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DRB - DYNAMICS
OF RIGID BODIES
REVIEW IN MACHINE DESIGN AND SHOP PRACTICES

ENGR. PAOULO H. DE VEGA, ME

INSTRUCTOR III
 INTRODUCTION
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Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences that is

concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to the
action of forces. Engineering mechanics is divided into two areas of
study, namely, statics and dynamics. Statics is concerned with the
equilibrium of a body that is either at rest or moves with constant
velocity. Here we will consider dynamics, which deals with the
accelerated motion of a body. The subject of dynamics will be
presented in two parts: kinematics and kinetics.
 INTRODUCTION
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Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of

bodies in motion

Two Branches of Dynamics

1. Kinematics – geometry of motion. The term is used to define the motion
of a particle of body WITHOUT consideration of the forces causing
motion. It is usually the treatment of the relation between displacement,
velocity and acceleration.
2. Kinetics – is the branch of mechanics and relates the force acting on a
body to its mass and acceleration.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS
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We will begin our study of dynamics by discussing the kinematics

of a particle that moves along a rectilinear or straight line path.
POSITION DISPLACEMENT VELOCITY ACCELERATION
The straight-line path
of a particle will be
defined using a single The displacement of Velocity is defined
Acceleration is
coordinate axis s. It is the particle is defined as as the change in
defined as the change in
used to specify the the change in its position (displacement)
velocity per unit of time.
location of the particle position. per unit of time.
at any given instant.

𝚫𝒔 𝚫𝝂
∆𝒔 = 𝒔 −ƴ 𝒔 𝝂= 𝒂=
𝚫𝒕 𝚫𝒕
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A car travels a distance of
350 miles in 5.0 hours. Find its
average speed. mph, m/s, ft/s

ANS: 70mph, 31.29 m/s, 102.67 ft/s

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A runner makes one lap
around a 200-m track in a time of 25
sec. What were the runner’s
average speed and average
velocity?

ANS: 8m/s, 0m/s

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A constant force changes
the speed of a car from 8 m/s to 20
m/s in 4 s. What is average
acceleration?

ANS: 3 m/s2
KINEMATICS EQUATION
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These are the equations that describe an object in Uniformly

Accelerated Motion:

❑𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
1 2
❑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
❑𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑜 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A car accelerates uniformly
from rest to a final speed of 18
m/sec in 9 seconds. How far does it
travel during this period of
acceleration?

ANS: 81 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A pickup truck moving at 34
m/sec must come to a stop in a
distance of 196 meters to avoid
hitting a boulder that has fallen onto
the road. How much time does the
driver have to avoid an accident?

ANS: 11.53 s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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An automobile moving at a
constant velocity of 50 ft/s passes a
gasoline station. Two seconds later,
another automobile leaves the
gasoline station and accelerates at
the constant rate of 6 ft/s2. How
soon will the second automobile
overtake the first?

ANS:18.47 secs
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A particle starting from rest
experienced an acceleration of 2.5
m/s2 for 3 s. The particle then
returned to rest in an additional
distance of 8 m. Assuming all
accelerations were uniform, what
was the total time elapsed for the
particle’s motion?

ANS: 5.13 s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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You throw a beanbag in the
air and catch it 2.2 s later at the
same place at which you threw it.
a. What was its initial velocity?
b. How high did it go?

ANS: 10.79m/s, 5.94 m

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A stone is dropped down a
well and 5 seconds later, the sound
of the splash is heard. If the velocity
of sound is 1120 ft/s, what is the
depth of the well?

ANS: 353.31 ft
NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
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Non-uniform acceleration constitutes the

most general description of motion. It refers to
variation in the rate of change in velocity. Simply
put, it means that acceleration changes during
motion. This variation can be expressed either in
terms of position (s) or time (t).
Accordingly, analysis of non-uniform
acceleration motion is carried out in two ways :
➢Using calculus
➢Using graphs
NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
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Velocity and acceleration is expressed in terms of time “t”:

𝒅𝒗
𝒂 𝒕 = (𝟏)
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒔
𝒗 𝒕 = (𝟐)
𝒅𝒕
𝒗𝒅𝒗
𝒂 𝒔 = (𝟑)
𝒅𝒔
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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The velocity of a particle
moving along a straight line is 𝑣 =
𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 m/s, where t is in seconds. If
its position s=0. when t=0,
determine its acceleration and
position when t=4 seconds.

ANS: a= 10 m/s2, s =37.33m

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A falling ball moves in

accordance to the equation
S = 2 t3 + ½ t2 + 32 t.
Determine its acceleration at
time t = 2 sec.

ANS: 25 m/s2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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The motion of a
particle is defined by the
relation a=4t, where a is in
m/s2 and t in seconds. It is
known that s=1 m and v=2
m/s when t=1 sec.
Determine the velocity and
distance when t=10
seconds.

ANS: v = 200m/s, s = 667m

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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The velocity of a
particle moving along the x-
axis is defined by 𝑣 = 𝑠 3 −
4𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 where v is in m/s
and s is in meters. Compute
the velocity when s=2 m.
Compute the acceleration
when s=2 m.

ANS: v = 4m/s, a = 8m/s2

ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
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The kinematics of rotational motion describes the relationships

between the angle of rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration,
and time. It only describes motion—it does not include any forces or
masses that may affect rotation.
 KINEMATIC EQUATION
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Here is the comparison of linear and rotational kinematics

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A cyclist on a circular
track of radius 240 m is
travelling at 8 m/s. His speed
in the tangential direction
increases at the rate of 1
m/s2. What is the cyclist total
acceleration?

ANS: 1.03m/s2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A body rotates at a
speed of 150 rpm. How
many radians will it turn in 3
minutes?

ANS: 2827.4 rad

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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The flywheel of a
motor is rotating at the rate
of 200 rpm. If it is
decelerated by 2 rad/s2, how
long will it take to stop?

ANS: 10.47 sec

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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Find the required

banking angle for a curve of
radius 300 m if the curve is
to be negotiated at a speed
of 80 km/h without the need
of a friction force.

ANS: 9.530
PROJECTILE MOTION
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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An object is projected
horizontally with an initial velocity
of 25 m/s. The initial height is 80 m
above the landing position. (a)
How long is the object in the air?
(b) How far does the object travel
horizontally?

ANS: 4.04 s, 100.97 m

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
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The ball is kicked from
point A with the initial velocity
vA =10 m/s . Determine the
range R, and the speed when
the ball strikes the ground.

ANS: 8.83 m, 10 m/s

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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Determine the speed at
which the basketball at A must be
thrown at the angle of 30° so that it
makes it to the basket at B.

ANS: 12.37 m/s

 KINETICS
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Study of motion and the forces that

cause motion. Kinetics includes an analysis of
the relationship between the forces and mass
for translational motion and between torque
and moment of inertia for rotational motion.
FORCE AND ACCELERATION
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A particle acted upon by an unbalance

force experience an acceleration that has
the same direction as the force and a
magnitude that is directly proportional to
the force.
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
 DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
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D’ ALEMBERT’S Principle: the resultant of the external

forces and kinetic reaction (reversed effective force)
acting on a body is equal to zero.
σ 𝑭 = 𝟎; σ 𝑴 = 𝟎

WHERE:
REF = Reverse Effective Force
a = acceleration
WORK-ENERGY METHOD
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The principle of work and kinetic energy

(also known as the work-energy theorem)
states that the work done by the sum of all
forces acting on a particle equals the
change in the kinetic energy of the particle.
𝑾 = ∆𝑲𝑬
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A truck weighing 1.4

kN moves up a slope of 15o.
What is the force generated
by the engine if the truck is
accelerating at a rate of 3
m/s2? Assume the coefficient
of friction is 0.1.

ANS: 926 N
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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What is the minimum
distance can a truck slide on a
horizontal asphalt road if it is
travelling at 25 m/s? The
coefficient of sliding friction
between asphalt and rubber tire is
at 0.60. The weight of the truck is
8500 kg.

ANS: 53.1 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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What is the minimum
distance can a truck slide on a
horizontal asphalt road if it is
travelling at 25 m/s? The
coefficient of sliding friction
between asphalt and rubber tire is
at 0.60. The weight of the truck is
8500 kg.

ANS: 53.1 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A rope is used to tow

an 800 kg car with free-rolling
wheels over a smooth, level
road. The rope will break if
the tension exceeds 2000 N.
What is the greatest
acceleration that the car can
reach without breaking the
rope?

ANS: 2.5 m/s2

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A lead hammer
weighs 45 N. In one swing of
the hammer, the nail is
driven 1.5 cm into a wood
block. The velocity of the
hammer’s head at impact is
4.5 m/s. What is most nearly
the average resistance of
the wood block?

ANS: 3100 N
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A man weighs himself
twice in an elevator. When the
elevator is at rest, he weighs
824 N; when the elevator starts
moving upward, he weighs 932
N. Most nearly how fast is the
elevator accelerating, assuming
constant acceleration?

ANS: 1.3 m/s2

 MOMENTUM
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• Momentum is conserved when no external

forces act on a particle. If no forces act on a
particle, the velocity and direction of the particle
are unchanged.
• It has the same direction as the velocity vector.
• It is the product of the particle’s mass and
velocity

P= 𝒎𝒗
 MOMENTUM
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Momentum is conserved by all

collisions as well as all explosions.
Categories:
❑Elastic
❑Inelastic
❑Completely inelastic collisions
MOMENTUM
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MOMENTUM
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 IMPULSE
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It is the product of the average

force and the time interval during
which it acts

I= 𝑭∆𝒕
CONSERVATION OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
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Impulse cause the change of momentum of the body.

Therefore:
𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝑷
𝑭(𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 ) = 𝒎(𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 )
Where:
F = the average force m = mass of the particle
tf = final temperature vf = final velocity
ti = initial temperature vi =initial velocity
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A golf club exerted

an average force of 1500 N
while it struck a 50 g golf
ball from rest to a final
speed of 40 m/s. How long
was the ball in contact with
the golf club?

ANS: 1.33 ms
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A ball is thrown at an
angle of 35o from the horizontal
towards a smooth floor. At what
angle will it rebound if the
coefficient of restitution between
the ball and the floor is 0.75?

ANS: 27.710
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A gun is shot into a 0.50
kN block which is hanging from
a rope 1.8 m long. The weight of
the bullet is equal to 5 N with a
muzzle velocity of 320 m/s. How
high will the bag swing after it
was hit by the bullet?

ANS: 0.51 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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A 588.6 kN car moving
at 1 km/hr instantaneously
collides an stationary 392.4 kN
car. If the collision is perfectly
inelastic, what is the velocity of
the cars after collision?

ANS: 0.6 kph