ELEMENTS OF ELECTHOMAGNETIC

both sides
Taking the curl of
VxE=Vx (v x B)
Equation (7.21) is the differential form of transformer
written in emf producing field form. Equation (7.21) can be modif induced
motional emr also, and it becomes
take into account the
OB
VxE=Vx(v x B) -
dt

form of equation (7.23)

Equation (7.27) is the differential
To summarize, the induction relations in integral form are

1. General case V=E-d=9(VxB)-di-1s S

2.Motional emf V,= E dl= ) (vx B) .dl

E dl=- J ds
. TransformeremfV, =)
The same relations in differential
form respectively are
dB
VxE= V x (v x B) -

E=vxB
VxE=Vx(vx B) or

OB
VxEO
where E is emf inducing field.
7.1A rectangular loop ofarea A uniformfluxhas density B nom
to theExample
plane of the loop, as shoun in Fig. 7.6. The flux density is var
cos ot. Find the
toty
harmonically with respect to time and is given by B B,
=

induced in the, loop.

Area A

B uniform

Fig. 7.6 changue

with B
Solution. Refer Fig 7.6. It is the case of stationary coil
with time.

a.ds
 AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS
s aVING FIELDs
TIMEVARYINGA
201

dcosCosor)ds
dt
S

=-J -o
Bo sin at ds
S

=A w B,sin ot
the area of the loop.
where A is
vample 7.2
Example 7.2 The magnetic flux density is given in cylindrical coordinates

t 1,
B si for r<a

for r>a
e B, and o are constants. Calculate the inducedelectric field at allthe values

Solution. In this case the time varying magnetic field has circular
symmetry about z-axis but is independent of z, Fig. 7.7. Hence the induced
giectric field will also possess circular symmetry about z-axis.

Fig.7.7
t
any r <a, the flux cut (enclosed) by the circular loop of radius r.
= B ds
S

- B sin of 1, ds 1, =nr B, sin at

S
PPlying Faraday's law for loop of radius r (r<a)

E-d- dt
 ELEMENTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
202
NETIC FIELD8
E
2r-nr Bo o cos ot
E -B
2rcos ot for r<a

component.
electric field having o
where E is
r>a the total flux cut by the loop
For any
sin ot
= ta B
(flux density is only upto a
and E 21tr=- Ta* Bo o cos wt
a t
Bo o cos
for r>a
E,- 2r

Bor cos wt 1 for r<a

E Ba o
SO for r>a
c o s ot 1
2r
coordinates by
Example 7.3 A magnetic field is given in cylindrical
Bo is situated in
the yz-plame
B1where Bo, is a constant. A rectangularplane
7.8. The loop is moving in the plane witha
and paralel to z-axis as shown in Fig.
the circulation ofinduced electricfield
velocity v = V 1y, where vg isconstant.find
around the loop.

Flg. 7.8

Solution. Refer Fig. 7.8.

insidethe pape
B-1
 MAXWELL'S EQUATIoNS 203
TMEVARYINGFIEL

a FIELDS AND
equation states that
Maxwell's
The

oE-d--Bds
S
hall calculate the right hand side of this expression. An infinites-
loop ds dr dz 1,
=

inala r e aoffthe
t

r+a b+C D
B-ds= 1drdz1,
value
arbitrary
an
is
+
B ds Bodrardzdz
r=r Z=C

E--B-ds--B,bin|
= - Bb[In (r+a) -In r]
dt

knowingthat
OE-d-B, b(+0)dt
B, ab
=
r ( r + a ) *0

Asry
E d yB,
(y+ab o (With flux density in 1, direction
it is right hand circulation)
Exam 74 Fig. 7.9 shows a variable loop consisting of tuwo stationary
Ponle other
d, CtoOrs, connected at one end toa voltmete, and a moving bar at the
onsilyty RB1ng with a uniform velocity v m/s. The loop is placed in a uniform flux
tesla. Derive an expression for the emf induced in the loop. For
cm, B= 0.4 1,tesla andvelocity v= 30Vy 1, m/s fy= 4cmat t=0,findfor
 ELEMENTS OFELECTAOMAGNETIC
204 FIELD8
moving bar, (b) Osition of the
the position of the
(a) the velocity of the and its polarity. moving bay,
.

t= 0.05 s :
emfinduced in loop
the
and () the

Fig. 7.9

the position of moving bar, the flux passin

Soluton. With y as
is
of the loop at any time t
through the surface
=B yL
so the emf induced

v-h E-dl---B
- - BvL
where E is the field intensity andv is the velocity of the moving bar.
terminal 2 will be at a
With voltmeter between terminal 1 and 2,
a
The voltmeter
law will hold).
higher potential than terminal 1 (Lenze'z
readingis Ve=-BvL
L=5 cm B 041, T v=30vy 1, m/s
at t=0 y=4 cm

v=30y
dt

=30
y dt
21y =30t+A, where A is constant
2 N4x 10 =A (at=0condition)
A = 0.4

2y 30t +04
y= (15t +0.2)
at t 0.05 s
y= (15 x 0.05+0.2)
y= 0.9025 m
 E
MGFIELDS AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS
VARYINGF u

f 0.05 s

=30v0.9025 =28.5 m/s

V 28.5 1, m/s
V-B,,L

- 0.4 x 28.5 x 5x 10-2

- 0.57 V
s ative so terminal 2 is at higher potential than terminal 1.

nle 7.5 A straight conductor of 0.2 m lies on the

aoductor is subjected to magnetic flux densityx-axis
a
with
B 0.04 T and
1,
end
=
one

10° 1, m/s. Calculate the motional electric field

sin 10 t
5 sin
yD =2.5 intensity and
the conductor.
udhuced in
Refer Fig. 7.10.
Solution.
2.

B
0.20 m

Fig. 7.10

B=0.04 1, T

V 2.5 sin 10° t 1, m/s

field intensity
The motional emf (induced voltage) producing
V/m
E=vxB=0.10 sin 10(-1,)
he emf induced in the conductor

V,=(Vx B)-dl
0.20
(-1) dr 1,
=0.10sin10 t
0

V
=
-
0.20 sin 10° m-end is
x=0.20
then
The in 1,
direction,

ative Conductor
cycle.
first moves

for the
first half
z-axis
respect to the end on