Energy & Environment (Report)

VISVESARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“ J N A N A S A N G A M A ” B E L A G A VI – 5 9 0 0 1 8
A GROUP ACTIVITY REPORT

ON
“MUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Sreenivasa R
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
J.I.T., Davangere
PROJECT ASSOCIATES
VASIHA FATHIMA R 4JD19CS059

SYEDA MEHNAZ 4JD19CS051
MOHAMMED AYAAN 4JD19CS027
2022 - 2023
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JAIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DAVANGERE – 577003
JAIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
DAVANGERE-577003
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Group Activity entitled“MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT” is a bonafied work carried out by Mr. VASIHA C (USN:
4JD19CS039), Mr. Shivasali Rajendra Babu(USN: 4JD19CS049),Mr. Vasu G (USN :
4JD19CS060) and Mr.Harsha patel R G ( US N: 4JD19CS021), students of Bachelor of
Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2022 -2023 . It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment hav e been incorporated in the
Report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said
degree.
Mr. Sreenivasa R
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ME, JIT
Dr. Mouneshachari S. Dr. Ganesh D B

HOD, Dept. of CS&E Principal
JIT, Davangere JIT, Davangere
ABSTRACT
MSWM (Municipality Solid Waste Management systems) are large technical systems which
involve many factors such as environments, technologies, people, businesses, politics, education,
research, and also the sustainability aspects of the waste management systems. When these
factors are amalgamated into a large system, MSWM turns to a very complicated phenomenon.
These factors play different roles in MSWM, based on the type of the system. For instance, the
type of MSWM utilized requires people to contribute to the separation of waste materials at the
source; i.e., where people live. This, in turn, leaves an important responsibility for people to take.
The more responsible participation from the people, the better the system works. Although the
system is equipped by the necessary technology to take of waste, but its efficiency is properly
relies on how people separate their wastes. However, people are not currently well educated to
know what their genuine responsibilities are. As a result, it is argued that through public
education, the main objectives of MSWM can be greatly enhanced in this city.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
NO
ABSTRACT i
1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Method 3-10
1.3 Scope of Work
2 AN OVERVIEW ON MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Solid Waste Management
2.3 Hierarchy of Waste Management
2.4 Types and Properties of MSW
3 11-16
COMPOSITION OF MSW IN A TYPICAL
INDIAN CITY
3.1 Types
3.2 Collection of MSW
3.3 Classification of Wastes

3.4 Segregation of MSW
3.5 Storage of MSW
3.6 Transportation of MSW
4 DISPOSAL METHODS
17-19
5 CONCLUSION 21-24
3R’S 24-25
REFERENCES 26
S
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.No Figure Description Page No
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS AND

2.1 4
THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THEM
2.2 MATERIAL FLOW AND WASTE GENERATION IN 5
SOCIETY
2.3 HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 7
3.1 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF MSW 15
5.1 A HEAP OF GARBAGE IN ANJANEYA-MILL 20

VILLAGE
5.2 GROUP MATES GIVING AWARNESS ABOUT THE 21-22

PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
VILLAGE
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE.NO TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO
2.1 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE WITHIN A

8-9
COMMUNITY
3.1 TYPES OF MSW COLLECTED 12
3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE 15
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2022-23
Chapter 1
Introduction
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that

comprises waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary storage,
transportation, secondary segregation, resource recovery, processing, treatment, and final
disposal of solid waste. Municipal Solid Waste management is important as it impacts
health, environment and aesthetics of the society, if not managed properly. Municipal Solid
Waste Management involves the application of principle of Integrated Solid Waste
management (ISWM) to municipal waste. ISWM is the application of suitable techniques,
technologies and management programs covering all types of solid wastes from all sources
to achieve the twin objectives of (a) waste reduction and (b) effective management of waste
still produced after waste reduction. Rapid urbanization has led to over- stressing urban
infrastructure services including Municipal Solid Waste Management because of poor
resources and inadequacies of the existing systems. Augmentation of the Solid Waste
Management facilities and their operation & maintenance in a sustainable manner by urban
local bodies would require proper systematic planning, capital investment, introduction of
latest technologies which are cost effective. This urbanization and industrialization in
Telangana have put pressure on Urban Local Bodies and Municipal Administration to look
at Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) efficiently.
1.1. Objectives
The broad objectives of the Detail Project Report (DPR) are to determine a technically and
economically viable sold waste management project for the Urban area of Pondicherry.
Following are the specific objectives:
(i) To devise a system for effective and efficient method of MSW disposal.
(ii) To assess Project feasibility
(iii) To assess Environment Impact Assessment of the Project
(iv) Cost Estimate
(v) To prepare operational plan
(vi) Organizational and Financial Studies (vii) Training and Capacity Building.
Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 1

1.2. Scope of Work
To meet the proposed objective, a broad scope of work has been out lined in RFP as follows:
a. Realistic assessment of characterization of quantity, characterization and classification of

MSW, the current scenario in each ULBs.
b. Reconnaissance survey of the ULB to be conducted to assess the existing situation
c. Analyze the existing waste management situation with respect to segregation, collection,
transportation, processing and scientific disposal and Identification of key issues & bottlenecks
in the current system including the financial expenditure
d. Assess the institutional framework and resources available.
e. Detailed planning for resource requirements and implementation strategy.
f. Proposed DPR shall be in-line with MSWM rules, 2016 of GOI and the toolkit of the Govt. Of
India for SWM projects.
g. Scope of Work shall adhere to:
h. Keeping wet and dry waste stream separated at the household/ source level.
i. Doorstep collection, Segregation of wet waste.
j. Composting of biodegradable waste.
k. Recycling of dry waste by category.
l. Strategies for 100% source segregation and door to door collection of household and
commercial waste, street sweeping, silt removal, vegetable and fruit market waste, slaughter
house waste, etc.,
Chapter 2
An Overview on Municipality Solid Waste Management

(MSWM)
This chapter has a general overview on municipality solid waste management by describing the
elements and functions of the system in this process. Some definitions like waste hierarchy,
functional unit of the MSWM are described very briefly. It is tried to give the vision to reader
to find out what is MSWM and its functions and how they are working.

2.1. Definitions
2.1.1. Solid waste
Solid waste is the unwanted and useless parts of animal and human activities which are basically
solid. They can be arisen from agricultural, industrial and social activities. Solid waste is a
consequence of life, and it varies from one society to other. In early time human consumed the
earth resource and he had not any problems about disposal of its waste. Traditional composting
and producing the fertilizers were very typical solutions for most of the organic wastes during
that time, the disposal of the solid waste can be traced from the time when human started to
make community, society and urban life. Because of changing the consumption patterns,
increasing the quantity of solid waste as well as the toxicity of them caused that it has been
concerned more and more. The relation between collections, storage, and disposal of solid
waste to the human health is so clear. Meanwhile ecological problems of the function of solid
waste such as air pollution and soil contamination are so important. The leachate of the poor
landfill which has contamination with the surface and the groundwater is an example of this
ecological problem.
2.1.2. Municipal solid waste
The part of solid waste which is related to the municipality is called municipal solid waste.
These kinds of waste encompass packaging, food waste, bottles including PET & glass, cans,
papers and agricultural wastes are the wastes which are unwanted and useless for all inhabitants
during their life.
In many technological societies, after the Industrial Revolution the problem of solid
waste was appeared because of changing the consumption pattern of society.
The clear example of MSW is packaging which is usually used for many goods in our
life. Usage of plastic and cardboard as the basic materials for packaging cause increasing the
amount of waste in our life every day.
2.2. Solid waste management
Solid waste management can be defined by all the efforts which are related to the solid waste.
These tasks are involved to storage, collection, transport, treatment, processing and ultimately
disposal.
Social, economical, public health and technological aspects are the important concepts
which should be considered in solid waste management. As we can see many circumstances

can participate in this effort such as financial, legal, planning, engineering as well as sociology,
public health, communication and so on. These make the solid waste management complexity.
Solid waste management is divided in to 6 functions which are shown in Fig. 2-1.
Waste Handling,
Separation, Storage, and
Processing at the source
Separation and
Transfer and Processing and
Transport Transformation of
Solid Waste
Collection
Final
Disposal
Fig 2.1: Solid waste management functions and the interrelations between them
The functions of solid waste management encompass (1) waste generation, (2) waste handling
and separation, storage and processing at the source (3) collection, (4) separation and
processing and transformation of solid waste, (5) transfer and transport, (6) disposal
2.2.1. Waste generation

All the activities which cause to throw away the useless and unwanted material during the
process, manufacturing, distribution and consumption are defined as waste generation.

Fig 2-2: Material flow and waste generation in society
It is important to note that usually the control of waste generation is very hard. It needs
many factors such as training, education, more legislation, social penalties and so on.
2.2.2. Waste handling and separation
This second function itself is included handling and separation which are the activities involve
to store the waste in the containers. Handling means the movement of loaded containers to the
point of collection. The important function which can be traced is separation at source. It can
not only prepare the material in the waste for recovery and recycling but also it can decrease
the hazards of waste. Many developed cities start their MSWM from this point.
2.2.3. Collection
Collection is the task which encompasses the gathering of solid waste and separated the material
and also transport of them to the location where the vehicles must be emptied. Always cost of
this function is very high. The distance to waste transfer station as well as the amount of waste
are the significant factors in this function.

2.2.4. Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste
Separation and processing are the activities which are related to recovery, recycling, and
combustion of the waste separation manually or machinery shredding, and separation of ferrous
by using magnets, volume reduction by compacting and combustion.
Transformation means to reduce the volume and the weight of waste before disposal by
transforming them to the usable source by chemical or biological treatment. Producing biogas
during anaerobic digestion is a clear example of this function.
2.2.5. Transfer and transport
Transfer of waste from the smaller trucks to the big one as well as transport the waste from the
collection stations to the process station or disposal one is a description of this function.
2.2.6. Disposal
This is the final step in MSWM. Some materials transferred directly to the landfills but there
are other wastes which are generated during other activities in waste management that also must
be transferred to the landfills too. The important factors of landfilling are considering its
environmental impacts and health problems. However landfilling is a task which should be
responsible for the public health and the need of the future generation on the land.
2.3. Hierarchy of Waste Management

The important factor in the waste management is to understand which implementing is more
important than other, so the hierarchy in waste management is quite significant. Source
reduction, recycling, waste transformation and finally disposal are the elements of this
hierarchy.

Fig 2.3: Hierarchy of waste management
2.3.1. Source reduction
Top element of hierarchy is source reduction. The very simple meaning of this element is; it is
too easy to avoid of waste generation as much as possible compare to treat the waste. This first
involves not only reducing the quantity of waste but also decreasing its toxicity. Source
reduction may occur during the manufacturing and processing by changing the design and
packaging or may occur in the consumers’ sides in the households by changing their
consumption pattern.
2.3.2. Recycling
Recycling is the second highest ranking in the hierarchy. Nowadays it is mostly concerned
because it is one of the ways of dematerialization and sustainability, where as it can reduce the
consumption of resources as well as the toxicity in some cases. The term of recycling in the
solid waste management concerns the activities which involve the separation and collection of
the recyclable materials for reusing, remanufacturing and recycling.
2.3.3. Waste transformation

One step lower than recycling in the waste management ranking is, waste transformation.
All the activities apply to recover the reusable and recyclable materials from the waste as well
as converting the waste to the usable form such as composting or energy by the physical,
chemical, biological treatments or combustion are called waste transformation.
2.3.4. Landfilling
Finally the last step of hierarchy is landfilling. Landfilling is disposal of solid wastes which is not be
able to recycle or transform and also the residue which comes from the collection, separation and other
activities during the waste management functions.
2.4. Types and Properties of Municipal Solid Waste
2.4.1. Types & Sources
The important thing for managing the MSW is to know the source, types, and composition of that in
each local. The amount, rate of waste generation, the types and the compositions, changing the rate of
generation, determining the hazardous components are quite important things which should be
answered.
Generally, there are 8 sources to generate the MSW. These sources are residential, commercial,
institutional, construction and demolition, municipal service, treatment plant sites, industrial and
agricultural.

Table 2-1
Source of solid wastes within a community

Typical facilities, activities, Types of solid wastes
or locations where wastes
are generated
Source
Residential Single family and multifamily Food wastes, paper, cardboard,

detached dwellings, low-, plastics, textile, leather, yard
medium-, and high-rise wastes, wood, glass, tin cans,
apartments, etc. aluminum, other metals, ashes,
steel leaves, special wastes (in-
cluding bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods, yard
wastes collected separately
batteries, oil, and tires),
household hazardous wastes
Institutional As above in commercial
Schools, Hospitals, prisons,
governmental centers
Construction and New construction sites, road Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition repair/renovation sites, razing of
buildings, broken pavement
Municipality services Street cleaning, landscaping, Special wastes, rubbish, street

(excluding treatment catch basin cleaning, parks and sweepings, landscape and tree
facilities) beaches, other recreational areas trimmings, catch basin debris,
general wastes from parks,
beaches, and recreational areas
Treatment plant sites;

municipal incinerators Water, waste water, and Treatment plant wastes,
industrial treatment processes, principally composed or residual
etc. sludge
Municipal solid waste a All of the above All of the above
Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere

2.4.2. Properties
For better handling in waste management, identifying the properties of the wastes is essential.
A physical, chemical and biological property of the wastes helps to choose the better treatment
for them. Physical properties of wastes such as specific weight, particle size and size
distribution, compact waste porosity, moisture contents are the properties which determine how
to collect, store, separate, transport and transfer the waste. Likewise determining the chemical
substance in the waste will be useful for the chemical treatments such as combustion. For
example by determining the chemical properties of the waste, the amount of released energy
from the burning of the waste can be estimated. The usual chemical compositions of the waste
are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash and trace elements. The other properties of
the waste are biological properties. In biological treatment the organic parts of MSW are using
as a feedstock due to produce biogas or composting in the specific process. So determining the
nutrients and the other elements which are contributed in the process is very important. Odor
production and biodegradability are the factors that are identified by the biological properties
of waste.
2.4.3. Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is the part of waste which is dangerous for the health and the environment.
Identifying and treatment of the hazardous waste are very important tasks in MSWM because
they are persisted and have long term effect. The existence of the hazardous component in each
process of waste management such as burning, composting, and landfilling; the impacts of them
are very dangerous for both; environment and health. There are several ways to classify and
identify the hazardous wastes in the groups of ignitable, corrosive, reactive, poison, flammable,
and toxic which are not being discussed in this thesis.
In commercial and residential sources, hazardous wastes are found in households and cleaning
products, personal care products, automotive products such as waste oil, paint and related
products such as oil-base paints and solvents, and pesticides. Usually in the developed societies
the inhabitants take care about the collection of these wastes and there are especial places in
drop-off centers for collecting of hazardous wastes.

Chapter 3
Composition of MSW in a Typical Indian City

The general composition of solid waste being generated from the cities of India is 40% Food
& Garden waste, 5% glass & Ceramics , 3% Metal, 15% inert, 4% Plastic/ Rubber, 6 % Textile,
27 % Paper.
3.1 Types:
Important issues related with MSW generation are- 1)
Non-point source:
There are different sources which generate the Municipal solid waste in large quantities which
is difficult to manage. Any place where human activity is involved finds solid waste. Waste is
generated in the form of vegetable remaining & food waste, used plastic bags, plastic
containers/ bottles, from residential area. During celebration of different festivals & events,
such waste is generated in significant quantity adding another pollutant- thermocol in it. It has
created very serious problem of disposal because of its life span. Due to urbanization &
population growth, many construction activities are seen in recent years resulting into creation
of construction/ demolition wastes or debris. To give an example, if the external surface of a
building of 20 floors is repaired, the waste generated would be nearly 200 truckloads. One can
imagine how much construction debris is generated in recent years.
Industries are one of the major sources of MSW generation, this sector generate wastes
from activities like Raw material Packaging, transportation, final product packaging, indisposed
defective product etc. Workers working in such sectors also contribute to waste generation
through office stationeries, paper, daily activates especially excreta and other liquid and solid
waste from the community. Offices, Commercial Complex, Industries, Educational Institutes,
Residential complexes generate overall wastes in remarkable quantities.
2) Attitude:
People at large don’t care about waste and so never take efforts to dispose it properly. Waste
generation is mostly related with attitude of society towards it. In developed countries people
are aware about how to minimize generation of waste. Limited population makes it simple for
them. In developing countries particularly with large population things become difficult.

3) Impacts:
When the waste is dumped, because of its composition it does not decompose very quickly,
making space unavailable for other waste. Given below are some examples to understand how
much time it takes for various materials to decompose
Table 3.1: Types of MSW Collected
Unmanaged heaps of waste cause adverse impacts to the environment as well as human health.
Waste is a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste
lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Air pollution is
another factor to be considered. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a
bad odour. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby causes rise in the health problems.
Other than this, co-disposal of industrial/ residential hazardous waste with municipal waste can
expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards. Uncollected solid waste can also obstruct
storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water bodies that become the breeding
ground for disease causing agents. Wastes dumped along roads, riverbanks, abandoned

quarries, seas, and lakes results in the inevitable effect of contaminating water supplies as well
as the whole aquatic chain. Animals grazing on dumps can pass on diseases via the food chain.
4) Institutional mechanism:
In developing countries where population is increasing & illiteracy is alarming, it is difficult to
manage waste generation. Most of the manforce in the governing body is utilized in providing
basic services like water, health etc. Waste management particularly generation becomes least
priority issue. Unauthorized structures, small shops, construction activities, local markets
generate huge solid waste. Local bodies most of the times does not have budgetary support to
handle waste generation in better manner. Manforce dealing with waste generation is not
equipped enough. Trained, motivated working staff always contributes better in minimizing
waste generation.
Area of jurisdiction becomes important when many governing agencies are associated
with development works. Responsibility of waste generated during this development works is
always an issue. Solid waste Management in areas outside Municipal Corporation Limit is also
an issue of contention.
3.2 Collection of MSW

Stage I: Collection from Non point Source:
This stage includes door-to-door collection of waste. Most collection is done by garbage
collectors who are employees or firms under contract to the government. Garbage collectors
employed by local governing bodies manually collect the waste generated at the household
level and dump it in the community bins at specified street corners. Municipality is not
responsible for door to door collection of waste from houses, offices, small shops and small
markets. Here people are required to deposit their wastes in communal containers/ community
bins (stationary or haul types), from which it is collected by municipal crew. The vehicle used
in this stage for collection, is small and simple & varies from place to place. It may be two-
wheeled cart pulled by an individual or bell ringing vehicles (ghanta gadi).
Stage II: Collection from Point Source:

Waste collected from non point source is deposited to definite point sources namely communal
bins. Communal bins are placed near markets, in apartment complexes, and in other appropriate

locations. Shopping complex, hotels, public places like gardens, religious places are other
definite point sources. Vehicles collects large amount of waste from these point sources and
then transport it to transfer stations and disposal sites. Manually or mechanically loaded
compactors are often used in this stage. Placing communal bins at appropriate locations for
deposit and storage of waste is important to manage waste properly. For better MSW
management garbage should be lifted frequently from these point sources. Frequency in lifting
garbage from these points really matters otherwise garbage pile up & create other problems. It
is challenging task particularly in metros. In Mumbai 983 Municipal and Private Vehicles are
used for collection of waste making 1396 number of trips each day.
Stage III: Transportation to Disposal sites:

Transfer refers to the movement of waste or materials from collection points to disposal sites.
Transportation of waste from collection point to disposal sites is carried out by using different
types of vehicles depending on the distances to be covered by them.
Larger vehicles carry the waste from the collection points to the disposal sites. Comparatively
small vehicles discharge waste at transfer stations where the wastes are loaded into larger
vehicles for transportation to the disposal sites. In metro cities transfer stations are located at
different places to support intermediate transfer of waste from the surrounding areas upto the
dumping grounds. Transfer stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from
smaller collection vehicles and re-loaded into larger vehicles (including in some instances
barges or railroads) for transport to a disposal or processing site. The transportation of garbage
from the transfer stations is done generally using Trailers and Bulk Refuse Carriers. In large
cities, open flatbed trucks, covered trucks, and some compactors are in use, whereas in smaller
cities tractor-trailers, tricycles and animal carts are common. Study shows that in metros like
Mumbai, around 60 per cent of waste is transported through stationary compactors, mobile
compactors and closed tempos; 10 per cent is through partially open dumpers whereas 20 per
cent is through tarpaulincovered vehicles, which includes silt and debris.

Collection & transportation of MSW can be schematically shown as
Fig3.1: Collection and Transport of MSW
Issues:
Segregation of waste:
The waste dumped in community bins is a mixed type of waste, i.e. all types of waste
biodegradable, recyclable, inert & non- biodegradable waste is found in one bin, which become
very hard to manage. Following table shows Varity of waste material generally found in a
dustbin.
3.3 Classification of Wastes

Table 3.2: Classification of Waste

1.1 Segregation of Municipal Solid Wastes

In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organize awareness programmes
for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The
municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure community participation in
waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be arranged
by the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident welfare associations and
non-governmental organizations.
1.2 Storage of Municipal Solid Wastes

1. Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage facilities in such a manner as they
do not create unhygienic and unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria shall be taken
into account while establishing and maintaining storage facilities, namely:-
2. Storage facilities shall be created and established by taking into account quantities of waste
generation in a given area and the population densities.
3. Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or any other agency shall be so
designated that wastes stored are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically
acceptable and user-friendly;
4. Storage facilities or 'bins' shall have 'easy to operate' design for handling, transfer and
transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those
for storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for storage of other wastes
shall be painted black;
5. Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual
handling shall be carried out under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
1.3 Transportation of Municipal Solid Wastes

Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered. Waste should not be visible to
public, nor exposed to open environment preventing their scattering. The following criteria
shall be met, namely:-
(i) The storage facilities set up by municipal authorities shall be daily attended for clearing of
wastes.

Chapter 4
Disposal Methods
Disposal methods
Improper and unscientific techniques adopted for MSW disposal are economically non - viable
and socially unacceptable, due to this selection of proper disposal method is necessary. Quantity
and characteristics of the MSW are two major factors, which are to be considered as the basis
for the design of efficient, cost effective and environmentally compatible disposal method. One
can choose the appropriate disposal method which is generally categorized as follows:
1. Open dumps
The cheapest and the oldest easy method of MSW disposal is 'open dumping' where the waste
is dumped in low - lying areas on the city outskirts and leveled by bull - dozers from time to
time. Open dumping is not a scientific way of waste disposal. Open dumps refer an uncovered
site used for disposal of waste without environmental controls. The waste is untreated,
uncovered, and not segregated. In spite of its simplicity in execution, the financial involvement
for this traditional method of waste management has been quite high particularly for the big
metropolis. Uncontrolled, open dumps are not a sound practice. Open dumps are exposed to
flies and rodents. It also generates foul smell and unsightly appearance. Loose waste is
dispersed by the action of wind. Drainage from dumps contributes to pollution of surface and
ground water and also the rainwater run-off from these dumps contaminates nearby land and
water thereby spreading disease. A
2. Landfill
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice
in most countries. Landfills are generally located in urban areas where a large amount of waste
is generated and has to be dumped in a common place. The equipment required to operate is
relatively inexpensive and can be used for other municipal operations as well. Serious threat to
community health represented by open dumping or burning is avoided in this method. Landfills
are often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Unlike an
open dump, it is a pit that is dug in the ground. The waste is dumped and the pit is covered at
the dumping ground with debris/ soil and spread evenly in layers.

Sanitary landfills
An alternative to landfills or modern landfill which solves the problem of leaching to some
extent is a sanitary landfill which is more hygienic and built in a methodical manner. Designed
“landfill” means a waste disposal site for the deposit of residual solid waste in a facility
designed with protective measures against pollution of ground water, surface water and air
fugitive dust, wind-blown litter, bad odour, fire hazard, bird menace, pests or rodents,
greenhouse gas (Methane) emissions, slope instability and erosion. These are lined with
materials that are impermeable such as plastics and clay, and are also built over impermeable
soil. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stability, and covered
to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also have landfill gas
extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using
perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity. Fully operated
landfills may even enhance property values. Constructing sanitary landfills is very costly and
they are having their own problems.
3. Incineration
The process of burning waste in large furnaces is known as incineration. Incineration is a
disposal method that involves combustion of waste material. Incineration and other high
temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".
Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry.
It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. Incineration facilities generally do not
require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste is broad terms for
facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam and/or electricity. At the
end of the process all that is left behind is ash. This method produces heat that can be used as
energy. Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash. It is recognized as
a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials.

Chapter 5
Conclusion
Human ways of life have placed pressure on the environment and have caused imbalance in the
eco systems by the producing, consuming and wasting of natural resources. Most countries
evidently have major effects on the environment due to SW generation with economic
development since the natural resources are used, and waste and pollution are produced.
Therefore, the concern towards the management of solid waste as an integral part for sustainable
development has increased.
Fig 5.1: A Heap of Garbage in JIT College
This study explored the importance of SWM for sustainable development with the concern of
new development process in HMC in Sri Lanka. There were four research objectives to be
achieved with the study. The first objective was to study the characteristics of solid waste
management practices in Hambantota Municipal council. The researcher investigated the
environmental impacts of solid waste management practices in Hambantota Municipal council
and assessed how waste management practices can contribute to sustain the development
processes in Hambantota District. Establishing an understanding of the perception amongst
local communities regarding solid waste management for sound environmental development
was also a concern.
Improper waste management practices have a significant impact on the natural
environment and sustainable development in the study area. Thus, awareness about SWM
impact on sound environmental development or/and sustainable development in seemingly low.
Therefore, it is important that the SWM should be developed from the waste. Thus, it has caused
significant challenges in the study area. Therefore, waste separation from the household level,
proper storage, more efficient waste collection systems, and sustainable recovery and disposal

practices are identified as needed processes in the study area. Considering the nature and
components of waste generated by households and business places, the waste reduction, reuse,
recycling and composting processes would be more suitable in managing the challenge. The
authorities should provide for the introduction of complimentary programs and policy
development.
The researcher identified SWM as the backbone of sound environmental development.
Therefore, this research study contributes to knowledge by determining the importance of SWM
for sustainable development in the newly developing HMC areas. The strength of this research
study is the case study’s setting which is the newly developed area, HMC, Hambantota, Sri
Lanka. Further, this research study incorporates the views of the HMC community to explore
their level of understanding of environmental and sustainable development. This is strength
because community views have been largely examined with the research. Nevertheless, there
is a need for further scientific studies about the SWM process and its impact on the environment
and sustainable development.
(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)
(e)
Fig 5.2(a-e) : Group Mates giving awareness about the proper disposal of the waste Management in
the village.

3R’S
3 Rs classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste

minimization. These "3 Rs" are the foundation of most waste minimization strategies. The aim
of this is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste.
Reduce:
• The most uncontrollable phase in Solid waste management is ‘Waste generation’. Generated
solid waste particularly from non-point sources is always a challenge for local administration,
so best practice is to reduce the generation of Solid waste.
• The reduction of waste can happen only when everybody reduces waste generation in the first
place.
• Every individual has to contribute in doing so. There is urgent need of public awareness about
waste generation. There should be awareness at all levels of Society, which will motivate them
to change their casual habits which creates waste. • Public- Private Partnership should be
engaged in this awareness activity.
• Definite Point Sources of waste generation like Hotels, Restaurant, and Shopping Complexes
etc should contribute their space for disposal in their area itself, which ultimately reduces the
burden of Collection.
• For Public Gatherings and Events organised in public places for any reason (including for
processions, exhibitions, circuses, fairs, political rallies, commercial, religious, sociocultural
events, protests and demonstrations, etc.), it will be the responsibility of the Organiser of the
event or gathering to ensure the cleanliness of that area.
Reuse:
• Utilization value of any item should be known to people who are using it.
• NGOs working for under privilege society should work for establishing centres which
provides goods for secondary use. Such centres can be set up at the source.
• Private sector involvement should be encouraged, repairing facilities should be offered so
goods can be used as per its utilization value.
• Large production companies of Electronic appliances, gadgets etc should establish the
collection centres, where damaged items can be repaired & reused.
• NGOs, Self help group etc can organize workshop, seminars which encourage people to use
waste material to create some decorative articles.

Recycle:
• The process of transforming materials into secondary resources for manufacturing new
products is known as Recycling.
• Waste recycling leads to less utilization of raw materials, saves on landfill space, reduces the
amount of energy required to manufacture new products. In fact recycling can prevent the
creation of waste at the source.
• Promoting/motivating citizens to start segregation of waste at source involving NGO’s, co-
operatives, private, Commercial & industrial sectors for appropriate mass awareness
campaigns
• Source separation: by keeping recyclables and organics waste separate at source, i.e., at the
point of generation facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting.
• Segregate the waste in the house -keep two garbage bins and see to it that the biodegradable
and the non-biodegradable is put into separate bins and dispose off separately. Biodegradable
waste can be recycled.
• Dry waste consisting of cans, aluminium foils, plastics, metal, glass, and paper could be
recycled.
• There should be recycling plant at local level.
• Wet garbage from hotel, resident can be recycled by establishing composting or
vermicomposting plant in the vicinity. This will produce good manure that can be used for
gardens and lawns.
• The least technically complex and most cost-effective solution should be chosen.
• Separation of waste for efficacious recycling and environmentally friendly purchasing habits
are two areas for effective management.
• Waste should be also seen as a ‘resource’ and not just a problem.
Better Technology Selection, trained Manpower, Public awareness,

Strengthening Institutional Mechanism, Enforcement of law provision,
and Participation of all Stakeholders are the key elements in Solid Waste
Management.

REFERENCES
1. Tchobanoglous, G. (1993). Integrated Solid Waste Management: engineering principles
and management issues. New York : McGraw, cop. 1993
2. Geiser, K. (2001). Materials matter: toward a sustainable materials policy / Ken Geiser.
Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, cop. 2001
3. Baumann, H. (2004). The hitchhiker’s guide to LCA : an orientation in life cycle

assessment methodology and application / Henrikke Baumann & Anne-Marie Tillman.
Lund : Studentlitteratur, 2004
4. Leander, J.; Rytterstedt, M.; Säfvestad, H. (2007). Insamling och förbehandling av

hushållsavfall i Borås kommun: Konsekvensbeskrivning av tre alternativ
5. Johansson, A.; Olofsson, M.; Wikström, E.-L.; Ekvall, A.; Gustavsson, L.; Tullin,
C.; Jarlsvik, T.; Assarsson, A.; Andersson, B.-Å.; Peters, G.; (2006). Waste
Refinery in the Municipality of Borås
6. Johansson, A; Olofsson, M.; Wikström, E.-L.; Ekvall, A.; Gustavsson, L.; Tullin,
C.; Jarlsvik, T.; Assarsson, A.; Andersson, B.-Å.; Peters, G.; (2006). The Performance
of a 20 MWth Energy-from-Waste Boiler
7. Golder Associates AB, (2003). Teknisk beskriving Sobacken Avfallsanläggning.
8. Miljookonsult B Goldstein, (December 2006). Miljövinster med att minska totala

avfallsmängder

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VISVESARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

A GROUP ACTIVITY REPORT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

VASIHA FATHIMA R 4JD19CS059

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

This is to certify that the Group Activity entitled“MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Dr. Mouneshachari S. Dr. Ganesh D B

2 AN OVERVIEW ON MUNICIPAL SOLID

3.3 Classification of Wastes

Fig.No Figure Description Page No

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS AND

2.2 MATERIAL FLOW AND WASTE GENERATION IN 5

2.3 HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 7

3.1 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF MSW 15

5.1 A HEAP OF GARBAGE IN ANJANEYA-MILL 20

5.2 GROUP MATES GIVING AWARNESS ABOUT THE 21-22

TABLE.NO TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO

2.1 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE WITHIN A

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 1

a. Realistic assessment of characterization of quantity, characterization and classification of

e. Detailed planning for resource requirements and implementation strategy.

i. Doorstep collection, Segregation of wet waste.

j. Composting of biodegradable waste.

k. Recycling of dry waste by category.

An Overview on Municipality Solid Waste Management

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 2

2.1.1. Solid waste

2.1.2. Municipal solid waste

2.2. Solid waste management

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 3

2.2.1. Waste generation

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 4

Fig 2-2: Material flow and waste generation in society

2.2.2. Waste handling and separation

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 5

2.2.5. Transfer and transport

2.3. Hierarchy of Waste Management

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 6

Fig 2.3: Hierarchy of waste management

2.3.1. Source reduction

2.3.3. Waste transformation

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 7

2.4. Types and Properties of Municipal Solid Waste

2.4.1. Types & Sources

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 8

Source of solid wastes within a community

Residential Single family and multifamily Food wastes, paper, cardboard,

Municipality services Street cleaning, landscaping, Special wastes, rubbish, street

Treatment plant sites;

Municipal solid waste a All of the above All of the above

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere

2.4.3. Hazardous Waste

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 10

Composition of MSW in a Typical Indian City

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 11

Table 3.1: Types of MSW Collected

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 12

3.2 Collection of MSW

Stage II: Collection from Point Source:

Dept. of CS&E, JIT, Davanagere 13

Stage III: Transportation to Disposal sites: