Name : YADUNANDAN K N

Batch code : CL345E

Electric vehicle

Assignment – 14
Q 14. Assume you have 300 cylindrical cells with model number
sanyoUR18650ZTA. We would like you to design a battery pack with a
nominal voltage of 48V and a capacity 2.5kwh with these cells . The questions
below go into designing and testing a pack with these specifications with
these cylindrical cells. Please share any pictures for schematics or drawing
links in the answers

I. How would the pack’s electrical design be ?

A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system of static equipment
that transmits electrical energy. FACTS devices can control the power flow of a transmission
line by controlling the following parameters: Line impedance, Phase angle, Voltage
magnitude.

FACTS devices can also:

 Increase the stability of the network

 Regulate the voltage
 Improve transient stability
Dampen oscillations

FACTS controllers are usually placed at strategic locations in the network. There are three
types of FACTS: series, shunt, and combined devices.

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II. How would the pack’s mechanical design be ?

 Cells
A battery is made up of two or more cells.

 Connections
Cells are connected in series and parallel. In series, the negative terminal of one cell is
connected to the positive terminal of the next cell.

 Placement
Cells are placed side by side to ensure there is no discontinuity in the current flow.

 Configuration
Cells are connected in an npMS configuration. This means that a module of n parallel cells is
made and then connected m times.

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A battery pack is a set of any number of (preferably) identical batteries or individual battery cells. They
may be configured in a series, parallel or a mixture of both to deliver the desired voltage, capacity, or
power density.

To make the battery pack durable and prone to damages we need to take care mechanical design of
the battery. A typical battery pack design procedure is shown below in which blocks in golden yellow
are the part of mechanical design of battery pack:

III. Please share the following specs of the designed battery voltage

a) Operating voltage range : average operating voltage is 3.7V.

b) Capacity (Ah) : Typical capacity of 3000mAh, minimum capacity of 2900mAh

c) Charging Current (A) : CC-CV, Std. 1450mA, 4.35V, 4.0 hrs

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 d) Discharging Current (A) : maximum discharge current of 5.8 A

e) Operating temparature range (degree C) :

 Charge: 0–45°C.
 Discharge: -20–60°C.

IV. Assuming you have any required test equipment with you . How would you
validate the specifications of your pack design

 Use metrics
If the design specification is clear, you can compare the project outcome with the initial expectations.
 Interview users
Interviewing actual or potential users is a reliable source of information.
 Test the final design
Test the design to prove that the system operates as defined in the user needs.

Other ways to validate a design include:

 Comparing with similar equipment

 Simulating functionality through mathematical modelling.
 Reviewing the design documents
 Analysis or measurements

Ways to Verify Requirements Specifications

1) Explore Innovative Tests. ...
2) Ensure Appropriate Characteristics. ...
3) Use a Checklist. ...
4) Use the Proper Tools. ...
5) Involve the Entire Team. ...
6) Optimize Your Requirements.

Test validation is the process of gathering evidence to verify that the intended
use, interpretations, and results of a test are accurate. It involves careful test
design and development, data collection, analysis, and interpretation to
ensure the validity and reliability of assessments.

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 4 types of requirement

 Inspection. Inspection is the examination of the product or system using basic

senses. ...
 Analysis. Analysis is the validation of a product or system using calculations
and models. ...
 Demonstration. ...
 Test.

V. Share a battery insight you know and think no one else does .
Battery swapping is a technology that allows drivers to replace a depleted battery pack
in an electric vehicle with a fully charged one. This is an alternative to recharging the vehicle
at a charging station.

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Researchers are working on a technology that would allow drivers to share stored battery
power with another electric vehicle. This could make electric vehicles more economical.

Battery sharing can significantly reduce deployed battery capacity. However, there are some
concerns about electric vehicle batteries :

 Labor practices for mining cobalt

 Environmental impacts of extracting lithium
 Sufficient supply of materials for EV batteries
 Carbon emissions from battery manufacture
 Toxic waste from disposal of used batteries

THANK YOU

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