Dental Anatomy Coloring Book 4Th Edition Margaret J Fehrenbach Full Chapter

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2019v1.0
Dental Anatomy
COLORING BOOK
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Dental Anatomy
COLORING BOOK
4th Edition
Edited by
MARGARET J. FEHRENBACH, RDH, MS
Oral Biologist and Dental Hygienist;
Adjunct Instructor, Bachelor of Applied Science Degree
Dental Hygiene Program
Seale Central College;
Educational Consultant and Dental Science Technical Writer
Seale, Washington
Elsevier
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
DENTAL ANATM LRN , RT EDTN SN 0323123

Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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to purase Dental Anato olorin oo  Mararet . erena a reproue te ontents or parts
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PREFACE
A thorough understanding of anatomy related to dentistry is vital for today’s dental professionals,
and this fourth edition of the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book is an ideal companion for anyone
studying dentally related anatomy. This latest edition has even more structures to color as well
as more details added to previous structures. It will not only help you identify different structures,
but also test your knowledge of all dentally related anatomy, with all its intricacies of embryologic
background and histologic breakdown, using proven testing methods. Knowledge of related
facial landmarks, veins, arteries, nerves, bones, and muscles of the head and neck region as
well as dental anatomy is information that every dental professional needs to have to maintain
clinical competence, and this resource enhances learning and memory retention in an easy-to-
use, always , format
This fourth edition of the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book fully delivers complete anatomic
coverage of the head and neck. eginning with an overview of body systems and then moving
on to specic regions of the head and neck as well as the oral cavity, the tet follows the ana-
tomic systems, including orofacial anatomy, dental anatomy, as well as the skeletal system,
muscular system, vascular system, nervous system, and much more This book will help you
to visually understand the various parts of the head and neck as well as the oral cavity and how
they relate to each other. In addition, the nal chapter on fasciae and spaces will give the reader
a better overall regional feel for the anatomy of the head and neck.
It has been noted that one of the most effective ways to learn about the intricacies of the
body is by coloring detailed illustrations of various body parts. This coloring book is additionally
helpful since it eroes in on the specics of the head and neck to allow focused learning for the
dental professional. In addition, you do not have to be an epert artist to color
tudies also show that adult coloring is therapeutic, reducing stress similarly to meditation.
The gentle and repetitive motion of your hand bringing color to paper helps uiet your mind,
bringing your usual rapid-re thoughts down to a much slower pace while leaving the fast-
paced digital world behind. e know we get a better night’s sleep when avoiding engaging with
electronics at night because eposure to the emitted light reduces your levels of the sleep
hormone melatonin. oloring is a relaing and electronic-free bedtime ritual that will not disturb
your level of melatonin and thus intrude on your sleep patterns.
oloring also fosters creativity. This is because coloring reuires the two hemispheres of
the brain to communicate. hile logic helps us stay inside the lines, choosing colors generates
a creative thought process. o we invite you to take a break from your sometimes rote learning
of your dental studies and nd your creative center oloring also reuires you to focus, but not
so much that it is stressful. It opens up your frontal lobe, which controls organiing and problem
solving, and allows you to put everything else aside and live in the moment, generating focus.
Thus, regardless of your needs, there is so much to be gained by spending some time coloring.
HOW TO USE THE BOOK

ach page of the new edition contains a brief statement describing the body part featured and
its orientation view, followed by a crisp easy-to-color illustrations. umbered leader lines
clearly identify the structures to be colored and correspond to a numbered list appearing below
the illustration. ou can create your own “color code” by coloring in the boed number appear-
ing on the illustration and using the same color to ll in the corresponding numbered bo on
the list below. An eample of a completed illustration can be found on the inside back cover.
ou can be distinctly creative with your color selections or go the classical route such as using
red for arteries and blue for veins.
or review purposes for classroom or national board eamination or certication, a num-
bered list appears at the page bottom or far right, which can be easily covered with a sheet of
paper allowing self-eamination. Additionally, included are  fully updated ll-in-the-blank re-
view uestions that appear on the back side of the page with the structures so that additional
reviews can occur the answers appear inverted below on the same page. In addition, tetbook
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. v

PREFACE
references for each gure are noted at the bottom of the page so the reader can easily obtain
more information on each structure presented. inally, there is a fully comprehensive test with
 multiple-choice uestions using the latest national board format with answers and rationale
at the end that will help to summarie your study of dentally related anatomy and allow you to
know which areas need more review
It is suggested that you use colored pencils to avoid bleed through and after you are done
coloring a page, carefully remove it from the tetbook using its serrated edge and place it in a
clear plastic three-hole cover sleeve. Add them to your class notes or purchase a three-ring
binder to store them separately for easy reference. Then, take them with you and study while
you’re waiting for your clinical appointments or class to start, or eating on-the-run meals, etc.
noy and learn
vi Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1  Body Systems Overview 1 CHAPTER 2  Oroacial Anatomy 
Anatomic position with body sections and planes 1 Anatomic position with head and nec sections and
Prenatal development overview 3 planes 
Fertilization during prenatal development 5 Facial development within third to ourth wee o
embryonic period during prenatal
Preimplantation period to implantation during development 1
prenatal development 
Facial development within ourth wee o embryonic
mplantation during prenatal development 
period during prenatal development 3
Second wee o prenatal development during
nternal development o head and nec within
embryonic period 11
ourth wee o embryonic period 5
hird wee o prenatal development during
ec development during prenatal development
embryonic period 13
with branchial apparatus ormation 
entral nervous system and muscular system
egions o head 
development during embryonic period 15
Frontal region with sin region noted 1
Fourth wee o prenatal development with
embryonic olding and organ development nterace between epithelium and connective
during embryonic period 1 tissue Sin eample 3
Fetal period o prenatal development 1 Auricular region ternal ear 5
ell with cell membrane and organelles 1 Auricular region iddle and internal ear 
ell cycle 3 Orbital region 
aor body cavities 5 Orbital region ye 1
aor bones  asal region ternal nose 3
Bone and cartilage anatomy  asal region asal cavity 5
Bone 31 ygomatic inraorbital buccal oral and mental
oint types 33 regions 
Seletal muscle 35 Oral region Oral cavity 
aor body muscles 3 Oral region ingiva 11
aor body muscles 3 Oral region Oral vestibule and gingiva 13
Blood components 1 Oral region Oral mucosa with orthoeratinized and
Blood vessels 3 noneratinized types 15
aor systemic arteries 5 Oral region ingival tissue 1
aor systemic veins  Oral region entogingival unction including
unctional epithelium with epithelial
aor blood vessels and heart 
attachment 1
eart 51
Palate ard palate and sot palate 111
espiratory system 53
Palatal and nasal cavity development during prenatal
ndocrine system 55 development 113
igestive system 5
Palatal and nasal cavity development during prenatal
rinary system 5 development 115
aor lymphatics 1 Oral region ongue 11
ymph node 3 Oral region ongue 11
entral and peripheral nervous systems 5 ongue development during prenatal
eurons with muscular involvement  development 11
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. vii

CONTENTS
Oral region ongue 13 andibular right central incisor 11

Oral region Floor o the mouth 15 andibular right lateral incisor 13
Pharyn with landmars 1 aillary right canine 15
Oropharyn with landmars 1 andibular right canine 1
egions o nec ervical triangles with aillary right rst premolar 1
landmars 131 aillary right second premolar 1
egions o nec Anterior cervical triangle with andibular right rst premolar 3
landmars 133
andibular right second premolar 5
egions o nec Posterior cervical triangle with
aillary right rst molar 
landmars 135
aillary second molar homboidal crown
outline 
CHAPTER 3  ental Anatomy 13 andibular right rst molar 11
andibular right second molar 13
ooth development stages 13
Primary and permanent teeth comparison 13
CHAPTER 4  Seletal System 15
Primary dentition eruption and shedding
timeline 11
Sull bones 15
Permanent dentition eruption timeline 13
ental tissue with crown designations 15 Sull bones with landmars 1
namel with enamel rods 1 Sull bones with landmars 1
namel and dentin development at the dentinoenamel Sull bones with landmars 1
unction 1 Sull bones with landmars 3
namel and dentin apposition at the dentinoenamel Orbital region with eatures 5
unction 151
asal region with eatures 
entin 153
asal cavity with landmars 
Pulp within primary and permanent teeth 155
Occipital bone with landmars 31
Pulp with zones 15
Frontal bone with landmars 33
Periodontium and dentin 15
Parietal bones with landmars 35
entin and cementum with root development 11
educed enamel epithelium ormation 13 emporal bones with parts and
landmars 3
ooth eruption 15
Sphenoid bone with landmars 3
Permanent dentition development 1
thmoid bone with landmars 1
ultirooted tooth development 1
Alveolar process 11 omer with landmars 3
Periodontal ligament and alveolar process 13 acrimal bones nasal bones and inerior nasal
conchae 5
nterdental ligament 15
ygomatic bones with landmars 
ingival ber group 1
Primary dentition chart 1 Palatine bones and maillae with
landmars 
Permanent dentition chart 11
aillae with landmars 51
Orientational tooth surace terms 13
ailla with landmars 53
mbrasures o teeth 15
aillary right central incisor 1 andible with landmars 55
aillary right lateral incisor 1 andible with landmars 5
viii Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CONTENTS
emporomandibular oint emporal bone and ternal carotid artery Supercial temporal 31
mandible 5 ternal carotid artery Anterior branches 33
emporomandibular oint 1 ternal carotid artery Facial 35
emporomandibular oint 3 ternal carotid artery Posterior branches 3
Paranasal sinuses 5 nternal ugular and acial veins with vessel
emporal ossa with boundaries  anastomoses 3
nratemporal ossae with boundaries  ternal ugular and retromandibular veins with
Pterygopalatine ossa with boundaries 1 vessel anastomoses 331
ervical vertebrae with occipital bone 3

yoid bone with landmars 5
CHAPTER 7  landular issue 333
acrimal apparatus 333

CHAPTER 5  uscular System 
aor salivary glands and ducts 335
Sternocleidomastoid muscle  Salivary gland 33
rapezius muscle  Salivary glands Acini and ducts 33
uscles o acial epression 1 aor salivary glands Parotid gland 31
uscles o acial epression 3 aor salivary glands Submandibular gland 33
uscles o acial epression picranial 5 aor salivary glands Sublingual gland 35
uscles o acial epression Buccinator  hyroid and parathyroid glands 3
uscles o mastication asseter  hyroid gland 3
uscles o mastication emporalis 1 hyroid gland development 351
uscles o mastication edial and lateral hymus gland 353
pterygoid 3
yoid muscles 5
CHAPTER 8  ervous System 355
Suprahyoid muscles 
Suprahyoid muscles eniohyoid 
Brain ventral view 355
nrahyoid muscles 31
Brain and spinal cord 35
ongue muscles 33 eninges o the brain 35
uscles o the pharyn 35 Brain and cranial nerves with structural
uscles o the pharyn 3 innervations 31
uscles o the pharyn uscle o the sot ranial nerves within sull and associated
palate 3 structures 33
ranial nerves signicant to dental
proessionals 35
CHAPTER 6  ascular System 311
rigeminal nerve  anglion and divisions with
innervation coverage 3
Pathways to and rom the heart Arteries and
rigeminal nerve  Ophthalmic 1 and associated
veins 311
structures with innervation coverage 3
ommon carotid artery nternal and eternal 313
rigeminal nerve  aillary  with innervation
ommon carotid artery ternal carotid 315 coverage 31
ternal carotid artery aillary 31 aillary nerve  aor branches with associated
aillary artery Palatal branches 31 structures 33
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. ix

CONTENTS
aillary nerve  Palatine branches with CHAPTER 10  Fasciae and Spaces 
associated structures 35
rigeminal nerve  andibular 3 with innervation Fasciae Face 
coverage 3 Fasciae Face aws and cervical 11
andibular nerve 3 Anterior trun 3 Fasciae eep cervical 13
andibular nerve 3 Anterior trun 31 Fasciae eep cervical 15
andibular nerve 3 Posterior trun 33 Spaces Face aws and vestibular 1
andibular nerve 3 Posterior trun 35 Spaces anine and buccal 1
andibular nerve 3 otor and sensory Spaces Parotid 1
branches 3
Spaces emporal and inratemporal 3
Facial  and trigeminal  nerves 3
Spaces nratemporal and pterygomandibular 5
Facial  nerve 31
Spaces Pterygomandibular 
Parotid salivary gland lobes with acial  nerve
Spaces Submasseteric 
division 33
Spaces Body o the mandible 31
Spaces Submental and submandibular 33
CHAPTER 9  ymphatic System 35
Spaces Submandibular and sublingual 35
Spaces Previseral and retropharyngeal 3
pper body lymphatics 35
Spaces Previseral and retropharyngeal 3
Supercial lymph nodes o the head 3
Spaces Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal 1
eep lymph nodes o the head 3
ervical compartments with contents and
Supercial cervical lymph nodes 1
borders 3
eep cervical lymph nodes and associated cervical
lymph nodes 3
onsils 5 omprehensive est 5
Palatine tonsil 
x Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER 1 Body Systems Overview
FIGURE 1.1 Anatomic position with body sections and planes
Coronal/frontal section formed by

1
coronal/frontal plane
Transverse/axial section formed by
2
transverse/axial plane
Midsagittal/median section formed by
3
midsagittal/median plane
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Anatomic position with body sections and planes

Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate terms from the list below.
 1. The anatomic nomenclature is a system of names for _____________________.
 2. In _____________________ the body can be standing erect with the arms at the sides and the palms and
toes directed forward as well as the eyes looking forward.
 3. The _____________________ or midsagittal section is a division by the median or midsagittal plane.
 4. The _____________________ or frontal section is a division by any coronal or frontal plane.
 5. The _____________________ or transverse section is a division by any axial or transverse plane.
 6. The _____________________ or midsagittal plane divides the body into eual right and left halves.
 7. ividing the body into anterior and posterior parts at any level is related to an _____________________
or coronal plane.
 8. n _____________________ or transverse plane divides the body at any level horiontally into either
superior and inferior parts and is always perpendicular to the midsagittal plane.
 9.  sagittal plane divides the body parallel to the _____________________.
10. hen the body in the anatomic position is lying down on its front it is considered the
_____________________ and when the body is lying down on its back it is considered the supine
position.
midsagittal plane median section frontal plane

coronal section axial plane axial section
anatomic position median plane prone position
anatomic structures
Reference Chapter 1, Introduction to head and neck anatomy. In Fehrenbach MJ, Herring SW: Illustrated anatomy of the
head and neck, ed 6, St. oui, 1, Saunder.
NOTES
pane, . ronta pane, . aia pane, . midagitta pane, 1. prone poition
ANSWER KEY 1. anatomic tructure, . anatomic poition, . median ection, . corona ection, . aia ection, 6. median
2 Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

FIGURE 1.2 Prenatal development overview
PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYONIC PERIOD: FETAL PERIOD:

PERIOD: 1ST WEEK 2ND-8TH WEEK 3RD-9TH MONTH
1 Zygote 3 Disc 6 Embryo

2 Blastocyst 4 Embryo 7 Fetus
5 Folded embryo

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Prenatal development overview

 1. The process of _____________________ begins with the start of pregnancy and continues until the birth of
the child.
 2. The  months of gestation during prenatal development is usually divided into month time spans or
_____________________.
 3. The study of prenatal development is also known as _____________________.
 4. ach of the structures of the face neck and oral cavity has an _____________________ the earliest
indication of an organ or tissue during prenatal development.
 5. t the beginning of the rst week conception takes place where a female’s ovum is penetrated by and
united with a male’s sperm during fertiliation the union of the ovum and sperm subseuently forms a
fertilized egg or _____________________.
 6. The rst period the _____________________ of prenatal development takes place during the rst week
after conception.
 7. Because of the ongoing process of mitosis and secretion of uid by the cells within the morula the ygote
becomes an _____________________ or blastula that undergoes implantation.
 8. uring the second week of prenatal development within the embryonic period an
_____________________ eventually develops from the blastocyst and appears as a threedimensional but
attened circular plate of bilayered cells.
 9. The second period of prenatal development the embryonic period extends from the beginning of the
second week to the end of the eighth week with the structure developing further and becoming an
_____________________.
10. The fetal period of prenatal development follows the embryonic period and encompasses the beginning
of the ninth week or third month continuing to the ninth month with the maturation of existing structures
occurring as the embryo enlarges to become an _____________________.
embryology fetus embryo

prenatal development bilaminar embryonic disc primordium
zygote blastocyst preimplantation period
trimesters
Reference Chapter , renata deeopment. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and
anatomy, ed , St. oui, , Saunder.
. batocyt, . biaminar embryonic dic, . embryo, 1. etu

ANSWER KEY 1. prenata deeopment, . trimeter, . embryoogy, . primordium, . ygote, 6. preimpantation period,

FIGURE 1.3 Fertilization during prenatal development
KARYOTYPE
1 2 3 4 5
6 7  9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 1
19 20 21 22 X Y
AUTOSOMES SEX CHROMOSOMES
1 Sperm (enlarged)
2 Ovum
3 Zygote

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Fertilization during prenatal development

 1. t the beginning of the rst week of prenatal development _____________________ takes place where a
female’s ovum is penetrated by and united with a male’s sperm during fertiliation.
 2. The union of the ovum and sperm subseuently forms an _____________________ or zygote.
 3. uring fertiliation the nal stages of the process of _____________________ occur in the ovum resulting
in the oining of the ovum’s chromosomes with those of the sperm this oining of chromosomes from both
biologic parents forms a new individual with “shufed” chromosomes.
 4. The ygote receives half its _____________________ from the female and half from the male with the
resultant genetic material a reection of both biologic parents through the process of meiosis.
 5. The photographic analysis or prole of a person’s chromosomes is done in an orderly arrangement
of the pairs in an _____________________ with the sex known by the presence of either having XX
chromosomes for female or XY chromosomes for male.
 6. ach cell contains  chromosomes in the karyotype with the number  being the
_____________________ number for the cell.
 7. Two of these are sex chromosomes in the karyotype the remaining are _____________________.
 8. ach chromosome is paired in the karyotype so that every cell has  _____________________ sets of
paired autosomes with one sex chromosome derived from the female and one from the male.
 9. The _____________________ chromosomes designated X and Y in the karyotype are paired as XX in the
female and XY in the male.
10. The ovum or sperm is reuired to have half as many chromosomes which is the haploid number so
that on _____________________ the original complement of  chromosomes will be reestablished in the
new cell.
fertilized egg chromosomes homologous

karyotype diploid sex
meiosis autosomes fertilization
conception
References Chapter , renata deeopment. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy,
ed , St. oui, , Saunder Chapter , enera embryoogy. In anci , Ten Cate’s oral histology, ed , St. oui, 1, Moby.
NOTES
. e, 1. ertiiation

ANSWER KEY 1. conception, . ertiied egg, . meioi, . chromoome, . karyotype, 6. dipoid, . autoome, . homoogou,

FIGURE 1.4 Preimplantation period to implantation during prenatal development (cross section)
1 (12–24 hours)
2 cells (30 hours)
4 cells (40–50 hours)
8 cells (60 hours)
12–16 cells (4 days)
2
5 days
6 days 3
1 Zygote
2 Blastocyst
3 Implantation
4 Endometrium of uterus

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Preimplantation period to implantation during prenatal development

 1. The rst period of prenatal development the _____________________ takes place during the rst week
after conception with the union of the ovum and sperm subseuently forming a fertilied egg or zygote.
 2. fter fertiliation the ygote undergoes _____________________ or individual cell division that splits it into
many more cells due to cleavage.
 3. fter initial cleavage the solid ball of cells becomes an _____________________.
 4. Because of the ongoing process of mitosis and secretion of uid by the cells within the morula the ygote
becomes an _____________________ or blastula.
 5. By the end of the rst week the blastocyst stops traveling and undergoes _____________________ and
thus becomes embedded in the prepared endometrium the innermost lining of the uterus on its back wall.
 6. The process of _____________________ is key in prenatal development from the initial axial headtotail
specication of the embryo through its segmentation and ultimately to the development of the dentition.
 7. atterning is a spatial and temporal event as exemplied by regional prenatal development of incisors
canines premolars and molars which occurs at different times and involves the processes of
_____________________ competence and differentiation.
 8. ll the cells of an individual during prenatal development come from the _____________________ these
cells have differentiated into populations that have assumed particular functions shapes and rates of
turnover.
 9. The process that initiates _____________________ is induction during prenatal development an inducer
is an agent that provides cells with the signal to enter this process each compartment of cells must be
competent to respond to the induction process.
10. fter fertiliation prenatal development involves a phase of rapid _____________________ and migration of
cells with little or no differentiation this phase lasts until three embryonic cell layers or germ layers have
formed.
patterning induction morula

preimplantation period differentiation proliferation
mitosis implantation zygote
blastocyst
References Chapter , renata deeopment. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and
anatomy, ed , St. oui, , Saunder Chapter , enera embryoogy. In anci , Ten Cate’s oral histology, ed , St. oui, 1,
Moby.
. ygote, . dierentiation, 1. proieration

ANSWER KEY 1. preimpantation period, . mitoi, . morua, . batocyt, . impantation, 6. patterning, . induction,

FIGURE 1. Implantation during prenatal development (internal view and cross section)
1 Endometrium of uterus 3 Embryoblast layer

2 Implanted blastocyst 4 Trophoblast layer

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Implantation during prenatal development

 1. Because of the ongoing process of _____________________ and secretion of uid by the cells within the
morula the ygote becomes a blastocyst or blastula.
 2. The latter part of the rst week of prenatal development is characteried by further mitotic
_____________________ in which the blastocyst splits into smaller and more numerous cells as it under
goes successive cell divisions by mitosis.
 3. By the end of the rst week the blastocyst stops traveling and undergoes implantation and thus becomes
embedded in the prepared _____________________ the innermost lining of the uterus on its back wall.
 4. fter a week of cleavage the blastocyst consists of a layer of peripheral cells the trophoblast layer and a
small inner mass of embryonic cells or _____________________.
 5. The trophoblast layer later gives rise to important prenatal support tissue and the embryoblast layer gives
rise to the _____________________ during the embryonic period.
 6. fter fertiliation prenatal development involves a phase of rapid proliferation and _____________________
of cells with little or no differentiation.
 7. This proliferative phase of prenatal development lasts until three _____________________ or germ layers
have formed.
 8. mbryoblast cells form the embryo whereas the _____________________ cells are associated with implan
tation of the embryo and formation of the placenta.
 9. Over time populations of embryonic cells vary their _____________________ from no response to maxi
mum response and then back to no response during prenatal development this is dened as the ability of
an embryonic cell to react to the stimulation of an inductor allowing continued growth or differentiation of
the embryo.
10. indows of embryonic competence of varying duration exist for different populations of cells the concepts
of induction competence and also _____________________ apply in the development of the tooth and its
supporting tissue as well as development of the head and neck.
migration embryonic cell layers trophoblast

embryoblast layer embryo differentiation
endometrium mitosis embryonic competence
cleavage
Moby.
. trophobat, . embryonic competence, 1. dierentiation

ANSWER KEY 1. mitoi, . ceaage, . endometrium, . embryobat ayer, . embryo, 6. migration, . embryonic ce ayer,

FIGURE 1. Second week of prenatal development during embryonic period (cross section)
1 Bilaminar embryonic disc 5 Hypoblast layer

2 Placenta 6 Yolk sac
3 Amniotic cavity 7 Endometrium of uterus
4 Epiblast layer

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Second week of prenatal development during embryonic period

 1. The second period of prenatal development the _____________________ extends from the beginning of
the second week to the end of the eighth week it includes most of the latter part of the rst trimester.
 2. ertain physiologic processes or spatial and temporal events called patterning occur during the embryonic
period which are considered key to further development during prenatal development these physiologic
processes include _____________________ proliferation differentiation morphogenesis and maturation.
 3. uring the second week of prenatal development within the embryonic period the implanted blastocyst
grows by increased proliferation of the embryonic cells with differentiation also occurring resulting in
changes in cellular morphogenesis the increased number of embryonic cells creates the
_____________________ or germ layers within the blastocyst.
 4. n _____________________ is eventually developed from the blastocyst and appears as a threedimen
sional but attened circular plate of bilayered cells.
 5. The bilaminar embryonic disc has both a superior layer and inferior layer with the superior
_____________________ composed of high columnar cells and the inferior hypoblast layer composed of
small cuboidal cells.
 6. fter its creation the bilaminar embryonic disc is suspended in the uterus’s endometrium between two
uidlled cavities the _____________________ which faces the epiblast layer and the yolk sac which
faces the hypoblast layer and serves as initial nourishment for the disc.
 7. The bilaminar embryonic disc later develops into the _____________________ as prenatal development
continues.
 8. The _____________________ a prenatal organ that oins together the pregnant female and developing
embryo develops from the interactions of the trophoblast layer and endometrial tissue.
 9. The formation of the placenta and the developing _____________________ permit selective exchange of
soluble bloodborne substances between them which includes oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as
nutritional and hormonal substances.
10. uring the embryonic period of prenatal development differentiation occurs at various rates in the embryo
affecting cells tissue types organs and systems this overall process includes different types of differentia
tion such as cytodifferentiation and _____________________.
embryo bilaminar embryonic disc embryonic period

umbilical circulation epiblast layer amniotic cavity
histodifferentiation placenta embryonic cell layers
induction
6. amniotic caity, . embryo, . pacenta, . umbiica circuation, 1. hitodierentiation

ANSWER KEY 1. embryonic period, . induction, . embryonic ce ayer, . biaminar embryonic dic, . epibat ayer,

FIGURE 1. hird week of prenatal development during embryonic period (superior view and
cross section)
1 4
7a
7b
2
1 Amniotic cavity 6 Yolk sac lining
2 Yolk sac 7 Bilaminar embryonic disc
3 Placenta 7a Epiblast layer

4 Primitive streak 7b Hypoblast layer
5 Amniotic cavity lining

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Third week of prenatal development during embryonic period

 1. uring the beginning of the third week of prenatal development within the embryonic period the
_____________________ forms within the bilaminar embryonic disc it is a furrowed rodshaped thickening
in the middle of the disc that results from increased proliferation of cells in the midline area.
 2. The primitive streak causes the bilaminar embryonic disc to have _____________________ with a right half
and left half most of the further development of each half of the embryo mirrors the other half.
 3. uring the beginning of the third week some cells from the _____________________ move or migrate
toward the hypoblast layer only in the area of the primitive streak of the bilaminar embryonic disc.
 4. The migratory cells from the epiblast layer into the hypoblast layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc are
located in the middle between the two layers and become _____________________ an embryonic connec
tive tissue as well as embryonic endoderm.
 5. esodermal cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into diverse types of
_____________________ forming cells such as broblasts chondroblasts and osteoblasts.
 6. hen three layers are present the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes thickened into an
_____________________ during the third week of prenatal development.
 7. ith the creation of a new embryonic cell layer of mesoderm within the trilaminar embryonic disc the epi
blast layer is now considered _____________________ and the hypoblast layer has been displaced by the
cells migrating into the primitive streak and now becomes extraembryonic endoderm.
 8. Because the trilaminar embryonic disc undergoes so much growth during the rst  weeks certain
anatomic structures of the disc become apparent and the trilaminar embryonic disc now has an
_____________________ or head end
 9. t the cephalic end of the trilaminar embryonic disc the _____________________ forms it consists of only
ectoderm externally and endoderm internally without any intermediate mesoderm which is the location of
the future primitive mouth or stomodeum of the embryo and thus the beginning of the digestive tract.
10. The trilaminar embryonic disc has an _____________________ or tail end which is where the cloacal
membrane forms that is the location of the future anus or terminal end of the digestive tract.
connective tissue trilaminar embryonic disc primitive streak

bilateral symmetry ectoderm epiblast layer
cephalic end oropharyngeal membrane caudal end
mesoderm
6. triaminar embryonic dic, . ectoderm, . cephaic end, . oropharyngea membrane, 1. cauda end
ANSWER KEY 1. primitie treak, . biatera ymmetry, . epibat ayer, . meoderm, . connectie tiue,

FIGURE 1. entral nervous system and muscular system development during embryonic
period (transverse section and posterior and lateral views)
1a
1
1b
8
2
3
4
6
1b
POSTERIOR VIEW
TRANSVERSE SECTION LATERAL VIEW
1 Neuroectoderm 4 Endoderm
1a Neural plate 5 Trilaminar embryonic disc
1b Neural groove 6 Neural fold
2 Ectoderm 7 Neural folds about to fuse to form neural tube
3 Mesoderm 8 Developing nervous system
9 Somites

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Central nervous system and muscular system development during
embryonic period
 1. uring the latter part of the third week of prenatal development the ______________________ begins to
develop in the embryo many steps occur during this week to form the beginnings of the spinal cord and
brain.
 2.  specialied group of cells differentiates from the ectoderm during the latter part of the third week of
prenatal development and is now considered _____________________.
 3. The neuroectoderm is localied to the _____________________ of the embryo which is a central band of
cells that extends the length of the embryo from the cephalic end to the caudal end.
 4. The neural plate of the embryo undergoes further growth and thickening within the third week of prenatal
development which causes it to deepen and invaginate inward forming the _____________________.
 5. ear the end of the third week of prenatal development the neural groove deepens further and is sur
rounded by the _____________________.
 6. s further growth of the neuroectoderm occurs the _____________________ is formed during the fourth
week by the neural folds undergoing fusion at the most superior part in the future this structure forms into
the spinal cord as well as other neural tissue of the central nervous system.
 7. In addition during the third week of prenatal development another specialied group of cells the
_____________________ develop from neuroectoderm these cells migrate from the crests of the neural
folds and then oin the mesoderm to form mesenchyme.
 8. The _____________________ is involved in the development of many face and neck structures such as the
pharyngeal or branchial arches because they differentiate to form most of the connective tissue of the
head.
 9. By the end of the third week of prenatal development the _____________________ additionally differenti
ates and begins to divide on each side of the tube within the embryo into paired cuboidal segments of
mesoderm forming the somites.
10. The _____________________ appear as distinct elevations on the surface of the sides of the embryo and
continue to develop in the following weeks of prenatal development giving rise to most of the skeletal
structures of the head neck and trunk as well as the associated muscles and dermis of the skin.
neural tube neural groove central nervous system

mesenchyme somites neural folds
mesoderm neural plate neuroectoderm
neural crest cells
6. neura tube, . neura cret ce, . meenchyme, . meoderm, 1. omite

ANSWER KEY 1. centra nerou ytem, . neuroectoderm, . neura pate, . neura grooe, . neura od,

FIGURE 1. Fourth week of prenatal development with embryonic folding and organ development
during embryonic period (lateral view with midsagittal sections)
3
7
1 5
4
3
ECTODERM MESODERM ENDODERM
1 Developing brain 3 Developing heart 4 Oropharyngeal

membrane at the
2 Developing spinal stomodeum
cord
5 Primitive pharynx
6 Foregut
7 Cloacal membrane

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Fourth week of prenatal development with embryonic folding and organ
development during embryonic period
 1. uring the fourth week of prenatal development within the embryonic period the trilaminar embryonic disc
undergoes anterior cephalic and lateral _____________________ which places forming tissue types into
their proper positions for further embryonic development as well as producing a tubular embryo.
 2. fter folding of the embryonic disc into the embryo the endoderm now lies inside the
_____________________ with mesoderm lling in the areas between these two layers forming one long
hollow tube lined by endoderm from the cephalic end to the caudal end of the embryo specically the
tube runs from the oropharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane.
 3. The tube formed during embryonic folding is the future _____________________ and is separated into three
maor regions the foregut midgut and hindgut.
 4. The anterior part of the tube in the embryo when it becomes folded is the foregut which forms the
_____________________ or primitive throat and includes a part of the primitive yolk sac as it becomes
enclosed with folding the two more posterior parts the midgut and hindgut respectively go on to form
the rest of the mature pharynx as well as the remainder of the digestive tract.
 5. uring development of the digestive tract four pairs of _____________________ form from evaginations on
the lateral walls lining the pharynx during the fourth week of prenatal development.
 6.  crucial prenatal developmental event is the folding of the _____________________ in two planes along
the rostrocaudal axis and along the lateral axis.
 7. The head fold is critical to the formation of an _____________________ or stomatodeum or primitive
mouth which will form the future oral cavity the ectoderm comes through this fold to line the stomodeum
with this structure separated from the gut by the oropharyngeal membrane.
 8. The lateral folding of the embryo during prenatal development determines the disposition of the middle
layer or _____________________.
 9. s another result of embryonic folding the ectoderm of the oor of the _____________________ now
encapsulates the embryo and forms the surface epithelium.
10. In addition after folding of the embryo the paraxial mesoderm remains adacent to the future
_____________________ and notochord.
embryo mesoderm
primitive pharynx digestive tract
pharyngeal pouches embryonic folding
ectoderm amniotic cavity
stomodeum neural tube
Moby.
. tomodeum, . meoderm, . amniotic caity, 1. neura tube

ANSWER KEY 1. embryonic oding, . ectoderm, . digetie tract, . primitie pharyn, . pharyngea pouche, 6. embryo,

FIGURE 1.1 Fetal period of prenatal development
1 Chorion
1
2 Placenta
3 Amniotic cavity
4 Umbilical cord
2
5 Yolk sac
ELEVENTH WEEK TO FULL TERM
11 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 38

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Fetal period of prenatal development

 1. s the third and nal period of prenatal development the _____________________ follows the embryonic
period.
 2. The fetal period of prenatal development encompasses the beginning of the ninth week or third month
continuing to the ninth month thus this period includes both the second and third
_____________________.
 3. uring the fetal period of prenatal development there is maturation of existing structures occurring as the
embryo enlarges to become an _____________________.
 4. uring the fetal period of prenatal development the changes involve not only the physiologic process of
_____________________ the individual tissue types and organs but also further proliferation differentiation
and morphogenesis similar to the processes occurring before the development of the embryo.
 5. lthough developmental changes with the fetus during the fetal period of prenatal development are not as
dramatic as those that occur earlier during the _____________________ they are important because they
allow the newly formed tissue types and organs to begin to function.
 6. The _____________________ of the fetus during prenatal development is linear up to  weeks of gesta
tion after which it begins to level until birth.
 7. The growth rate of an embryo fetus or infant can be reected as the _____________________ per gesta
tional age and is often given as in relation to what would be expected by the gestational age.
 8. n infant born within the usual range of weight at that time is considered appropriate for
_____________________.
 9. The growth rate during prenatal development can be roughly correlated with the fundal height which can
be estimated with the _____________________ of the pregnant female.
10. ore exact measurements of either the embryo or fetus and its growth rate can be performed with obstet
ric _____________________ using sound waves.
gestational age maturation weight

embryonic period fetus abdominal palpation
trimesters growth rate ultrasonography
fetal period
Moby.
age, . abdomina papation, 1. utraonography

ANSWER KEY 1. eta period, . trimeter, . etu, . maturation, . embryonic period, 6. groth rate, . eight, . getationa

FIGURE 1.11 ell with cell membrane and organelles
1
12
2
13
3 14
15
4
16
17
18
5
9 19
20
6
7 10
8
11 21
1 Lysosome 8 Nuclear envelope 15 Cristae

2 Golgi complex 9 Nuclear pore 16 Mitochondria
3 Ribosomes 10 Nucleolus 17 Microtubule
4 Rough endoplasmic reticulum 11 Nucleus 18 Cytoplasm
5 Centrioles of centrosome 12 Protein 19 Microfilament
6 Chromatin 13 Phospholipid bilayer 20 Cytoskeleton
7 Nucleoplasm 14 Cell membrane 21 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Cell with cell membrane and organelles

 1. The smallest living unit of organiation in the body is the _____________________ because each is capable
of performing any necessary functions without the aid of others each has a cell membrane cytoplasm
organelles and inclusions.
 2. The _____________________ or plasma membrane surrounds the cell usually it is an intricate bilayer
consisting mostly of phospholipids and proteins.
 3. The _____________________ of the cell includes the semiuid part contained within the cell membrane
boundary as well as the skeletal system of support or cytoskeleton.
 4. The _____________________ are metabolically active specialied structures within the cell that allow each
cell to function according to its genetic code these structures include the nucleus mitochondria ribo
somes endoplasmic reticulum olgi complex lysosomes and cytoskeleton.
 5. The _____________________ is the largest densest and most conspicuous organelle in the cell it is found
in all cells of the body except mature red blood cells and most cells have a single one.
 6. The uid part within the nucleus is the _____________________ which contains important molecules used
in the construction of ribosomes nucleic acids and other nuclear materials the nucleus is also surrounded
by the nuclear envelope a membrane similar to the cell membrane except that it is double layered.
 7. ontained within the nucleus is the _____________________ a prominent and rounded nuclear organelle
that is centrally placed in the nucleoplasm which mostly produces types of ribonucleic acid.
 8. The _____________________ are the most numerous organelles in the cell and are associated with energy
conversion since they are a maor source of adenosine triphosphate.
 9. The _____________________ consists of parallel membranebound channels that interconnect forming a
system of channels and folds and are continuous with the nuclear envelope so they can modify store seg
regate and transport proteins these structures can be classied as either smooth or rough which is de
termined by the absence or presence of ribosomes.
10. Once the endoplasmic reticulum has modied a new protein it is then transferred to the
_____________________ or apparatus for subseuent segregation packaging and transport of the pro
tein compounds it is the second largest organelle after the nucleus and is composed of stacks of three to
twenty attened smoothmembrane vesicular sacs arranged parallel to one another.
nucleus nucleoplasm mitochondria

cytoplasm organelles nucleolus
Golgi complex endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane
Cell
Reference Chapter , Ce. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed ,
St. oui, , Saunder.
. endopamic reticuum, 1. ogi compe

ANSWER KEY 1. ce, . ce membrane, . cytopam, . organee, . nuceu, 6. nuceopam, . nuceou, . mitochondria,

FIGURE 1.12 ell cycle
INTERPHASE
2 4
PROPHASE
TELOPHASE 3 5
MITOSIS PHASES
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE 5
1 Chromatin
2 Centrosome
with centrioles
3 Chromosomes
4 Spindle fibers
5 Centromere

REVIEW QUESTIONS: Cell cycle

 1. The main nucleic acid in the nucleoplasm is _____________________ in the form of chromatin which looks
like diffuse stippling in an actively dividing cell the chromatin condenses into visible and discrete rodlike
chromosomes with each chromosome having a centromere or a clear constricted area near the middle.
 2. The _____________________ then become two lamentous or threadlike chromatids or daughters oined
by a centromere during cell division after cell division maor segments again become uncoiled and dis
persed between the other components of the nucleoplasm as before.
 3. The _____________________ is a dense somewhat ovalshaped organelle that contains a pair of cylindrical
structures the centrioles which are always located near the nucleus there are two centrioles within this
organelle and each is composed of triplets of microtubules arranged in a cartwheel pattern.
 4. Before cell division deoxyribonucleic acid is replicated during _____________________ as part of the cell
cycle.
 5. Interphase has _____________________ phases which include ap  or G1 or initial resting phase with
cell growth and functioning Synthesis or S or cell deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by duplication and
ap  or G2 or second resting phase that resumes cell growth and functioning.
 6. The cell division that takes place during mitosis consists of _____________________ phases which include
prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase cell division is followed again by interphase continuing
the overall cell cycle.
 7. uring _____________________ of cell division the chromatin condenses into chromosomes in the cell
replicated centrioles migrate to opposite poles and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
 8. uring _____________________ of cell division the chromosomes move so that their centromeres are
aligned in the euatorial plane and the mitotic spindle forms.
 9. uring _____________________ of cell division the centromeres split and each chromosome separates into
two chromatids while the chromatids migrate to opposite poles by the mitotic spindle.
10. uring _____________________ of cell division the division into two daughter cells that are identical to the
parent cell as well as to each other occurs and the nuclear membrane reappears.
three chromosomes telophase

interphase prophase anaphase
deoxyribonucleic acid four centrosome
metaphase
Reference Chapter , Ce. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed ,
. metaphae, . anaphae, 1. teophae

ANSWER KEY 1. deoyribonuceic acid, . chromoome, . centroome, . interphae, . three, 6. our, . prophae,

FIGURE 1.13 aor body cavities (midsagittal section)
6
2
8
1
1 Ventral cavity 5 Pelvic cavity

2 Thoracic cavity 6 Dorsal cavity
3 Abdominopelvic cavity 7 Cranial cavity
4 Abdominal cavity 8 Spinal cavity

REVIEW QUESTIONS: aor body cavities

 1. n _____________________ is a space in the body lled with uid.
 2. The _____________________ is a body cavity in the ventral or anterior aspect of the body it has two subdi
visions that include the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
 3. The _____________________ is a body cavity that is divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity but
there is no physical barrier between these two subdivisions only an imaginary line from the inferior pubis to
the superior sacrum dividing them.
 4. The _____________________ is a body cavity that contains digestive organs spleen and kidneys while the
pelvic cavity is a body cavity that contains the urinary bladder internal reproductive organs and rectum
both of these body cavities are protected by a layer of the peritoneum.
 5. The _____________________ is the body cavity formed by the ribcage it is divided from the abdominopel
vic cavity by the diaphragm muscle which is then further divided into the pleural cavity that contains the
lungs and the superior mediastinum that includes the pericardial cavity with the heart.
 6. The _____________________ is a body cavity bounded by the pelvic bones that primarily contains repro
ductive organs the urinary bladder the pelvic colon and the rectum.
 7. The _____________________ is a body cavity in the dorsal or posterior aspect of the body that lies within
the skull and vertebral column having two subdivisions that include the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
 8. The _____________________ or intracranial space is a body cavity within the cranium that contains the
brain proximal parts of the cranial nerves blood vessels and cranial venous sinuses as well as having the
eyes and ears.
 9. The _____________________ or spinal canal is a body cavity through which the spinal cord passes that is
enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae.
10. Both the cranial cavity and spinal cavity are lined by the _____________________.
abdominopelvic cavity dorsal cavity cranial cavity

body cavity spinal cavity ventral cavity
pelvic cavity meninges abdominal cavity
thoracic cavity
Reference ariou chapter. In rake , og W, Mitche WM: Gray’s anatomy for students, ed , hiadephia, ,
Churchi iingtone.
. dora caity, . crania caity, . pina caity, 1. meninge

ANSWER KEY 1. body caity, . entra caity, . abdominopeic caity, . abdomina caity, . thoracic caity, 6. peic caity,

FIGURE 1.1 aor bones (anterior and posterior views)
15
2
6 16
3
7
4
17
5 8
9 18
10
19
11
12
13
14
1 Skull 6 Scapula 11 Femur 16 Thoracic vertebrae

2 Clavicle 7 Humerus 12 Patella 17 Lumbar vertebrae
3 Sternum 8 Radius 13 Tibia 18 Sacrum
4 Ribs 9 Ulna 14 Fibula 19 Coccyx
5 Os coxae 10 Carpals 15 ertebral column
Cervical vertebrae

REVIEW QUESTIONS: aor bones

 1. dults have  bones although at birth there are about  bones however many of the bones
_____________________ together with growth.
 2. The _____________________ is composed of the cranium and mandible.
 3. The _____________________ or backbone is composed of  bones and includes the vertebrae sacrum
and coccyx.
 4. The top seven vertebrae the _____________________ compose the neck with the next twelve thoracic
vertebrae attaching to the ribs with the last ve vertebrae being the lumbar vertebrae the sacrum is di
rectly inferior to the lumbar vertebrae and is attached to the pelvic bone or hipbone and the coccyx or
tailbone is located further inferior to it with the os coxa of an adult pelvic girdle formed by the fusion of the
ilium ischium and pubis.
 5. The _____________________ create a bony cage protecting internal organs such as the heart lungs and
liver although there are usually twelve pairs of ribs occasionally there is one extra pair or one missing pair.
 6. The superior seven ribs connect to the _____________________ or breastbone they also attach to the
clavicle or collarbone and the more inferior thoracic vertebrae hold all twelve ribs in place.
 7. The arms each contain one _____________________ which is the large bone at the superior part of the
arm and two long bones of the forearm which are the ulna and radius the carpals are the bones of the
wrist.
 8. The long bone of the thigh is the _____________________ the patella or kneecap articulates with
this bone.
 9. The two long bones running from the knee to the ankle the _____________________ and the bula
compose the bones of the legs.
10. The bones of the ankle are the _____________________ the metacarpals and metatarsals are bones of the
hand and foot respectively with the phalanges being the bones of the ngers and toes.
fuse tibia skull

cervical vertebrae femur humerus
tarsals sternum vertebral column
ribs
Reference ariou chapter. In rake , og W, Mitche WM: Gray’s anatomy for students, ed , hiadephia, ,
Churchi iingtone.
1. tara
1. ue, . ku, . ertebra coumn, . cerica ertebrae, . rib, 6. ternum, . humeru, . emur, . tibia, ANSWER KEY

FIGURE 1.1 one and cartilage anatomy (eternal and microanatomic views)
2a
1
2b
1 Blood vessel
2 Periosteum
2a Fibroblast
5a
2 2b Osteoblast
3 Endosteum
5b
4 Bone marrow
3
5 Compact bone
4
5c 5a Haversian canal
5b Osteon
5 5c Lamellae
6a 6 Cancellous bone
6a Trabeculae
6b Blood vessel
6b 7 Articular cartilage
7a Perichondrium
6 7b Chondroblast
7c Daughter chondroctes
in lacuna
7a 7d Cartilage matri
7
7b 7e ingular chondrocte
in lacuna
7c
7d
7e

REVIEW QUESTIONS: one and cartilage anatomy

 1. The _____________________ is a hard rigid form of connective tissue that constitutes most of the mature
skeleton thus it serves as protective and structural support for soft tissue and as an attachment mechanism.
 2. The outer part of bone is covered by the _____________________ which is a doublelayered dense con
nective tissue sheath.
 3. The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves the inner layer contains a single layer
of cells that gives rise to boneforming cells the _____________________.
 4. eep to the periosteum is a dense layer of _____________________ which is that part of a bone com
posed of densely packed bone tissue and deep to compact bone is the spongy bone or cancellous bone
that is that part of a bone composed of less dense bone tissue.
 5. ining the medullary cavity of bone on the inside of the layers of compact bone and cancellous bone is the
_____________________ which has the same composition as the periosteum but is thinner on the inner
most part of bone in the medullary cavity is the bone marrow that is a gelatinous substance where the
stem cells of the blood are located the lymphocytes are created and B cells mature.
 6. Bone matrix is initially formed as _____________________ which later undergoes mineraliation this is pro
duced by osteoblasts that are cuboidal cells arising from broblasts.
 7. The process of _____________________ involves the formation of osteoid between two dense connective
tissue sheets which then eventually replaces the outer connective tissue this type of process contrasts
with the process of endochondral ossication that involves the formation of the osteoid within a hyaline
cartilage model that subseuently becomes mineralied and dies.
 8. The _____________________ is a rm but exible nonmineralied connective tissue that serves as a tempo
rary skeletal tissue in the embryo and then serves as structural support for certain soft tissue after birth it
can also serve as a model or template in which certain bones of the body subseuently develop as well as
be present at articular surfaces of most freely movable oints such as the temporomandibular oint.
 9. The connective tissue surrounding most cartilage is the _____________________ a brous connective tis
sue sheath containing blood vessels.
10. Two types of cells found in cartilage are the immature chondroblasts which lie internal to the perichon
drium and produce cartilage matrix and the _____________________ which are mature chondroblasts
maintaining the cartilage matrix within their lacunae.
osteoblasts cartilage chondrocytes

compact bone bone periosteum
endosteum osteoid intramembranous ossication
perichondrium
Reference Chapter , aic tiue. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy, ed ,
oication, . cartiage, . perichondrium, 1. chondrocyte

ANSWER KEY 1. bone, . perioteum, . oteobat, . compact bone, . endoteum, 6. oteoid, . intramembranou

FIGURE 1.1 one (transverse section with microanatomic views)
2
3 1
7
4
10
15
11
16
12
17
13
14 18
19
20
1 Lamellae 6 Periosteum 11 Canaliculi 16 Osteoclasts

2 Haversian canal 7 Osteon of compact bone 12 Osteocyte in lacuna 17 Nuclei
3 Lacunae containing osteocytes 8 Trabeculae of cancellous bone 13 Haversian canal 18 Lysosomes
4 Canaliculi 9 Haversian canal 14 Concentric lamellae 19 Howship lacuna
5 Osteon 10 Volkmann canal 15 ineralie bone 20 Area of bone resorption

REVIEW QUESTIONS: one

 1. Bone consists of cells and a partially mineralied matrix that is composed of inorganic or mineralied mate
rial which is a crystalline formation of mainly _____________________ that gives bone its hardness.
 2. ithin fully mineralied bone are _____________________ which are entrapped mature osteoblasts similar
to the chondrocyte the cell body is surrounded by bone except for the space immediately around it the
lacuna.
 3. nlike chondrocytes _____________________ never undergo mitosis during tissue formation and thus only
one osteocyte is ever found in its lacuna.
 4. The cytoplasmic processes of the osteocyte radiate outward in all directions in the bone and are located
in tubular canals of matrix or _____________________ these canals provide for interaction between the
osteocytes.
 5. Bone matrix in compact bone is formed into closely apposed sheets or _____________________ within
and between them are embedded osteocytes with their cytoplasmic processes in the canals.
 6. The highly organied arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone is the _____________________
within it the lamellae form concentric layers of matrix into cylinders or osteons.
 7. The _____________________ or central canal is a central vascular canal within each osteon surrounded
by the lamellae it contains longitudinally running blood vessels nerves and a small amount of connective
tissue that is overall lined by endosteum.
 8. ocated on the periphery of the aversian system in compact bone are _____________________ which
are similar nutrient canals to the aversian canals and are also lined by endosteum.
 9. The cell in mature bone that causes resorption of bone is the _____________________.
10. The osteoclast is a large multinucleated giant cell located on the surface of secondary bone in a large shal
low pit created by this resorption an _____________________.
osteocytes osteoblasts lamellae

calcium hydroxyapatite Haversian system Haversian canal
Howship lacuna Volkmann canals osteoclast
canaliculi
Reference Chapter , aic tiue. In Fehrenbach MJ, opoic : Illustrated dental embryology, histology, and anatomy,
ed , St. oui, , Saunder.
. Haerian cana, . okmann cana, . oteocat, 1. Hohip acuna

ANSWER KEY 1. cacium hydroyapatite, . oteocyte, . oteobat, . canaicui, . ameae, 6. Haerian ytem,

FIGURE 1.1 oint types
1 Gomphosis 4 Hinge
2 Pivot 5 Saddle
3 Ball-and-socket 6 Gliding

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“The advantages to be ultimately reaped from a perseverance in
the line of conduct which Great Britain has adopted for the last four
years appear to my mind to be infallible and of infinite magnitude; the
profitable consequences of a state of hostility, small and uncertain. I
have been pleasing my imagination with looking forward to the distant
spectacle of all the northern continent of America covered with friendly
though not subject States, consuming our manufactures, speaking our
language, proud of their parent State, attached to her prosperity. War
must bring with it extensive damage to our navigation, the probable
loss of Canada, and the world behind it, the propagation of enmity and
prejudices which it may be impossible to eradicate. The system of the
American government does not strike me, with the near view I have of
it, as being in so perilous a situation as is imagined in Europe. I am
willing to avoid political prophecies, but I confess I think it will get on
well enough if the country remains in peace; and if they go to war, the
fabric may acquire strength. God forbid that it should be to our
detriment, and to the triumph of our enemies!”
CHAPTER XV.
February 4, 1801, one month before the inauguration of
President Jefferson, Pitt suddenly retired from office, and was
succeeded by a weak ministry, in which Mr. Addington, afterward
Lord Sidmouth, took the post vacated by Pitt. No event could have
been happier for the prospects of President Jefferson, who might
fairly count upon Addington’s weakness to prevent his interference in
American affairs.
Knowing himself to be universally regarded as the friend and
admirer of France, Jefferson was the more anxious not to be classed
by the British government among the enemies of England. Even
before he was inaugurated, he took occasion to request Edward
Thornton, the British chargé,—
“With great earnestness, to assure his Majesty’s government that it
should experience during his administration as cordial and sincere
acts of friendship as had ever been received under that of his
predecessors. I am aware,” said the President elect, “that I have been
represented as hostile to Great Britain; but this has been done only for
electioneering purposes, and I hope henceforward such language will
be used no longer. I can appeal to all my past conduct that in
everything in which I have been engaged relatively to England, I have
always been guided by a liberal policy. I wish to be at the head of
affairs no longer than while I am influenced by such sentiments of
equal liberality toward all nations. There is nothing to which I have a
greater repugnance than to establish distinctions in favor of one nation
against another.”
The day after his inauguration he returned to the subject:—
“There is nothing I have more, or I may say so much, at heart as to
adjust happily all differences between us, and to cultivate the most
cordial harmony and good understanding. The English government is
too just, I am persuaded, to regard newspaper trash, and the
assertions contained in them that I am a creature of France and an
enemy of Great Britain. For republican France I may have felt some
interest; but that is long over; and there is assuredly nothing in the
present government of that country which could naturally incline me to
show the smallest undue partiality to it at the expense of Great Britain,
or indeed of any other country.”[240]
Thornton felt no great confidence in the new President’s protests,
and thought it possible that Jefferson had “on this, as he seems to
have done on many late public occasions, taxed his imagination to
supply the deficiency of his feelings.” All Englishmen were attached
to the Federalist and New England interest; they could not
understand that Virginia should be a safer friend than
Massachusetts. Yet in truth Jefferson never was more serious than
when he made these professions. The Southern republicans had
nothing to gain from a quarrel with England; they neither wished for
Canada, nor aspired to create shipping or manufactures: their chief
antagonist was not England, but Spain. The only Power which could
seriously injure them was Great Britain; and the only injury they
could inflict in return was by conquering Canada for the benefit of
Northern influence, or by building up manufactures which they
disliked, or by cutting off their own markets for tobacco and cotton.
Nothing warranted a belief that men like Jefferson, Madison, and
Gallatin would ever seek a quarrel with England.
The British Ministry soon laid aside any doubts they might have
felt on the subject. Lord Grenville, who retired with Pitt, was
succeeded as Foreign Secretary by Lord Hawkesbury, afterward
better known as Lord Liverpool. The new Ministry negotiated for
peace with Bonaparte. Oct. 1, 1801, the preliminaries were signed,
and the world found itself again in a sort of repose, broken only by
the bloody doings at St. Domingo and Guadeloupe. England
returned, like France and Spain, to the rigor of the colonial system.
The customs entries of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia rapidly
diminished in number; American shipping declined; but Madison was
relieved from the burden of belligerent disputes, which had been the
chief anxiety of his predecessors in the State Department.
Yet peace did not put an end to all difficulties. Rufus King
continued to negotiate in London in regard to the outstanding British
debts, twice recognized by treaty, yet still unpaid by the United
States; in regard to the boundary of Maine and that of the extreme
northwest territory at the source of the Mississippi; and finally, in
regard to impressments; while Edward Thornton at Washington
complained that, in spite of peace and the decline of American
shipping, encouragement was still offered to the desertion of British
seamen in every port of the United States,—in fact that this means
was systematically used to prevent British shipping from entering
American ports in competition with the shipping of America. When
Madison alleged that the national government had no share in such
unfriendly conduct, Thornton thrust under his eyes the law of
Virginia,—a law enacted by President Jefferson’s political friends in
his political interests,—which forbade, under penalty of death, any
magistrate of Virginia to be instrumental in surrendering deserters or
criminals, even in cases where they were bound by treaty to do so.
Madison could not deny that this legislation was contrary to a treaty
right which the United States government was bound to enforce. He
admitted that American shipmasters and consuls in British ports
habitually asked the benefit of the British law, and received it; but he
could hold out only a remote hope that mutual legislation might solve
the difficulty by applying the merchant-seamen laws of the two
countries reciprocally. In conversation with Thornton he lamented,
with every appearance of sincerity and candor, the deficiency of the
existing laws, and did not dispute that Great Britain could hardly be
blamed for refusing the surrender of seamen on her side; but when
Thornton asked him to order the return of a man who under
aggravated circumstances had deserted from the British ship-of-war
“Andromache” in the port of Norfolk, and had been immediately
engaged on the United States revenue cutter there, Madison replied
in a note coldly reiterating the fact, with which both parties were
already acquainted, that neither the law of nations nor the provisions
of any treaty enjoined the mutual restitution of seamen. This
recognized formula, under which governments commonly express a
refusal to act, was understood by Thornton as equivalent to an
avowal that the new Administration, controlled by Virginians, would
not venture, even in the future emergency of a demand for
extradition under treaty, to risk the displeasure of Virginia.[241]
Desertion, therefore, received no discouragement from the United
States government; on the contrary, deserters, known to be such,
were received at once into the national service, and their surrender
refused. Under such circumstances the British government was not
likely to be more accommodating than the American.
As the summer of 1802 approached, President Jefferson drew
into closer and more confidential relations with Thornton. During the
Federalist rule the two countries were never on more affectionate
terms. At London Rufus King and Christopher Gore received
courteous attention from Lord Hawkesbury. At Washington,
Thornton’s intimacy at the White House roused the jealousy and
alarm of Pichon. As Bonaparte’s projects against Louisiana
disclosed themselves, and as Leclerc’s first successes at St.
Domingo opened the French path to New Orleans, Jefferson began
to pay sudden and almost eager court to Thornton, who was a little
embarrassed by the freedom with which the President denounced
the First Consul. The preliminary articles of peace between France
and England had been signed Oct. 1, 1801; but the treaty of Amiens,
which made these articles definitive, was signed only March 25,
1802. Addington was naturally anxious that the peace should be
maintained; indeed, no one could doubt that the existence of his
Ministry depended on maintaining it. Thornton had no instructions
which warranted him in intriguing against the First Consul, or in
making preparations for a new war; and yet hardly was the treaty of
Amiens made public, when President Jefferson began to talk as
though England were still at war, and it were only a question of time
when the United States must become her ally. The Louisiana
question excited him. In April he wrote his letters to Dupont and
Livingston. At about the same time he took Thornton into his
confidence.
“I have had many occasions since it was first started,” wrote
Thornton,[242] “of conversing freely with Mr. Jefferson on this topic,
which is indeed peculiarly interesting to him, and his reflections on
which he utters with perhaps too little caution to persons who are not
disposed to think very favorably of any change of sentiments with
respect to France. He not only regards the cession of Louisiana and
New Orleans as a certain cause of future war between the two
countries, but makes no scruple to say that if the force of the United
States should be unable to expel the French from those settlements,
they must have recourse to the assistance of other Powers, meaning
unquestionably Great Britain. With regard to France and the person
who is at the head of its government, whether in consequence of the
projected cession of Louisiana or of the little account which seems to
be made of the United States as well at Paris as by French officers in
other parts of the world, Mr. Jefferson speaks in very unqualified terms
of the usurpation of Bonaparte, of the arbitrary nature and spirit of his
government, of his love of flattery and vain pomp,—features,
according to Mr. Jefferson, which indicate the frivolous character of his
mind rather than a condescension to the taste of the French people.
The presses in America devoted to the President’s Administration
make use of the same language; and without pretending to say that
this party is cured of its bitterness against Great Britain, I can safely
venture to assure your Lordship that its predilection for France
scarcely exists even in name.”
After the stoppage of the entrepôt at New Orleans, when public
opinion seemed intent on driving Jefferson into the war with France
which he had predicted, Thornton found himself and his government
in favor at Washington. The Republicans were even better disposed
than the Federalists. Jefferson was willing to abolish between
England and America the discriminating duties on shipping which the
New England Federalists had imposed, and which they still wished
to maintain for use in the disputed West Indian trade. He told
Thornton that he could no doubt carry the repeal of these
countervailing duties through Congress over the heads of the
opposition,[243] “but he wished it to be adopted in consequence of
their own conviction, rather than by a contrary conduct to afford them
the least ground for asserting that the Southern States were carrying
into execution their scheme of ruin against the navigation and
commerce of their Eastern brethren.” Jefferson was rapidly
becoming the friend and confidant of England. Thornton, naturally
delighted with his own success, and with the mortifications and
anxieties of Yrujo and Pichon, went so far as to urge his government
to help the views of the United States against Louisiana:[244]—
“I should hope, my Lord, that by having some share in the delivery
of this Island of New Orleans to the United States, which it will be
impossible to keep from them whenever they choose to employ force,
his Majesty’s government may hereafter attach still more this country
to our interests, and derive all the advantage possible from the
intercourse with that important part of the world. A very great change
has gradually taken place in the opinions of all ranks in this
government in favor of Great Britain, which has struck observers more
likely to be impartial than myself. A sense of a common interest has a
great share in the change; but the conduct of France in all her
relations has not failed to produce its full effect; and I find men,
formerly the most vehement in their politics, asserting in the most
unqualified terms the necessity of a union among all the members of
the civilized world to check her encroachments and to assure the
general tranquillity.”
A few days later the President nominated Monroe to act with
Livingston and Pinckney in an attempt to purchase New Orleans.
This step, which was openly avowed to be the alternative and
perhaps the antecedent of war with France, brought Thornton into
still more confidential relations with the Government. Finding that the
Secretary of State was as cautious as the President was talkative,
Thornton carried on an active intercourse with the latter. He first
offered to detain the British government packet for Monroe’s use; but
it was found that a month or two of delay would be necessary. Then,
without instructions from his Government, Thornton took a bolder
step:[245]—
“This state of things has naturally excited a sentiment of common
interest, and has encouraged me to enter with more freedom into the
subject, as well with the President as with Mr. Madison, than I should
otherwise have thought right, without being acquainted with the views
of his Majesty’s government. Under this impression, I ventured,
immediately after the nomination and before the first arrival of Mr.
Monroe, to inquire of the President whether it was his intention to let
him pass over to England, and hold any conversation with his
Majesty’s ministers upon the general question of the free navigation of
the Mississippi. The inquiry was somewhat premature, and I made it
with some apology. Mr. Jefferson replied, however, unaffectedly, that
at so early a stage of the business he had scarcely thought himself
what it might be proper to do; ... that, on the whole, he thought it very
probable that Mr. Monroe might cross the Channel.... Some time after
Mr. Monroe’s arrival, actuated by the same view, I mentioned to Mr.
Jefferson that it would give me pleasure to furnish the former with an
introduction to his Majesty’s ambassador at Paris, as it would afford
me the occasion of making Lord Whitworth acquainted with the nature
of the object in dispute between this country, France, and Spain, and
would give to Mr. Monroe, if he were disposed of himself, or were
instructed by his Government to seek it, a more ready pretext for
opening himself to his Lordship, and of keeping him apprised of the
progress and turn of the negotiation. Mr. Jefferson seemed pleased
with this offer, and said he was sure Mr. Monroe would accept it with
great thankfulness.”
Madison talked less freely than his chief, and contented himself
with explaining to the British representative that the views of the
Government in sending Monroe to France were limited to the hope of
inducing the First Consul by money, or other means of persuasion, to
cede in Louisiana a place of deposit over which the United States
might have absolute jurisdiction. He did not tell Thornton of the
decision made by the Cabinet, and the instructions given to Monroe,
April 18, 1803, to offer terms of alliance with England in case the
First Consul should make war;[246] but the tone of cordiality in
Government and people, both in public and private, in New York,
Boston, and Philadelphia, as in the South and West, was gratifying
to British pride, and would have been still more so had not the
community somewhat too openly avowed the intention of leaving
England, if possible, to fight alone. At the first news of the
approaching rupture between France and England, this wish began
to appear so plainly that Thornton was staggered by it. The
Americans took no trouble to conceal the hope that England would
have to fight their battles for them.[247]
“The manifest advantage that such a state of things is calculated to
give to their negotiation with France, and which is already sensibly felt
in the altered tone and conduct of the French government, ... will
sufficiently account for their wishes and for this belief. But possessing
the same opinion of the encroachments of France, and of the barrier
which Great Britain alone places between her and the United States,
and actuated, as I really believe they are, by sincere wishes for our
success, I am afraid they begin to see more clearly that in a state of
war we are effectually fighting their battles, without the necessity of
their active interference; and they recur once more to the flattering
prospect of peace and a lucrative neutrality.”
In this state of doubt President Jefferson continued his intimate
relations with Thornton.
“He expressed himself very freely,” wrote Thornton, May 30, 1803,
“on the contemptible and frivolous conduct, as he termed it, of a
Government that could alter its language so entirely on the prospect of
an approaching rupture with another nation,—which he acknowledged
instantly, on my mention of it, had been the case toward Mr.
Livingston.”
Jefferson attributed Bonaparte’s returning courtesy to fear rather
than to foresight. Thornton himself began to feel the danger that
Bonaparte, after all, might outwit him. He revised his opinion about
Louisiana. England, he saw, had the strongest motives for wishing
France to keep that province.
“The most desirable state of things,” he wrote, “seems to be that
France should become mistress of Louisiana, because her influence
in the United States would be by that event lost forever, and she could
only be dispossessed by a concert between Great Britain and America
in a common cause, which would produce an indissoluble bond of
union and amity between the two countries.”
This cordiality between England and the United States lasted
without interruption until midsummer. Pichon complained, as has
been shown, of the attentions paid to Thornton by the President.[248]
“I remarked at table that he redoubled his courtesies and attentions
toward the British chargé.” The dinner was in the month of January;
in the following June Pichon wrote that the President had begun to
accept the idea of seeing the British at New Orleans:[249]—
“Mr. Jefferson told me a few days ago that he was engaged in
letting that Power know that her presence there would be seen with
regret; but I perceive that, little by little, people are familiarizing
themselves with this eventuality, as their fears increase in regard to
us. They are so convinced that England sees more and more her true
interests in relation to the United States, and is resolved to conciliate
them, that they have no doubt of her lending herself to some
arrangement. What they fear most is that, as the price of this
accommodation, she may require the United States to take an active
part in the indispensable war; and this is what they ardently wish to
avoid.”
Until July 3, 1803, the relations between President Jefferson’s
government and that of Great Britain were so cordial as to raise a
doubt whether the United States could avoid becoming an ally of
England, and taking part in the war with France. Suddenly came the
new convulsion of Europe.
“It was on the third of this month,” wrote Pichon July 7, 1803, “the
eve of the anniversary of Independence, that we received two pieces
of news of the deepest interest for this country,—that of the rupture
between France and England, proclaimed by the latter on May 16,
and that of the cession of Louisiana and New Orleans, made by us on
April 30.”[250]
The next day, when Pichon attended the usual reception at the
White House, he found himself received in a manner very different
from that to which he had been of late accustomed.
The two events, thus coming together, were sure to affect
seriously the attitude of the United States toward England. Not only
did Jefferson no longer need British aid, but he found himself in a
position where he could afford with comparative freedom to insist
upon his own terms of neutrality. He had always felt that Great
Britain did not sufficiently respect this neutrality; he never failed to
speak of Jay’s treaty in terms of vehement dislike; and he freely
avowed his intention of allowing all commercial treaties to expire.
The relation between these treaties and the rights of neutrality was
simple. Jefferson wanted no treaties which would prevent him from
using commercial weapons against nations that violated American
neutrality; and therefore he reserved to Congress the right to direct
commerce in whatever paths the Government might prefer.
“On the subject of treaties,” he wrote,[251] “our system is to have
none with any nation, as far as can be avoided. The treaty with
England has therefore not been renewed, and all overtures for treaty
with other nations have been declined. We believe that with nations,
as with individuals, dealings may be carried on as advantageously,
perhaps more so, while their continuance depends on a voluntary
good treatment, as if fixed by a contract, which, when it becomes
injurious to either, is made by forced constructions to mean what suits
them, and becomes a cause of war instead of a bond of peace.”
Such a system was best suited to the strongest nations, and to
those which could control their dealings to most advantage. The
Administration believed that the United States stood in this position.
The President and Secretary Madison were inclined to assert
authority in their relations with foreign Powers. Even so early as the
preceding February, before Monroe sailed for Europe, Madison told
Pichon of this intention.[252] “He added,” wrote Pichon to Talleyrand,
“that if war should be renewed, as seemed probable, the United
States would be disposed to take a higher tone than heretofore, that
Europe had put their spirit of moderation to proofs that would be no
longer endured.” Immediately after hearing of the Louisiana cession,
Pichon wrote that the same spirit continued to animate the
Government.[253] “It is certain that they propose to cause the
neutrality of the United States to be more exactly respected by the
belligerent Powers than in the last war. The Government has often
shown its intentions in this respect, from the time when everything
pointed to an infallible rupture between us and England.” President
Jefferson, while avowing a pacific policy, explained that his hopes of
peace were founded on his power to affect the interests of the
belligerents. At the same moment when Pichon wrote thus to
Talleyrand, the President wrote to the Earl of Buchan:[254]—
“My hope of preserving peace for our country is not founded in the
Quaker principle of non-resistance under every wrong, but in the belief
that a just and friendly conduct on our part will procure justice and
friendship from others. In the existing contest, each of the combatants
will find an interest in our friendship.”
He was confident that he could control France and England:[255]

“I do not believe we shall have as much to swallow from them as our
predecessors had.”
The Louisiana question being settled, the field was clear for the
United States to take high ground in behalf of neutral rights; and
inevitably the first step must be taken against England. No one
denied that thus far the administration of Addington had behaved
well toward the United States. Rufus King brought to America at the
same time with news of the Louisiana treaty, or had sent shortly
before, two conventions by which long-standing differences were
settled. One of these conventions disposed of the old subject of
British debts,—the British government accepting a round sum of six
hundred thousand pounds on behalf of the creditors.[256] The other
created two commissions for running the boundary line between
Maine and Nova Scotia, and between the Lake of the Woods and the
Mississippi River.[257] King went so far as to express the opinion that
had he not been on the eve of his departure, he might have
succeeded in making some arrangement about impressments; and
he assured Gallatin that the actual Administration in England was the
most favorable that had existed or could exist for the interests of the
United States; its only misfortune was its weakness.[258] The
conduct of the British government in regard to Louisiana proved the
truth of King’s assertion. Not only did it offer no opposition to the
sale, but it lent every possible assistance to the transfer; and under
its eye, with its consent, Alexander Baring made the financial
arrangements which were to furnish Bonaparte with ten million
American dollars to pay the preliminary expenses of an invasion of
England.
Nevertheless, if the United States government intended to take a
high tone in regard to neutral rights, it must do so from the beginning
of the war. Aware that success in regard to England, as in regard to
Spain, depended on asserting at the outset, and maintaining with
obstinacy, the principles intended to be established, the President
and Secretary Madison lost no time in causing their attitude to be
clearly understood. An opportunity of asserting this authoritative tone
was given by the appearance of a new British minister at
Washington; and thus it happened that at the time when the
Secretary of State was preparing for his collision with the Marquis of
Casa Yrujo and the Spanish empire, he took on his hands the more
serious task of curbing the pretensions of Anthony Merry and the
King of England.
CHAPTER XVI.
One of Addington’s friendly acts was the appointment of Anthony
Merry as British minister to the United States. For this selection
Rufus King was directly responsible. Two names were mentioned to
him by the Foreign Office as those of the persons entitled to claim
the place; one was that of Merry, the other was that of Francis
James Jackson.
“As I have had the opportunity of knowing both these gentlemen
during my residence here,” wrote Minister King to Secretary Madison,
[259] “it was not without some regret that I heard of the intention to
appoint Mr. Jackson in lieu of Mr. Merry. From this information I have
been led to make further inquiry concerning their reputations, and the
result has proved rather to increase than to lessen my solicitude. Mr.
Jackson is said to be positive, vain, and intolerant. He is moreover
filled with English prejudices in respect to all other countries, and as
far as his opinions concerning the United States are known, seems
more likely to disserve than to benefit a liberal intercourse between
them and his own country. On the other hand, Mr. Merry appears to be
a plain, unassuming, and amiable man, who having lived for many
years in Spain is in almost every point of character the reverse of Mr.
Jackson, who were he to go to America would go for the sake of
present employment and with the hope of leaving it as soon as he
could receive a similar appointment in Europe; while Mr. Merry wishes
for the mission with the view of obtaining what he believes will prove
to be an agreeable and permanent residence.”
In deference to Rufus King’s wishes or for some other reason
Merry received the appointment. Doubtless he came to America in
the hope of finding a “permanent residence,” as King remarked; but it
could hardly be agreeable, as he hoped. He was a thorough
Englishman, with a wife more English than himself. He was not
prepared for the isolation of the so-called Federal City, and he did
not expect to arrive at a moment when the United States
government, pleased with having curbed Bonaparte, was preparing
to chasten Spain and to discipline England.
Landing at Norfolk from a ship of war Nov. 4, 1803, Merry was
obliged to hire a vessel to carry himself and his belongings to
Washington, where, after a tempestuous voyage, he at last arrived,
November 26. Possibly Mr. and Mrs. Merry, like other travellers,
would have grumbled even though Washington had supplied them
with Aladdin’s palace and Aladdin’s lamp to furnish it; but the truth
was not to be denied that the Federal City offered few conveniences,
and was better suited for members of Congress, who lived without
wives in boarding-houses, than for foreign ministers, with
complaining wives, who were required to set up large establishments
and to entertain on a European scale.
“I cannot describe to you,” wrote Merry privately,[260] “the difficulty
and expense which I have to encounter in fixing myself in a habitation.
By dint of money I have just secured two small houses on the
common which is meant to become in time the city of Washington.
They are mere shells of houses, with bare walls and without fixtures of
any kind, even without a pump or well, all which I must provide at my
own cost. Provisions of any kind, especially vegetables, are frequently
hardly to be obtained at any price. So miserable is our situation.”
Had these been the worst trials that awaited the new British
minister, he might have been glad to meet them; for when once
surmounted, they favored him by preventing social rivalry.
Unfortunately he met more serious annoyances. Until his arrival,
Yrujo was the only minister of full rank in the United States; and
Yrujo’s intimate relations at the White House had given him family
privileges. For this reason the Spanish minister made no struggle to
maintain etiquette, but living mostly in Philadelphia disregarded the
want of what he considered good manners at Washington, according
to which he was placed on the same social footing with his own
secretary of legation. Yet Yrujo, American in many respects,
belonged to the school of Spanish diplomacy which had for centuries
studied points of honor. He might well have made with his own
mouth the celebrated retort which one of his predecessors made to
Philip II., who reproached him with sacrificing an interest to a
ceremony: “How a ceremony? Your Majesty’s self is but a
ceremony!” Although Yrujo submitted to Jefferson, he quarrelled with
Pichon on this point, for Pichon was only a secretary in charge of the
French legation. In November, 1803, Yrujo’s friendship for Jefferson
was cooling, and he waited the arrival of Merry in the hope of finding
a champion of diplomatic rights. Jefferson, on the other hand, waited
Merry’s arrival in order to establish, once for all, a new social code;
and that there might be no misunderstanding, he drafted with his
own hand the rules which were to control Executive society,—rules
intended to correct a tendency toward monarchical habits introduced
by President Washington.
In 1801 on coming into power Jefferson announced that he would
admit not the smallest distinction that might separate him from the
mass of his fellow-citizens. He dispensed with the habit of setting
apart certain days and hours for receiving visits of business or
curiosity, announcing that he would on any day and at any hour
receive in a friendly and hospitable manner those who should call
upon him.[261] He evidently wished to place the White House on the
footing of easy and generous hospitality which was the pride of every
Virginia gentleman. No man should be turned away from its doors;
its table, liberal and excellent, should be filled with equal guests,
whose self-respect should be hurt by no artificial rules of
precedence. Such hospitality cost both time and money; but
Washington was a petty village, society was very small, and
Jefferson was a poor economist. He entertained freely and
handsomely.
“Yesterday I dined with the President,” wrote Senator Plumer of
New Hampshire, Dec. 25, 1802.[262] “His rule is to have about ten
members of Congress at a time. We sat down to the table at four, rose
at six, and walked immediately into another room and drank coffee.
We had a very good dinner, with a profusion of fruits and sweetmeats.
The wine was the best I ever drank, particularly the champagne,
which was indeed delicious. I wish his French politics were as good as
his French wines.”
So long as this manner of life concerned only the few Americans
who were then residents or visitors at Washington, Jefferson found
no great difficulty in mixing his company and disregarding
precedence. Guests accommodated themselves to the ways of the
house, took care of their own comfort, went to table without special
request, and sat wherever they found a vacant chair; but foreigners
could hardly be expected at first to understand what Jefferson called
the rule of pell-mell. Thornton and Pichon, being only secretaries of
legation, rather gained than lost by it; but Yrujo resented it in secret;
and all eyes were turned to see how the new British minister would
conduct himself in the scramble.
Either before or soon after Merry’s arrival the President wrote the
rules, which he called “Canons of Etiquette to be observed by the
Executive;”[263] and these canons ultimately received the approval of
the Cabinet. Foreign ministers, he said, were to pay the first visit to
the “ministers of the nation;” their wives were to receive the first visit
from the wives of “national ministers.” No grades among diplomatic
members were to give precedence; “all are perfectly equal, whether
foreign or domestic, titled or untitled, in or out of office.” Finally, “to
maintain the principle of equality, or of pêle-mêle, and prevent the
growth of precedence out of courtesy, the members of the Executive
will practise at their own houses, and recommend an adherence to,
the ancient usage of the country,—of gentlemen in mass giving
precedence to the ladies in mass in passing from one apartment
where they are assembled into another.” Such, according to Rufus
King, whose aid was invoked on this occasion, was the usage in
London.
Merry duly arrived in Washington, and was told by Madison that
the President would receive his letter of credence Nov. 29, according
to the usual formality. At the appointed hour the British minister, in
diplomatic uniform, as was required in the absence of any hint to the
contrary, called upon Madison, and was taken to the White House,
where he was received by the President. Jefferson’s manner of
receiving guests was well known, although this was the first occasion
on which he had given audience to a new foreign minister. Among
several accounts of his appearance at such times, that of Senator
Plumer was one of the best.
“In a few moments after our arrival,” said the senator, writing two
years before Merry’s mishap,[264] “a tall, high-boned man came into
the room. He was dressed, or rather undressed, in an old brown coat,
red waistcoat, old corduroy small-clothes much soiled, woollen hose,
and slippers without heels. I thought him a servant, when General
Varnum surprised me by announcing that it was the President.”
The “Evening Post,” about a year later, described him as
habitually appearing in public “dressed in long boots with tops turned
down about the ankles like a Virginia buck; overalls of corduroy
faded, by frequent immersions in soap suds, from yellow to a dull
white; a red single-breasted waistcoat; a light brown coat with brass
buttons, both coat and waistcoat quite threadbare; linen very
considerably soiled; hair uncombed and beard unshaven.” In truth
the Virginia republicans cared little for dress. “You know that the
Virginians have some pride in appearing in simple habiliments,”
wrote Joseph Story in regard to Jefferson, “and are willing to rest
their claim to attention upon their force of mind and suavity of
manners.” Indeed, “Virginia carelessness” was almost a proverb.[265]
On the occasion of Merry’s reception, the President’s chief
offence in etiquette consisted in the slippers without heels. No law of
the United States or treaty stipulation forbade Jefferson to receive
Merry in heelless slippers, or for that matter in bare feet, if he
thought proper to do so. Yet Virginia gentlemen did not intentionally
mortify their guests; and perhaps Madison would have done better to
relieve the President of such a suspicion by notifying Merry
beforehand that he would not be expected to wear full dress. In that
case the British minister might have complimented Jefferson by
himself appearing in slippers without heels.
A card of invitation was next sent, asking Mr. and Mrs. Merry to
dine at the White House, December 2. Such an invitation was in
diplomatic usage equivalent to a command, and Merry at once
accepted it. The new minister was then told that he must call on the
heads of departments. He remonstrated, saying that Liston, his
predecessor, had been required to make the first visit only to the
Secretary of State; but he was told, in effect, that what had been
done under the last Administration was no rule for the present one.
Merry acquiesced, and made his calls. These pin-thrusts irritated
him; but he was more seriously inconvenienced by the sudden
withdrawal of diplomatic privileges by the Senate, although Vice-
President Burr took occasion to explain that the Senate’s action was
quite unconnected with the President’s “canons of etiquette,” and
was in truth due to some indiscretion of Yrujo in the House of
Representatives.
Meanwhile the President took an unusual step. When two
countries were at war, neutral governments commonly refrained from
inviting the representative of one belligerent to meet the
representative of the other, unless on formal occasions where the
entire diplomatic body was invited, or in crowds where contact was
not necessary. Still more rarely were such incongruous guests
invited to an entertainment supposed to be given in honor of either
individual. No one knew this rule better than Jefferson, who had
been himself four years in diplomatic service at Paris, besides being
three years Secretary of State to President Washington at
Philadelphia. He knew that the last person whom Merry would care
to meet was Pichon, the French chargé; yet he not only invited
Pichon, but pressed him to attend. The Frenchman, aware that
Merry was to be mortified by the etiquette of the dinner, and
watching with delight the process by which Jefferson, day after day,
took a higher tone toward England, wrote an account of the affair to
Talleyrand.[266] He said:—
“I was invited to this dinner. I had learned from the President what
was the matter (ce qui en était), when I went to tell him that I was
going for some days to Baltimore, where I was called by the affairs of
the frigate ‘La Poursuivante.’ The President was so obliging as to urge
my return in order to be present with Mme. Pichon at the dinner (Le
Président eut l’honnêteté de me presser de revenir pour être au
diner). I came back here, although business required a longer stay at
Baltimore. Apart from the reason of respect due to the President, I had
that of witnessing what might happen (j’avais celle de connaître ce qui
se passerait).”
Pichon accordingly hurried back from Baltimore, especially at the
President’s request, in order to have the pleasure of seeing
Jefferson humiliate his own guest in his own house.
Pichon was gratified by the result. At four o’clock on the
afternoon of Dec. 2, 1803, this curious party assembled at the White
House,—Mr. and Mrs. Merry, the Marquis Yrujo and his American

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DENTAL ANATM LRN , RT EDTN SN 0323123

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Last iit is te print nuer    6 5 4 3 2 1

HOW TO USE THE BOOK

Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. v

vi Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER 1  Body Systems Overview 1 CHAPTER 2  Oroacial Anatomy 

Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. vii

Oral region ongue 13 andibular right central incisor 11

aillary right lateral incisor 1 andible with landmars 5

viii Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

ervical vertebrae with occipital bone 3

acrimal apparatus 333

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x Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Coronal/frontal section formed by

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REVIEW QUESTIONS: Anatomic position with body sections and planes

 9.  sagittal plane divides the body parallel to the _____________________.

midsagittal plane median section frontal plane

2 Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

FIGURE 1.2 Prenatal development overview

PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYONIC PERIOD: FETAL PERIOD:

1 Zygote 3 Disc 6 Embryo

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REVIEW QUESTIONS: Prenatal development overview

 3. The study of prenatal development is also known as _____________________.

embryology fetus embryo

. batocyt, . biaminar embryonic dic, . embryo, 1. etu

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FIGURE 1.3 Fertilization during prenatal development

AUTOSOMES SEX CHROMOSOMES

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REVIEW QUESTIONS: Fertilization during prenatal development

fertilized egg chromosomes homologous

. e, 1. ertiiation

6 Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4 cells (40–50 hours)

8 cells (60 hours)

12–16 cells (4 days)

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REVIEW QUESTIONS: Preimplantation period to implantation during prenatal development

patterning induction morula

. ygote, . dierentiation, 1. proieration

8 Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1 Endometrium of uterus 3 Embryoblast layer

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REVIEW QUESTIONS: Implantation during prenatal development

migration embryonic cell layers trophoblast

. trophobat, . embryonic competence, 1. dierentiation

10 Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1 Bilaminar embryonic disc 5 Hypoblast layer

3 Amniotic cavity 7 Endometrium of uterus

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REVIEW QUESTIONS: Second week of prenatal development during embryonic period

embryo bilaminar embryonic disc embryonic period

6. amniotic caity, . embryo, . pacenta, . umbiica circuation, 1. hitodierentiation