Air flow can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range from
around 600 kW to 9 MW of rated power. The power available from the wind is a function of
the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases up to the
maximum output for the particular turbine. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant,
such as offshore and high-altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typically, full
load hours of wind turbines vary between 16 and 57 percent annually but might be higher in
particularly favourable offshore sites.
Wind-generated electricity met nearly 4% of global electricity demand in 2015, with nearly
63 GW of new wind power capacity installed. Wind energy was the leading source of new
capacity in Europe, the US and Canada, and the second largest in China. In Denmark, wind

energy met more than 40% of its electricity demand while Ireland, Portugal and Spain each
met nearly 20%.
Fig 5.2: Turbines and Graph of Wind Speed in Turbines
5.3 HYDROPOWER:
Hydropower also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce
electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational
potential or kinetic energy of a water source to produce power. Hydropower is a method
of sustainable energy production.
Hydropower is now used principally for hydroelectric power generation, and is also applied as
one half of an energy storage system known as pumped-storage hydroelectricity. Hydropower
is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels as it does not directly produce carbon dioxide or
other atmospheric pollutants and it provides a relatively consistent source of power.
Nonetheless, it has economic, sociological, and environmental downsides and requires a
sufficiently energetic source of water, such as a river or elevated lake. International institutions
such as the World Bank view hydropower as a low-carbon means for economic development.
Fig 5.3: Hydro PowerPlant

5.4 BIO ENERGY:
Bioenergy is energy made from biomass, which consists of recently living (but now dead)
organisms, mainly plants. Types of biomass commonly used for bioenergy include wood, food
crops. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) defines bioenergy as a
renewable form of energy. Bioenergy can either mitigate (i.e. reduce) or increase greenhouse
gas emissions. There is also agreement that local environmental impacts can be problematic
Fig 5.4 Bio Energy to Biomass

CHAPTER 6
6.1 Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy:
Whether nuclear power should be considered a form of renewable energy is an ongoing subject
of debate. Statutory definitions of renewable energy usually exclude many present nuclear
energy technologies, with the notable exception of the state of Utah. Dictionary-sourced
definitions of renewable energy technologies often omit or explicitly exclude mention of
nuclear energy sources, with an exception made for the natural nuclear decay
heat generated within the Earth.
The most common fuel used in conventional nuclear fission power stations, uranium-235 is
"non-renewable" according to the Energy Information Administration, the organization
however is silent on the recycled MOX fuel. Similarly, the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory does not mention nuclear power in its "energy basics" definition.
In 1987, the Brundtland Commission (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce
more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume (breeder reactors, and if developed, fusion power)
among conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar power and hydropower.
Fig 6.1: Nuclear Power Plants

CHAPTER 7
7.1 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
Moving to modern renewable energy has very large health benefits due to reducing air
pollution from fossil fuels. Renewable sources other than biomass such as wind
power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water,
lower pollution and reduce CO2 emissions. Solar panels change the albedo of the surface, so if
used on a very large scale (such as covering 20% of the Sahara Desert), could change global
weather patterns.
7.2 Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements:
Installations used to produce wind, solar and hydropower are an increasing threat to key
conservation areas, with facilities built in areas set aside for nature conservation and other
environmentally sensitive areas. They are often much larger than fossil fuel power plants,
needing areas of land up to 10 times greater than coal or gas to produce equivalent energy
amounts.
More than 2000 renewable energy facilities are built, and more are under construction, in areas
of environmental importance and threaten the habitats of plant and animal species across the
globe. The authors' team emphasized that their work should not be interpreted as anti-
renewables because renewable energy is crucial for reducing carbon emissions. The key is
ensuring that renewable energy facilities are built in places where they do not damage
biodiversity.
Fig 7.2 Conservation Areas

The transition to renewable energy depends on non-renewable resources, such as mined

metals. Manufacturing of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and batteries requires significant
amounts of rare-earth elements[ which has significant social and environmental impact if
mined in forests and protected areas. Due to co-occurrence of rare-earth and radioactive
elements (thorium, uranium and radium), rare-earth mining results in production of low-
level radioactive waste.
In 2020 scientists published a world map of areas that contain renewable energy materials as
well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness"
and "Protected Areas".
The authors assessed that careful strategic planning is needed. Solar panels are recycled to
reduce electronic waste and create a source for materials that would otherwise need to be
mined, but such business is still small and work is ongoing to improve and scale-up the process.
The generation of landfill gas is a natural process which starts immediately after disposing
biodegradable waste in a landfill. As opposed to a controlled bio-waste digestion process, in a
landfill a biochemical decomposition of organic substances takes place under both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions. The deeper the process takes place in the landfill’s body, the more it is
carried out under anaerobic conditions (digestion). In the end, a landfill gas is produced with
the main components methane and carbon dioxide, comparable to biogas produced from bio-
waste. An active degassing system with perforated horizontal collection pipes is installed to
achieve an optimal landfill gas yield.

CHAPTER 8
8.1 EMERGING TECNOLOGIES:
There are also other renewable energy technologies that are still under development,
including cellulosic ethanol, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and marine energy. These
technologies are not yet widely demonstrated or have limited commercialization. Many are on
the horizon and may have potential comparable to other renewable energy technologies, but
still depend on attracting sufficient attention and research, development and demonstration
(RD&D) funding.
There are numerous organizations within the academic, federal and commercial sectors
conducting large-scale advanced research in the field of renewable energy. This research spans
several areas of focus across the renewable energy spectrum. Most of the research is targeted
at improving efficiency and increasing overall energy yields. Multiple government supported
research organizations have focused on renewable energy in recent years. Two of the most
prominent of these labs are Sandia National Laboratories and the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL), both of which are funded by the United States Department of Energy and
supported by various corporate partners.
8.1.1 Enhanced geothermal system:
Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a new type of geothermal power technology that does
not require natural convective hydrothermal resources. The vast majority of geothermal energy
within drilling reach is in dry and non-porous rock EGS technologies "enhance" and/or create
geothermal resources in this "hot dry rock (HDR)" through hydraulic fracturing. EGS and HDR
technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources that
produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
Distinct from hydrothermal, HDR and EGS may be feasible anywhere in the world, depending
on the economic limits of drill depth. Good locations are over deep granite covered by a thick
(3–5 km or 1.9–3.1 mi) layer of insulating sediments which slow heat loss. There are HDR and
EGS systems currently being developed and tested in France, Australia, Japan, Germany, the
U.S., and Switzerland. The largest EGS project in the world is a 25 megawatt demonstration
plant currently being developed in the Cooper Basin, Australia. The Cooper Basin has the
potential to generate 5,000–10,000 MW

Fig 8.1.1 Geothermal Energy
8.1.2 Marine energy:
Marine energy (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy) is the energy carried by ocean
waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the
world's oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be
harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries. The term marine
energy encompasses wave power – power from surface waves, marine current power - power
from marine hydrokinetic streams (e.g., the Gulf Stream), and tidal power – obtained from the
kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water.
Reverse electro dialysis (RED) is a technology for generating electricity by mixing fresh river
water and salty sea water in large power cells designed for this purpose; as of 2016, it is being
tested at a small scale (50 kW). Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind
power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water.
The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most
concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of
new renewable energy around the world

Fig 8.1.2 Marine Energy
8.1.3 Passive daytime radiative cooling:
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) uses the coldness of outer space as a renewable
energy source to achieve daytime cooling that can be used in many applications, such as indoor
space cooling, outdoor urban heat island mitigation, and solar cell efficiency. PDRC surfaces
are designed to be high in solar reflectance to minimize heat gain and strong in longwave
infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer.
Fig 8.1.3 Passive Radiative Energy

CHAPTER 9
EFFICIENT UTILISATION OF FUEL
9.1 Controlled Building Ventilation:
The re-use of energy starts with changing our habit of opening windows in the morning. Many
people ventilate a room with cold outside air. In their view, the room is perfectly ventilated
when the temperature has dropped noticeably. But what do we want to achieve with
ventilation? We want fresh air with a higher oxygen content or, even better, a lower CO2 and
moisture content.4 There is no need to simultaneously cool down the room by letting in cold
ambient air. A forced ventilation system with a heat exchanger ventilates the room without
sending warm exhaust air to the outside environment.
Fig 9.1Building Ventilation

Installing forced ventilation systems in existing apartment buildings, especially those built in
the 1950s, is not an easy task due to low ceiling heights and lack of space for installing the
necessary equipment. This applies particularly to city centres, with their mature building
structures. Another disadvantage concerns our old-fashioned habits. In practise, energy
recovery cannot always be achieved by forced ventilation systems because many people are
used to opening windows – even though the ventilation system makes this unnecessary.
9.2 Waste -to- Energy Plants
Marcin, from the energy department in Poland, explains to Robert, the urban planner, the
rationality of waste incineration for urban energy supply: “To compare energy generated from
a WtE plant to something tangible, imagine heating water in a boiler.
The waste incineration plants operating in Poland generate a total of 585 GWh of electricity –
enough to supply 5.3 million homes with electricity and to heat enough water for
23,400,000,000 cups of coffee! What’s more, these incineration plants cover the annual energy
consumption for nearly 60,000 homes, assuming 16.35 MWh as typical annual house
consumption for central heating and domestic hot water.”
Fig 9.2 Energy Plant

CHAPTER 10
10.1 RE-USE OF ENERGY FOR HEATING PURPOSES IN INDUSTRY:
The re-use of energy is already established in industry. Heat exchangers utilise excess heat
from production processes and flue gases to generate steam for production, to generate
electricity or to preheat feed water and combustion air. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants
simultaneously produce electricity and heat for e.g. district heating grids and achieve
efficiencies above 80 per cent. Condensing boilers in CHP and heating plants recover
evaporation heat from water vapour in flue gas. The measures mentioned above reduce the
usage of fossil fuels – but fossil fuel will still be needed as long as furnaces are not supplied
with biomass.
Fig 10.1: Urban Development in Energy Consumption
As a result, the development of gas networks in new urban districts has been shelved in favour
of district heating networks. Areas with existing district heating grids need to be analysed to
identify potential ways to reduce heat loss by decreasing flow temperature, while also taking
into account the building stock’s capacity to handle lower flow temperatures in the grid. If heat
is needed at temperatures higher than 100°C and if there are no sources of waste heat to satisfy
demand, installation of CHP plants is analysed to optimise combustion efficiency. Waste
incineration will be viewed not only as a waste disposal measure, but also as a method of
replacing fossil fuel in industrial processes with steam requirements.

CHAPTER 11
11.1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In view of global warming, hardly a week goes by without an appeal to abandon energy
production from fossil fuels in future. The abandonment of fossil fuels forces us not only to
optimise the energy consumption of existing technologies and to develop renewables, but also
to search for new energy sources that were not previously relevant to us. These new sources
need to avoid the main problems of the existing energy structure: limited resources and
negative environmental impact through emissions into air, water and soil. Utilisation of the
new resources also needs to be technically feasible and economically affordable. Last but not
least, the energy sources need to be accepted politically
Fig 11.1: Overall Materials Used for Energy Reduction

BIDADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Department of Mechanical Engineering on the Topic “Tourism Promotion Innovative
Approaches System” to award the Bachelor Degree in the Department of Electronics

Prof. VINOD BIRADAR Prof. ADIMURTHY M
Dept of Mech Prof. & HOD
AIEMS Dept of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AIEMS
LIST OF CONTENTS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SI NO TITLE PAGE NO
KONDAREDDY BURUJU (FORT)
CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 History 2
1.3 Description 4
2.1 king Behind Kondareddy buruju 5
2.2 Speciality of this fort 6
CHAPTER 2
2.3 Kurnool city 7
3.1 How to Reach Kondareddy buruju 8

CHAPTER 3 3.2 Map of Kondareddy buruju 9
3.3 Address and Timings of Fort 9
LIST OF FIGURES
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1.1 Front view of kondareddy buruju 1

1.2.1 Konda reddy bruruju 2
1.2.2 Watch tower of kondareddy buruju 3
1.3 Night view of fort 4
2.1 Idol of Achyutaraya 5
2.2 Tunnel of Kondareddy burju 6
2.3 Kurnool city 7
3.1 Kondareddy burju centre 8
3.2 Map of Kondareddy buruju 9
TOURISM PROMOTION INNOVATIVE APPROACHES 2022-23
AICTE ACTIVITY POINT ON

TOURISM PROMOTION INNOVATIVE APPROACHES
CHAPTER 1:
KONDAREDDY BURUJU (FORT)
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Konda Reddy Fort also known as Kondareddy Buruju is a fort situated in the city
of Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh, India. At a distance of 2 km from Kurnool Railway Station and
24 km from Alampur, Konda Reddy fort is an imposing structure situated in the heart of
Kurnool City. The rulers of the renowned Vijayanagar Empire built a strategic watch tower
here. Konda Reddy Burz is a unique monument due to its singular feature of an underground
tunnel which connects the fort to Gadwal, a place 52 km away.
Fig1.1: Front view of kondareddy buruju
Dept of ECE,AIEMS Page 1

1.2 HISTORY:
Fig 1.2.1: Kondareddy buruju
The construction of the fort dates back to the 12th century when the city of Kurnool was used as a
base on Tungabhadra river crossing. Kurnool was occupied by Vijayanagara ruler Devaraya
II and Achyutaraya who succeeded Krishnadevaraya built the initial fort between 1530 and 1542.
The fort has different gateways and bastions. The gateways of the fort were constructed by Gopala
Raja, the grandson of Rama Raja of Talikota Vijayanagara kings in the 17th century.
The fort is named after Konda Reddy, the last ruler of Alampur who was imprisoned in the fort by
the Kurnool Nawab in the 17th century. Locals and legend state that Konda Reddy was under attack,
and used the tunnels that the fort housed to escape. Konda Reddy eventually escaped from the fort,
but had to loose his territory to Golconda Nawabs. The tunnels are now locked and closed off from
the public, but the fort is open to touring.

Fig 1.2.2: Watch tower of Konda reddy buruju

1.3 DESCRIPTION:
The fort has three levels and it was used as watch tower in 17th and 18th centuries. The
ground level is closed for visitors, while the visitors can climb to the first and second floors
and get a glimpse of the history. First level has few enclosures with large portico. Second-
level houses a large tower used for observation.
This Buruju was built by the Vijayanagara rulers and played a significant role for the
successive dynasties who ruled the place. There are two small ancient temples at the foot of
this Buruju dedicated to Goddess Yellamma. Pedda Yellamma Temple is on the south-
eastern side while Chinna Yellamma Temple is on the north-eastern side. People still
believe that there is some hidden treasure in Erra Buruju.
On the walls of this Erra Buruju, you can find some of the splendour symbols that were of
historical importance. On the south eastern side of the wall, you can find a buffalo and
Goddess Yellamma, on the eastern side of the wall you can find a mythical lion and a sheep
(or a royal boar). On the north-eastern side of the wall you can see a rider on a royal
elephant uprooting a tree that symbolises Lord Indra on Airavath (His vehicle) and
kalpavriksham (the divine tree).
Fig 1.3: Night view of fort

CHAPTER 2:
2.1 : KING BEHIND KONDAREDDY BURUJU:
Fig2.1:IDOL OF ACHYUTARAYA
Achyuta Deva Raya (died 1542 CE) was a ruler of a Vijayanagara Empire of South India. He was
the younger brother of Krishna Deva Raya, whom he succeeded in 1529.
During his reign, Fernao Nuniz a Portuguese traveller, chronicler and horse trader visited India and
spent three years in Vijayanagara.
Achyutaraya patronised Kannada poet Chatu Vittalanatha, the great composer and
singer Purandaradasa (The Fathers of Carnatic music), and the Sanskrit scholar Rajanatha Dindima
II. Upon his death, the succession was disputed. His son Venkata I succeeded him but ruled for a
very short period and was killed in a chaotic succession dispute in which many claimants to the
throne were killed. The dispute ended when his nephew, (younger brother's son) Sadasiva Raya,
finally became king while yet a child, under the regency of Rama Raya, a son-in-law
of Krishnadevaraya. His wife's name was probably Vasudha Devi. Sadasiva Raya was probably son
of Vasudha Devi's sister Hemavati and her husband Ranga Raya.

2.2 : FORT SPECIALITY:

Konda Reddy Buruju is a part of Kurnool Fort and also the only part left out of the
magnificent fort. There was a tunnel across the River Krishna to Alampur. You can
see this tunnel even now. This was the prison where Konda Reddy had his last breath
and hence the tower was named in his memory. The bastion is in the shape of a huge
pillar and has two storeys. The first storey has an underground passage about 25kms
long, which leads you to Alampur, a town in Mahbubnagar District. Many treasure
hunters tried to dig this through passage. Some were successful and the fate of others is
not known. Recently after an attempt by a well known person of Kurnool to take the
treasure, this passage is closed permanently. Reaching the highest point of the
monument, you get the panoramic view of the city. The fort is now almost in a ruined
state, with some of the portions still standing strong. One such ruined portion of the
Kurnool Fort is the Erra Buruju, (Erra meaning Red and Buruju meaning Watch-tower
), built of red sand stone.
Fig 2.2: TUNNEL OF KONDAREDDY BURUJU

2.3 : KURNOOL CITY:

Kurnool district is one of the eight districts in the Rayalaseema region of the Indian
state of Andhra Pradesh after the districts are reorganised in April 2022.[1] It is located in the
North western part of the state and is bounded by Nandyal district in the east, Anantapur
district in the south, Raichur district of Karnataka in the northwest, Bellary
district of Karnataka in the west, and Jogulamba Gadwal district in the north. The city
of Kurnool is the headquarters of the district. It has a population of 2,271,686 of which
28.35% were urban as of 2011. Kurnool is one of the finest destinations in Andhra
Pradesh. This ancient city, with its rich history, tradition, and culture, attracts tourists from
across the globe. It is also one of the most favored devotional spots in entire South India and
many visit this place to perform religious ceremonies.
Fig 2.3: KURNOOL CITY

CHAPTER 3:
3.1 : HOW TO REACH KONDAREDDY BURUJU:
If you are travelling from Bangalore, you can reach fort by train,bus,cab and airways.It is 358
kms from Bangalore and it takes 6 hours to travel via NH44.The kurnool railway station is
nearest railway station and kurnool busstation is nearest bus station.The orvakal airport is
nearest Airport.The city buses and cabs are available from the railway station,bus station and
airport t travel kondareddy buruju.
Fig 3.1. kondareddy burju centre and circle

3.2 : MAP OF KONDAREDDY BURUJU:
https://goo.gl/maps/q5NTHrm8C7aLZPbs6?coh=178572&entry=tt
Fig3.2: Map of KONDAREDDY BURUJU
3.3 Address and Timings of Fort
Address: Old Bus Stand Area, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh 518001

Hours: OpenS 9am ⋅ Closes 6 pm
Built: 12th century
Materials: Stone and mud
Coordinates: 15°50′1.46″N 78°2′55.04″E / 15.8337389°N 78.0486222°E

Dept of ECE,AIEMS Page


BIDADI
Department of Computer Science Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Department of Computer Science Engineering on the Topic “Setting the information
imparting club issues for women leading to contribution in social and economic system” to
award the Bachelor Degree in the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering during 2021-2022 and Secured 25 Activity Points.

Prof. ANIL KUMAR Dr. SRINIVASA R
Dept of CSE Prof. & HOD
AIEMS Dept of CSE
AIEMS
LIST OF CONTENTS
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SI NO TITLE PAGE NO
WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWEREMENT

1.1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER 1 1.2 Understanding Economic Empowerment for Women 2
1.3 Exploring the Concept of a Slum, Its Problems and Poverty 3
2.1 Working in Partnership for Women’s Economic

Empowerment 4
CHAPTER 2
➢ 2.1.1 Using Aid Modalities Including Dialogue 4
2.2 Generic Information on the Respondents 5
2.3 Socioeconomic Distribution of Respondents 5
WOMEN EDUCATION IN INDIA
3.1 Introduction 6
3.2 Advantages of Women Education 7
CHAPTER 3 ➢ 3.2.1 Social Improvement 7
➢ 3.2.2 Gender Equality 7
➢ 3.2.3 Decrease in Infant Humanity 7
➢ 3.2.4 Strengthening of Democracy 7-8
CHAPTER 4 4.1 Women Condition in Slum Areas 9-10
WOMEN EMPOWEREMENT SCHEMES IN INDIA

5.1 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme 11
5.2 Working Women Hostel
➢ 5.2.1 What is the Eligibility Criteria to Avail the
Benefits of this Scheme? 12
➢ 5.2.2 What is the Application Process to Avail this
Scheme?
➢ 5.2.3 What are the Documents Required to Apply for
this Scheme?
5.3 One Stop Centre Scheme
➢ 5.3.1 Who are the Beneficiaries of this Scheme? 13
Scheme?
5.4 Mahila E-Haat
➢ 5.4.1 Who are the Beneficiaries of this Scheme?
➢ 5.4.2 What is the Eligibility Criteria to Avail the 14
CHAPTER 5
Benefits of this Scheme?
➢ 5.4.3 What is the Application Process to the Avail this
Scheme?
5.5 SWADHAR Greh
➢ 5.5.2 Which Sector Does this Scheme Target? 15
LIST OF CONTENTS
Scheme
5.6 Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme
➢ 5.6.2 What is the Eligibility Criteria to Avail the 16
Benefits of
this Scheme?
Scheme?
IMPORTANCE OF WOMENS EDUCATION
CHAPTER 6 6.1 Introduction. 17
6.2 Importance of Women’s Education on their Health. 18
6.3 Women’s Education in India 19
LIST OF FIGURES
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1.1 Explaining about the Awareness of Women 1

Empowerment
1.2 Key Challenges Rural Women Face at Work 2
1.3 Exploring about the Problems Faced by Women’s 3
Present in Slum Areas
2.1 Women Empowerment Schemes 4
2.2 Percentage of Age Distribution 5
2.3 Percentage of Socioeconomic Distribution 5
3.1 Flow Diagram of Female Education 6
3.2 Awareness about Gender Equality 7
4.1 Condition of Women’s in Slum Areas 9
4.2 Empowering the Women’s in Slum Areas 10
5.1 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme 11
5.2 Working Women Hostel Scheme 12
5.3 One Stop Centre Scheme 13
5.4 Mahila E-Haat 14

5.5 SWADHAR Greh 15
5.6 Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme 16
6.1 Create Importance of Women’s Education 17
6.2 Awareness about Women’s Education on their Health 18

6.3 Preparing to Create Awareness about Women’s 19
Education in India
SETTING OF THE INFORMATION CLUB FOR WOMEN LEADING TO CONTRIBUTION IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2022-23
CHAPTER 1
WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWEREMENT
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Economic empowerment is the capacity of women and men to participate in, contribute to and
benefit from growth processes in ways which recognise the value of their contributions, respect
their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth.
Economic empowerment increases women’s access to economic resources and opportunities
including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development and
market information.
Women’s economic participation and empowerment are fundamental to strengthening women’s
rights and enabling women to have control over their lives and exert influence in society. It is
about creating just and equitable societies. Women often face discrimination and persistent gender
inequalities, with some women experiencing multiple discrimination and exclusion because of
factors such as ethnicity or caste.
Increasing the role of women in the economy is part of the solution to the financial and economic
crises and critical for economic resilience and growth. However, at the same time, we need to be
mindful that women are in some contexts bearing the costs of recovering from the crisis, with the
loss of jobs, poor working conditions and increasing precariousness
Fig 1.1 Explaining about The Awareness of Women Empowerment

1.2 UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC EMPOWEREMENT FOR WOMEN
Empowerment of women firstly involves the change of consciousness to change their fate. It is a
critical aspect of the process of change. The second step involves the importance of valued
resources, that is, material, human, and social resources and has a control over them in society.
Thirdly, women should come together and understand the nature of institutionalized injustice and
act to tackle these issues of injustice. Women do not form a homogenous group; other factors like
race, class, caste, and ethnicity are also in play, which further exacerbates the injustice.
Fig 1.2 Key Challenges Rural Women Face at Work
Since the initiation of the debate on gender inequality, many attempts have been made to
conceptualize women’s empowerment. Naila Kabeer, in her study has defined it “as a process
through which women gain the capacity for exercising strategic form of agency in relation to their
own lives as well as in relation to the larger structure of constraint that positioned as subordinating
to men” (Kabeer, 1999). The conceptualization of women’s empowerment in terms of agency
proved influential in policy circles. Heinsohn (2005) describes empowerment as “when the
individual possess the capacity to make effective choices: that is, to translate the(ir) choices into
desirable actions and outcomes”. The Inter-American Development Bank (2010), defined ‘women
empowerment’ in terms of “expanding the rights, resources and capacity of women to make
decisions and act independently in social, economic and political sphere.

The United Nations (2001) has defined women’s empowerment in terms of five components:
“women’s sense of self-worth; their right to have and determine choices; their rights to have access
to opportunities and resources; their right to have power to control their own lives both inside and
outside home; and their ability to influence the direction of social changes to create a more just
and social and economic order, nationally and internationally.
1.3 EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF A SLUM, ITS PROBLEMS AND POVERTY
The growth of cities around the world has created both opportunities and challenges. While most
of the urban growth in cities is due to the natural growth of the population, unabated migration,
nonetheless, continues in the cities, which has become a great cause of concern in the cities, in
terms of governments’ capacity and willingness to provide basic amenities, including adequate
housing, water, sanitation and other. As a result, there is vast spread of urban slums all over the
world, where millions of people live in abysmal conditions.
Fig 1.3 Explaining about the problems Faced by Women’s in Slum Areas

CHAPTER 2
2.1 WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP FOR WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
Effective implementation and scaling-up requires strong and innovative partnerships. Too often
“women’s projects” do not move beyond the pilot phase, only ever amounting to ‘boutique’
projects - “saving one woman at a time.” This chapter examines ways of scaling-up women’s
economic empowerment initiatives through partnerships.
2.1.1 Using aid modalities including dialogue
Donors support women’s economic empowerment through various modalities, including project-
based aid and sector and general budget support. With the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness
(2005) and the Accra Agenda for Action (2008), development partners have agreed to engage in
dialogue on development policies. It is important that donors work with those stakeholders that
are in a strong position to advance women’s economic empowerment, such as Ministries of
Finance,
Agriculture and Labour, to ensure that appropriate strategies are put in place. Building the evidence
base, through research and data collection is an important part of engaging key players.
Fig 2.1 Women Empowerment Schemes

2.2 GENERIC INFORMATION ON THE RESPONDENTS:
A total of 1004 respondents in the age group 15 to 35 years were covered under the study. The
sample chosen had an almost equitable distribution of women across all the age groups, with one
exception, the number of women in the age group 15 to 19 years (16.8 percent) was slightly lower
than the other age groups covered. Nearly 53.10 percent of the women respondents were
unmarried, while the rest were married. The maximum number of respondents had a household
size between four and seven members (67 percent).
Fig 2.2 Percentage of Age Distribution
2.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS:
The social category concentration varied across the cities. A large number of respondents belonged
to the Other Backward Castes (OBC) category (30.6 percent), while the Scheduled Tribes (ST)
category were the least (10.5 percent). Contrary to the assumption that slums are inhabited by
lower social groups who are mostly engaged in the ‘dirtiest’ occupations, it was observed that the
general category also resided in the slums - 22.5 percent of the respondents belonged to the general
category. Around 14.9 percent of the respondents were hesitant and did not provide any
information about their social category.
Fig 2.3 Percentage of Socioeconomic Distribution

CHAPTER 3
WOMEN EDUCATION IN INDIA
3.1 : INTRODUCTION
Women play a very important role in the progress of a family, society and country. In order to
make democracy successful in the country women education is necessary together with the men.
Educated women are the real source of happiness in the family. Education is one of the milestones
for women empowerment because it enables them to respond to the challenges, to confront their
traditional role and change their life-style.
The female literacy rate in India is lower than the male literacy rate. Compared to boys fewer girls
are enrolled in the schools and many them drop out. “Educate a Girl, Empower a Nation.” Women
play a vital role in the development of the nation. In this century the economic wealth of the
country not only depends on the men but also in the hands of the women. To improve the role of
women in the society the government mainly concentrated on their education and increasing
employment opportunities. In these circumstances, we require the further improvement in the
equality in gender, level of literacy and empowerment of women in every corner in India. For that,
the Indian Government has launched quite a few programmes and schemes to carry them into
conventional of development
Fig 3.1 Flow Diagram of Female Education

3.2 : ADVANTAGES OF WOMEN EDUCATION
3.2.1 Social improvement:

Women education helps the women to solve the issues and problems faced by society. Kothari
commission of 1968 recommended education as a device for social progression. Through woman
education, India can attain the objective of social development.
3.2.2 Gender equality:

Woman is a part of unprivileged section of society. Education helps them to seal a gender gap in
society. Coeducation institutes also teach men children to give respect to female.
Fig 3.2 Awareness about Gender Equality
3.2.3 Decrease in infant humanity:

The educated women understand her family situation and take suitable and better decisions in the
family to avoid the dispute among the family members. Women education also brings down the
infant humanity rate in India.
3.2.4 Strengthening of democracy:

Education creates attentiveness among woman which causes enlarged contribution in politics
which eventually leads to strengthening of democracy. They could protect their rights through
mobilization.

In the pre-independence era, dilapidated housing did exist in cities but slums were rare. Slums
have today become an integral part of the urban scenario. Every small town and city has the
presence of slums.
Post-independence industrial policy does not provide for the affordable housing need of the
working class, which has led to the emergence of slums in the cities. Thus, slum and urbanization
have become almost concomitant terms. Over a third of India’s slum dwellers live in unrecognized
slums. In large cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi, the slum dwellers form more than half
the population. It has been found that, of the 500,000 people who migrate to Delhi each year,
400,000 end up living in slums that makes it around 49 percent of the city’s population.
Delhi has crossed the mark of 10 million (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of
NCT Delhi, 2015) slum residing population. In the city of Mumbai, 11 percent of landmass, that
is, slums currently house nearly 60 percent of its population.

CHAPTER 4
4.1: WOMENS CONDITION IN SLUM AREAS
Both men and women living in slums participate at a higher rate in the workforce, than the urban
average, even though fewer have employment throughout the year. Women have contributed
substantially to the slum economy, forming the major source of domestic workers or daily wage
labourers, but their contribution has largely been ignored. They work hard, but mostly as unskilled
labour. Slum life has never been easy for the urban poor; in so far, housing and living conditions
are concerned. In majority of the slums, the occupants do not own the house, but rather rent them
from landlord. For women, the problem in terms of security, safe access to basic civic amenities,
25 especially hygiene, is especially acute.
Fig 4.1: Condition of Women’s in Slum Areas

According to the UN-Habitat report, of the one billion population dwelling in the slum areas, the
majority who take the brunt of the suffering are women (Rambaran, 2014). It is the women who
historically have suffered to preserve the family health and brave the injustice and discrimination
that are so common to women, especially among the poor population. For women, the phenomenon
of urbanization leading to the growth of its slums is astonishing in developing countries. People
migrate to urban areas seeking jobs or fleeing economic hardship.
Today, about half of the international and national migrants globally are women. However, this
issue has been left unaddressed by academia and policy makers alike. South Asia is also a region
where women rights are impeded and much more restricted than that of men. Noble laureate
Muhammad Yunus writes, that in South Asia, hunger and poverty are more of women’s issue than
men.
Fig 4.2 Empowering the women’s in slum areas

CHAPTER 5
WOMEN EMPOWEREMENT SCHEMES IN INDIA
5.1 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme:
Launched on 22nd January 2015 by the Prime Minister of India in Haryana, the Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao Scheme ensures survival, protection and education of girl children. The scheme aims to
address issues of the declining sex ratio over the past few years, create social awareness and
enhance the efficiency of welfare services developed for girls.
Fig 5.1 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme

5.2 WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL:

To promote safe accommodation and environment for working women and provide daycare
facilities for their children, the Government of India has introduced the ‘Working Women Hostel
Scheme’. Through this women empowerment scheme, the Government provides grant-in-aid for
construction and new hostel buildings and extension of an existing building in rented premises.
5.2.1 What Is the Eligibility Criteria to Avail the Benefits of This Scheme?
• Working women whose husband or immediate family does not reside in the same city/area.
• Women undertaking training (not exceeding one year) for a job
• The consolidated gross income per month should not cross the limit of ₹50,000 in the
metropolitan city and ₹35,000 in other cities.
5.2.2 What Is the Application Process to Avail This Scheme?
• Step-1: Approach the WCD department of your concerned state.
• Step-2: Collect the application form and fill it in with the correct details.
• Step-3: Submit the application form and other essential documents.
5.2.2 What Are the Documents Required to Apply for This Scheme?
1. Duly fill-in application form.

2. A certificate from the employer with all the details of the gross salary, including
allowances.
3. Medical Certificate from a registered practitioner.
4. Identity Proof (PAN/Driving Licence/Pass Port/ Any other valid document issued by
Government).
5. Passport-size photographs.
Fig 5.2 Working Women Hostel Scheme

5.3 One Stop Centre Scheme:
Next in the list of women empowerment schemes in India comes One Stop Centre Scheme. It is a
centrally sponsored scheme and is funded through the Nirbhaya fund. State governments receive
100% central assistance to protect women affected by violence (gender-based such as acid attacks,
rape, and sexual harassment) in public and private spaces. This scheme facilitates emergency
(medical), legal aid and counselling, non-emergency services under one roof to combat all forms
of violence against women.
5.3.1 Who Are the Beneficiaries of This Scheme?
All women affected by violence, irrespective of class, caste, region, religion, marital status or
sexual orientation, can get benefits under the One Stop Centre Scheme.
Since this is a different kind of scheme (which provides shelter, medical assistance, etc.), there is
no such specific application process.
However, women affected by violence can reach for help by any of the following methods,
1. By communicating by own self

2. Through women helpline and other emergency response helpline
3. Through any person, i.e., public servant (as defined under section 21 of Indian Penal Code,
1860), friend, NGO, relative, volunteer
Fig 5.3 One Stop Centre Scheme

5.4 Mahila E-Haat:
Mahila E-Haat is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It is
one of the women empowerment schemes in India which provides an opportunity for women
entrepreneurs for using technology and presents their products (made/manufactured/sold) on an
online platform.
With only mobile and internet connections, women entrepreneurs can showcase their products
along with descriptions and photographs. Here, buyers can also reach sellers telephonically,
physically, through email or any other medium. The list of products may include clothing, fashion
accessories, pottery, boxes, home décor, toys and many other things. This initiative supports the
‘Make in India’ program through an online platform.
Women entrepreneurs, women self-help groups (SHG), NGOs
• Women entrepreneurs must be Indian citizens.

• Products sold must be legal.
• Step-1: Visit the official website of Mahila E-Haat.

• Step-2: Click on ‘Join Us’.
• Step-3: A new webpage, i.e., Mahila E-Haat initiative registration will open. Fill in the
registration form with correct details and submit it to complete the application process
Fig 5.4 Mahila E-Haat

5.5 SWADHAR Greh:
SWADHAR Greh, one of the Government schemes for women's empowerment in India, aims to
provide shelter, food, clothing, social, economic and health security. This scheme provides legal
assistance to women and helps them take initiative for readjusting in societies.
1. Women who are deserted and do not have any economic and social support.
2. Homeless women (who survived natural calamity but do not have economic support)
3. Women prisoners (released but do not have a family)
4. Trafficked women or girls rescued or escaped from a brothel
5. Women suffering from AIDs, HIV
5.5.2 Which Sector Does This Scheme Target?
Women and Child Development
• Step-1: Visit the nearest Gram Panchayat, municipal corporation office.
• Step-2: Collect the application form and fill it in with important information.
• Step-3: Submit the duly filled application form along with other documents.
Fig 5.5 SWADHAR Greh

5.6 Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme:
The Government has introduced National Creche Scheme for the children of a working mother.
This scheme provides daycare facilities to the children and guarantees to improve the health and
nutrition status of children. Further, this women empowerment yojana promotes physical, social,
and holistic development of children and educates parents to enhance childcare methods or
techniques.
Children of working women.
• Children aged between 6 months to 6 years.

• Working women of both rural and urban areas must be employed for at least 15 days in a
month or 6 months in a year.
The applicant family has to provide certain fees to the respective crèche to opt for the services
offered under the Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme. These are –
• Families with income up to ₹12,000 - ₹100 (each month) per children
• Families with an income of more than ₹12,000 - ₹200 (each month) per children
• BPL families - ₹20 (each month) per child
Fig 5.6 Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme

CHAPTER 6
IMPORTANCE OF WOMENS EDUCATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Education is defined as learning or studying existing knowledge and cultural legacy. It is a
fundamental human right, accessible to all genders or sexes. Across the world, education is viewed
as a necessity yet millions of women remain illiterate because of poverty, social stigma,
discrimination, lack of resources and much more. In this blog, we will understand the importance
of women’s education and will see some of the famous quotes of world leaders on women’s
education.
Female education is a catch-all term for a complex set of issues and controversies surrounding
education for girls and women (including elementary, secondary, and university education, as well
as health education). It’s also known as women’s education or girls’ education. Inequalities in
education for girls and women are complex: some problems are more systematic and less explicit,
such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education disparities, while
others are more systematic and less explicit, such as violence against women or prohibitions of
girls from going to school.
Fig 6.1 Create Importance of Women’s Education

6.2 IMPORTANCE OF WOMENS EDUCATION ON THEIR HEALTH:

Education has been linked to fewer child and maternal deaths, better child health, and decreased
fertility in various research. Women with some formal education are more likely than uneducated
women to use contraception, marry later, have fewer children, and be more knowledgeable of their
children’s nutritional and other needs.
• Feedback: Girls’ education assists women in limiting the number of children they have. Over
time, increasing girls’ school attendance lowers fertility rates.
• Mental Health: Increased access to education for women improves maternal health. An
additional year of education for 1,000 women is known to help avoid two maternal deaths.
• Child Survival: Increasing the educational opportunities for girls has a beneficial impact on
infant and child health. A child born to an educated mother has a 50% higher chance of living
through the age of five than a child born to an illiterate mother.
• HIV/AIDS: A girl’s or woman’s chance of getting HIV or passing HIV to her baby is
decreased by education. Women in 32 countries who continued their education after elementary
school was five times more likely than illiterate women to know basic HIV facts.
• Income Potential: Women’s earning potential is enhanced by education. A single year of

primary school has been proven to improve women’s earnings by 10% to 20% later in life,
whereas female secondary education returns range between 15% and 25%.
Fig 6.2 Awareness about Women’s Education on their Health

6.3 WOMENS EDUCATION IN INDIA
1. Women’s education is necessary for the growth of any country.

2. Patriarchy is the root cause; many did not believe in educating women, preferably a female
child was seen as a burden, and getting her married was the only way.
3. Lack of safety and the rising crimes against women prevents them from receiving an
education.
4. Savitirao Phule and Jyotiba Phule were advocates for women’s education and set up an
institution for girls in 1848.
5. The female literacy rate at the time of independence is 8.6%. The 2011 census shows that the
female literacy rate is 65.5%.
6. Education will help remove the social stigma surrounding it, such as female infanticide,
dowry, harassment, etc. thus improving social status.
7. Some of the government schemes to promote women’s Education in India are Beti Bachao
Beti Padhao Yojana, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, and Mahila Shakti
Kendra.
8. International Literacy Day is commemorated all over the world, including India, on
September 8th.
Fig 6.3 Preparing to Create Awareness about Women’s Education in India

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi -590018.

AICTE ACTIVITY POINT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

Under the Supervision of

AICTE Activity Point Undertaken at

DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Head of Department Principal

I, SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL bearing USN 1AR19EC021, student of final semester

NAME USN SIGNATURE

SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL 1AR19EC021 …………………………

I express my gratitude to Dr. M Santhosh Murnal, Principal, Amruta Institute of

SHAIK MAHAMMAD RASOOL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Department of Civil Engineering

Dept Coordinator Head of Department

DEVELOPING AND MANAGING EFFICIENT

COMPOSTING PROCESS AND TYPES

1.1 Waste Hierarchy(Defra,2011b) 1

1.2 Cycle of Biodegradable Waste 2

DEVELOPING AND MANAGING EFFICIENT GARBAGE DISPOSAL

Figure 1.1: Waste hierarchy (Defra, 2011b)

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 1

1.2 BIO DEGRADABLE WASTE:

Fig 1.2: Cycle of Biodegradable Waste

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 2

1.3 ACTIONS TAKEN PALCE TO AVOID PLASTIC WASTE:

FIG1.3.1: COLLECTING WASTE

FIG 1.3.2: PANCHAYAT VEHICLE FOR COLLECTION OF GARBAGEWASTE

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 3

1.4 SOLID WASTE IN RURAL AREAS

Biodegradable Non-Biodegradable waste

Household Community » Plastic: send to Block level PMU unit

» Paper, Cloths, Glass, Metals etc.

(i) biodegradable waste management

(ii) plastic waste management

(iii) greywater management and

(iv) faecal sludge management.

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 4

1.5 : TREATEMENT AND DISPOSAL

Fig 1.5 Treating the garbage Waste Management

1.6 : SPREADING WASTE ON LAND

Fig 1.6 Waste in Land

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 5

2.1 Factors affecting the composting process

1. Microorganisms: Microorganisms breakdown organic matter and produce carbon dioxide,

2. Moisture content: Moisture is necessary to support the metabolic activity of the

3. Temperature: By affecting the growth of microorganism, temperature plays an important

4. Carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio

2.2 Materials to be avoided in composting

2.3 Advantages of composting

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 6

2.4 Types of composting

Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural phenomenon. Composting is

» Aerobic (in presence of oxygen)

» Anaerobic (in absence of oxygen)

2.4.1 Aerobic composting

Fig 2.1.1 Aerobic Composting

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 7

Fig 3.1 Pit Composting

3.2 : Rotary Drum Composting

Fig 3.2 Rotary Drum Composting

Dept of ECE,AIEMS PAGE 8