Z…Zxq Aa¨vqt 1g Ask

(msL¨v c×wZ)

wWwRU ev A¼: msL¨v ˆZixi ÿz`ªZg GKK‡K wWwRU ev A¼ e‡j| †hgb 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9|

msL¨v: msL¨vi n‡”Q GKwU Dcv`vb hv †KvbwKQz MYbv, cwigvc Ges cwigvY Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
msL¨v c×wZ: ‡h c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i msL¨v‡K mywbw`©ó I my¯ó^ fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq, Zv‡K msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
msL¨v c×wZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
1. bb-cwRkbvj (Non-Positional) 2. cwRkbvj (Positonal)
bb-cwRkbvj: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z A¼¸‡jvi ¯’vbxq gvb _v‡K bv Zv‡K bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| †hgb:
nvqv‡ivwMøwd·, †hqvb, †ivgvb, U¨vwj BZ¨vw`|
cwRkbvj: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z A¼¸‡jvi ¯’vbxq gvb _v‡K Zv‡K cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ 4
cÖKvi h_v:
1. `kwgK msL¨v (Decimal Number)
2. evBbvwi msL¨v (Binary Number)
3. A±vj msL¨v (Octal Number)
4. †n·v-‡Wwmgvj msL¨v (Hexa-Decimal Number)
`kwgK msL¨vi: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 10 wU A¼ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b G msL¨v
c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ A¼mg~n n‡”Q: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
evBbvwi msL¨v: ‡h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `yBwU A¼ (0 Ges 1 ) e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| G msL¨v c×wZi
wfwË 2| B‡jKUªwbK wWfvB‡m G msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: (1101.11)2
A±vj msL¨v: †h msL¨v c×wZ cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ 8wU A¼ e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡K A±vj msL¨v e‡j| GB msL¨vi c×wZ‡Z
e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jv n‡”Q: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7| myB‡W‡bi ivRv 7g Pvj©m G msL¨v c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G msL¨v c×wZi
wfwË 8| †hgb: (563)8
‡n·v-‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 16 wU A¼ ev cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zv‡K †n·v-‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
e‡j| GB msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ cÖZxK mg~n n‡”Q: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 A, B, C, D, E, F ‡hLv‡b, (A=10,
B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15) GB msL¨v c×wZi wfwË 16| †hgb: (BABE.6C)16
‡em/wfwË: †Kvb msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ †gŠwjK cÖZx‡Ki †gvU msL¨v‡K H msL¨v c×wZi wfwË e‡j|
msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi: †Kvb msL¨vi c×wZi gv‡bi mgZ‚j¨ Ab¨ †Kvb msL¨vi c×wZi gvb wbY©q Kivi cÖwµqv‡K msL¨v
c×wZi iƒcvšÍi e‡j|
 ‡Wwmgvj msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ msL¨vq hvIqvi wbqg:
c~b©msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z hv‡ev, †m msL¨v c×wZi †em ev wfwË Øviv fvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges fvM‡kl ¸‡jv wb‡P
†_‡K Dc‡i wb‡Z n‡e| ( MSB to LSB )
Decimal to Binary
Decimal to Octal
(69)10 = (?)2
(69)10 = (?)8
8 69 LSB
2 69 LSB
2 34 - 1 8 8-5
2 17 - 0
8 1-0 MSB
2 8-1
2 4-0 0-1
2 2-0 = (105)8
2 1-0
MSB
0-1
= (1000101)2

Decimal to Hexa-Decimal

(76)10 = (?)16
16 76 LSB

16 4 – 12 C
0-4 MSB
= (4C)16

fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡i hv‡e Zvi wfwË Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ¸Yd‡ji c~Y©msL¨vUzKz Dci †_‡K wb‡P wjL‡Z
n‡e| (memgq fMœvskUzKz‡K ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|)
Decimal to Octal
Decimal to Binary (.64)10 = (?)8 Decimal to Hexa-Decimal
(.75)10 = (?)2 (.64)10 = (?)16
.64
.75 ×8 .64
×2 LSB ×16
5 .12
LSB 1 .50 LSB A .24
×8
×2 ×16
0 .96
MSB 1 .00 3 .84
×8
×16
= (.11)2 7 .68
×8 D .44
5 .44 ×16
MSB 7 .04
MSB

= (.5075...)8
= (.A3D7...)8

we: `ª: [¸Ydj (.) Gi c‡i 00 bv Avm‡j Pvi evi ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Dˇi †k‡l (....) w`‡Z n‡e|]
 Ab¨ msL¨v c×wZ †_‡K †Wwm‡g‡j Avmvi wbqg:
n × bp
GLv‡b,
n = numbers
b = base [hLb †hLv‡b †_‡K hv‡e Zvi wfwË]
p = position [Radix Point Gi ev‡gi Uv Gi cwRkb n‡e 0, Gici ev‡g abvZ¥K msL¨v evo‡e Ges Wv‡b
FYvZ¥K msL¨v evo‡e ]
Binary to Decimal
(1101.110)2 = (?)10
= 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 + 1 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3
= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0 [x 0 = 1]
= (13.75)10
Octal to Decimal
(43.7)8 = (?)10
= 4 × 81 + 3 × 80 + 7 × 8−1
= 32 + 3 + 0.875
= (35.875)10
Hexa-Decimal to Decimal:
(DC.C)16 = (?)10
= 𝐷 × 161 + 𝐶 × 160 + 𝐶 × 16−1
= 13 × 16 + 12 × 1 + 12 × 0.0625
= 208 + 12 + 0.75
= (220.75)10
wb‡R Ki:
i. (1011.11)2 = (?)10 iv. (57.6)8 = (?)10
ii. (110.101)2 = (?)10 v. (BAB.E)16 = (?)10
iii. (436.5)8 = (?)10 vi. (6C)16 = (?)10
A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi:
 A±vj cÖwZwU A‡¼i Rb¨ evBbvwi 3 weU K‡i gvb wjL‡Z n‡e| ivd
(564.321)8 = (?)2 4 2 1
5 6 4 3 2 1 5= 1 0 1
= . 6= 1 1 0
101 110 100 011 010 001
4= 1 0 0
= (101110100.011010001)2 3= 0 1 1
2= 0 1 0
1= 0 0 1

evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj hvIqvi wbqg

 evBbvwi cÖwZ 3 we‡Ui Rb¨ A±vj 1 wWwRU K‡i gvb wjL‡Z n‡e|
 3 weU K‡i ‡bIqvi mgq Radix Point ‡_‡K ev‡g I Radix Point ‡_‡K Wv‡b †h‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i (Radix Point) Gi Av‡M ev‡g Ges Radix Point Gi Wv‡b (0) †bIqv hv‡e|
(11001.1101)2 = (?)8
=1 1 0 0 0 1 . 1 1 0 1 0 0
= (31.64)8
‡n·v-‡Wwm‡gj ‡_‡K evBbvwi:
 ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj cÖwZ 1 wWwRU Gi Rb¨ evBbvwi 4 weU K‡i gvb wjL‡Z n‡e|
(6B.DC)16 = (?)2 ivd
6 𝐵 𝐷 𝐶
= . 4 1 2 1
0110 1011 1101 1100
6= 0 1 1 0
= (1101011.11011100)2 B= 1 0 1 1
D= 1 1 0 1
C= 1 1 0 0

evBbvwi †_‡K ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj hvIqvi wbqg

 evBbvwi cÖwZ 4 we‡Ui Rb¨ ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj 1 wWwRU K‡i gvb wjL‡Z n‡e|
 4 weU K‡i ‡bIqvi mgq Radix Point ‡_‡K ev‡g I Radix Point ‡_‡K Wv‡b †h‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i (Radix Point) Gi Av‡M ev‡g Ges Radix Point Gi Wv‡b (0) †bIqv hv‡e|
(11001.110111)2 = (?)16
= 0001 1001 . 1101 1100
1 9 D C
= (19.DC)16
‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj ‡_‡K A±vj:
 Step-1: ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K cÖ_‡g evBbvwi‡Z wb‡Z n‡e|
 Step-2: evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj wb‡Z n‡e|
D`viniY: (DC.C)16 = (?)8
= D C . C

1101 1101 1101

011 011 100 110 000

= .
3 3 4 6 0

= (334.60)8
A±vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj:
 Step-1: A±vj †_‡K cÖ_‡g evBbvwi‡Z wb‡Z n‡e|
 Step-2: evBbvwi †_‡K ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj wb‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: (642.53)8 = (?)16
6 4 2 5 3
= .
110 100 010 101 011
0001 1010 0010 1010 1100
= .
1 A 2 A C
= (1A2.AC)16
msL¨v c×wZi †hvM
1| †hvMdj wfwË †_‡K †QvU n‡j †hvMdj hv Avm‡e ZvB e‡m hv‡e|

Binary (2) Octal (8) Decimal (10) Hexa-Decimal (16)

1 5 14 17 2B 56
+0 + 2 +3 + 13 + 3 +7
1 7 17 30 2E 5D

2| †hvMdj wfwËi mgvb n‡j, †hvMdj n‡e Ô0Õ Ges K¨vwi Ô1Õ _vK‡e, hv cieZx N‡ii mv‡_ †hvM n‡e|
Binary (2) Octal (8) Decimal (10) Hexa-Decimal (16)
1 5 46 17 F 4C
+1 + 2 +2 + 3 + 1 +4
10 10 50 20 10 50
3| †hvMdj wfwË †_‡K eo n‡j, †hvMdj †_‡K wfwË we‡qvM K‡i, we‡qvMdj emv‡Z n‡e Ges K¨vwi 1 _v‡K hv cieZx©
N‡ii mv‡_ †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

Binary (2) Octal (8) Decimal (10) Hexa-Decimal (16)

1 35 47 55 5B AB
+1 + 6 +5 + 24 + C +D
+1 43 54 79 67 B8
11
(11001)2 + (101)2 2. (542.31)8 + (67.4)8 3 .(DCC.B)16 + (FB.C)16
11001 542.31 DCC.B
+ 101 + 67.4 +FB.C
11110 611.71 EC8.7

msL¨v c×wZi we‡qvM

1| Dc‡ii msL¨v eo n‡j we‡qvMdj hv Avm‡e ZvB e‡m hv‡e|
Binary (2) Octal (8) Decimal (10) Hexa-Decimal (16)
1 5 7 17 25 5F
-0 -2 - 3 - 10 - 12 +1
1 3 4 7 13 5E
2| Dc‡ii msL¨v †QvU n‡j Zvi mv‡_ wfwË †hvM K‡i Zvici we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges K¨vwi 1 _vK‡e hv cieZx© wb‡Pi
msL¨vi mv‡_ †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

Binary (2) Octal (8) Decimal (10) Hexa-Decimal (16)

10 24 53 5B DCC
-1 -7 -6 +2F - BF
1 15 45 2C DOD