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مقرر النحو 315
مقرر النحو 315
ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذة
ﻓـ ـ ـ ـﺎﻳ ـ ـ ـﺰة اﻟﻘ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮﺷ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻲ
اﶈﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﻟﻨﺤﻮ واﻟﺼﺮف
ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤــــــﻮ ٣١٥
رﻣﺰ اﻟﻤﻘﺮر / ٥٣١٣١٥ :اﻟﻮﺣﺪات :ﺛﻼث وﺣﺪات
ﻣﻔﺮدات اﻟﻤﻘﺮر:
-١ﺑﺎب ﺣﺮوف اﳉ ـ ــﺮ .
-٢ﺑﺎب اﻹﺿ ــﺎﻓﺔ .
-٣ﺑﺎب إﻋﻤﺎل اﳌﺼ ـ ــﺪر .
-٤ﺑﺎب اﺳــﻢ اﻟﻔ ـ ــﺎﻋ ـ ــﻞ.
-٥ﺑﺎب اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﳌﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﻢ اﻟﻔ ــﺎﻋ ــﻞ.
-٦ﺑﺎب اﻟﺘـ ـ ـﻌـ ـﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺐ.
اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ:
* أوﺿﺢ اﳌﺴﺎﻟﻚ إﱃ أﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ،ﻻﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎم رﲪﻪ اﷲ!.
* ﺷﺮح اﺑﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﻞ ،ﻻﺑﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﻞ رﲪﻪ اﷲ!.
-۳ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻜﺮﺍﺕ :ﻭﻫﻮ ) ﺭُﺏﱠ ( ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﻴِﺮ َﻏ ْﻴﺒَ ٍﺔ ُﻣ ِ
ﻼﺯ ٍﻡ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﺩ
ﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻝ ُ ) - :ﺭﺑﱠﻪُ ﻓِ ْﺘﻴَﺔً َﺩﻋَﻮْ ُ
ﺕ ﺇﻟَﻰ َﻣﺎ ( ... ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ُﻣﻄَﺎﺑِ ٍ
ﻭﺭﺏﱢ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ :ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ :: -٤ﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎہﻠﻟ َ
ﻭَﺗﺎہﻠﻟِ ﻷَ ِﻛﻴﺪ ﱠَﻥ ( ﻭ ) ﺗ ََﺮﺏﱢ ﺍ ﻟ َﻜ ْﻌﺒَﺔ ( ﻭ ) ﺗَ َﺮﺑﱢﻰ ﻷ ْﻓ َﻌﻠَ ﱠﻦ ( َ ،ﻭﻧَ َﺪﺭ ) :ﺗَﺎﻟﺮﱠﺣ ْﻤ ِﻦ ( ﻭ ) ﺗَ َﺤﻴَﺎﺗِﻚَ (.
َ
ْﺖ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟﻘَﻠَﻢ(.
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ :ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻛﺘَﺒ ُ
ﻮﺭ ِﻫ ْﻢ ( ﺃﻱ ْ :ﺃﺫﻫَﺒَﻪُ. ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻟﺘﱠ ْﻌ ِﺪﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﺫﻫ َ
َﺐ ﷲُ ﺑِﻨُ ِ
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺑِ ْﻌﺘُﻚَ ﻫ َﺬﺍ ﺑِﻬ َﺬﺍ ( .
ﻕ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺃ ْﻣ َﺴ ْﻜ ُ
ﺖ ﺑِﺰَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( . ﺼﺎ ُ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ْ :
ﺍﻹﻟ َ
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻋﻴْﻨﺎ ً ﻳَ ْﺸ َﺮﺏُ ﺑِﻬَﺎ ِﻋﺒَﺎ ُﺩ ﷲِ ( ﺃﻱ :ﻣﻨﻬﺎ .
ﺼﺎ َﺣﺒَﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻭﻗَ ْﺪ َﺩﺧَ ﻠُﻮﺍ ﺑِﺎﻟ ُﻜ ْﻔ ِﺮ ( ﺃﻱ :ﻣﻌﻪ .
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َ
ﺎﻭﺯَ ﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻓَﺎﺳْﺄَﻝْ ﺑِ ِﻪ ﺧَ ﺒِﻴِﺮﺍ ( :ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻨﻪ .
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َﺠ َ
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮْ ﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻭ َﻣﺎ ﻛ ْﻨﺖَ ﺑِ َﺠﺎﻧِ ِ
ﺐ ﺍﻟﻐَﺮْ ﺑِ ّﻲ ( ﺃﻱ :ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻧَ ﱠﺠﻴْﻨﺎﻫُ ْﻢ ﺑِ َﺴ َﺤﺮ (.
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ :ﺍﻟﺒَ َﺪ ُﻝ ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ َ ) :ﻣﺎ ﻳَﺴُﺮﱡ ﻧِﻲ ﺃَﻧﱢﻰ َﺷ ِﻬ ْﺪ ُ
ﺕ ﺑَ ْﺪ َﺭﺍ ﺑِﺎﻟ َﻌﻘَﺒَ ِﺔ ( ،ﺃﻱ :ﺑَﺪَﻟﻬَﺎ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ :ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼء ،ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻣ ْﻦ ْ ْ
ﺇﻥ ﺗَﺄ َﻣ ْﻨﻪُ ﺑِﻘِ ْﻨﻄَ ٍ
ﺎﺭ ( ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﻄﺎﺭ .
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ َﻋ َﺸ َﺮ :ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻓَﺒِ َﻤﺎ ﻧَ ْﻘ ِ
ﻀ ِﻬ ْﻢ ِﻣﻴﺜَﺎﻗَﻬُ ْﻢ ﻟَ َﻌﻨﱠﺎﻫُ ْﻢ ( .
ﻭَﻛ َﻔﻰ ﺑِﺎہﻠﻟِ َﺷ ِﻬﻴﺪﺍً ( ،ﻭﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻭﻻَ ﺗُ ْﻠﻘُﻮﺍ ﺑِﺄ َ ْﻳ ِﺪﻳ ُﻜ ْﻢ ﺇﻟَﻰ
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ َ :
ﺍﻟﺘﱠ ْﻬﻠُ َﻜ ِﺔ ( ،ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺑِ َﺤ ْﺴﺒِ َ
ﻚ ِﺩﺭْ ﻫَ ٌﻢ ( ،ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ ﻟَﻴ َ
ْﺲ ﺑِﻘَﺎﺋِ ٍﻢ(.
ﻭﻟـ) ﻓﻲ ( ﺳﺘﺔُ َﻣ َﻌ ٍ
ﺎﻥ:
ﻭﻟـ)ﻋﻠﻰ ( ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔُ َﻣ َﻌ ٍ
ﺎﻥ:
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ :ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼء ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻭ َﻋﻠَ ْﻴﻬَﺎ َﻭ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﻔُ ْﻠ ِﻚ ﺗُﺤْ َﻤﻠُﻮﻥَ ( .
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮْ ﻓِﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻋﻠَﻰ ِﺣ ِ
ﻴﻦ َﻏ ْﻔﻠَ ٍﺔ ( :ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ .
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ْ :ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َ
ﺠﺎﻭﺯَ ﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :
ﻰ ﺑَﻨُﻮ ﻗُ َﺸﻴ ٍْﺮ * ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻨﻲ . ﺖ َﻋﻠَ ﱠ ﺿﻴ َ ْ
* ﺇ َﺫﺍ َﺭ ِ
ﺎﺱ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﻅُ ْﻠ ِﻤ ِﻬ ْﻢ ( ﺃﻱ َ :ﻣ َﻊ ﻅﻠﻤﻬﻢ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻭﺇِ ﱠﻥ َﺭﺑّﻚَ ﻟَ ُﺬﻭ َﻣ ْﻐﻔِ َﺮ ٍﺓ ﻟِﻠﻨ ﱠ ِ
ﻀﺎ:
ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﻳ ً
ٍ ﻭﻟـ) َﻣﻦْ ( ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔُ
ﺕ ْﺍﻟﺒَ ِ
ﺎﺭ َﺣﺔَ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ ﺑﺂﺧ ٍﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ َ ) :ﺳ ِﻬﺮْ ُ ﺁﺧ ٌﺮ ﺃﻭ ُﻣﺘﱠ ِ
ﺼ ٌﻞ ِ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳُﺠ ّﺮ ﺑـ)ﺣﺘﻰ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ِ
ﻧِﺼْ ﻔِﻬﺎ َ (.
ﺏ :ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ،ﻓﺎﻷﻭ ُﻝ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ) :ﻳَﺎ ﺭُﺏﱠ ﻛ ِ
ﺎﺳﻴَ ٍﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ُﺭ ﱠ
َﺎﺭﻳَﺔٌ ﻳَﻮْ َﻡ ْﺍﻟﻘَﻴِﺎ َﻣ ِﺔ ( ،ﻭﻗﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ) :ﻳَﺎ ﺭُﺏﱠ َ
ﺻﺎﺋِ ِﻤﻪ ﻟَ ْﻦ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺪ ْﻧﻴَﺎ ﻋ ِ
ﻳَﺼُﻮ َﻣﻪُ َﻭﻗَﺎﺋِ ِﻤﻪ ﻟَ ْﻦ ﻳَﻘُﻮ َﻣﻪُ ( .
ْﺲ ﻟَﻪُ ﺃَﺏٌ َ ...ﻭ ِﺫﻱ َﻭﻟ ٍﺪ ﻟَ ْﻢ ﻳَ ْﻠ َﺪﻩُ ﺃَﺑَ َﻮ ِ
ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :ﺃَﻻَ ﺭُﺏﱠ َﻣﻮْ ﻟُﻮ ٍﺩ َﻭﻟَﻴ َ
ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ.
ﻓﺼﻞ:
ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻤﻴﻴﺔ:
ﺗُﺰَ ﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ﻣﺎ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ( ﻭ ) ﻋ َْﻦ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎء :ﻓﻼ ﺗَ ُﻜﻔﱡﻬ ﱠُﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ِ ) :ﻣ ﱠﻤﺎ ﺧَ ِﻄﻴﺌَﺎﺗِ ِﻬ ْﻢ(،
) َﻋ ﱠﻤﺎ ﻗَﻠﻴِ ٍﻞ ( ) ،ﻓَﺒِ َﻤﺎ ﻧَ ْﻘ ِ
ﻀ ِﻬ ْﻢ ( .
**********
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺑــﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ
-۳ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺤﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ :
ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗُ ْﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭ َﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ُﻣ َﺮﺍﺩﺍً ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎ ُﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎ ُﻝ .ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ
ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃ ْﻧ َﻮ ٍ
ﺍﻉ :
ﺎﺭﺏ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ﻭ ) َﺭ ِ
ﺍﺟﻴﻨَﺎ ( . ﺿ ِ -ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪَ ) :
-ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪَ ) :ﻣﻀْ ﺮُﻭﺏ ْﺍﻟ َﻌ ْﺒ ِﺪ ( ﻭ ) ُﻣ َﺮ ﱠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘَ ْﻠ ِ
ﺐ(.
-ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪَ ) :ﺣ َﺴﻦ ْﺍﻟ َﻮﺟْ ِﻪ ( ﻭ ) َﻋ ِﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷ َﻣ ِﻞ ( ﻭ ) ﻗَﻠِﻴﻞ ِ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴَ ِﻞ( .
َﻭﺗُ َﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻟﻔﻈﻴﱠﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ َﻣﺤْ َ
ﻀﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ.
ﻓﺼﻞ:
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔً ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ُﻏﻼَﻡ( ﻭ )ﺛَ ْﻮﺏ(
ُ
ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) َﻣ َﻊ (:
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ُ ،ﻣﻌ َْﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ َﻏ ْﻨﻢ ﻓَﺘُﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :
ِ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ِ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳ ٌﻢ
ﻳﺸﻰ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻜ ُﻢ َﻭﻫ ََﻮﺃﻱ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﻜ ُﻢ ( ...
) ﻓَ ِﺮ ِ
ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﺯ ﻛﺴ ُﺮﻫَﺎ ﻭﻓﺘ ُﺤﻬَﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻣ ِﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ( ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ً ﻓﺘﻨﺼﺐ
ٌ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔَ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺟﺎ ُءﻭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎ ً(.
ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﻏﻴ ُﺮ (:
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ) ﻟﻴﺲ ( ﻭ ُﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺎﺯ
ﻟﻴﺲ َﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮﻫَﺎ ( ،ﻭﺟﺎﺯ َﺣ ْﺬﻓﻪ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ً ﻓﻴﻀ ﱡﻢ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ.
ﺖ َﻋ ْﺸ َﺮﺓً َ
ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﻗَﺒَﻀْ ُ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﻗَ ْﺒ ُﻞ ( ﻭ ) ﺑَ ْﻌ ُﺪ (:
ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺻ َُﻮ ٍﺭ:
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ( ﻭ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ ْﺒﻠِﻪ ( ﻭ
ِ ﻗﺒﻞ ُﺼﺮﱠﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ِﺟ ْﺌﺘُﻚَ ﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪ ﱡ
ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ِْﺮ ( ﻭ ) َ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ :ﺃﻥ ﻳ َ
) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ِﺪﻩ (.
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳُ ْﻨ َﻮﻯ ﺛُ ُ
ﺒﻮﺕ ﻟﻔﻈ ِﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏُ ﻭﺗَﺮْ ُ
ﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻮ ُ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤْ َﺬﻑَ
ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ - :
) َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَﺒ ِْﻞ ﻧَﺎﺩَﻯ ﻛﻞﱡ َﻣﻮْ ﻟَﻰ ﻗَ َﺮﺍﺑَ ٍﺔ ( ...
ﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚَ ،ﻭﻗُ ِﺮﺉ :ہﻠﻟِ ﺍﻷ ْﻣ ُﺮ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَﺒ ِْﻞ َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ِﺪ ( ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻣﻦ ِ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ :ﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ ِ
ﺐ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ. ﺍﻟ َﻐﻠَ ِ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤْ َﺬﻑَ ﻭﻻ ﻳُ ْﻨ َﻮﻯ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ؛ ﻟﺰﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳُ َﻌﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ،ﻛﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَﺒ ٍْﻞ َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ٍﺪ ( ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ.
ﺐ ( ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﻥ:
ﺴ ُ
ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) َﺣ ْ
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ :
َ ﺎﻑ ،ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ :ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻛ ٍ
ﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ:
-۱ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺑﺮﺟ ٍُﻞ َﺣ ْﺴﺒِﻚَ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺭﺟ ٍُﻞ ( ﺃﻱ :ﻛ ٍ
ﺎﻑ ﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ. ﺃ -ﻧَﻌْﺘﺎ ً ﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) َﻣ َﺮﺭْ ُ
ﺏ -ﻭﺣﺎﻻً ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) :ﻫ َﺬﺍ ﻋﺒ ُﺪ ﷲ َﺣ ْﺴﺒَﻚَ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺭﺟ ٍُﻞ (.
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﺣ ْﺴﺒُﻬُ ْﻢ َﺟﻬَﻨﱠ ُﻢ ( ) ،ﻓﺈﻥ َﺣ ْﺴﺒَﻚَ ﷲُ ( ) ،ﺑِ َﺤ ْﺴﺒِﻚَ ِﺩﺭْ ﻫَ ٌﻢ (.
َ -۲
ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ:
ﱡ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ِ ﻏﻴﺮ
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ِ
َ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻨﺒﻰ :ﻭﻧﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻪ
ﱢ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ :ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ
ﻅَﺮْ ﻓﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ - :
َﻛ َﻤﺎ ُﺧﻂﱠ ﺍﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎﺏُ ﺑِﻜَﻒﱢ ﻳَﻮْ ﻣﺎ ً ...ﻳَﻬ ُِﻮﺩﻯﱟ ﻳُﻘَ ِ
ﺎﺭﺏُ ﺃﻭْ ﻳ ُِﺰﻳ ُﻞ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ - :
ِ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ِ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ
) َﻭﻻَ َﻋ ِﺪ ْﻣﻨَﺎ ﻗَﻬ َْﺮ َﻭﺟْ ٌﺪ َ
ﺻﺐﱢ ( ...
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ ﺑِﻨَ ْﻌ ٍ
ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ - :
ﺢ ﻁَﺎﻟِ ِ
ﺐ ( ... ) ِﻣﻦَ ﺍﺑ ِْﻦ ﺃﺑِﻰ َﺷﻴ ِ
ْﺦ ﺍﻷﺑَﺎ ِﻁ ِ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﺍء ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :
ﻕ ﺑِﺎﻟﱢ َ
ﻠﺠ ِﺎﻡ ( . َﻛﺄ َ ﱠﻥ ﺑِﺮْ َﺫﻭْ ﻥَ ﺃَﺑَﺎ ِﻋ َ
ﺼ ِﺎﻡ ...ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ِﺣ َﻤﺎ ٌﺭ ُﺩ ﱠ
ﺃﻱ :ﻛ ﱠ
ﺄﻥ ﺑﺮﺫﻭﻥ ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺎ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ.
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﻤـــﻪ
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ:
ﻚ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﺃَ ْﻣ ِ
ﺲ( ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ
ﺿﺮْ ﺑِ َ ﻳَ ْﻌ َﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪ ُﺭ َﻋ َﻤ َﻞ ﻓِ ْﻌﻠِ ِﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺤﻞﱡ ﻣﺤﻠّﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇ ّﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ) ْ
ﺃﻥ ( ﻛـ) ﻋ َِﺠ ْﺒ ُ
ﺿ َﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗَﻀْ ﺮﺑِﻪ ،ﻭﺇ ّﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ) ﻣﺎ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :ﻳُﻌ ِ
ْﺠﺒُﻨِﻲ ﺿﺮْ ﺑُﻚَ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﻏَﺪﺍً ( ﺃﻱ ْ :
ﺃﻥ َ ﻭ) ﻳُﻌْﺠﺒُﻨﻲ َ
ﻮﻥ ) ﺯﻳﺪﺍً ( ﺿﺮْ ﺑﺎ ً ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ( ﻛ ُ ﺿﺮْ ﺑُﻚَ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﺍﻵﻥَ ( ﺃﻱ :ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﺮﺑﻪ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :
ﺿ َﺮﺑ ُ
ْﺖ َ َ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ.
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼــــﺪﺭ:
ﻭﺍﺳ ُﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ َﻋﻠَﻤﺎ ً ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ً ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ِﻣﻴ ِﻤﻴًّﺎ ﻓﻜﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :
ﺼﺎَﺑ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺭ ُﺟﻼً ( ... ) ﺃَﻅَﻠُﻮ ُﻡ ﱠ
ﺇﻥ ُﻣ َ
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ َﻏﻴ َْﺮﻫُﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﻳﻴﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻟُ ْﻪ - :
) َﻭﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻋﻄَﺎﺋِﻚَ ﺍﻟ ِﻤﺎﺋﺔَ ﺍﻟﺮﱢ ﺗَﺎﻋَﺎ ( ...
ﻭﻳَ ْﻜﺜﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺼْ َﺪ ُﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪُ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :ﻭﻟَﻮْ ﻻَ َﺩ ْﻓ ُﻊ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﱠ َ
ﺎﺱ ( ،ﻭﻳﻘﻞﱡ َﻋ ْﻜﺴُﻪ
ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ - :
ﻳﻖ ( ...
ﺎﺭ ِ ﻉ ْﺍﻟﻘَ َﻮﺍﻗِــ ِ
ﻴﺰ ﺃَ ْﻓ َﻮﺍﻩُ ﺍﻷَﺑَ ِ ) ﻗَﺮْ ُ
ﺖ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺍ ْﺳﺘَﻄَﺎ َﻉ ﺇﻟَ ْﻴ ِﻪ َﺳﺒِﻴﻼً ( ،ﺃﻱ :
ﻭﻗﻴﻞ :ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ ،ﻭ ُﺭ ﱠﺩ ﺑﻮﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ َ ) :ﻭ َﺣ ﱠﺞ ﺍﻟﺒَ ْﻴ ِ
ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳَ ُﺤ ﱠﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖَ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴ ُﻊ.
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋــﻞ
ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ:
ﺻﻠَﺔً ﻟـ) ﺃﻝ ( َﻋ ِﻤ َﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ً.
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ِ
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻁﻴﻦ:
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ :ﻛﻮﻧُﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﻻ ُﺣ ﱠﺠﺔَ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ) ﺑَﺎ ِﺳﻂٌ ِﺫ َﺭﺍ َﻋ ْﻴ ِﻪ (؛
ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ :ﻳَ ْﺒﺴُﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ) َﻭﻧُﻘَﻠﱢﺒُﻬُ ْﻢ ( ،ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﻞ َﻭﻗَﻠّ ْﺒﻨَﺎﻫُ ْﻢ.
ﺎﺭﺏٌ َﺯ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﺍً (
ﺃﺿ ِ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻧَ ْﻔ ٍﻰ ﺃﻭ ُﻣ ْﺨﺒَ ٍﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ َﻣﻮْ ﺻ ٍ
ُﻮﻑ ﻧﺤﻮ َ ) :
ﺿﺎِﺭﺏٌ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﺍً (.
ﻭ) ﻣﺎ َ
ﻓﺼﻞ:
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ :ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ) :ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ(.
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ﺑـــﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﱠــ َﻌــ ﱡﺠــ ِ
ﺐ
ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ،ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ } :ﻛـﻒَ ﺗَﻜْﻔُﺮُﻭﻥَ ﺑِﺎہﻠﻟِ َﻭ ُﻛ ْﻨﺘُ ْﻢ ﺃَ ْﻣ َﻮﺍﺗﺎ ً ﻓَﺄَﺣْ ﻴَﺎ ُﻛ ْﻢ {،
ﺎﺭﺳﺎ ً ! . ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟُ ْ
ﻤﺆ ِﻣﻦَ ﻻَ ﻳَ ْﻨﺠﺲُ ( ،ﻭﻟِ ﺩَﺭﱡ ﻩُ ﻓَ ِ ﻭ) ُﺳ ْﺒ َﺤﺎﻥَ ﷲِ ﱠ
ْ
ﻭﺍﻟ ُﻤﺒَ ﱠﻮﺏُ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ :ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ :
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ) :ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌـــﻠَــﻪُ ( ﻧﺤﻮ :ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦَ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍ !
ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ) ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﺄﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻓﻲ ) ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦَ ( ﺿﻤﻴﺮﺍً ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ
ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠ ّﺮﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ .
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ) ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌ َﻞ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ :ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦ :
َ -۱ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ :ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻓﻘَ َﺮﻧِﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺏ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﺍً ( ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺏ ﻣﻦ ) ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َ
ﺿ َﺮ َ َﺭﺣْ َﻤ ِﺔ ﷲِ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ( .ﻓﻔﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ َ
ﺿ َﺮ َ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ .
-۲ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ُﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ :ﺍﺳ ٌﻢ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ) :ﻣﺎ ﺃُ َﺣ ْﺴﻴِﻨَﻪُ ( ﻓﻔﺘﺤﺘﻪُ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏٌ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ) ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ
ِﻋ ْﻨﺪَﻙَ ( ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻧَﺼْ ﺒَﻪ ،ﻭ) ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦ ( ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ
ﻒ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ﻻ ﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ) ﻣﺎ ( ،ﻭ) ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ ( ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ُﻣ َﺸﺒ ﱠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ.
َﻭﺻْ ٌ
ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ :
ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ:
ﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ِﻣ ْﺜ ِﻞ )ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻨَﻪُ ( ﺇﻥ َﺩ ﱠﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ: : ﻭﻳﺠﻮﺯ َﺣ ْﺬ ُ
ﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌ ﱠﺠ ِ
َﻒ َﻭﺃَ ْﻛ َﺮ َﻣﺎ ( ...
) َﺭﺑِﻴ َﻌﺔَ ﺧَ ﻴْﺮﺍً َﻣﺎ ﺃَﻋ ﱠ
ﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺜ ُﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺬﻭﻑ ،ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺃَ ْﺳ ِﻤ ْﻊ
ﻭﻓﻰ ) ﺃ ْﻓ ِﻌﻞْ ﺑِ ِﻪ ( ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃ ْﻓ ِﻌﻞْ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧَ َﺮ ﻣﺬ ُﻛ ٍ
ﺑِ ِﻬ ْﻢ َﻭﺃَﺑ ِ
ْﺼﺮْ ( ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻟُﻪ- : :
ﺇﻥ ﻳَ ْﺴﺘَ ْﻐ ِﻦ ﻳَﻮْ ﻣﺎ ً ﻓَﺄَﺟْ ِﺪ ِﺭ . ( ...
)ﺣ َﻤﻴِﺪﺍً َﻭ ْ
ﺃﻱ ) :ﺑﻪ ( ﻓَ َﺸﺎ ﱞﺫ .
ﻓـــــﺼـــــﻞ:
ﺷﺮﻭﻁ :
ٍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔُ ِ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ
ِ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻰ
ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﺭ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ) َﻣﺎ ﺃﺟْ ﻠَﻔَﻪ ( ﻭﻻ ) َﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﻤ َﺮﻩ ( ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ْﺍﻟ ِﺠ ْﻠ ِ
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﻼ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ
َﻭ َﺷ ّﺬ ) َﻣﺎ ْﺃﺫ َﺭ َﻉ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺮْ ﺃَﺓَ ( .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ )ﺩﺣﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ(.
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎ ً ،ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ
ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ :ﻧِ ْﻌ َﻢ ﻭﺑِ ْﺌ َ
ﺲ.
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺿُﻞ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ
ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ :ﻓَﻨِ َﻰ ﻭ َﻣﺎﺕَ .
ﺼ َﺮﻩُ ( ﻣﻦ ﺏ ( َ ،ﻭ َﺷ ﱠﺬ ) َﻣﺎ ْ
ﺃﺧ َ ُﺮ َ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ :ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻨﻴ ﱠﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ
ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﺿ ِ
ﻭﺟﻬﻴﻦ .
ﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺎ َﺩ .
ﻭﺻ َ
َ ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ :ﻛﺎﻥَ ﻭﻅَ ﱠﻞ ﻭﺑَﺎﺕَ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎ ًّﻣﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﺑُ ْﻴﻨَﻴَ ِ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣ ْﺜﺒَﺘَﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ
ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ َﻣ ْﻨﻔﻰ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻣﺎ ﻋَﺎ َﺝ ﺑﺎﻟ ﱠﺪ َﻭﺍ ِء (،
ﺃﻱ :ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) َﻣﺎ ﻗَﺎ َﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ(.
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳ ُﻢ ﻓﺎ ِﻋﻠِ ِﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌ ِﻞ ﻓَ ْﻌﻼَ َء ﻓﻼ ﻳﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻋ ِ
َﺮ َﺝ ﻭ َﺷ ِﻬ َﻞ ﻭﺧَ ِ
ﻀ َﺮ
ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ (.
ﻓـــﺼــﻞ:
ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ :ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣﺆَ ﱠﻭﻻً ﻻ ﺻﺮﻳﺤﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ) :ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻛﺜَ َﺮ ْ
ﺃﻥ ﻻَ
ﺏ ( ،ﻭ) ﺃ ْﺷ ِﺪ ْﺩ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ(. ﻳَﻘُﻮ َﻡ ( ﻭ) ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻋﻈَ َﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺿ ِ
ُﺮ َ
ﻭﺃ ّﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ :ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﻮ ُﻝ َ ) :ﻣﺎ ﺃ َﺷ ﱠﺪ ﻛﻮْ ﻧَﻪُ
َﺟ ِﻤﻴﻼً ( ﺃﻭ ) ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻛﺜَ َﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥَ ُﻣﺤْ ﺴﻨﺎ ً ( ،ﻭ) ﺃ ْﺷ ِﺪ ْﺩ -ﺃﻭ ﺃ ْﻛﺜِﺮْ – ﺑﺬﻟﻚ(.
ﻭﺃ ّﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎ ِﻣ ُﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ.
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