Urban Flood Management Project Report - 240404 - 194444

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama” BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590 018
2022 – 2023
PROJECT WORK REPORT (18CVP83)
ON
“URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree in BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
NAME USN
BHARGAVIPRIYA R 1BI19CV018
DISHA H N 1BI19CV034
DRUTHI S GOWDA 1BI19CV036
HRUSHISHREE S K 1BI19CV044
Under the guidance of

Dr. N JEEVAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY KR ROAD, VV PURAM,
BANGALORE – 560004
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama” BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590 018
2022 – 2023
PROJECT WORK REPORT (18CVP83)
ON
“URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree in BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
NAME USN
BHARGAVIPRIYA R 1BI19CV018
DISHA H N 1BI19CV034
DRUTHI S GOWDA 1BI19CV036
HRUSHISHREE S K 1BI19CV044
Under the guidance of

Dr. N JEEVAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY KR ROAD, VV PURAM,
BANGALORE – 560004
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We sincerely thank Visvesvaraya Technology University for providing a platform and

opportunity to do the project work.
We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. M.U. Aswath., Principal, Bangalore
Institute of Technology, Bangalore, for providing necessary facilities and motivation to
carry out project work successfully.
We express heartfelt gratitude and humble thanks to Dr. H.B. Balakrishna, Professor
and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, for his
constant encouragement, and help to carry out work successfully.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude and humble thanks to our guide,
Dr. N Jeevan, Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BIT, for providing
constant encouragement, help and inspiration throughout the work of project.
We extend our gratitude and humble thanks to G. C. Ranganath, Retired professor,

Department Of Civil Engineering, BIT, who provided his valuable suggestions, guidance
and precious time in accomplishing our project.
We express our sincere thanks to V. M. Rajguru, M.E., Director, J N Projects Pvt. Ltd,
for his help and much needed support throughout project.
We are also thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Civil
Engineering Department for their help and much needed support throughout the work of
project.
Ms. Bhargavipriya R – BI19CV018
Ms. Disha H N - 1BI19CV034
Ms. Druthi S Gowda – 1BI19CV036
Ms. Hrushishree S K – 1BI19CV044
iii
ABSTRACT
Floods, as the most prevalent and costliest natural disasters in the world, have
devastating effects on both human life and the economy, impacting not only least
developed nations but also economically advanced and urbanized countries. Addressing
the challenges of unplanned urbanization, waterlogging, built-up sections in buffer
zones, and infiltration, the urban flood management project aims to mitigate these issues
and prevent flooding in cities and localities.
To undertake this project, comprehensive data was collected through extensive field
surveys, utilization of satellite imagery, and guidance from experts in the field. This
robust data collection process ensured a thorough understanding of the problem and
provided a solid foundation for effective flood management strategies.
Among the crucial measures available, the measure selected in the project is the
remodeling of drainage systems. By employing new hydraulic designs for stormwater
drains, the project aims to enhance their capacity and efficiency, thereby minimizing the
risk of flooding. This remodeling process takes into account the specific requirements of
the area under consideration and adheres to the standard specifications and guidelines
established by relevant departments and authorities.
Furthermore, the success of the urban flood management project relies on active
community participation. Engaging local communities and raising awareness about the
significance of flood prevention and preparedness are integral parts of the strategy. By
involving residents in the decision-making processes, implementing early warning
systems, and conducting regular drills, the project aims to foster a culture of resilience
and ensure the long-term sustainability of flood management efforts.
Through meticulous data collection, collaboration with experts, and adherence to

standard specifications, this project strives to safeguard lives, protect the economy, and
create resilient urban environments capable of withstanding extreme flooding events.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v -vi
List of Figure vii-viii
List of Tables ix
List of Abbrevations and Symbols x
1 INTRODUCTION 1–7
1.1 FLOOD DEFINITION 1
1.2 TYPES OF FLOODING 2–3
1.3 FLOODS IN INDIA 4–5
1.4 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
6–7
PROBABILITY OF FLOOD
2 URBAN FLOODS 8 – 17
2.1 URBAN FLOODING IS DIFFERENT 9
2.2 URBAN FLOOD RISK IN INDIA 10
2.3 ISSUES OF URBAN FLOODING 11
2.4 FACTORES CONTRIBUTING URBAN
12
FLOODS
2.5 CAUSES OF URBAN FLOODING 13 – 15
2.6 APPORACH TO FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN
16 – 17
THE COUNTRY
3 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT 18-24
3.1 DEFINATION 18
3.2 WHY DO YOU NEED URBAN FLOOD
18-22
MANAGEMENT
3.3 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT POLICIES
22-24
AND FRAMEWORK
4 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT – BANGALORE 25-42
4.1 INTRODUCTION 25-26
4.2 VALLEYS OF BANGALORE 27
4.3 REASONS FOR FLOODING IN BANGALORE 28-33
4.4 FLOOD PRONE AREAS OF BANGALORE 34
4.5 MEASURES TAKEN AS OF NOW
35-42
v
5 KORAMANGALA VALLEY 43-47
5.1 INTRODCTION TO KORAMANGALA VALLEY 43
5.2 OBJECTIVES 44
5.3 LOCATION DETAILS OF PROJECT SITE 45
5.4 REASONS FOR SELECTING THE PROJECT
46
SITE
5.5 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DRAIN DETAILS 47
6 DRAINAGE SYSTEM 48-65
6.1 GENERAL 48
6.2 CHECKLIST FOR DRAINAGE PLANNING AND
49
DESIGN
6.3 PLAN AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED SWD 50
6.4 RAINFALL ANALYSIS 51-56
6.5 RUNOFF ESTIMATION 57-65
7 HYDRAULIC DESIGN 66-72
7.1 GENERAL 66
7.2 THEORETICAL DESIGN PROCEDURE OF SWD 66-67
7.3 RE-DESIGNING OF STORM WATER
67-70
DRAINAGE
7.4 FINAL DESIGN OF STORM WATER DRAIN 71-72
8 CONCLUSION 73
REFERENCES 74
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE PAGE NO.
NO
1.1.1 Flood snapshot 1
1.1.2 Flood snapshot 1
1.3.1 Average annual damage 5
2.2.1 Flood prone area in India 10
2.5.1 Block diagram of causes of urban floods 13
2.5.2 Urbanization 15
2.5.3 Encroachment 15
3.2.1 Graphical representation of flood menace 18
3.2.2 Images of damage caused to the services due to floods 21

Conceptual Framework for Urban Flood Risk
3.3.2.1 23
Management
3.3.2.2 Total water cycle management-concept diagram 24
Land use in Greater Bangalore obtained
4.1.1 26
from Landsat ETM+
4.1.2 Spatial rainfall distribution pattern (all units are in mm) 26
4.2.1 River and lake network along major valleys 27
4.3.1 Map showing the topography of Bangalore 28

Map shows a typical lake construction with modified
4.3.2 29
drain network
4.3.3 Impact of urbanization on vegetation and water bodies 30
4.3.4 Impermeable area and urban density in Bangalore city 30
4.3.5 Satellite image representing diminishing water bodies 32
4.3.6 The urbanization transformation of the valley section 33
4.4.1 Zone wise representation of flood prone areas 34
4.5.1 Comprehensive flood modelling 38
vii
Flood inundation map of
4.5.2 (a) KC valley 39
(b) Vrishabhavathi valley
Components of Bangalore Megha Sandesh Flood
4.5.3 40
Application
Real time rainfall and flood information dashboard in
4.5.4 41
the Varunamitra web portal
Laboratory set-up of field channel replica for flow with
4.5.5 42
blockage. SWMM modeling for simulated flood
5.1.1 Storm water drain - K 100 Project 43
5.3.1 Representing Project Site Location 45
5.4.1 Contour towards north west of the site 46
5.4.2 Contour towards south west of the site 46
5.5.1 Marking of Roads and Area in project site 47
6.3.1 Runoff Travel Path and Features of a Natural Catchment 50
6.4.2.1 IDF curve for 5 years Return Period 56
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.
1.1 Flood prone area in India 4
2.4.1 Factors contributing to urban flooding 12
4.3.1 Land Use Dynamics Of Bangalore 31
6.4.2.1 Maximum annual series Rainfall Depth (mm) 54-55
6.4.2.2 Computation using Gumbel distribution method 56
Design Return Period for various types of urban
6.5.3.1 59
catchments
6.5.3.2 Runoff co-efficient of various surfaces 60
Average run-off coefficient for the project catchment
6.5.4.1 62
area
Calculation of time of concentration and intensity of
6.5.4.2 63
rainfall
6.5.4.3 Calculation of slope (n) 64
6.5.4.4 Discharge (Q) calculation 65
7.3.1 Depth Calculation of the storm water drain 68
7.3.2 Velocity calculations for the obtained depth 70
Minimum Free Board for open channels as
7.4.1 71
per CPHEEO manual
7.4.2 Final proposed dimensions of storm water drain 72
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS
SYMBOLS
1. A - Wetted area (m2)

2. P - Wetted perimeter (m)
3. Q - Discharge of flow (m3/sec)
4. V - Velocity of flow (m/s)
5. R - Hydraulic Radius (m)
6. n - Manning's Co-efficient
7. S - Ground slope
8. 𝑋t - T year return period value
9. X - Mean of the N observations
10. σ - Standard deviation of N observations
11. I -Rainfall Event
12. T - Recurrence interval (Storm Return Period)
13. N - Sample size
14. C - Runoff coefficient
15. t0 - Time for the surface flow to reach the first inlet
16. tf - Time to flow through the storm drainage system to the point of consideration
ABBREVATIONS
1. IDF - Intensity Duration Frequency

2. SRRG - Self-recording Rain Gauge
3. IMD - Indian Meteorological Department
4. SWD - Storm Water Drain
5. CPHEEO - Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation
x
“URBAN FLOOD 2022-
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. FLOOD DEFINITION
Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of water
submerges land that is usually dry. Flood is the most prevalent and costliest natural disaster
in the world which devastates both life and economy on large extent. It is defined as, “High-
water stages in which water over flows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land,
such as a river inundating its floodplain.”
By definition, any land which is usually above water level is said to be flooded if it goes
under water for a period arbitrarily defined as one or two hours. Flooding can be owing to
many reasons. Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge
from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas. Usually this happens when the river or
the stream draining the area is over balanced by a very large volume of water beyond its
capacity. A river channel is formed by the forces of nature to be able to convey the flow that
is found most of the time. When the volume exceeds this, the water level rises above the
banks and spreads in to the adjacent lands. This area is usually called the flood plain of the
river.
Fig.1.1.1: Flood snapshot Fig.1.1.2: Flood snapshot
Department of Civil Engineering, Page 1

1.2. TYPES OF FLOODING
1. Riverine floods:
Some rivers are prone to frequent floods - annually or seasonally, while others may not be
affected. Riverine floods can be further classified by the rapidity of flooding or its
magnitude.
In the first classification, a flood can either be a flash flood or a normal flood. Flash floods
occur in mountainous areas with high slopes and shallow soil depths and are caused by
intense rainfall. In such conditions rivers will flood within a very short period of rainfall, not
giving much notice of flooding.
In the case of normal flood, the river rises gradually and gives people ample notice of it's
arrival. The type of rainfall may also be a high volume spread over a longer period rather
than a short one with intense precipitation.
The second classification of riverine floods is based on the magnitude. The depth of
inundation is a good indicator of the magnitude.
2. High stage floods:
This is technically not a flood as the flow is still confined between the banks. Still the water
may be deep and the velocities high so that normal river uses are disrupted. Bathing,
boating, fishing etc. can either be impossible or extremely risky.
3. Minor floods:
Such a flood may affect only a small part of the riparian community. It usually inundates the
low-lying areas such as paddy fields, meadows etc. Economic loss is small and number of
evacuations is also limited. Communications are rarely severed.
4. Major floods:
A flood that affects a significant part of the riparian community and causes higher economic
damage is considered a major flood. Residential and business areas as well as public

buildings may go under water.

Normal services are disrupted and a major part of the community may need to be evacuated.
Roads, railways and other modes of transport/communication also may be affected.
5. Dangerous / Critical floods:
This term denotes flooding that inundates a large area of the basins and requires evacuation
of most of the riparian population. The transport gets cut off and normal services are
disrupted. A dangerous flood covers an extensive area of the flood plain and may remain
stagnant for several days.
A dangerous flood is said to reach a critical flood stage if beyond a certain threshold it
causes one or more of the following events:
i. It begins to flood strategically (or nationally) important places such as railway terminus,
power stations, base hospitals etc.
ii. It starts entering into entirely fresh areas through saddle points.
iii. Flood waters overtop flood levees and breach them to inundate protected areas.

1.3 FLOODS IN INDIA
India receives major rainfall in four months spanning from June to September. Distribution
of rain across India is dissimilar as some areas receive heavy rainfall while some are at
deficit. The variation also varies time to time; the areas which are not traditionally prone to
floods also experience severe inundation due to downpour and cloud bursting.
The Rastriya Barh Ayog (RBA) estimated the total area liable to floods in the country as 40
million Hectare (Mha). The extent of maximum area affected by floods in any year during
1953- 2010 as per the Report of Working Group on Flood Management and Region-Specific
Issues for XII Plan is 49.815 Mha. Out of it, nearly 21 Mha can be provided with reasonable
degree of protection. Based on the statistical details available so far, it has been estimated
that annually 7.17 mha. of area is affected with floods of which 3.94 mha. is cropped area.
On an average, floods claim 1654 human and 618248 cattle life annually. Around 1.2
million houses are damaged by floods and the average annual losses in monetary terms came
to the tune of Rs 5649 crores.
Table.1.1: Flood Prone Areas in India
SL.NO PARTICULARS AREA

1 Flood Prone Area by Rastriya Barh Ayog (RBA,1980) 40 Mha
2 The extent of maximum area affected by floods in any
year during 1953-2010 as per the Report of Working 49.815 Mha
Group on Flood Management and Region-Specific
Issues for XII Plan
3 Annually affected Area 7.17 Mha
4 Annually affected Cropped Area 3.94 Mha
5 Area provided reasonable degree of protection 21 Mha
6 Target area to provide reasonable degree of protection 35 Mha (additional 14
by 2035 Mha phased in 15
years: 4+5+5)

India faces floods almost every year, in varying degrees of magnitude. The frequent
occurrence of floods can be attributed to factors like wide variations in rainfall both in time
and space with frequent departures from the normal pattern, inadequate carrying capacities
of rivers, river bank erosion, degradation of hilly catchment and silting of river beds,
landslides, poor natural drainage in flood prone areas, glacial lake outbursts, cloud burst, etc.
The country suffers huge economic loss annually besides the loss of precious human lives
due to floods. There are evidences of increasing number of high intensity rainfall event in
the recent years varying non-uniformly in space and time. Such events lead to flash floods.
Urban flooding due to storm water drainage congestion (pluvial in nature) has also become
common in towns/cities due to such extreme meteorological events. The devastation caused
due to floods in the past has drawn attention of the planners of the country towards
comprehensive flood management plans, policies and implementation.
Fig.1.3.1: Average Annual Damage due to flood (1953-2020)

1.4. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PROBABILITY OF

FLOOD
Climate Change is likely to affect the location, type, and magnitude of flooding in both
urban and rural areas. As a result, it is necessary to include climate change considerations in
the design of new flood management structures or the assessment of existing structures.
Impact of climate change can be witnessed largely in every sector of the economy leading to
huge social, environmental and economic losses. Besides, scientists and environmentalists,
local people have also started experiencing wrath of climate change. Frequent and
unexpected flooding is one of the worst tangible outcomes of climate change. Climate
change has intensified the occurrence of natural events by modifying the amount, the
distribution and the timing of precipitation, aggravating the incidences of floods in both
coastal and land locked regions. Climate change effects may occur through gradual changes
(such as sea level rise) or through modifications to the seasonal or annual patterns of
precipitation and temperatures. These changes will affect the intensity, magnitude,
frequency, and seasonal or geographic occurrence of extreme events such as floods.
Broadly, climate change can exacerbate the flood situation in two-fold manner:
 Sea level rise due to melting of glaciers can submerge coastal areas of country
degrading fresh water resources due to sea water intrusion, destroying coastal
communities and impairing economy while affecting agriculture, industry and
tourism sector.
 Sea level rise will increase the risk of tidal inundation and coastal erosion. The risks
associated with coastal storm surge will worsen as sea levels rise and the intensity of
hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons increase. Climate change is also expected to
increase the intensity of extreme rainfall events. More frequent and intense rain
events will cause more river floods and notably more flash floods. In coastal
environments, river floods may combine with coastal flood increasing the depth and
extent of flood events. While tsunamis can cause significant coastal flooding, there is
uncertainty about how climate change may impact the geological drivers of tsunamis.

 Variation in intensity of rainfall: The climate change has caused to increase the
frequency of short duration heavy rainfall leading to higher water run-off. It has been
observed that due to global warming, increasing temperatures can result into increase
in total rainfall coupled with simultaneous decrease in rainy days. Moreover, the
steady rainfall with distributed rainy days may get replaced by flashy and
momentous rainfall adding large amount of water in a short span of time leading to a
disaster.
Cloudburst is a disastrous weather event in which, heavy rainfall occurs over a localized
area at a very fast rate. The rate of rainfall may be of the order of 100 mm/hr. Thunderstorms
are very common tropical weather phenomena observed in India round the year in some part
or the other. Individually, these are localized short duration transient weather phenomena.
These weather systems can also cause localized heavy to very heavy rainfall sometimes
leading to local flooding. Thunderstorms are very frequent and sometimes very severe in
summer, especially over north-east India causing heavy rainfall and floods. Thunderstorms
during the monsoon season, though less frequent, greatly enhance the quantity of rainfall
locally and are the major source of short duration heavy rainfall leading to flash floods/
flooding.

CHAPTER 2
URBAN FLOODS
Increasing trend of urban flooding is a universal phenomenon and poses a great challenge to
city administration and urban planners the world over. Problems associated with urban
floods range from relatively localized incidents to major ones, resulting in cities being
inundated from a few hours to several days. Therefore, the impact can also be widespread,
including temporary relocation of people, damage to civic amenities, deterioration of water
quality and risk of epidemics. The problems posed by urban flooding are quite challenging
and aggravate with continuous climate change, with its adverse impact affecting variation in
rainfall and intra-city / intra-region disparities in the distribution of rainfall.
Unplanned development and encroachments by sprawling habitations alongside rivers and

watercourses have meddled with the natural streams and watercourses. As a result of this,
the runoff has increased in proportion to urbanization of the watersheds causing urban
floods. In recent years, the challenges posed by Urban Floods coupled with rapid
urbanization and climate change requires altogether different approach in comparison to
riverine floods. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has brought out detailed
guidelines for management of urban floods to boost the efforts for urban flood disaster
management and strengthen the national vision of moving towards a more proactive pre-
disaster preparedness and mitigation centric approach.
These guidelines contain all the details that are required by planners and implementers and
help Central Ministries/ Departments and the States/ UTs in preparing the plans. The
guidelines are attached as Annexure VIII of the report. In order to check the threat of urban
flooding, each city should have their Flood mitigation plans (floodplain, river basin, surface
water, etc.) amalgamated with the overall land use policy and master planning of the city.

2.1. URBAN FLOODING IS DIFFERENT
Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanization leads to

developed catchments which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times and flood
volumes by up to 6 times. Consequently, flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow
times, sometimes in a matter of minutes.
Urban areas are centers of economic activities with vital infrastructure which needs to be
protected 24x7. In most of the cities, damage to vital infrastructure has a bearing not only
locally but could even have global implications. They are also densely populated and people
living in vulnerable areas, both rich and poor, suffer due to flooding. It has sometimes
resulted in loss of life, damage to property and disruptions in transport and power, bringing
life to a grinding halt, causing untold misery and hardships.
Even the secondary effects of possible epidemics and exposure to infection takes further toll
in terms of loss of livelihood, human suffering, and, in extreme cases, loss of life. Therefore,
management of urban flooding has to be accorded top priority.
Increasing trend of urban flooding is a universal phenomenon and poses a great challenge to
urban planners the world over. Problems associated with urban floods range from relatively
localized incidents to major incidents, resulting in cities being inundated from a few hours to
several days. Therefore, the impact can also be widespread, including temporary relocation
of people, damage to civic amenities, deterioration of water quality and risk of epidemics.
Department of Civil Engineering, Page

2.2. URBAN FLOOD RISK IN INDIA
There has been an increasing trend of urban flood disasters in India over the past several
years whereby major cities in India have been severely affected. A special feature in India is
that we have heavy rainfall during monsoons. There are other weather systems also that
bring in a lot of rain. Storm surges can also affect coastal cities/ towns. Sudden release or
failure to release water from dams can also have severe impact. In addition, the urban heat
island effect has resulted in an increase in rainfall over urban areas. Global climate change is
resulting in changed weather patterns and increased episodes of high intensity rainfall events
occurring in shorter periods of time. Then the threat of sea-level rise is also looming large,
threatening all the coastal cities. Cities/towns located on the coast, on river banks, upstream/
downstream of dams, inland cities and in hilly areas can all be affected.
Fig.2.2.1: Flood prone areas in India.

2.3. ISSUES OF URBAN FLOODING
Among the important cities of India, the average annual rainfall varies from 2932 mm in
Goa and 2401 mm in Mumbai on the higher side, to 669 mm in Jaipur on the lower side. The
rainfall pattern and temporal duration is almost similar in all these cities, which receive the
maximum rainfall from the south-west monsoons. The average rainfall for the month of July
in Mumbai is 868 mm and this far exceeds the annual average rainfall of 611 mm in India.
Stormwater drainage systems in the past were designed for rainfall intensity of 12 - 20 mm.
These capacities have been getting very easily overwhelmed whenever rainfall of higher
intensity has been experienced. Further, the systems very often do not work to the designed
capacities because of very poor maintenance.
Encroachments are also a major problem in many cities and towns. Natural streams and
watercourses have formed over thousands of years due to the forces of flowing water in the
respective watersheds. Habitations started growing into towns and cities alongside rivers and
watercourses. As a result of this, the flow of water has increased in proportion to the
urbanization of the watersheds. Ideally, the natural drains should have been widened (similar
to road widening for increased traffic) to accommodate the higher flows of stormwater. But
on the contrary, there have been large scale encroachments on the natural drains and the
river flood plains. Consequently, the capacity of the natural drains has decreased, resulting
in flooding.
Improper disposal of solid waste, including domestic, commercial and industrial waste and
dumping of construction debris into the drains also contributes significantly to reducing their
capacities. It is imperative to take better operations and maintenance actions.

2.4 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING URBAN FLOODS
Table 2.4.1: Factors Contributing to Urban Flooding
Meteorological Hydrological Factors Human Factors

Factors
• Rainfall • Soil moisture level • Land use changes (e.g.,

• Cyclonic storms • Groundwater level prior to surface sealing due to
• Small-scale storms storm urbanization, deforestation)
• Temperature • Natural surface infiltration increase runoff and
• Snowfall and rate sedimentation
snowmelt • Presence of impervious • Occupation of the flood plain
cover and thereby obstructing flows
• Channel cross-sectional • Inefficiency or non-
shape and roughness maintenance of infrastructure
• Presence or absence of over • Too efficient drainage of
bank flow, channel network upstream areas increases flood
• Synchronization of runoffs peaks
from various parts of • Climate change effects,
watershed magnitude and frequency of
• High tide impeding drainage precipitation and floods
• Urban micro-climate may
enforce precipitation events
• Sudden release of water from
dams located upstream of
cities/towns
• Failure to release water from
dams resulting in backwater
effect

2.5. CAUSES OF URBAN FLOODING
Fig 2.5.1 Block diagram of causes of urban floods
(i) Urbanization : Urbanization in India is directly linked with the increase in impervious
surface. This reduces the speed and scale of percolation and increases surface runoff from
buildings, roads, and other hard surfaces. By the very definition of urban floods – It can be
stated that urbanization is directly linked with the risk of urban flooding.
(ii) Encroachment : As more people migrate towards cities in search of employment, the
demand of land for housing rises which increases the economic value of the available land.
People start settling on the ownerless available vacant land i.e., Low-lying areas near water
bodies. Sometimes these encroachments cover up the whole catchment area and in worst-
case scenarios – there will be no trace of the existence of the water body.

(iii) Pollution: Population densities in urban centers are increasing at an alarming rate than
designed for. The supporting infrastructure facilities such as solid waste disposal, sewer
lines, stormwater drains etc. are not being developed to adapt to the increased demand. This
results in improper solid waste disposal into waterbodies, unattended street waste clogging
drainage channels. The design capacity of the STP planned at the city level easily gets
overwhelmed, resulting in the release of untreated sewage into rivers and canals. These
result in chocking and siltation further reducing the flow capacity during a flood event.
(iv) Illegal mining activities: Illegal mining of river sand and quartzite for use in building
construction deplete the natural bed of the rivers and lakes and have an irreversible
damaging impact. This causes soil erosion and reduces the water retention capacity of the
waterbody, increasing the speed and scale of stormwater flow and changes the natural
course of water.
(v) Interference in the drainage system : These interferences can also be in the form of the
poorly planned construction of roads, bridges, railway tracks, and check dams, which
hampers the flow of water resulting in a flood. In Indian cities and towns, due to increased
land prices and less availability of land near the city centre. New developments are coming
up in low- lying areas, usually as encroachments over lakes wetlands and riverbeds. The
width and depth of the water bodies are greatly reduced, sometimes even creating blockages
to the natural flow of water.
(vi) Unplanned tourism activities: Water bodies have been used as an attraction for tourism
development for decades. Water plants and other eutrophication are being removed from
rivers and lakes which are otherwise necessary for reducing the runoff speed. These
activities have to be monitored in such a way that there are no ill effects on the environment
and the water body. Cultural or religious festivals also misuse water bodies by throwing
non-bio degradable matter into the rivers and lakes, reducing the water quality. In the event
of floods, the suspended particles and pollutants overflow into the neighborhood posing
health risks.
(vii) Unplanned release of water from dams : Unplanned and sudden release of water from
dams and lakes lead to floods in an urban area, without giving the public enough time to

respond.

(viii) Absence of administrative framework: Protection of water bodies was not a primary
concern of urban planning; this has come into light only after the recent incidents of
inundations in major cities causing huge economic losses. Instead of imposing strict laws to
restrict or remove encroachments from drainage channels and wetlands, there have been
cases where the local government has been given powers to regularize the development by
giving them legal rights to own the land. There has been very little initiative from the
government to place the waterbodies as a protected environment free from pollution and
encroachment. The factors responsible for Urban flooding are identified and segregated into
two categories: Solvable – Unsolvable through change in planning guidelines. Planning
interventions should be aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of Urban flooding by
addressing the factors which can otherwise be solved at root cause level.
Fig 2.5.2: Urbanization Fig 2.5.3: Encroachment

2.6. APPROACH TO FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN

THE COUNTRY
The flood management practices have largely focused on reducing flooding and reducing the
susceptibility to flood damage through variety of interventions. Different measures have
been adopted to reduce the flood losses and protect the flood plains. Depending upon the
nature of work, flood protection and flood management measures are broadly classified as
under:
(a) Structural Measures
(b) Non-Structural Measures Structural Measures for Flood Management
The structural measures for flood control which bring relief to the flood prone areas by
reducing flood flows and attenuating the flood levels are:
 A reservoir created behind a dam across a river

 A natural depression suitably improved and regulated, if necessary
 By diversion of a part of the peak flow to another river or basin, where such
diversion would not cause appreciable damage.
 By constructing a parallel channel by-passing a particular town/reach of the river
prone to flooding.
 The structural methods of flood protection/anti erosion, which do not reduce the
flood flow but reduce spilling are:
 Embankments which artificially raise the effective river bank and thereby prevent
spilling.
 Channel and drainage improvement work, which artificially reduce the flood water
level so as to keep the same, confined within the river banks and thus prevent
spilling.
 Anti-erosion measures which prevent further loss of valuable land.
 River channelization works to train the braided rivers to flow in a desired course to
prevent further loss of land and to induce siltation.

Non-Structural Measures for Flood Management: The non-structural measures to mitigate

adverse impact of floods involve the following:
 Disseminating advance warning of incoming flood through a flood forecasting

system and facilitating timely evacuation of the people to safer grounds.
 Discouraging creation of valuable assets/settlement of the people in the areas subject
to frequent flooding i.e., enforcing flood plain zoning regulation.

CHAPTER 3
URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT

3.1 DEFINITION
Urban flood management refers to the planning, design, and implementation of measures to
mitigate the negative impacts of flooding in urban areas. Effective management of floods
requires a coordinated approach that integrates various measures to reduce the risk of floods
and their impact on urban areas.
3.2 WHY DO WE NEED URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT

Because of the devastating effects that floods can have on people and their environments
such as:
1. Impact on Social
PUBLIC HEALTH -Urban floods can have a significant impact on public health.
Floodwaters can be contaminated with sewage, chemicals, and other hazardous materials,
posing a risk to human health. In addition, flooding can create breeding grounds for
mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects, increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases
such as malaria and dengue fever.
The impact on public health can be particularly severe in low-income communities, where
residents may lack access to healthcare and sanitation facilities.
Fig 3.2.1 Graphical representation of flood menace

Disruption of businesses: Floods can disrupt the normal functioning of businesses, leading to
a loss of revenue and profits. Businesses may have to shut down temporarily or
permanently, and workers may lose their jobs. The disruption of supply chains and
transportation networks can also lead to shortages and higher prices for goods and services.
2. Impact on Economy
Urban floods can have a significant impact on the economy. Disruptions in transportation
and commerce can lead to lost productivity and revenue for businesses. Damage to buildings
and infrastructure can result in significant repair costs, which can be a burden for both
individuals and governments.
In addition, the impact of urban floods can be felt beyond the immediate area of the flood.
For example, disruptions in transportation can lead to delays in the delivery of goods and
services, affecting businesses and consumers across the region. The economic impact of
urban floods can be particularly severe in developing countries, where there may be limited
resources to address the damage caused by floods.
Here are some of the ways in which floods can affect the economy:
 Damage to property: Floods can cause extensive damage to homes, businesses, and
infrastructure, leading to significant economic losses. The cost of repairing or
rebuilding damaged property can be high, and in some cases, it may be more
economical to abandon the affected areas altogether.
 Disruption of businesses: Floods can disrupt the normal functioning of businesses,
leading to a loss of revenue and profits. Businesses may have to shut down
temporarily or permanently, and workers may lose their jobs. The disruption of
supply chains and transportation networks can also lead to shortages and higher
prices for goods and services.
 Agricultural losses: Floods can cause extensive damage to crops and farmland,
leading to significant losses for farmers and agricultural businesses. This can have a
ripple effect on the entire economy, as food prices may rise, and food shortages may
occur.

 Health impacts: Floods can lead to the spread of water-borne diseases, which can
have a significant impact on public health and the economy. The cost of treating the
sick, lost productivity, and increased healthcare costs can all add up to significant
economic losses.
 Insurance costs: Floods can lead to a rise in insurance premiums, as insurance
companies may be forced to pay out large amounts of money for claims. This can
have a significant impact on the economy, as individuals and businesses may have to
allocate more money towards insurance costs.
Overall, the economic impact of floods can be significant and long-lasting. It is important
for governments and businesses to take steps to mitigate the impact of floods and to invest in
infrastructure and resources that can help to prevent or minimize the damage caused by
floods.
India lost around 0.46% of gross domestic product (GDP), damages to crops stood at 0.18%
of GDP, 1.6 million houses were damaged, damage to public utilities stood at around 0.21%
of GDP, and 6% of the rural population were affected due to floods annually2. In addition,
flood impact builds fiscal pressure on the government through spending on flood protection
measures and creating flood-resilient infrastructure. Based on the socioeconomic condition
of the states, high-income (rich) states in India have experienced lower flood fatalities, and
fewer people have been adversely affected than the low-income (poor) states. Moreover, rich
states spend more on post-disaster mitigation measures than poor state.
Water-related natural disasters, from floods to droughts, could cause a $5.6 trillion hit to
global gross domestic product (GDP) between 2022 and 2050, according to a new study
from the professional services firm GHD.PACT ON COST ECONOMY
India lost around 0.46% of gross domestic product (GDP), damages to crops stood at 0.18%
of GDP, 1.6 million houses were damaged, damage to public utilities stood at around 0.21%
of GDP, and 6% of the rural population were affected due to floods annually.
The state government had release ₹600 crore to manage the rain and flood situation across
the state. To restore damaged infrastructure like roads, electric poles, transformers,
schools etc, ₹300 crore has been kept for BANGALORE alone during last floods.
3.Impact on Services
Urban floods can have significant effects on service delivery in affected areas. Some of the
impacts of urban floods on services include:
 Water Supply: Urban floods can disrupt the water supply system by damaging water
treatment plants, pipes, and other infrastructure. This can lead to a shortage of safe
and clean drinking water, which can increase the risk of waterborne diseases.
 Sewage system: Heavy rainfall and flooding can overwhelm the sewage system,
causing it to overflow and contaminate nearby water bodies. This can also lead to
health hazards and environmental degradation.
 Transportation: Urban floods can disrupt transportation systems, making it difficult
for people to commute to work or school. Flooded roads and highways can also slow
down emergency response times and increase the risk of accidents.
 Electricity supply: Flooding can damage electricity supply infrastructure, such as
power plants and transmission lines, leading to power outages. This can affect
businesses, hospitals, and other critical infrastructure that rely on electricity.
 Telecommunications: Flooding can also damage telecommunications infrastructure,
disrupting communication networks and making it difficult for people to call for help
during emergencies.
Urban floods have a significant impact on infrastructure. Roads, bridges, and other
transportation infrastructure can be damaged or destroyed during floods, leading to
disruptions in transportation and commerce. Buildings and homes can also be damaged or
destroyed, resulting in significant repair costs and displacement of residents.
Fig 3.2.2 Images of damage caused to the services due to floods

In addition, urban floods can lead to disruptions in water and sewage systems, potentially
contaminating drinking water and creating health hazards for residents. The impact on
infrastructure can be particularly severe in low-income communities, where residents may
lack access to resources to repair or rebuild their homes and business.
3.3 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND

FRAMEWORK
3.3.1 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN INDIA

India has been facing increasing challenges with urban flooding due to rapid urbanization,
inadequate drainage systems, and the impacts of climate change. As a result, the government
has implemented several policies to manage urban floods. Here are some of the key policies:
1. National Urban Flood Management Programme (NUFMP): This is a centrally

sponsored scheme launched in 2013 to enhance the flood management capabilities of
urban local bodies. The scheme provides financial assistance for flood management
projects, capacity building of stakeholders, and public awareness campaigns.
2. National Disaster Management Plan: The plan outlines the government's approach to
managing natural disasters, including floods. The plan includes guidelines for disaster
preparedness, response, and recovery.
3. Smart Cities Mission: The mission aims to develop 100 smart cities across India with
an emphasis on sustainability and resilience. Flood management is one of the key focus
areas of the mission, with projects such as stormwater management systems, flood
warning systems, and green infrastructure being implemented.
4. National Monsoon Contingency Plan: This is a plan developed by the Ministry of
Home Affairs to manage the impacts of monsoon rains, including floods. The plan
outlines the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and provides guidelines
for preparedness and response.
5. Building Code: The National Building Code of India includes provisions for flood-
resistant building design and construction. These provisions aim to enhance the
resilience of buildings and infrastructure to floods.

3.3.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Three general concepts that provide the basic conceptual framework for urban flood risk
management are: Integrated Flood Management; Total Water Cycle Management; and Land-
use Planning.
Fig 3.3.2.1 Conceptual Framework for Urban Flood Risk Management

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) embraces all its principles and at the same
time incorporates risk management principles. It integrates land and water resources
development in a river basin and aims at combining the efficient use of flood plains and the
reduction of loss of life due to flooding. The IFM concept is based on the following
principles:
a) Employ a basin approach; b) Treat floods as part of the water cycle; c) Integrate land and
water management; d) Adopt a mix of strategies based on risk management approaches;
enable cooperation between different agencies and ensure a participatory approach. Total
Water Cycle Management (TWCM) is applied in order to stress the linkages between
stormwater management on one hand and water supply and sanitation on the other. Thus
there is a need to deal more explicitly with these overlapping parts between the three basic
fields of urban water management namely: drinking water supply, sewage and waste water
disposal and surface run-off disposal.
Land use planning leads to calls for a closer integration or coordination between flood
management plans and land use plans. The regulations and by-laws concerned with land use
planning should consider the flood risks and local disaster management authorities.

Fig 3.3.2.2 Total water cycle management-concept diagram
3.3.3 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

A strategic framework for urban flood management typically involves the following steps:
1. Risk Assessment: The first step in any flood management strategy is to assess the
risk of flooding in the urban area. This involves identifying flood-prone areas,
analysing past flood events, and assessing the potential impact of future flooding on
the community.
2. Planning and Preparation: Based on the risk assessment, a plan for managing urban
flooding is developed. This plan includes measures such as green infrastructure,
drainage infrastructure, retrofitting buildings, flood warning systems, public
awareness and education, and land use planning.
3. Implementation: The plan is implemented by installing green infrastructure, drainage
infrastructure, retrofitting buildings, and establishing flood warning systems.
Implementation may also involve educating the public on measures they can take to
reduce the risk of flooding.
4. Monitoring and Evaluation: The effectiveness of the flood management strategy is
monitored and evaluated on an ongoing basis. This involves tracking flood events,
assessing the impact of the measures put in place, and adjusting the strategy as
necessary.
5. Collaboration and Coordination: Urban flood management requires the cooperation
of multiple stakeholders. Effective collaboration and coordination between these
stakeholders is critical to the success of any flood management strategy.

CHAPTER 4
URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT – BANGALORE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
• Bangalore is the capital and largest city of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan
Plateau positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of 741 square
kilometres.
• The city has an average elevation of 900 meters (2,953 feet) above sea level,
making it one of the highest cities in India.
• The terrain in Bangalore is characterized by gently sloping hills and valleys, with a
gradient that ranges from around 750 meters (2,460 feet) in the southern part of the
city to over 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) in the northern part. The highest point in
BANGALORE in Doddabettahalli, which has an elevation of around 962 meters
(3,156 feet).
• AS the altitude varies from about 740 m to over 1000 m above mean sea in the
region is main cause for formation of large number of drainages and storage tanks.
• It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of
around 11 million, making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous
urban agglomeration in India, as well as second largest urban agglomeration
in South India, and the 27th largest city in the world.
• According to a study by the India Institute of Science(IISc), the built-up area of
Bangalore increased from 8% in 1973 to around 42% in 2016, indicating a
significant increase in the area covered by buildings and other urban infrastructure.
• As of 2021, the green cover area of BANGALORE is estimated to be around
16.2%, which is below the national average of 33%.
• According to the survey made in 2008 there were only 93 water bodies (both small
and medium size) with an area of 918 ha in the Greater Bangalore region.

Fig 4.1.1 Land use in Greater Bangalore obtained from Landsat ETM+
 The mean annual total rainfall as per an Indian Institute of Science (IISc) study2 is
about 880 mm with about 60 rainy days a year over the last ten years.
Fig 4.1.2 Spatial rainfall distribution pattern (all units are in mm)

4.2 VALLEYS OF BANGALORE

 A valley represents a low area of land located between elevated regions. Valleys
often represent picturesque geographic features associated with streams.
 Bangalore being located on the ridge, forms three watersheds as precipitation flows
as runoff in three directions along the valleys Koramangala Challaghatta Valley
(K&C Valley), Hebbal Valley (H Valley) and the Vrishabhavati Valley (V Valley).
 Under the administrative boundary of Bruhat Bangalore, K&C valley is the largest
encompassing an area of 255 square kilometers, followed by Hebbal valley with an
area of 207 square kilometers and Vrishabhavati valley with an area of 165 square
kilometers. Both K&C valley and Hebbal valley joins at Nagondanahalli village.
 Catchment wise water yield analysis indicates about 49.5 per cent of water yield i n
the Vrishabhavathi valley, followed by 35.2 per cent in K&C valley and 15.3 per
cent in Hebbal valley. The total annual water yield in Bangalore is about 14.80
TMC.
Fig 4.2.1 River and lake network along major valleys

4.3 REASON FOR FLOODING IN BANGALORE
Bangalore is located at the top of a ridge which is the water divide between the watersheds
of the Kaveri and the Ponnaiyar (Dakshina Pinakini) rivers. The city has numerous valleys
which act as conduits carrying water to these two major rivers.
Fig 4.3.1 Map showing the topography of Bangalore

Original settlements were concentrated on the ridges while the valleys were used for
agriculture. To irrigate these lands, bunds were erected to retain the water — creating lakes.
Each lake had its own command area which it irrigated.
The older streams that once flowed were redesigned to create artificial canals (kaluve) which
were used for irrigation of the command area of each lake and for carrying excess water
downstream. Several minor drains that carried water in these command areas ended up under
private ownership.

Fig 4.3.2 Map shows a typical lake construction with modified drain network
The city’s population, which stood at 1.6 lakh in 1901, is estimated to be more than one
crore today. This rapid and extreme growth has triggered a massive demand for land and the
city began sprawling out. Ignoring the topography of the land, construction began in the
valleys and ridges, which in turn altered the original topography, with minor drains
disappearing. Temporal analysis of land use show that there has been a 466% increase in
built-up area from 1973 to 2007 leading to a sharp decline in water bodies (60.83%) in
Greater Bangalore. Fig (4.6) illustrates the rate of increase in built-up areas from 1973 to
2007 and its implication on the decline of vegetation and water bodies. Vegetation has
decreased by 32% from 1973 to 1992, by 38% from 1992 to 2002 and by 63% from 2002 to
2007. Figure (4.7) shows the relation found between impermeable areas to urban population
density, indicating the increase in population with the increase in paved surface in the
region. Unplanned urbanization has many potentially detrimental effects including the loss
of valuable agricultural and eco- sensitive (e.g. wetlands, forests) lands, enhanced energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from increasing private vehicle use.

Figure 4.3.3 Impact of urbanization on vegetation and water bodies
Figure 4.3.4 Impermeable area and urban density in Bangalore city
During 1800, there were 1452 water bodies with the storage capacity of 35 TMC (in the
current spatial extent of 741 sq.km.). The number of lakes in Bangalore has reduced from
nearly 285 (spatial extent of Bangalore: 161 sq.km. in early seventies) to 194 (spatial extent
of Bangalore: 741 sq.km. in 2006). Unplanned rapid urbanisation during late nineties,
witnessed large-scale unrealistic, uncontrolled developmental activities in the neighborhood
of lakes, which led to
1. encroachment of lakes and storm water drains resulting in decline in ground water
table, while increasing the instances of flooding;

2. dumping of solid waste (MSW), Construction debris, etc. in storm water drains, lake
catchment and in lakes.;
3. sustained inflow of partially or untreated sewage, polluting existing surface and
subsurface water resources;
4. reduced water holding capacity due to accumulation of silt; construction debris, etc.;
5. topography alterations in the lake catchment; and
6. sustained inflow of untreated industrial effluents.
During the last four decades there has been 79% reduction in water bodies and the number
of lakes in Bangalore Loss of interconnectivity due to encroachments.
TABLE 4.3.1 Land use dynamics of Bangalore

To give a visual evidence to the fact that extents of the lakes in the city are diminishing,
satellite images from Landsat satellite (satellite launched by NASA for Remote Sensing
purpose), were studied by this researcher, for the years 1992, 2002 and 2012. The study
names Normalized Differential Water Index (NDWI), which primarily suppresses all other
features and highlights surface water bodies was carried out.
Fig 4.3.5 Satellite image representing diminishing water bodies

Bangalore’s old sewerage network was not designed to carry treated sewage at all! The
network’s capacity falls short by 1400 MLD (million litres per day), which is one of the
reasons for the flooding. Almost 90 per cent of the city's tree cover was lost in the last four
decades and replaced by concrete surfaces and asphalt roads, which cannot absorb water.
This results in a large amount of runoff water. Further, this water runs much faster on
concrete and asphalt when compared to soil.The new structures not only impacted water
infiltration into the soil but also began obstructing the movement of water in the valleys.
Most of the drains on private properties disappeared, while public ownership drains proved
insufficient to carry water during heavy rainfall days. These existing canals, which were not
created for inundation requirements, proved inadequate to the task of carrying excess
rainwater. Extreme amounts of engineering, sewage flow and clogging further hampered
flow in the canals.
Fig 4.3.6 The urbanization transformation of the valley section
The bulk of the flooding and stagnation in Bangalore happened because of the obstructions
in the valleys. There were very few instances of flooding outside the valley. The isolated
cases of stagnation in the ridges were largely due to the quality of engineering of the
roadside storm water drains.

4.4 FLOOD PRONE AREAS OF BANGALORE

The civic body has identified 211 flood-prone areas across the city, 58 of which are
categorised as severely vulnerable to flooding while 153 are marked as moderately
vulnerable.
The BBMP data, accessed by DH, reveals that the RR Nagar zone with 39 spots and West
Bangalore with 38 spots have the greatest number of flood-prone areas. The Bommanahalli
zone has 12 severely vulnerable spots, while the Mahadevapura zone has 11.
The places have been identified on geographical factors and previous flooding incidents,
besides also considering the amount of rainfall.
Fig 4.4.1 Zone wise representation of flood prone areas

4.5 MEASURES TAKEN AS OF NOW
1. Stormwater Drain Improvement:
The government has taken several measures to improve the stormwater drainage system in
the city, including constructing new drains, desilting existing ones, and creating new canals.
For instance, the government invested in the construction of a new drainage system in the
low- lying areas of the city such as Koramangala, which was prone to flooding during the
monsoon season. The government also initiated the desilting of several drains, including the
Kaggadasapura and Koramangala valley drains, which had become clogged due to the
accumulation of silt and garbage.
2. Lake Restoration:
Bangalore has over 1,000 lakes, many of which have been encroached upon or polluted over
the years. To prevent flooding, the government has focused on restoring the city's lakes by
clearing encroachments, removing silt and weeds, and increasing the storage capacity of the
lakes. For example, the government restored the Puttenahalli Lake in South Bangalore by
removing garbage and debris, planting trees along the lake's perimeter, and building a
walking track for visitors. The restoration of the lake not only improved the lake's water
quality but also helped prevent flooding in the surrounding areas.
3. Tree Plantation:
The government has also focused on tree plantation drives across the city to control soil
erosion and increase the soil's water-holding capacity. For instance, the government
launched a campaign called "Parisara Malinya" to plant one million saplings across the city.
The initiative involved planting trees along the city's roadsides, parks, and other public
spaces to improve the city's green cover and prevent soil erosion, which reduces the risk of
flooding.

4. Flood Warning Systems:
The government has set up flood warning systems in the city to monitor water levels and
take appropriate measures to prevent flooding. For example, the Bruhat Bangalore
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) installed water-level sensors in the stormwater drains to
monitor the water levels during heavy rainfall. If the water levels rise above a certain
threshold, an alert is sent to the BBMP control room, which can take preventive measures
such as closing the gates of the reservoirs to prevent flooding.
5. Building Regulations:
The government has introduced regulations for builders and developers to ensure that
buildings are constructed on raised platforms and have proper drainage systems in place. For
instance, the government mandated that all new constructions in the city must have
rainwater harvesting systems and wastewater treatment plants. This ensures that rainwater is
not wasted and instead can be used for other purposes, such as irrigation, thereby reducing
the amount of rainwater that enters the drainage system and preventing flooding.
6. Green Belt Development:
The government has focused on developing green belts or buffer zones along lakes, rivers,
and other water bodies. For example, the government developed a green belt along the banks
of the Vrishabhavathi river, which flows through the city. The green belt not only prevents
soil erosion but also helps in maintaining the natural flow of water, which reduces the risk of
flooding.
7. Roadside Rainwater Harvesting:
The government has encouraged the installation of roadside rainwater harvesting systems,
which collect and store rainwater for later use. For example, the BBMP launched a program
to install roadside rainwater harvesting systems across the city. The program involved
educating residents about the benefits of rainwater harvesting and providing financial
incentives to install rainwater harvesting systems. This reduces the amount of rainwater that
enters the drainage system and prevents flooding.

8. Early Warning Systems:
The government has set up early warning systems for residents in flood-prone areas. They
launched mobile app SUCH AS Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre
(KSNDMC) Flood Monitoring App, which provides information on waterlogging and
flooding in the city. .These systems provide timely alerts to residents about potential
flooding and help them take preventive measures.
9. Establishment of sensor and rain gauge network and data aggregation:
To monitor the flow during flood events, a network of 100 automatic rain gauges (ARGs)
and 25 water-level sensors (WLS), across Bangalore have been installed and are maintained
by KSNDMC in collaboration with BBMP. The real-time rainfall data are obtained at a
GENERAL ARTICLES CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 120, NO. 9, 10 MAY 2021 1443
temporal resolution of 15 min from the ARGs through a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
based communication system to the server at KSNDMC, with one rain gauge for every 7 sq.
km. The telemetric WLSs are set up on the storm water drains (SWDs) at various significant
locations based on the identified flood-vulnerable areas, and accessibility to and safety of the
sensors. The WLS transmit data at 15 min temporal resolution, which is critical during high
flood events. The networks are equipped with alert systems to keep the authorities informed
if the level crosses a threshold, helping them to prepare in case of flood events. Figure
(4.4.2) shows locations of the installed WLS and ARG network.
The UFM flood model has been developed using the storm water management model
(SWMM) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). SWMM is a
dynamic rainfall–run-off simulation model designed specifically for urban regions, and is
used to compute the run-off generated from rainfall after accounting for various losses from
the system. The input datasets required for the SWMM model set-up, viz. ARG locations
and rainfall data, sub-catchments, SWD network (location and channel geometry), and
impervious area in the form of buildings and roads, topographical data and DEM data
(obtained from contour maps) were obtained from KSNDMC, BDA and BBMP. The nodes,
drains, ARG locations and sub-catchments were pre-processed, connected and imported
from ArcGIS to SWMM. Initial flow in the drains was assumed to be at 25% of the

total capacity and

maximum flow is the full capacity of the drains. The surface roughness coefficient
(Manning’s) was assigned for concrete-lined SWDs as 0.015, and for other surfaces based
on the respective land-use types and the literature reports6 . Lakes act as major sinks for the
flood waters generated by run-off and the existing lakes are represented as point storage
units in the model2 . The precipitation input to the model was added from the installed rain
gauge network. The simulated peak run-off, run-off volume and critical and flood-
vulnerable locations were obtained using rainfall data of 15 min resolution generated during
a historical extreme event as an input to the model.
Fig 4.5.1 Comprehensive flood modelling
The results were obtained in the form of hydrographs for each junction/ node in the model.
The outcomes of the SWMM serve as inputs to the HEC-RAS model to obtain flood
inundation maps
The near real-time flood inundation maps will be prepared and despatched based on the
outcome of the flood model with real-time observed rainfall from the ARGs as inputs, which
are correlated with the WLS data for various locations.
By analysing the potential impact of different flood scenarios, comprehensive flood

modelling can help local authorities and emergency responders to better prepare for and
mitigate the effects of floods. It allows them to identify flood-prone areas and develop
strategies to reduce flood risk, such as building flood walls or creating drainage channels.

Fig 4.5.2 Flood inundation map of (a) KC valley (b) Vrishabhavathi valley
Comprehensive flood modelling can also assist in predicting the likely effects of climate
change on flood risk, helping to inform long-term planning and policy decisions. By
simulating different scenarios and analysing their outcomes, policymakers can better
understand the potential impact of climate change on flood risk and develop strategies to
reduce the risk.
10. Flood information dissemination and feedback:
The model outcomes and relevant information were disseminated as deliverables in three
stages. (1) The rainfall and flood forecast warning system. (2) The post-flood damage alert
system. (3) BANGALORE Megha Sandesha mobile application and Varunamitra dynamic
web portal.
Based on the forecasted rainfall and outcomes of the flood model for the occurrence of a
high rainfall event, the flood and rainfall forecast system provides relevant information for
sending alerts to the concerned organizations through messaging services.
The system is also equipped to alert a network of trained disaster-relief workforce and the
relevant authorities on the inundation and other damages (blockage of roads/electrical
transmissions, etc.), through focused messaging groups. This information helps in quick
addressal of these issues with minimal inconvenience to the citizens.

11. Bangalore Megha Sandesha app:
To directly disseminate rainfall and flood forecast information along with the location-
specific near-real time weather information to the citizens of Bangalore, a mobile
application, ‘Bangalore Megha Sandesha’ has been developed by KSNDMC as a product of
the UFM project. The flood-warning system is designed to display the occurrence of floods,
based on the region-wise flood-vulnerable zones identified and their corresponding
threshold rainfall that can initiate the flood scenario. The WLS located at various sensitive
SWDs aid in the in situ verification of floods. The application enables users to look for safer
alternative routes based on high-rainfall regions en-route.
Fig 4.5.3 Components of Bangalore Megha Sandesha flood application
12. Varunamitra web portal:
Varunamitra (www.varunamitra.karnataka.gov.in) is a dedicated, dynamic web portal for

weather information in the BBMP area. It includes details on the zone-wise static flood
vulnerable areas, daily forecasts for rainfall, floods, etc. and real-time details of rainfall and
weather information from the network of the ARG and AWS. Similar to the Bangalore
Megha Sandesha application, the forecasts are obtained from the WRF model of SAC.

Fig 4.5.4 Real-time rainfall and flood information dashboard in the Varunamitra web portal
13. Low impact development techniques:
A few LID options include use of porous pavement technology and porous bed channels for
groundwater recharge, and rainwater harvesting. Rain gardens that are Shallow, planted
depressions that collect and absorb rainwater, allowing it to filter into the ground slowly.
Infiltration trenches, which are Underground trenches that collect and slowly release
stormwater into the ground.
14. SWMM modelling of blockage:
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a widely used software tool for modeling and
analyzing stormwater runoff and flood events in urban areas. It can also be used to simulate
the effects of blockages in the drainage system.
To simulate the effects of blockages in SWMM modeling, the user can create a blockage
object in the SWMM input file. The blockage object defines the location, size and type of
blockage. Once the blockage object is created, the SWMM model can simulate the effect of
blockages on the flow of water through the drainage system and calculate the potential
impact on flooding in the surrounding areas.

Fig 4.5.5 Laboratory set-up of field channel replica for flow with blockage SWMM
modelling for simulated flood
15. Parallel drains:
A parallel stormwater drain system is a type of drainage system used to manage excess
rainwater and prevent flooding in urban areas. It consists of a series of underground pipes
and channels that run parallel to the main sewer system. The purpose of the parallel system
is to collect and channel rainwater away from the streets and buildings, and into a separate
system that is designed to handle the excess water
This concept of parallel drain was used in HSR to overcome the flooding
 The problem of backflow from K-200 drain towards some pockets of HSR sector
drain was reported during monsoon season.
 due to low bed level on the upstream side of the feeder drains in comparison with the
downstream near the discharge points into K-200 drain
 To overcome the issue of back flow of storm water from the primary drain to the
feeder drains and further towards HSR sector it was proposed to channelize the
discharge generated from silk board and HSR sector.
 Carving of parallel drain in the K-200 drain has helped to reduce the backflow of
storm water into low lying areas of HSR layout during monsoon period whenever the
catchment area witness heavy rainfall.

CHAPTER 5
KORAMANGALA VALLEY
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO KORAMANGALA VALLEY
 Koramangala (K-100) valley is one of biggest natural valleys in Bengaluru, the valley
originates in KR market region and flows into Bellandur lake, which is 11 Km in length
and 28 Km including its subsidiary drains.
 As per the study, total length of drains (primary and secondary) as per cadastral maps
(early 1900s) was 113.24 km in Koramangala which was reduced to 62.84 km by
2016/2017.
 In Koramangala Valley, which witnessed severe flooding, the length of two drains which
merge before entering Bellandur Lake was reduced from 338 m to 136 m between the
years 2008 and 2016 which allowed constructions thereby affecting the free flow of
stormwater.
Fig 5.1.1 : Storm water drain - K 100 Project

5.2 OBJECTIVES
1. Improved Flood Management:
One of the primary objectives of redesigning the drains in flood-prone areas is to improve
flood management in Koramangala. By upgrading and improving the existing drain
infrastructure, the system can better handle heavy rainfall and reduce the risk of flooding in
the area.
2. Prevent Property Damage:
Flooding can cause significant property damage, and redesigning the drains can help
prevent such damage by diverting excess water away from buildings and other structures.
3. Enhance Public Safety:
Floods can pose a significant threat to public safety, and redesigning the drains can help
mitigate such risks. By reducing the likelihood of flooding and channeling water away from
heavily trafficked areas, the redesigned drain system can help ensure the safety of the public.
4. Environmental Sustainability:
A well-designed drain system can also promote environmental sustainability by minimizing

the impact of flooding on the natural environment. The redesigned drains can help prevent
soil erosion, reduce the pollution of water bodies, and preserve the local ecosystem.
5. Aesthetics and Public Health:
By redesigning the drains, it is possible to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the area while also
promoting public health. By reducing the accumulation of stagnant water, the risk of
waterborne diseases can be minimized, and the overall livability of the area can be
improved.

5.3 LOCATION DETAILS OF PROJECT SITE

The project site is located in Koramangala, a south-eastern part of Bengaluru. The site spans
from 17th F4 Main Road, 6th Block to 17th "F" Main, 6th C Cross, 6th Block,
Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560095. The site location marked as "F5 Road" in the
below figure represents the starting point of the project site.
Fig 5.3.1: Representing Project Site Location

5.4 REASONS FOR SELECTING THE PROJECT SITE

When it comes to urban flood management, locating the flood prone area plays a major role,
in which contour map has a huge place.
1. The area towards the north-west of the site location (i.e, RL = 925 m) is at the greater
level with RL 880 m (Refer Fig 5.4.1).
2. Similarly, the area towards the south-west of the site is also at a greater level with
RL 880 m (Refer Fig 5.4.1).
Hence from the above reasons, we can conclude that the selected area or the site is low-
lying area.
Fig 5.4.1: Contour towards north west of the site
Fig 5.4.2: Contour towards south west of the site

5.5 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DRAIN DETAILS

 The selected Project Site consists of tertiary drains (i.e., Road Drains) which are finally
connected to primary stormwater drain (i.e., K100 – Koramangala Drains). These
drains form a closed channel system. On average, the width and depth of the drains are
600 mm and 250 mm, respectively. The design of these dimensions ensures a safe
velocity of flow.
 However, it has been observed that in a specific drain, the velocity of flow is lower
than the recommended value in the manual. As a result, the depth of the drain has
decreased due to the settling of particles.
 Maintaining a minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s is crucial to prevent the settling of particles
in the drain. When the velocity falls below this threshold, the flow becomes sluggish,
allowing sediment and other particles to accumulate and reduce the depth of the drain.
 To avoid further issues, it is important to address the low velocity in the particular drain.
Fig 5.5.1: Marking of Roads and Area in project site

CHAPTER 6
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
6.1. GENERAL
Storm water drainage design is an integral component of both site and overall storm water
management design. Good drainage design must strive to maintain compatibility and
minimize interference with existing drainage patterns; control flooding of property,
structures and roadways for design flood events; and minimize potential environmental
impacts on storm water runoff. Storm water collection systems must be designed to provide
adequate surface drainage while at the same time meeting other storm water management
goals such as water quality, stream bank channel protection, habitat protection and
groundwater recharge.
In every location there are two storm water drainage systems, the minor system and the
major system. Three considerations largely shape the design of these systems: flooding,
public safety and water quality.
The minor drainage system is designed to remove storm water from areas such as streets and
sidewalks for public safety reasons. The minor drainage system consists of inlets, street and
roadway gutters, roadside ditches, small channels and swales, and small underground pipe
systems which collect storm water runoff and transport it to structural control facilities,
pervious areas and/or the major drainage system (i.e., natural waterways, large man-made
conduits, and large water impoundments).
Paths taken by runoff from very large storms are called major systems. The major system
consists of natural waterways, large man-made conduits, and large water impoundments. In
addition, the major system includes some less obvious drainage ways such as overload relief
swales and infrequent temporary ponding areas. The major system includes not only the
trunk line system that receives the water from the minor system, but also the natural backup
system which functions in case of overflow from or failure of the minor system. Overland
relief must not flood or damage houses, buildings or other property.

6.2. CHECKLIST FOR DRAINAGE PLANNING AND DESIGN

The following is a general procedure for drainage system design on a development site.
1) Analyze topography
a) Check off-site drainage pattern. Where is water coming onto the site? Where is water
leaving the site?
b) Check on-site topography for surface runoff and storage, and infiltration
(i) Determine runoff pattern; high points, ridges, valleys, streams, and swales.
Where is the water going?
(ii) Overlay the grading plan and indicate watershed areas; calculate square
footage (acreage), points of concentration, low points, etc.
c) Check potential drainage outlets and methods
(i) On-site (structural control, receiving water)
(ii) Off-site (highway, storm drain, receiving water, regional
control) (iii)Natural drainage system (swales)
(iv)Existing drainage system (drain pipe)
2) Analyze other site conditions
a) Land use and physical obstructions such as walks, drives, parking, patios, landscape
edging, fencing, grassed area, landscaped area, tree roots, etc.
b) Soil type determines the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil.
c) Vegetative cover will determine the amount of slope possible without erosion.
3) Analysis of areas for probable location of drainage structures and facilities.

4) Identification of the type and size of drainage system components that are required.
Design of drainage system and integrating it with the overall storm water management
system and plan.

6.3. PLAN AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED SWD
When urban development takes place in a natural catchment, the ordered system of natural
drainage lines is replaced by a system of roof and property drains, inlets, swales, pipes and
channels. Although outwardly different from the natural catchment drainage network, the
formal paths of the developed landscape should display a structure which is similar to that of
the natural system they have replaced.
Planning and design of an integrated urban storm water management/drainage network for a
new development requires a database on the following:
a. Catchment natural drainage direction,

b. Runoff out fall point,
c. Catchment boundary,
d. Internal node points: locations of interest where flows, flood levels and possibly
water quality need to be assessed. These may be, for example, at major road
crossings or landscape features,
e. Drainage network: the layout of the surface channels which convey runoff
originating in the catchment, and
f. Catchment sub-areas.
Fig 6.3.1 Runoff Travel Path and Features of a Natural Catchment

6.4. RAINFALL ANALYSIS
Rainfall is a form of precipitation. The term precipitation is a generic term used to denote all
types of precipitation that reaches surface of the earth from the atmosphere such as rainfall,
snowfall, frost, hail, sleet, drizzle, glaze, and dew. Rainfall (water drops of size 0.5 mm – 6
mm) is the major form of precipitation that causes stream flow as well as flood flow in
rivers. Variation in magnitude and duration of rainfall in different parts of the country leads
to potential of flooding of urban areas where the drainage systems are inadequate. Based on
the magnitude, the rainfall is classified as:
 Very light Rain (0.1- 2.4 mm/day),
 Light Rain (2.5 – 15.5 mm/day),
 Moderate Rain (15.6 – 64.4 mm/day),
 Heavy Rain (64.5 – 115.5 mm/day),
 Very Heavy Rain (115.6 – 204.4 mm/day) and
 Extremely Heavy Rain (>204.5 mm/day).
In storm water drainage system design, estimation of runoff from the tributary catchment
reaching various inlets of the drain is important. This can be estimated if Intensity Duration
Frequency (IDF) curves are available. The IDF curve is drawn based on rainfall data
analysis of the project area obtained from the daily rainfall charts of Self-recording Rain
Gauge (SRRG) stations of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).
Rainfall analysis is carried out to identify and sort out various magnitudes (intensities) of
rainfall events and their corresponding durations occurring at a station from a continuous
series of historical rainfall records taken for a fairly long period viz. last 25 - 30 years or
more. IDF curves are not static as they are influenced by change in pattern of rainfall and
therefore IDF curve should be prepared at an interval of 5 – 10 years for accurate results.
The rainfall analysis helps to establish intensity-duration frequency relationship for various
frequencies which are used in estimation of runoff for design of storm water drains. The
frequency or return period of a storm event may be defined as the average recurrence
interval between events equal to or exceeding a specified magnitude.
6.4.1. INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY (IDF) CURVE

An IDF (intensity duration frequency) curve is a mathematical function that relates the
rainfall intensity with its duration and frequency of occurrence. The rainfall IDF (intensity
duration frequency) curves play an important role in water resources management
engineering. The rainfall IDF (intensity duration frequency) curves are graphical
representations of the probability that a given average rainfall intensity will occur within a
given period of time. The IDF curves can take different mathematical expressions,
theoretical or empirically fitted to observed rainfall data.
Assessment of rainfall is usually done using Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves (IDF
curves) for various water resource-related schemes. An IDF curve is a graphical
representation of the probability that rainfall with a particular intensity and duration will
occur and the probable time interval between storms with similar characteristics.
The variability of hydrologic data is partly deterministic and partly random. Such random
variables can be well predicted by Probabilistic methods such as Gumbel Distribution or
Log Pearson Type III Distribution Method. Therefore method of frequency analysis by
Gumbel method which is widely used in India has been applied for construction of IDF
Curve as described below:
a) Normal Distribution
b) Log-Normal Distribution
c) Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution
d) Log Pearson Type III Distribution
6.4.2. STEPS FOLLOWED TO GENERATE IDF CURVE

A continuous series of rainfall intensity and corresponding durations of historical storms of
39 years of Koramangala town is obtained from SRRG charts of each day from IMD rain
gauge station at Koramangala. The below tables will illustrate the procedure used for
generation of IDF curve using Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution method.

Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution : The extreme value distribution introduced by Gumbel
is commonly known as Gumbel distribution. It is widely used probability distribution
function for extreme values in hydrologic and meteorological studies for prediction of flood
peak and maximum rainfall etc. Gumbel distribution is widely used in Indian sub-continent.
Therefore, the process of the analysis is described below: The equation is given as:
𝑋𝑇 = 𝑢 + 𝛼𝑦𝑇 (6.1)
Where u and 𝛼 are the mode of distribution and sample moments respectively, which is
given by the following equation.
𝑢 = 𝑋 − 0.5772𝛼 (6.2)
√6
𝛼= 𝜎 (6.3)
𝜋
A reduced variant 𝑦𝑇 for a return period can be defined as:

𝑇
𝑦 = − ln(ln ) (6.4)
𝑇 𝑇−1
Where,
𝑋𝑇: T year return period value
X: Mean of the N observations
(𝐼−𝑋)2
σ: Standard deviation of N observations = √
𝑁−1
I: Rainfall Event
T: Recurrence interval (Storm Return Period)
N: Sample size

Table 6.4.2.1 Maximum annual series Rainfall Depth (mm)
MAX.
RAINFALL 5 10 15 30 60 120 720 1440
YEAR
DEPTH (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min)
(in mm)
1983 45.50 6.9 8.7 9.9 12.5 15.8 19.9 36.1 45.5
1984 80.00 12.1 15.3 17.5 22.0 27.7 34.9 63.5 80.0
1985 28.00 4.2 5.3 6.1 7.7 9.7 12.2 22.2 28.0
1986 82.50 12.5 15.7 18.0 22.7 28.6 36.0 65.5 82.5
1987 54.50 8.3 10.4 11.9 15.0 18.9 23.8 43.3 54.5
1988 173.00 26.2 33.0 37.8 47.6 60.0 75.6 137.3 173.0
1989 52.00 7.9 9.9 11.4 14.3 18.0 22.7 41.3 52.0
1990 38.50 5.8 7.3 8.4 10.6 13.3 16.8 30.6 38.5
1991 123.50 18.7 23.6 27.0 34.0 42.8 53.9 98.0 123.5
1992 81.50 12.3 15.5 17.8 22.4 28.3 35.6 64.7 81.5
1993 68.00 10.3 13.0 14.9 18.7 23.6 29.7 54.0 68.0
1994 43.25 6.5 8.3 9.4 11.9 15.0 18.9 34.3 43.3
1995 56.00 8.5 10.7 12.2 15.4 19.4 24.5 44.4 56.0
1996 79.00 12.0 15.1 17.3 21.7 27.4 34.5 62.7 79.0
1997 180.00 27.3 34.3 39.3 49.5 62.4 78.6 142.9 180.0
1998 107.00 16.2 20.4 23.4 29.4 37.1 46.7 84.9 107.0
1999 82.25 12.5 15.7 18.0 22.6 28.5 35.9 65.3 82.3
2000 82.50 12.5 15.7 18.0 22.7 28.6 36.0 65.5 82.5
2001 96.00 14.5 18.3 21.0 26.4 33.3 41.9 76.2 96.0
2002 86.50 13.1 16.5 18.9 23.8 30.0 37.8 68.7 86.5

2003 80.50 12.2 15.4 17.6 22.2 27.9 35.2 63.9 80.5
2004 67.25 10.2 12.8 14.7 18.5 23.3 29.4 53.4 67.3
2005 92.50 14.0 17.6 20.2 25.5 32.1 40.4 73.4 92.5
2006 71.00 10.8 13.5 15.5 19.5 24.6 31.0 56.4 71.0
2007 77.50 11.7 14.8 16.9 21.3 26.9 33.9 61.5 77.5
2008 65.50 9.9 12.5 14.3 18.0 22.7 28.6 52.0 65.5
2009 88.50 13.4 16.9 19.3 24.4 30.7 38.7 70.2 88.5
2010 112.00 17.0 21.4 24.5 30.8 38.8 48.9 88.9 112.0
2011 60.50 9.2 11.5 13.2 16.6 21.0 26.4 48.0 60.5
2012 80.40 12.2 15.3 17.6 22.1 27.9 35.1 63.8 80.4
2013 65.00 9.8 12.4 14.2 17.9 22.5 28.4 51.6 65.0
2014 116.25 17.6 22.2 25.4 32.0 40.3 50.8 92.3 116.3
2015 50.38 7.6 9.6 11.0 13.9 17.5 22.0 40.0 50.4
2016 57.63 8.7 11.0 12.6 15.9 20.0 25.2 45.7 57.6
2017 247.50 37.5 47.2 54.1 68.1 85.8 108.1 196.4 247.5
2018 46.75 7.1 8.9 10.2 12.9 16.2 20.4 37.1 46.8
2019 41.75 6.3 8.0 9.1 11.5 14.5 18.2 33.1 41.8
2020 35.00 5.3 6.7 7.6 9.6 12.1 15.3 27.8 35.0
2021 56.38 8.5 10.8 12.3 15.5 19.5 24.6 44.7 56.4
Gumbel distribution is applied on the above tabulated annual series to obtain maximum
values for annual rainfall depth corresponding to 15,30,45,60minutes etc., duration for 5
years storm return period and subsequently converted into intensity as shown in the table
6.4.2.2.

Table 6.4.2.2 Computation using Gumbel distribution method
5 10 15 30 60 120 720 1440

(min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min)
MEAN (X) 12.3 15.4 17.7 22.3 28.1 35.4 64.3 81.0
STD.DEVIATION 6.4 8.0 9.2 11.6 14.6 18.4 33.4 42.0
√6
𝛼= 𝜎 5.0 6.3 7.2 9.0 11.4 14.3 26.0 32.8
𝜋
u = X − 0.5772α 9.4 11.8 13.5 17.1 21.5 27.1 49.2 62.0
For T = 5 years
𝑇
𝑦𝑇 = − ln(ln ) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
𝑇−1
𝑋𝑇 = 𝑢 + 𝛼𝑦𝑇 16.8 21.2 24.3 30.6 38.6 48.6 88.3 111.2
Intensity in mm/hr 202.1 127.3 97.2 61.2 38.6 24.3 7.4 4.6
250.0
200.0
150.0
Intensity in
100.0
50.0
0.0
5 10 15 30 601207201440
Duration in min
Fig 6.4.2.1: IDF curve for 5 years Return Period

6.5. RUNOFF ESTIMATION
The essential requirement for designing of Storm Water Drainage system is the proper
estimation of storm runoff to downstream drains or the point of disposal. It has a bearing on
optimizing the cost of infrastructure as well as its performance. The parameters like rainfall
intensity, imperviousness factor, runoff coefficient, recurrence period, climate change, and
identification/zoning of drainage catchment play an important role.
Storm Runoff: Runoff from a catchment is that fraction of precipitation which generates
surface flow. It thus represents the output from the catchment corresponding to precipitation
in a given unit of time. For given precipitation, initial losses due to the interception,
evapotranspiration, infiltration and detention storage requirements have to be first satisfied
before the commencement of runoff. After these losses are met, the excess rainfall moves
over the surface termed as storm runoff.
6.5.1. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF
The runoff estimation is affected by the following factors of catchment hydrology:
a. Size of Catchment
b. The shape of the Catchment, i.e., Fan-shaped, Fern shaped, Irregular Shaped, etc.
c. Elevation of the Catchment
d. Drainage Density
e. Type of soil of the catchment
f. Type of cover viz. paved, unpaved, vegetative, etc.
g. Slope and orientation of the catchment
h. Topography (Depression storages/ponds/ lakes) and geology of the catchment
i. Saturation of soil with water due to previous precipitation if any, including the level
of groundwater table.

6.5.2. METHODS USED FOR RUNOFF ESTIMATION

The following methods are generally used for runoff estimation for the design of urban
storm water drainage systems.
1. Rational Method 2. Time Area Method
3. Unit Hydrograph Method 4. Rainfall-Runoff process simulation
6.5.3. RATIONAL METHOD

The rational method was developed during the second half of the 19th century for
estimating design discharge from an urban catchment. Majority of urban storm drainage
systems are designed based on the Rational Method, in as much as 90% cases across the
globe, in spite of having several limitations. Storm water drains are designed, taking into
account the peak flow. The peak flow is defined as the flow when the entire catchment is
contributing to its outlet. This will occur when the given intensity of rainfall begins
instantaneously and continues until the time of concentration.
STEPS OF COMPUTATION FOR RATIONAL METHOD:
The procedure followed for the estimation of storm runoff by the rational method is
mentioned in the following steps:
Step 1: Obtaining historical rainfall data of 29 years or more for the given project area.
Step 2: Selection of return period from i.e. T = 5years.
Step 3: Preparation of IDF curve for the above return period.
Step 4: Demarcate the catchment
Step 5: Determination of time of concentration (tc).
Step 6: Determination of rainfall intensity against the time of concentration from IDF
curve Step 7: Determination of runoff coefficient (C)
Step 8: Calculation of peak flow by rational formula.

PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF:
If properly understood and applied, the ‘rational method’ can produce satisfactory results
for sizing storm drains, street inlets, and small on-site detention catchments. The formula for
calculating peak flow is given as below:
Qp = 10 C I A (6.5)
Where: 𝑄𝑝: Peak flow at the point of design, m3
/hr C: Runoff coefficient, dimensionless
I: Average rainfall intensity should be taken for the duration of rainfall equal to the
time of concentration, mm/hr
A: Catchment area, hectares
DESIGN RETURN PERIOD:
The design return period of a storm is an average period of time after which it reoccurs, for
a given rainfall magnitude or more corresponding to a particular duration of time. This is
integral part of IDF curve developed, based on analysis of past rainfall data, for designing of
storm water drainage systems. Depending on importance of the drainage area, socio-
economic conditions of the city and other constraints such as funding for infrastructure and
availability of space for construction of drains, the design return period of storm should be
judiciously adopted in estimation of storm runoff. The recommended design return period of
storms is given in Table 6.5.3.1 for estimation of storm runoff as per CPHEEO manual.
Table 6.5.3.1: Design Return Period for various types of urban catchments
SL.NO URBAN CATCHMENT RETURN PERIOD
Class I Cities* Other cities*
1 Central Business and commercial Once in 5 years Once in 2 years
2 Industrial Once in 5 years Once in 2 years
4 Urban Residential Once in 5 years Once in 2 years
5 Airports and other critical infrastructure Once in 100 year Once in 50 years

NOTE: Class I Cities* - cities having population 1 Lakh and above

Other cities* - cities having population less than 1 lakh
RUNOFF COEFFICIENT:
The coefficient of runoff (C), is a function of the nature of surface and assumed to be the
same for all storms of all recurrence probabilities. Recommended values of C on various
surface types of the catchments are given in Table 6.5.3.2 as CPHEEO manual.
Table 6.5.3.2: Runoff co-efficient of various surfaces
SL.NO TYPE OF AREA RUNOFF COEFFICIENT
1 Commercial Area 0.70 – 0.95

2 Industrial Area 0.60 – 0.90
3 Institutional Area 0.70 – 0.95
Residential Area
4  High Density 0.60 - 0.75
 Low Density 0.40 - 0.60
5 Recreational areas 0.10 - 0.25
Pavement
 Asphaltic Pavement 0.70 - 0.95
6  Concrete Pavement 0.80 – 0.95
 Brick Pavement 0.70 - 0.85
Roof Catchment
 Tiles 0.8-0.9
7  Corrugated metal 0.7-0.9
sheets
 Concrete 0.7-0.90

6.5.4. DISCHARGE DETAILS OF PROPOSED DRAIN

The discharge (Q) is calculated using rational formula:
Q = 10 C I A (6.5)
Where,
𝑄𝑝: Peak flow at the point of design, m3

/hr C: Runoff coefficient, dimensionless
I: Average rainfall intensity should be taken for the duration of rainfall equal to the time of
concentration, mm/hr
A: Catchment area, hectares
TIME OF CONCENTRATION IN STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM (TC):
The time of concentration (tc ) is defined as flow travel time taken from the hydraulically
most remote point in the contributory catchment to the point under consideration. The time
of concentration for drain sizing is the time required for water to travel from the most
hydraulically distant point in the total contributing catchment to the design point.
Typically, this time consists of two components:

t0 - Time for the surface flow to reach the first inlet, generally varies from 5
to 30minutes.

tf - Time to flow through the storm drainage system to the point of consideration.
Therefore, tc = t0 + tf (6.6)
TIME OF FLOW (𝐭f):
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 drain
tf = 𝑉 (6.7)
The velocity of flow(V) in m/s is computed from the Manning’s equation.
(OR)
For channelized flow, velocity is restricted to 0.6 m/s to 3.0 m/s as per CPHEEO manual.
Table 6.5.4.1: Average run-off coefficient for the project catchment area
SL. POINT AREA IMPERMIABILITY

TYPE ANCN
NO NAME (hectares) FACTOR (C)
1 A1 Park 0.22 0.30 0.07
2 A2 Building 0.41 0.90 0.37
3 A3 Building 0.41 0.90 0.37
4 A4 Building 0.41 0.90 0.37
5 A5 Building 0.41 0.90 0.37
6 A6 Building 0.46 0.90 0.42
7 A7 Building 0.46 0.90 0.41
8 17th main road Asphalt Road INSUFFICIENT DATA
9 F1 Asphalt Road 0.15 0.80 0.12
10 F2 Asphalt Road 0.15 0.80 0.12
11 F3 Asphalt Road 0.15 0.80 0.12
12 F4 Asphalt Road 0.15 0.80 0.12
13 F5 Asphalt Road 0.16 0.80 0.13
14 Cross road 1 Asphalt Road 0.13 0.80 0.11
15 Cross road 2 Asphalt Road 0.13 0.80 0.11
AVERAGE RUN-OFF
0.84
COEFFICIENT (C)

TIME OF CONCENTRATION(tc):
Table 6.5.4.2: Calculation of time of concentration and intensity of rainfall
INTENSITY
DRAIN FLOW FROM IDF
SL. ROAD tf to tc
DRAINS LENGTH VELOCITY CURVE FOR
NO NAME (min) (min) (min)
(m) (m/s) T = 5YEARS
(mm/hr)
17th 1(L) INSUFFICIENT DATA

1 MAIN
ROAD 2(R) 168.11 1 2.80 5 7.80 160.24
1(L) 168.11 1 2.80 5 7.80 160.24

th
2 17 f1
2(R) 168.11 1 2.80 5 7.80 160.24
1(L) 168.48 1 2.81 5 7.81 160.09

th
3 17 f2
2(R) 168.48 1 2.81 5 7.81 160.09
1(L) 168.28 1 2.80 5 7.80 160.24

4 17th f3
2(R) 168.28 1 2.80 5 7.80 160.24
1(L) 168.46 1 2.81 5 7.81 160.09

th
5 17 f4
2(R) 168.46 1 2.81 5 7.81 160.09
1(L) 168.42 1 2.81 5 7.81 160.09

th
6 17 f5
2(R) INSUFFICIENT DATA
1(L) 149.77 1 2.50 5 7.50 164.73

Cross
7
road 1
2(R) 149.77 1 2.50 5 7.50 164.73
Cross
8 1(L) 148.34 1 2.47 5 7.47 165.18
road 2
2(R) 148.34 1 2.47 5 7.47 165.18

SLOPE (n) CALCULATION:
Table 6.5.4.3: Calculation of slope (n)
ELEVATION ELEVATION
DRAIN
SL. ROAD AT AT SLOPE
DRAINS LENGTH
NO NAME STARTING END (n)
(m)
(m) (m)

1 MAIN
ROAD 2(R) 168.11 881.432 878.838 0.015
1(L) 168.11 881.015 878.805 0.013

2 17th f1
2(R) 168.11 881.015 878.805 0.013
1(L) 168.48 879.92 878.805 0.007

th
3 17 f2
2(R) 168.48 879.92 878.805 0.007
1(L) 168.28 879.159 878.496 0.004

th
4 17 f3
2(R) 168.28 879.159 878.496 0.004
1(L) 168.46 879.007 878.527 0.003

5 17th f4
2(R) 168.46 879.007 878.527 0.003
1(L) 168.42 879.464 878.541 0.005

th
6 17 f5
1(L) 149.77 881.432 879.457 0.013

Cross
7
road 1
2(R) 149.77 881.432 879.457 0.013
Cross
8 1(L) 148.34 878.838 878.541 0.002
road 2
2(R) 148.34 878.838 878.541 0.002

DISCHARGE (Q) CALCULATION:
Table 6.5.4.4: Discharge (Q) calculation
INTENSITY
DISCHARGE
RUN-OFF FROM IDF
SL. ROAD AREA (m3/hr)
DRAINS COEFFICIENT CURVE FOR
NO NAME (hectares)
[C] T = 5YEARS
(Q=10*C*I*A)
(mm/hr)

1 MAIN
ROAD 2(R) 0.84 160.24 0.110 148.06
1(L) 0.84 160.24 0.110 148.06

17th f1
2
2(R) 0.84 160.24 0.207 278.97
1(L) 0.84 160.09 0.207 278.70

17th f2
3
2(R) 0.84 160.09 0.206 276.96
1(L) 0.84 160.24 0.206 277.22

17th f3
4
2(R) 0.84 160.24 0.207 278.43
1(L) 0.84 160.09 0.207 278.17

17th f4
5
2(R) 0.84 160.09 0.205 275.75
1(L) 0.84 160.09 0.205 275.75

17th f5
6
Cross 1(L) 0.84 164.73 0.231 320.06

7 road 1
Cross 1(L) 0.84 165.18 1.870 2594.92

8 road 2
2(R) 0.84 165.18 0.229 317.74

CHAPTER 7
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
7.1. GENERAL
Storm water flows in channels/ conduits in contact with atmospheric air is said to be an open
channel flow or free-surface flow. If the rate of discharge remains constant with time at a
given cross-section, the flow is said to be steady, and if it varies with time, then the flow is
called unsteady flow. If the velocity and depth of flow are the same at every section of
channel/conduit, the steady open channel flow is said to be uniform flow, and if the velocity,
depth or both are changing then the flow is known as non-uniform flow.
When fluid flows in a parallel direction without interruption between each layer, it is defined
as laminar flow, and if it moves in irregular paths, it is said to be turbulent flow. Storm water
flows in open channel/conduit are under unsteady and turbulent flow conditions but to
simplify the design process, it is assumed to flow in steady turbulent conditions either
uniform, non-uniform gradually or rapidly varied flow.
7.2. THEORETICAL DESIGN PROCEDURE OF SWD
The hydraulic design of a storm water drain involves determining the dimensions and
characteristics of the drain system to effectively convey and manage storm water runoff.
Here is a theoretical outline of the hydraulic design process:
1. Hydrologic Analysis: The first step is to analyze the rainfall characteristics and estimate
the runoff volume and flow rates. This is typically done using hydrologic methods such as
rational method, SCS (Soil Conservation Service) method, or other appropriate techniques.
The analysis considers factors like rainfall intensity, duration, and catchment area.
2. Design Flow Rates: Based on the hydrologic analysis, the design flow rates for the storm
water drain are determined. These flow rates are typically expressed in terms of peak flow or
the volume of runoff per unit of time.

3. Hydraulic Capacity: The drain must be designed to accommodate the expected flow rates
without causing flooding or excessive water depths. The hydraulic capacity of the drain is
determined based on the Manning's equation, which relates the flow rate, hydraulic radius,
slope, and roughness coefficient. The hydraulic radius is calculated based on the shape and
dimensions of the drain (e.g., rectangular, trapezoidal, circular) and the flow characteristics.
4. Flow Velocity: The design should ensure that the flow velocity within the drain is
sufficient to prevent sediment deposition and minimize the risk of clogging. The velocity is
typically determined based on the desired self-cleaning velocity, which varies depending on
the type and size of sediment expected.
5. Inlet and Outlet Design: The design of inlets and outlets is crucial for efficient flow
transition into and out of the storm water drain. Inlet design involves determining the
appropriate size and number of inlets, their location, and the type of inlet structure (e.g.,
curb inlet, grate inlet).
7.3. RE-DESIGNING OF STORMWATER DRAINAGE
Flow Formulae which are applicable in design computations of storm channels/ conduits:
1) Manning’s Equation:
1 2 1
V = × R3 × S2 (7.1)
n
Where,
V = Velocity of flow (m/sec)
Flow area
R = Hydraulic radius =
Wetted Perimeter (m)
S = Hydraulic slope
n = Manning’s coefficient of roughness
P = wetted perimeter (m)
A = Area of cross section of water area (m2)
Q = Discharge in (m3/sec)
NOTE: Considering smooth dressed ashlar, the coefficient of roughness for channel flow for
use in manning’s formula is given as 0.015 i.e. (n) as per CPHEEO manual.

2) Discharge:
The rate at which water is transported by a drain is called its discharge.
Discharge equation consists of estimating the average flow velocity (V), and
measuring the area of the cross-section (A). The discharge (Q) can be calculated by
the following formula:
Q=AxV (7.2)
Where,
Q = Discharge (m3/s)
V = Average Flow Velocity (m/s)
A = Area of (m2)
Also, discharge equation can be written as:

1
Q =A × A
2
1
n
× [ ]3 × S2 (7.3)
P
Here, V in equation (7.2) is substituted by manning’s formula.
Table 7.3.1 Depth Calculation of the storm water drain
ASSUMED ASSUMED CALCULATED DEPTH

ROAD
DRAINS WIDTH SLOPE DISCHARGE REQUIRED
NAME
(m) (m3/sec) (m)
17th Main 1(L) INSUFFICIENT DATA
Road 2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.041 0.116
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.041 0.116
17th f1
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
17th f2
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
17th f3
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
17th f4
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.000 0.178
17th f5
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178
Cross road 1
Cross road 2 1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.088 1.033

SAMPLE CALCULATION OF ABOVE TABLE:
 Assuming width and slope of drain as 0.75m and 0.00125 respectively, hence
Area (A) = Width x Depth (7.4)
= 0.75 x D
Similarly, wetted perimeter is given by:

Perimeter (P) = Width + (2 x Depth) (7.5)
= 0.75 + (2 x D)
 Depth calculation of 17th main road – right drain:

where
Q = 0.041m3/sec
slope = 0.00125 and
Substituting area and perimeter to equation (7.3)
1
0.0413 = 0.75D × 2
1
n
×
0.75D
[0.75+(2D)]
3 × S2 (7.6)
Where,
n = 0.015, the coefficient of roughness for channel flow as per CPHEEO manual.
Hence on solving the equation (7.6), Depth (D) = 0.116m.
 Now by substituting the obtained depth to equation (7.1), the velocity of flow can
be determined:
1 2
V = 1
0.75 X 0.116 )
3
× 0.001252 (7.7)
0.015 × (0.75+(2 X 0.116)
V = 0.468 m/sec

Table 7.3.2 Velocity calculations for the obtained depth
VELOCITY
ROAD WIDTH SLOPE DISCHARGE
DRAINS DEPTH OF FLOW
NAME (m) (m3/sec)
(m) (m/sec)
1(L) INSUFFICIENT DATA

17th
Main
Road 2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.041 0.116 0.468
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.041 0.116 0.468

th
17 f1
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576

th
17 f2
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576

th
17 f3
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576

th
17 f4
2(R) 0.75 0.00125 0.077 0.178 0.576
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.000 0.178 0.576

17th f5
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.000 0.197 0.602

Cross
road 1
Cross
1(L) 0.75 0.00125 0.088 1.033 0.997
road 2

7.4. FINAL DESIGN OF STORM WATER DRAIN
The objective of this proposal is to outline the key elements for the design of an effective
storm water drain system. The design aims to efficiently manage storm water runoff,
minimize the risk of flooding, and adhere to local regulations and engineering standards.
Freeboard in open channel:
The freeboard is the vertical distance from the water surface of designed flow condition to
the top of the channel. The importance of this factor depends on the consequence of
overflow of the channel bank. Freeboard should be sufficient to prevent waves, super
elevation changes, or fluctuations in water surface from overflowing the sides.
Table 7.4.1: Minimum Free Board for open channels as per CPHEEO manual
SL.NO DRAIN SIZE FREE BOARD
1 Beyond 300 mm bed width 10 cm
2 Beyond 300 mm & up to 900 mm bed width 15 cm
3 Beyond 900 mm & up to 1500 mm bed width 30 cm

Table 7.4.2 Final proposed dimensions of storm water drain
WIDTH DEPTH
SL.NO ROAD NAME DRAINS SLOPE
(mm) (mm)
1 17th Main Road 2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
1(L) 750 650 1 in 800

th
2 17 f1
2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
1(L) 750 650 1 in 800

3 17th f2
2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
1(L) 750 650 1 in 800

th
4 17 f3
2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
1(L) 750 650 1 in 800

th
5 17 f4
2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
1(L) 750 650 1 in 800

6 17th f5
2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
1(L) 750 650 1 in 800

7 Cross road 1
2(R) 750 650 1 in 800
8 Cross road 2 1(L) 750 1100 1 in 800

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The re-designing project of the stormwater drain has been a significant endeavor aimed at
addressing various issues and improving the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the
drainage system. The project has focused on several key areas to ensure the successful
implementation of the new design.
Firstly, the re-designing project has prioritized the enhancement of the drainage system's
capacity to handle increased water flow during storms and heavy rainfall. By considering
factors such as the area's topography, rainfall patterns, and climate change projections, the
new design incorporates larger width, improved channeling, and enhanced infrastructure to
accommodate the anticipated water volume.
The re-designing project has also emphasized community engagement and collaboration
throughout the process. Stakeholder consultations, public meetings, and feedback
mechanisms have been implemented to ensure that the concerns and needs of the community
are considered. By fostering a sense of ownership and involving local residents and
businesses, the project has generated a greater understanding of the importance of
stormwater management and increased support for its implementation.

REFERENCES
 Vazhuthi, H. I., and A. Kumar. "Causes and impacts of urban floods in Indian
cities: a review." Int J Emerg Technol 11.4 (2020): 140-147.
 Aayog, N. I. T. I. "Report of the Committee constituted for formulation of strategy
for Flood Management Works in entire country and River Management Activities
and works related to Border Areas (2021–26)." National Institution for
Transforming India (NITI) (2021): 1-120.
 Sörensen, J., Persson, A., Sternudd, C., Aspegren, H., Nilsson, J., Nordström, J., ...
& Mobini, S. (2016). Re-thinking urban flood management—Time for a regime
shift. Water, 8(8), 332.
 Tingsanchali, Tawatchai. "Urban flood disaster management." Procedia
engineering 32 (2012): 25-37.
 Kiran, R., and T. V. Ramachandra. "Status of wetlands in Bangalore and its
conservation aspects." ENVIS Journal of Human Settlements 16.24 (1999): 2-10.
 Ramachandra, T. V., S. Vinay, and H. Aithal Bharath. Frequent Floods in
Bangalore: Causes and Remedial Measures. Vol. 123. ENVIS Technical Report
No, 2017.
 CPHEEO - Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation.
 Management of Urban Flooding by – National Disaster Management Authority
Government of India.

Urban Flood Management Project Report - 240404 - 194444

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Urban Flood Management Project Report - 240404 - 194444

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama” BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590 018

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

We sincerely thank Visvesvaraya Technology University for providing a platform and

We extend our gratitude and humble thanks to G. C. Ranganath, Retired professor,

Ms. Bhargavipriya R – BI19CV018

Ms. Disha H N - 1BI19CV034

Ms. Druthi S Gowda – 1BI19CV036

Ms. Hrushishree S K – 1BI19CV044

Through meticulous data collection, collaboration with experts, and adherence to

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1.2 Flood snapshot 1

1.3.1 Average annual damage 5

2.2.1 Flood prone area in India 10

2.5.1 Block diagram of causes of urban floods 13

3.2.1 Graphical representation of flood menace 18

3.2.2 Images of damage caused to the services due to floods 21

4.2.1 River and lake network along major valleys 27

4.3.1 Map showing the topography of Bangalore 28

4.3.4 Impermeable area and urban density in Bangalore city 30

4.3.5 Satellite image representing diminishing water bodies 32

4.3.6 The urbanization transformation of the valley section 33

4.4.1 Zone wise representation of flood prone areas 34

4.5.1 Comprehensive flood modelling 38

5.3.1 Representing Project Site Location 45

5.4.1 Contour towards north west of the site 46

5.4.2 Contour towards south west of the site 46

5.5.1 Marking of Roads and Area in project site 47

6.3.1 Runoff Travel Path and Features of a Natural Catchment 50

6.4.2.1 IDF curve for 5 years Return Period 56

1. A - Wetted area (m2)

1. IDF - Intensity Duration Frequency

Fig.1.1.1: Flood snapshot Fig.1.1.2: Flood snapshot

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 1

1.2. TYPES OF FLOODING

2. High stage floods:

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 2

buildings may go under water.

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 3

5. Dangerous / Critical floods:

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 4

1.3 FLOODS IN INDIA

Table.1.1: Flood Prone Areas in India

SL.NO PARTICULARS AREA

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 5

Fig.1.3.1: Average Annual Damage due to flood (1953-2020)

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 6

1.4. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PROBABILITY OF

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 7

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 8

Unplanned development and encroachments by sprawling habitations alongside rivers and

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 9

2.1. URBAN FLOODING IS DIFFERENT

Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanization leads to

Department of Civil Engineering, Page

2.2. URBAN FLOOD RISK IN INDIA

Fig.2.2.1: Flood prone areas in India.

Department of Civil Engineering, Page

2.3. ISSUES OF URBAN FLOODING

Department of Civil Engineering, Page