The formulation of anti-dandruff shampoo involves combining various active and inactive

ingredients to effectively target and eliminate dandruff while also providing cleansing and
conditioning benefits to the hair and scalp. Here's a breakdown of the typical building blocks of
anti-dandruff shampoo formulations:

Active Ingredients:

1)Anti-fungal agents: These ingredients are the key to combating dandruff caused by fungal
infections, particularly by the fungus Malassezia. Common anti-fungal agents found in anti-
dandruff shampoos include:

Ketoconazole

Selenium sulphide

Coal tar

These active ingredients work by either inhibiting the growth of the fungus or by reducing the
production of skin cells, which helps to alleviate flaking and itching associated with dandruff.

2)Surfactants: Surfactants are cleansing agents that help to remove dirt, oil, and dead skin
cells from the scalp and hair. Common surfactants used in shampoos include:

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)

Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES)

Ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS)

These surfactants create lather and emulsify oils, allowing them to be rinsed away easily.

3)Conditioning Agents: To counteract the potential drying effect of anti-dandruff agents and
surfactants, conditioning agents are added to maintain the hair's moisture balance and improve
manageability. Common conditioning agents include:

Silicones (e.g., dimethicone)

Cationic surfactants (e.g., cetrimonium chloride)

Natural oils (e.g., coconut oil, jojoba oil)

These ingredients help to detangle hair, reduce static, and leave it feeling soft and smooth.
4)Preservatives: Preservatives are added to prolong the shelf life of the shampoo by preventing
the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. Common preservatives include:

Parabens (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben)

Phenoxyethanol

Benzyl alcohol

These ingredients ensure the product remains safe and effective for use over an extended
period.

5)Fragrances: Fragrances are added to impart a pleasant scent to the shampoo and enhance
the overall sensory experience of using the product. Fragrances can be synthetic or derived from
natural sources.

6)Thickeners and Stabilizers: These ingredients help to adjust the viscosity of the shampoo,
ensuring it has the desired texture and consistency. Common thickeners and stabilizers
include:

Guar gum

Xanthan gum

Sodium chloride (salt)

These ingredients contribute to the product's ease of use and aesthetic appeal.

7)pH Adjusters: pH adjusters are used to maintain the shampoo's pH within the optimal range
for hair and scalp health, typically between 4.5 and 6.5. Common pH adjusters include citric
acid and sodium citrate.

By combining these building blocks in the right proportions, anti-dandruff shampoos can
effectively target dandruff-causing fungi while also cleansing and conditioning the hair and
scalp, leaving the hair looking and feeling healthy and flake-free.