‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺮى‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ و اﻟﺼﺮف‬

‫ـﺤـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻮ )‪(٣١٥‬‬

‫ﻣﺬ ّﻛﺮة ﻣﺎ ّدة اﻟﻨﱠـ ُ‬

‫ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذة‬
‫ﻓـ ـ ـ ـﺎﻳ ـ ـ ـﺰة اﻟﻘ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮﺷ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻲ‬
‫اﶈﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﻟﻨﺤﻮ واﻟﺼﺮف‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤــــــﻮ ‪٣١٥‬‬
‫رﻣﺰ اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‪ / ٥٣١٣١٥ :‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪ :‬ﺛﻼث وﺣﺪات‬

‫ﻣﻔﺮدات اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺑﺎب ﺣﺮوف اﳉ ـ ــﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺑﺎب اﻹﺿ ــﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺑﺎب إﻋﻤﺎل اﳌﺼ ـ ــﺪر ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺑﺎب اﺳــﻢ اﻟﻔ ـ ــﺎﻋ ـ ــﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺑﺎب اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﳌﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﻢ اﻟﻔ ــﺎﻋ ــﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺑﺎب اﻟﺘـ ـ ـﻌـ ـﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺐ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‪:‬‬
‫* أوﺿﺢ اﳌﺴﺎﻟﻚ إﱃ أﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎم رﲪﻪ اﷲ!‪.‬‬
‫* ﺷﺮح اﺑﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﻞ رﲪﻪ اﷲ!‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺘﺎذة اﻟﻤﻘ ّﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮر‪:‬‬

‫اﻻﺳﻢ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻳﺰة ﻋﺪﻳﺲ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻐﲏ اﻟﻘﺮﺷﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ واﻟﺼﺮف‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اﳌﺆﻫﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫* اﻹﳝﻴﻞ ‪Affj2009@hotmail.com‬‬
‫* اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪ :‬اﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﲎ ) د (‪ -‬اﻟﺪور اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫اﳉﻨﺎح اﻷول ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﺑـــﺎﺏ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺎ َﺷﺎ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺷﺎ ﱠﺫﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ َﻣ َ‬

‫ﻀ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻭﻫﻲ ) َﺧﻼَ ﻭ َﻋﺪَﺍ َ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺘَﻰ ( ﻓﻲ ﻟُﻐﺔ ﻫُ َﺬﻳﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ (‪ ،‬ﻭ ُﺳ ِﻤ َﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ‪ْ ) :‬‬
‫ﺃﺧ َﺮ َﺟﻬَﺎ َ َﻣﺘَﻰ‬
‫ﻛ ﱢﻤ ِﻪ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ) :‬ﻟَ َﻌ ﱠﻞ ( ﻓﻲ ﻟُﻐﺔ ُﻋﻘَﻴْﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻫﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻲ ٍء ّ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺃ ﱠﻣـــﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻳــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻀـــﻠَ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﻋــﻠَــﻴْﻨﺎ َ‬
‫ﻟَ َﻌـــ ﱠﻞ ﷲِ ﻓَ ﱠ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪) :‬ﻛﻲ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧّـﻤﺎ ﺗﺠ ّﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔً ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣ ُﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ( ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺄﻟﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ِﻋﻠّ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻰء‪) :‬ﻛ ْﻴ َﻤ ْﻪ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ‪:‬‬
‫َ‬
‫)ﻟِ َﻤﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻠَﺘُﻬَﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ َﻭ ِ‬
‫* ﻳ َُﺮﺍ ُﺩ ﺍﻟﻔَﺘَﻰ ﻛ ْﻴ َﻤﺎ ﻳَﻀُﺮﱡ َﻭﻳَ ْﻨﻔَ ُﻊ *‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﻔﺶ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ( ﻛﺎﻓﱠﺔٌ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﻀﺮﱢ‬
‫ﺖ ﻛﻲ ﺗُ ْﻜ ِﺮ َﻣﻨِﻲ ( ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ) ْ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ( ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻠَﺘُﻬَﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) ::‬ﺟ ْﺌ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ْ ) :‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ َﻭ ِ‬
‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫* ﻟِ َﺴﺎﻧَﻚَ ﻛﻴْﻤﺎ َ ﺃَ ْﻥ ﺗَ ُﻐ ﱠﺮ َﻭﺗ َْﺨ َﺪﻋَﺎ *‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘ ّﺪﺭ )ﻛﻲ ( ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔً‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻅﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ } : :‬ﻟِ َﻜ ْﻴﻼَ‬ ‫َﻭﺍﻷﻭْ َ‬
‫ﺗَﺄْ َﺳﻮْ ﺍ {‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑَ َﻌﺔَ َﻋﺸ ََﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ْ‬
‫* ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﺮ ﺳﺒﻌﺔٌ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ِ :‬ﻣ ْﻦ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻋ َْﻦ َﻭﻋَﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎء‬
‫ﻮﺡ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﺇِﻟﻰ ﷲ َﻣﺮْ ِﺟ ُﻌ ُﻜ ْﻢ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﺇِﻟَ ْﻴ ِﻪ َﻣﺮْ ِﺟ ُﻌ ُﻜ ْﻢ( ‪ ) ،‬ﻁَﺒَﻘﺎ ً ﻋ َْﻦ ﻁَﺒَ ٍ‬
‫ﻖ(‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) ::‬ﻭ ِﻣ ْﻨﻚَ ﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻧُ ٍ‬
‫ﺽ ﺁﻳَﺎﺕ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﻭﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺿ َﻲ ﷲُ َﻋ ْﻨﻬُ ْﻢ ( ‪َ ) ،‬ﻭ َﻋﻠَ ْﻴﻬَﺎ َﻭ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﻔُ ْﻠ ِﻚ ﺗُﺤْ َﻤﻠُﻮﻥَ ( ‪َ ) ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭْ ِ‬‫‪َ ) ،‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﱠﻤ َﻮﺍ ِ‬ ‫ﺗَ ْﺸﺘَ ِﻬﻴ ِﻪ ﺍﻷ ْﻧﻔُﺲُ ( ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻨُﻮﺍ ﺑِﺎہﻠﻟِ( ‪ ) ،‬ﻭﺁ ِﻣﻨُﻮﺍ ﺑِ ِﻪ ( ‪ ،‬ہﻠﻟِ َﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﱠﻤﻮﺍ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﻟَﻪُ َﻣﺎ ِ‬
 ‫ﻣﺎﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺃَﺭْ ﺑَ َﻌﺔَ ﺃ ْﻗ َﺴﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍ ُﻭ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۱‬ﻣﺎﻻ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﻈﺎ ِﻫ ٍﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ‪َ :‬ﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬
‫َﺎﻝ ﻛﻬَﺎ ﺃَﻭْ ﺃَ ْﻗ َﺮﺑَﺎ *‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺎﺝ ‪َ * :‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﻡ ﺃَﻭْ ﻋ ٍ‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ُ :‬ﻣ ْﺬ ﻭ ُﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄ ّﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻬﻢ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ َﺭﺃَ ْﻳﺘُﻪُ ُﻣ ْﺬ ﺃَ ﱠﻥ ﷲَ ﺧَ ﻠَﻘَﻪُ (‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ‪ُ :‬ﻣ ْﺬ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﷲ ﺧَ ﻠَﻘَﻪُ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ُ :‬ﻣ ْﺬ ﺯَ َﻣ ِﻦ ﺧَ ْﻠ ِ‬
‫ﻖ ﷲ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯَ َﻣ ِﻦ ّ‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻜﺮﺍﺕ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ) ﺭُﺏﱠ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﻴِﺮ َﻏ ْﻴﺒَ ٍﺔ ُﻣ ِ‬
‫ﻼﺯ ٍﻡ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻝ ‪ُ ) - :‬ﺭﺑﱠﻪُ ﻓِ ْﺘﻴَﺔً َﺩﻋَﻮْ ُ‬
‫ﺕ ﺇﻟَﻰ َﻣﺎ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ُﻣﻄَﺎﺑِ ٍ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺏﱢ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪::‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎہﻠﻟ َ‬
‫ﻭَﺗﺎہﻠﻟِ ﻷَ ِﻛﻴﺪ ﱠَﻥ ( ﻭ ) ﺗ ََﺮﺏﱢ ﺍ ﻟ َﻜ ْﻌﺒَﺔ ( ﻭ ) ﺗَ َﺮﺑﱢﻰ ﻷ ْﻓ َﻌﻠَ ﱠﻦ ( ‪َ ،‬ﻭﻧَ َﺪﺭ‪ ) :‬ﺗَﺎﻟﺮﱠﺣ ْﻤ ِﻦ ( ﻭ ) ﺗَ َﺤﻴَﺎﺗِﻚَ (‪.‬‬
‫َ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ‪:‬‬

‫) ِﻣﻦْ ( ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﻌﺔُ َﻣ َﻌ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ﺗُ ْﻨﻔِﻘُﻮﺍ ِﻣ ﱠﻤﺎ ﺗ ُﺤﺒﱡﻮﻥَ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻗﺮﺉ ‪ ) :‬ﺑَﻌ َ‬
‫ْﺾ َﻣﺎ ﺗُ ِﺤﺒﱡﻮﻥَ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺎﻭ َﺭ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺫﻫَﺐ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣ ْﻦ ﺃَ َﺳ ِ‬
‫ْﺠﺪ ْﺍﻟ َﺤ َﺮﺍﻡ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻕ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣﻦَ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ُء ﺍﻟﻐَﺎﻳَ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ْﺍﻟ ُﺠ ُﻤ َﻌ ِﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ) :‬ﻓَ ُﻤ ِﻄﺮْ ﻧَﺎ ِﻣﻦَ ْﺍﻟ ُﺠ ُﻤ َﻌ ِﺔ َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﻮﻟُﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣ ْﻦ ﺃَ ﱠﻭ ِﻝ ﻳَﻮْ ٍﻡ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻧَ ْﻔ ٌﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻧَ ْﻬ ٌﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺑِﻬَﻞْ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠ ّﺮﻭﺭُﻫﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇ ّﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﻳَﺄْﺗِﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﺫ ْﻛ ِﺮ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻫَﻞْ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺲﱡ ِﻣ ْﻨﻬُ ْﻢ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺃَ َﺣ ٍﺪ (‪،‬‬
‫ﻖ َﻏﻴ ِْﺮ ﷲِ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻫَﻞْ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺧَ ﺎﻟِ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧ َﺮﺓ(ِ ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﺘُ ْﻢ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ َﺤﻴﺎ ِﺓ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺪ ْﻧﻴَﺎ ِﻣﻦَ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒَﺪَﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃَ َﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺼﻼَ ِﺓ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻳَﻮْ ِﻡ ْﺍﻟﺠُﻤ َﻌ ِﺔ( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺽ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﺇ َﺫﺍ ﻧُﻮ ِﺩ َ‬
‫ﻯ ﻟِﻠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ َﺫﺍ ﺧَ ﻠَﻘُﻮﺍ ِﻣﻦَ ﺍﻷﺭْ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑ ُﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴ ُﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣ ﱠﻤﺎ ﺧَ ِﻄﻴﺌَﺎﺗِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﺃُ ْﻏ ِﺮﻗُﻮﺍ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻼﱠ ِﻡ ﺍﺛﻨﺎ َﻋﺸ ََﺮ َﻣ ْﻌﻨًﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﱠﻤﻮﺍ ِ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻮ ‪ ) :‬ہﻠﻟِ َﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ َ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ِ :‬ﺷ ْﺒﻪُ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ‪َ ،‬ﻭﻳُ َﻌﺒﱠﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺍﻟﺴﱠﺮْ ُﺝ ﻟﻠ ﱠﺪﺍﺑّﺔ (‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺏ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﻟِ َﻌ ْﻤ ٍﺮﻭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﺿْ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴ ُﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫* َﻭﺇﻧﱢﻲ ﻟَﺘَ ْﻌﺮُﻭﻧﻲ ﻟِ ِﺬ ْﻛ َﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻙ ِﻫ ﱠﺰﺓٌ *‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫* ُﻣ ْﻠﻜﺎ ً ﺃَ َﺟ َ‬
‫ﺎﺭ ﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﻠِ ٍﻢ َﻭ َﻣﻌُﺎﻫَ ِﺪ *‬
‫ﺿ ﱢﻤﻦَ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺏ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ) :‬ﺍ ْﻗﺘ ََﺮ َ‬
‫ﺏ ﻟِﻠﻨﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺱ ِﺣ َﺴﺎﺑُﻬُ ْﻢ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ) َﺭ ِﺩﻑَ ﻟَ ُﻜ ْﻢ ( ﻓﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ُ‬
‫ﺿﻌُﻒَ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ َ‬
‫ﺼﺪﱢﻗﺎ ً ﻟِﻤﺎ َ َﻣ َﻌﻬُ ْﻢ ( ‪) ،‬ﻓَﻌﱠﺎ ٌﻝ ﻟ ِﻤﺎ َ ﻳ ُِﺮﻳ ُﺪ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻓَﺮْ ﻋًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ُ ) :‬ﻣ َ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛ ْﻨﺘُ ْﻢ ﻟِﻠﺮﱡ ْﺅﻳَﺎ ﺗَ ْﻌﺒُﺮُﻭﻥَ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ -‬ﻭﺇ ﱠﻣﺎ ﺑِﺘَﺄ َ ﱡﺧ ِﺮ ِﻩ ﻋ َِﻦ ﺍﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ُﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻮﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ْ ) :‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻳﺔُ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓً ﻣﺤﻀﺔ ﻭﻻ ُﻣ َﻌﺪﱢﻳﺔً ﻣﺤﻀﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﺟ ٍﻞ ُﻣ َﺴ ًّﻤﻰ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ُء ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪) :‬ﻛﻞﱞ ﻳَﺠ ّﺮﻯ َ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘَ َﺴﻢ ﻮ ‪ ) :‬ہﻠﻟِ ﻻَ ﻳُ َﺆ ﱠﺧ ُﺮ َ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟ ُﻞ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﱠ َﻌﺠﱡ ﺐُ ﻮ ‪ ) :‬ہﻠﻟِ ﺩَﺭﱡ ﻙَ ! ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ ْﻴﺮ َ‬
‫ُﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺏ *‬ ‫ﺕ َﻭﺍ ْﺑﻨُﻮﺍ ﻟِ ْﻠﺨَ َﺮﺍ ِ‬
‫* ﻟِ ُﺪﻭﺍ ﻟِ ْﻠ َﻤﻮْ ِ‬
‫ﺼﻼَﺓَ ﻟِﺪﻟُﻮ ِﻙ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺸ ْﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺲ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪﻩُ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒَ ْﻌ ِﺪﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃَﻗِ ِﻢ ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼ ُء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﻳَ ِﺨﺮﱡ ﻭﻥَ ﻟِﻸَ ْﺫﻗَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﺒﺎء ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻨًﻰ ﺃﻳ ً‬

‫ﻀﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ْﺖ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟﻘَﻠَﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪) :‬ﻛﺘَﺒ ُ‬
‫ﻮﺭ ِﻫ ْﻢ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ْ :‬ﺃﺫﻫَﺒَﻪُ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﱠ ْﻌ ِﺪﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﺫﻫ َ‬
‫َﺐ ﷲُ ﺑِﻨُ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﺤﻮ‪ ) :‬ﺑِ ْﻌﺘُﻚَ ﻫ َﺬﺍ ﺑِﻬ َﺬﺍ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻕ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃ ْﻣ َﺴ ْﻜ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ﺑِﺰَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺼﺎ ُ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ْ :‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟ َ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻋﻴْﻨﺎ ً ﻳَ ْﺸ َﺮﺏُ ﺑِﻬَﺎ ِﻋﺒَﺎ ُﺩ ﷲِ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺎ َﺣﺒَﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﻗَ ْﺪ َﺩﺧَ ﻠُﻮﺍ ﺑِﺎﻟ ُﻜ ْﻔ ِﺮ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َ‬
‫ﺎﻭﺯَ ﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻓَﺎﺳْﺄَﻝْ ﺑِ ِﻪ ﺧَ ﺒِﻴِﺮﺍ ( ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬ﻋﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َﺠ َ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮْ ﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ َﻣﺎ ﻛ ْﻨﺖَ ﺑِ َﺠﺎﻧِ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻐَﺮْ ﺑِ ّﻲ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻧَ ﱠﺠﻴْﻨﺎﻫُ ْﻢ ﺑِ َﺴ َﺤﺮ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒَ َﺪ ُﻝ ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﻳَﺴُﺮﱡ ﻧِﻲ ﺃَﻧﱢﻰ َﺷ ِﻬ ْﺪ ُ‬
‫ﺕ ﺑَ ْﺪ َﺭﺍ ﺑِﺎﻟ َﻌﻘَﺒَ ِﺔ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺑَﺪَﻟﻬَﺎ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼء‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣ ْﻦ ْ ْ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗَﺄ َﻣ ْﻨﻪُ ﺑِﻘِ ْﻨﻄَ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﺭ ( ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﻄﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ َﻋ َﺸ َﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻓَﺒِ َﻤﺎ ﻧَ ْﻘ ِ‬
‫ﻀ ِﻬ ْﻢ ِﻣﻴﺜَﺎﻗَﻬُ ْﻢ ﻟَ َﻌﻨﱠﺎﻫُ ْﻢ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭَﻛ َﻔﻰ ﺑِﺎہﻠﻟِ َﺷ ِﻬﻴﺪﺍً ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﻻَ ﺗُ ْﻠﻘُﻮﺍ ﺑِﺄ َ ْﻳ ِﺪﻳ ُﻜ ْﻢ ﺇﻟَﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﱠ ْﻬﻠُ َﻜ ِﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺑِ َﺤ ْﺴﺒِ َ‬
‫ﻚ ِﺩﺭْ ﻫَ ٌﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ ﻟَﻴ َ‬
‫ْﺲ ﺑِﻘَﺎﺋِ ٍﻢ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟـ) ﻓﻲ ( ﺳﺘﺔُ َﻣ َﻌ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔً ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﱠﺔً ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻓِﻲ ﺃَ ْﺩﻧَﻰ ﺍﻷﺭْ ِ‬

‫ﺽ ( ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻓﻲ ﺑِﻀْ ِﻊ ِﺳﻨِﻴﻦَ (‪.‬‬
‫ُﻮﻝ ﷲِ ﺃُﺳ َْﻮﺓ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻟَﻘَ ْﺪ ﻛﺎﻥَ ﻟَ ُﻜ ْﻢ ﻓﻲ َﺭﺳ ِ‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻟَ َﻤ ﱠﺴ ُﻜ ْﻢ ﻓﻴِ َﻤﺎ ﺃَﻓَﻀْ ﺘُ ْﻢ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َﻋ َﺬﺍﺏٌ َﻋ ِﻈﻴ ٌﻢ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ْﺩ ُﺧﻠُﻮﺍ ﻓِﻲ ﺃُ َﻣ ٍﻢ (‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۳‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻗَ َ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼ ُء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻷُ َ‬
‫ﺻﻠﱢﺒَﻨﱠ ُﻜ ْﻢ ﻓِﻲ ُﺟ ُﺬ ِ‬
‫ﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﱠ ْﺨﻞ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧ َﺮ ِﺓ ﺇﻻّ ﻗَﻠﻴِ ٌﻞ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ِ‬‫ﻉ ْﺍﻟ َﺤﻴﺎ َ ِﺓ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺪ ْﻧﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻭﺍﻟ ُﻤﻘَﺎﻳَ َﺴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻓَ َﻤﺎ َﻣﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫ْﻦ ﺍﻷﺑَﺎ ِﻫ ِﺮ َﻭﺍﻟ ُﻜﻠَﻰ *‬
‫ﺼﻴﺮُﻭﻥَ ﻓِﻲ ﻁَﻌ ِ‬
‫* ﺑَ ِ‬

‫ﻭﻟـ)ﻋﻠﻰ ( ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔُ َﻣ َﻌ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ َﻋﻠَ ْﻴﻬَﺎ َﻭ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﻔُ ْﻠ ِﻚ ﺗُﺤْ َﻤﻠُﻮﻥَ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮْ ﻓِﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻋﻠَﻰ ِﺣ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻦ َﻏ ْﻔﻠَ ٍﺔ ( ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ْ :‬ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻭﺯَ ﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻰ ﺑَﻨُﻮ ﻗُ َﺸﻴ ٍْﺮ * ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺖ َﻋﻠَ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺿﻴ َ ْ‬
‫* ﺇ َﺫﺍ َﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺱ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﻅُ ْﻠ ِﻤ ِﻬ ْﻢ ( ﺃﻱ ‪َ :‬ﻣ َﻊ ﻅﻠﻤﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﺇِ ﱠﻥ َﺭﺑّﻚَ ﻟَ ُﺬﻭ َﻣ ْﻐﻔِ َﺮ ٍﺓ ﻟِﻠﻨ ﱠ ِ‬

‫ﻀﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﻳ ً‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻭﻟـ) َﻣﻦْ ( ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔُ‬

‫ﺕ ﻋ َِﻦ ﺍﻟﺒَﻠَ ِﺪ ( ﻭ ) َﺭ َﻣ ْﻴﺘُﻪ ﻋ َِﻦ ﺍﻟﻘَﻮْ ِ‬

‫ﺱ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺯﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﺳﺮْ ُ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒَﻌْﺪﻳِﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻁَﺒَﻘَﺎ ً ﻋ َْﻦ ﻁَﺒَ ٍ‬

‫ﻖ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻ ْﺳﺘِ ْﻌﻼَء ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳَﺒْﺨَ ﻞْ ﻓَﺈِﻧﱠ َﻤﺎ ﻳَ ْﺒ َﺨ ُﻞ ﻋ َْﻦ ﻧَ ْﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ ( ﺃﻱ ‪َ :‬ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ‪َ ...‬ﻋﻨﱢﻰ ( ﺃﻱ ‪َ :‬ﻋﻠَ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻀ ْﻠﺖَ ﻓِﻲ َﺣ َﺴ ٍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪) :‬ﻻَ ِﻩ ﺍﺑ ُْﻦ َﻋ ﱢﻤﻚَ ﻻَ ﺃَ ْﻓ َ‬
‫َﺎﺭﻛﻲ ﺁﻟِﻬﺘِﻨَﺎ ﻋ َْﻦ ﻗَﻮْ ﻟِﻚَ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻷﺟْ ﻠِ ِﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ َﻣﺎ ﻧَﺤْ ُﻦ ﺑِﺘ ِ‬
 ‫ﻀﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻜﺎﻑ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔُ َﻣ َﻌ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﺃﻳ ً‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘّ ْﺸﺒِﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﺭْ َﺩﺓً ﻛﺎﻟ ﱢﺪﻫ ِ‬

‫َﺎﻥ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ ْﺍﺫ ُﻛﺮُﻭﻩُ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻫَﺪَﺍ ُﻛ ْﻢ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﺇﻳﺎﻛﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼ ُء ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ‪:‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃَﺻْ ﺒَﺤْ ﺖَ ؟ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﻛﺨَ ﻴ ٍْﺮ ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪َ ،‬ﻭ َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻔﺶُ ﻗﻮﻟَﻬُﻢ ‪) :‬ﻛ ْﻦ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﺃَ ْﻧﺖَ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻟَﻴ َ‬
‫ْﺲ ﻛ ِﻤﺜﻠِ ِﻪ َﺷ ْﻲ ٌء ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ْﺠ ِﺪ ْﺍﻟ َﺤ َﺮ ِﺍﻡ ﺇﻟَﻰ ﺍﻟَﻤﺴ ِ‬

‫ْﺠ ِﺪ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺘّﻰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ُء ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳ ِﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔً ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣﻦَ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺴ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺴ َﻤ َﻜﺔَ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ َﺭ ْﺃ ِﺳﻬَﺎ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟّﻠﻴ ِْﻞ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃَ َﻛ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺼﻰ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃَﺗِ ﱡﻤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﱢ ﻴَﺎ َﻡ َ‬
‫ﺍﻷ ْﻗ َ‬
‫) َﺳﻼَ ٌﻡ ِﻫ َﻲ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻄﻠَ ِﻊ ﺍﻟﻔَﺠ ّﺮ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ ْﺍﻟﺒَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺭ َﺣﺔَ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺂﺧ ٍﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ‪َ ) :‬ﺳ ِﻬﺮْ ُ‬ ‫ﺁﺧ ٌﺮ ﺃﻭ ُﻣﺘﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺼ ٌﻞ ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳُﺠ ّﺮ ﺑـ)ﺣﺘﻰ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ِ‬
‫ﻧِﺼْ ﻔِﻬﺎ َ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴ ُﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎء ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘَ َﺴ ُﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ُﻣ ْﺬ ﻭ ُﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ُء ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺞ َﻭ ُﻣ ْﺬ َﺩ ْﻫ ِﺮ *‬ ‫* ﺃَ ْﻗـــ َﻮ ْﻳﻦَ ُﻣــ ْﺬ ِﺣ َﺠــ ٍ‬
‫ﺖ ﺁﺛَﺎ ُﺭﻩُ ُﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ ﺃَ ْﺯ َﻣـــﺎ ِﻥ *‬
‫* َﻭ َﺭﺑ ٍْﻊ َﻋﻔَ ْ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔُ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺍً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ُ ) :‬ﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ ﻳَﻮْ ِﻣﻨَﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻭﺇﻟَﻰ ﻣﻌﺎ ً ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺍً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ُ ) :‬ﻣ ْﺬ ﻳَﻮْ َﻣﻴْﻦ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻭ ُﻝ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ‪ ) :‬ﻳَﺎ ﺭُﺏﱠ ﻛ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺳﻴَ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ُﺭ ﱠ‬
‫َﺎﺭﻳَﺔٌ ﻳَﻮْ َﻡ ْﺍﻟﻘَﻴِﺎ َﻣ ِﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ‪ ) :‬ﻳَﺎ ﺭُﺏﱠ َ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺋِ ِﻤﻪ ﻟَ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺪ ْﻧﻴَﺎ ﻋ ِ‬
‫ﻳَﺼُﻮ َﻣﻪُ َﻭﻗَﺎﺋِ ِﻤﻪ ﻟَ ْﻦ ﻳَﻘُﻮ َﻣﻪُ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ْﺲ ﻟَﻪُ ﺃَﺏٌ ‪َ ...‬ﻭ ِﺫﻱ َﻭﻟ ٍﺪ ﻟَ ْﻢ ﻳَ ْﻠ َﺪﻩُ ﺃَﺑَ َﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪ :‬ﺃَﻻَ ﺭُﺏﱠ َﻣﻮْ ﻟُﻮ ٍﺩ َﻭﻟَﻴ َ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻤﻴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻟَ ْﻔﻈُﻪ ُﻣ ْﺸﺘ َِﺮ ٌ‬

‫ﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺢﱡ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ) :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ (‬
‫) ﻳَﻀْ َﺤ ْﻜﻦَ ﻋ َْﻦ ﻛﺎﻟﺒَ َﺮ ِﺩ ْﺍﻟ ُﻤ ْﻨﻬَ ﱢﻢ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ ) :‬ﻋ َْﻦ َﻭ َﻋﻠَﻰ ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫) َﻣ ْﻦ ﻋ َْﻦ ﻳَ ِﻤﻴﻨِﻲ َﻣ ﱠﺮﺓً َﻭﺃَ َﻣﺎ ِﻣﻲ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫) َﻏﺪ ْ‬
‫َﺕ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻋﻠَ ْﻴ ِﻪ ﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻣﺎ ﺗَ ﱠﻢ ِﻅ ْﻤ ُﺆﻫَﺎ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ُ ) :‬ﻣ ْﺬ ﻭ ُﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ َﺭﺃَ ْﻳﺘُﻪُ ُﻣ ْﺬ ﻳَﻮْ َﻣ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻥ (‪.‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳَ ْﺪ ُﺧﻼَ ﻋﻠﻰ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ) ُﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ ﻳَﻮْ ُﻡ ْﺍﻟ ُﺠ ُﻤ َﻌﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﺌِ ٍﺬ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺁﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻅَﺮْ ﻓَﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋ ٌﻞ ﺑﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﺬﻭﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳَ ْﺪ ُﺧﻼَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﻩُ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝ ُﻣ ْﺬ َﻋﻘَﺪ ْ‬
‫َﺕ ﻳَﺪَﺍﻩُ ﺇِﺯَ َ‬ ‫) َﻣﺎ ﺯَ َ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ُﻣ ْﺬ ﺃَﻧَﺎ ﻳَﺎﻓِﻊٌ( ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃ ْﺳ ِﻤﻴﱠﺔً ‪ :‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪َ ) - :‬ﻭ َﻣﺎ ِﺯ ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ﺃَ ْﺑ ِﻐﻰ ﺍﻟ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ِﺣﻴﻨﺌ ٍﺬ ﻅﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ )ﻣﺎ( ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎء(‬

‫ﺗُﺰَ ﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ﻣﺎ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ( ﻭ ) ﻋ َْﻦ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎء ‪ :‬ﻓﻼ ﺗَ ُﻜﻔﱡﻬ ﱠُﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣ ﱠﻤﺎ ﺧَ ِﻄﻴﺌَﺎﺗِ ِﻬ ْﻢ(‪،‬‬
‫) َﻋ ﱠﻤﺎ ﻗَﻠﻴِ ٍﻞ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﻓَﺒِ َﻤﺎ ﻧَ ْﻘ ِ‬
‫ﻀ ِﻬ ْﻢ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟ َﻌ َﻤ ُﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪- :‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ) ﺭُﺏﱠ (‬

‫ﺻﻘِﻴ ٍﻞ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮْ ﺑَ ٍﺔ ﺑِ َﺴﻴ ٍ‬

‫ْﻒ َ‬ ‫) ُﺭﺑﱠ َﻤﺎ َ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﱠﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺱ َﻣﺠ ّﺮﻭ ٌﻡ َﻋﻠَ ْﻴ ِﻪ َﻭ َﺟ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺭ ُﻡ ‪( ...‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐُ ﺃﻥ ﺗَ ُﻜﻔﱠﻬُ َﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺪﺧﻼﻥ ﺣﻴﻨﺌِ ٍﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺎﺭﺑُ ْﻪ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻀ ِ‬‫ْﻒ َﻋ ْﻤ ٍﺮﻭ ﻟَ ْﻢ ﺗَ ُﺨ ْﻨﻪُ َﻣ َ‬
‫) ﻛ َﻤﺎ َﺳﻴ ُ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ َﻋﻠَ ٍﻢ ‪. ( ...‬‬ ‫) ُﺭﺑﱠﻤﺎ ﺃَﻭْ ﻓَﻴ ُ‬
‫ْﺖ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺽ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟِﺐُ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﺭُﺏﱠ ( ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻔﻮﻓَ ِﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗَ ْﺪ ُﺧ َﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ٍ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻘﻖ ُﻭﻗُﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ُ ) :‬ﺭﺑَ َﻤﺎ ﻳَ َﻮ ﱡﺩ ﺍﻟّﺬﻳِﻦَ ﻛﻔَﺮُﻭﺍ ( ‪َ ،‬ﻭﻧَﺪ ََﺭ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬُﺎ َ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬
‫ُﻣﻨَ ﱠﺰ ٍﻝ ﻣﻨﺰﻟَﺔَ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﱡ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫) ُﺭﺑﱠ َﻤﺎ ْﺍﻟﺠﺎ ِﻣ ُﻞ ﺍﻟ ُﻤﺆَ ﺑﱠ ُﻞ ﻓﻴِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ‪.( ...‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺣﺬﻑ )ﺭﺏ(‬

‫ﺗُﺤْ َﺬﻑ ) ﺭُﺏﱠ ( ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ َﻋ َﻤﻠُﻬَﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎء ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫) ﻓَ ِﻤ ْﺜﻠِ ِﻚ ُﺣ ْﺒﻠَﻰ ﻗَ ْﺪ ﻁَ َﺮ ْﻗ ُ‬
‫ﺖ َﻭ ُﻣﺮْ ِ‬
‫ﺿﻊ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺝ ْﺍﻟﺒَﺤْ ِﺮ ﺃَﺭْ ﺧَ ﻰ ُﺳ ُﺪﻭﻟَﻪُ ‪( ...‬‬
‫) َﻭﻟَﻴ ٍْﻞ ﻛ َﻤﻮْ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ) ﺑَﻞْ ( ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺑَﻞْ َﻣ ْﻬ َﻤ ٍﺔ ﻗَﻄَﻌ ُ‬
‫ْﺖ ﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻣ ْﻬ َﻤ ِﻪ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻧﻬﻦ ﺃﻗَ ﱠﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻁَﻠَﻠِ ْﻪ ‪. ( ...‬‬
‫ﺖ ِ‬‫َﺍﺭ َﻭﻗَ ْﻔ ُ‬
‫) َﺭﺳ ِْﻢ ﺩ ٍ‬

‫**********‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑــﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓَﺘَﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗ َْﺤ ِﺬﻑُ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ َ‬
‫ﺏ ﻭﺩ ََﺭﺍ ِﻫ َﻢ ‪ ) .‬ﺛَﻮْ ﺏُ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ﻭ ) ﺩ ََﺭﺍ ِﻫ ُﻤﻪُ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ُﻣﻘَ ﱠﺪ ٍﺭ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮ ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍ ْﺛﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺐ ( ﻭ ) ﻫ َﺬ ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺖ ﻳَﺪَﺍ ﺃَ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻰ ﻟَﻬَ ٍ‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﻧُﻮﻥ ﺗَﻠِﻰ ﻋﻼ َﻣﺔَ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺗَﺒ ْ‬
‫ﺼﻼَ ِﺓ ( ﻭ ) ِﻋ ْﺸﺮُﻭ َﻋ ْﻤ ٍﺮﻭ ( ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺷﺒﻬﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻭﺍﻟ ُﻤﻘِﻴ ِﻤﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ (‬
‫ﻴﻦ ﺍﻹ ْﻧ ِ‬
‫ﺲ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻼ َﻣﺔُ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺑَ َﺴﺎﺗِ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻦ ﺯَ ْﻳ ُﺪ ( ﻭ ) َﺷﻴَﺎ ِﻁ ُ‬
‫* ﻭﻳُﺠ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺎ ً ﻟﺴﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺑﺄ ْﻛﺜَ ِﺮﻳّ ٍﺔ‬
‫‪ِ ) -۲‬ﻣ ْﻦ ( ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) -۳‬ﻓﻲ ( ﺑِﻘّﻠ ٍﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺎﺑِﻂُ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ﻓﻲ ( ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻅَﺮْ ﻓًﺎ ﻟﻸﻭﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪-:‬‬
‫َﻭ َ‬
‫) َﻣ ْﻜ ُﺮ ﺍﻟّﻠﻴ ِْﻞ ( ﻭ ) ﻳﺎ َ‬
‫ﺻﺎ ِﺣﺒَﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﱢﺠْ ِﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫ْﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺻﺎﻟﺤﺎ ً ﻟﻺﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ( ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺑَﻌ َ‬
‫ﻀ ٍﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗ ُﻢ ﻓﻀﺔٌ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺧَ ﺎﺗ َِﻢ ﻓِ ّ‬
‫ْﺠ ِﺪ ﻭﻗِ ْﻨ ِﺪﻳﻠﻪ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺛَﻮْ ﺏُ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ﻭ ) ُﻏﻼَﻣﻪ ( ﻭ) َﺣ ِ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺴ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻳَﻮْ ﻡ ﺍﻟﺨَ ِﻤﻴﺲ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻳَ ُﺪ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ﻓﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃ ْﻧ َﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗَ َﻌﺮﱡ ﻑَ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ُ ) :‬ﻏﻼَﻡ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗَﺨَ ﺼﱡ َ‬
‫ﺼﻪُ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ ) ُﻏﻼَﻡ ﺍ ْﻣ َﺮﺃَ ٍﺓ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ُﻣﺘ ََﻮ ﱢﻏﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗَﺨَ ﺼﱡ َ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﺻ ﱠﺢ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻄﻠَﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻻ ﻛ َﻤﺎﻟُﻬُ َﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ َ‬‫ﻛ َﻐﻴْﺮ ﻭ ِﻣ ْﺜﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃُ ِﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺕ ﺑِ َﺮﺟ ٍُﻞ ِﻣ ْﺜﻠِﻚَ ( ﺃﻭ ) َﻏﻴ ِْﺮﻙ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣ َﺮﺭْ ُ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ َﻣ ْﻌﻨ َِﻮﻳّﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ َﻣﺤْ َ‬
‫ﻀﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺤﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗُ ْﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭ َﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ُﻣ َﺮﺍﺩﺍً ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎ ُﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎ ُﻝ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃ ْﻧ َﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺭﺏ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ( ﻭ ) َﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻴﻨَﺎ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿ ِ‬‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪َ ) :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﻀْ ﺮُﻭﺏ ْﺍﻟ َﻌ ْﺒ ِﺪ ( ﻭ ) ُﻣ َﺮ ﱠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘَ ْﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪َ ) :‬ﺣ َﺴﻦ ْﺍﻟ َﻮﺟْ ِﻪ ( ﻭ ) َﻋ ِﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷ َﻣ ِﻞ ( ﻭ ) ﻗَﻠِﻴﻞ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴَ ِﻞ( ‪.‬‬
‫َﻭﺗُ َﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻟﻔﻈﻴﱠﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ َﻣﺤْ َ‬
‫ﻀﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ )ﺃﻝ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺯ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ) ﺃﻝ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺄﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ْﺍﻟ َﺠ ْﻌ ِﺪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺸ َﻌ ِﺮ ( ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺕ ْﺍﻟ َﺤ َﻮﺍﺋِ ِﻢ … (‪.‬‬
‫) ِﺷﻔَﺎ ٌء َﻭﻫُ ﱠﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺸﺎﻓِﻴَ ُ‬
‫ﺱ ْﺍﻟ َﺠﺎﻧِﻲ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ) ﺃﻝ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﺍﻟﻀﱠﺎﺭ ِ ْ‬
‫ﺏ َﺭﺃ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﱠﻭﺍ ُﺭ ﺃَ ْﻗﻔِﻴَ ِﺔ ْﺍﻟ ِﻌﺪَﻯ … (‪.‬‬
‫) ﻟَﻘَ ْﺪ ﻅَﻔِ َﺮ ﱡ‬
‫ﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ) ﺃﻝ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﺻ ْﻔ ِﻮ ِﻩ … (‪.‬‬ ‫) ْﺍﻟ ُﻮ ﱡﺩ ﺃَ ْﻧ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﺍﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘ َِﺤﻘّﺔُ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ُﻣﺜَﻨًّﻰ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺇِ ْﻥ ﻳَ ْﻐﻨَﻴَﺎ َﻋﻨﱢ َﻰ ﺍﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَـــﻮْ ِﻁﻨَﺎ َﻋ َﺪ ِﻥ … (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ َﺟ ْﻤﻌﺎ ً ﺍﺗﱠﺒَ َﻊ َﺳﺒِ َ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳُﻌ َْﺮﺏ ﺑﺤﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻭﻳَﺴْﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ َﻭﻳ ُْﺨﺘَ ُﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﺬﻑ ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼّ ُء ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ُﻤﺼْ ِﻐﻲ َﻣ َﺴﺎ ِﻣ ِﻌ ِﻬ ْﻢ … (‪.‬‬
‫ْﺲ ِ‬‫) ﻟَﻴ َ‬
 ‫ﺚ ﺗﺄﻧﻴﺜَﻪُ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑُ ﺍﻟﻤﺬ ﱠﻛ ُﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻧ ِ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴَﺔُ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺷَﺮْ ﻁُ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﱠﺎﺭ ِﺓ ( ﻭﻗﻮﻟُﻪ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ْﻀ ِﻬ ْﻢ ‪ ) :‬ﺗ َْﻠﺘَﻘِ ْ‬
‫ﻄﻪُ ﺑَﻌْﺾُ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺴﻴ َ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺑَﻌْﺾُ ﺃَ َ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺑِ ِﻌ ِﻪ ( ﻭﻗﺮﺍءﺓُ ﺑَﻌ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﻮﻟُﻬﻢ ‪ ) :‬ﻗُ ِﻄ َﻌ ْ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧَ ْﻘ ِ‬
‫ﻀﻰ … (‬ ‫) ﻁُﻮ ُﻝ ﺍﻟﻠّﻴَﺎﻟِﻲ ﺃَﺳ َْﺮﻋ ْ‬
‫َﺖ ِ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻮﻟُﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻫَ ًﻮﻯ … (‬ ‫َﺎﺭﺓُ ْﺍﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﻞ َﻣ ْﻜﺴ ٌ‬
‫ُﻮﻑ ﺑِﻄَﻮْ ِ‬ ‫) ﺇﻧ َ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻤﻠﻪ ) ﺇِ ﱠﻥ َﺭﺣْ َﻤﺔَ ﷲِ ﻗَ ِﺮﻳﺐٌ ِﻣﻦَ ﺍﻟ ُﻤﺤْ ِﺴﻨِﻴﻦَ (‬

‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍ ْﺳ ٌﻢ ﻟ ُﻤ َﺮﺍ ِﺩﻓِﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﻟَﻴْﺚ ﺃَ َﺳ ٍﺪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) َﺭﺟُﻞ ﻓَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺿ ٍﻞ (‪.‬‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﻓَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺿﻞ َﺭﺟ ٍُﻞ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ُﺳ ِﻤ َﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻮ ِﻫ ُﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳُﺆَ ﱠﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﻮﻟُﻬﻢ ‪ ) :‬ﺟﺎءﻧﻰ َﺳ ِﻌﻴ ُﺪ ﻛﺮْ ٍﺯ ( ﻭﺗﺄﻭﻳﻠُﻪ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳ َُﺮﺍ َﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟ ُﻤ َﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻻ ْﺳ ُﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﺟﺎءﻧﻲ ُﻣ َﺴ ًّﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ْﺠ ُﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻭﻳﻠُﻪ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻘَ ﱠﺪ َﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻮﻟُﻬﻢ ‪َ ) :‬ﺣﺒﱠﺔُ ْﺍﻟ َﺤ ْﻤﻘَﺎ ِء ( ﻭ ) َ‬
‫ﺻﻼَﺓُ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ( ﻭ ) َﻣﺴ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻱ َﺣﺒﱠﺔُ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻠ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻘﺎء ﻭﺻﻼﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻖ ﻋﻤﺎ َﻣ ٍﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻭﻳﻠُﻪ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻘَ ﱠﺪ َﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﻮﻟُﻬﻢ ) ﺟ ّﺮ ُﺩ ﻗَ ِﻄﻴﻔَ ٍﺔ ( ﻭ ) َﺳﺤْ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ َﺷ ْﻲ ٌء ﺟ ّﺮ ٌﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﻭ َﺷ ْﻲ ٌء َﺳﺤْ ٌ‬
‫ﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔً ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ُﻏﻼَﻡ( ﻭ )ﺛَ ْﻮﺏ(‬
‫ُ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘُﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻀﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﻐﻴﺮ )ﺃﻱﱢ ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺟﺐُ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓ ِﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪ -۱‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻗَ ْ‬
‫ﻄﻌُﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪) :‬ﻛﻬ ّﻞ ( ﻭ) ﺑَﻌْﺾ ( ﻭ ) ﺃ ّ‬
‫ﻱ ( ﻗﺎﻝ ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ْﺾ ( ﻭ ) ﺃَﻳًّﺎ َﻣﺎ ﺗَ ْﺪ ُﻋﻮﺍ (‪.‬‬ ‫) َﻭ ُﻛﻞﱞ ﻓِﻲ ﻓَﻠَ ٍﻚ ﻳَ ْﺴﺒَﺤُﻮﻥَ ( ﻭ ) ﻓَﻀ ْﱠﻠﻨَﺎ ﺑَﻌ َ‬
‫ْﻀﻬُ ْﻢ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﺑَﻌ ٍ‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ً ﻭﻫﻮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺭﻯ ( ﻭ‬
‫ﺼ َ‬‫ُﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪) :‬ﻛﻼَ ( ﻭ )ﻛ ْﻠﺘَﺎ ( ﻭ ) ِﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ( ﻭ ) ﻟَﺪَﻯ ( ﻭ ) ﻗُ َ‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻳ َ‬
‫) ِﺳ َﻮﻯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ( ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬‫ﺕ ( ﻭ ) ِﺫﻱ ( ﻭ ) َﺫﺍ ِ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﺃُﻭﻟﻰ ( ﻭ ) ﺃُﻭﻻَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ( ﻭ ) َﻭ َﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﱡ ِ‬
‫ﻮﻥ ( ﻭ ) َﺫﺍﺕَ ﺑَﻬ َْﺠ ٍﺔ (‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻧَﺤْ ُﻦ ﺃُﻭﻟُﻮ ﻗُ ﱠﻮ ٍﺓ ( ﻭ ) َﻭﺃُﻭﻻَ ُ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻷﺣْ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ُﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻀﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ) َﻭﺣْ َﺪ ( ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺇ َﺫﺍ ُﺩ ِﻋ َﻲ ﷲُ َﻭﺣْ َﺪﻩُ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻣﺎ ﻳ َ‬
‫) َﻭ ُﻛ ْﻨﺖَ ﺇِ ْﺫﻛ ْﻨﺖَ ﺇِﻟﻬﻲ َﻭﺣْ َﺪ َﻛﺎ ‪.( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺃَ ْﺧ َﺸﺎﻩُ ﺇِ ْﻥ َﻣ َﺮﺭْ ُ‬
‫ﺕ ﺑِ ِﻪ ‪َ ...‬ﻭﺣْ ِﺪﻯ (‬ ‫) ﻭﺍﻟ ﱢﺬ ْﺋ َ‬
‫ﺼﺎ ِﺩ ُﺭ ُﻣﺜَﻨﱠﺎﺓ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ً ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﱠ ْﻜ َﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ) ﻟَﺒ ﱠ ْﻴﻚَ ( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁَ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﻭﻫﻮ َﻣ َ‬
‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ) َﺳ ْﻌ َﺪ ْﻳﻚَ ( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇ ْﺳ َﻌﺎﺩﺍً ﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇِ ْﺳ َﻌﺎ ٍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫)ﻟَﺒﱠ ْﻴﻚَ ( ﻭ ) َﺣﻨَﺎﻧَ ْﻴﻚَ ( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺗ ََﺤﻨﱡﻨﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗ ََﺤ ٍ‬
‫ﻨﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭ) َﺩ َﻭﺍﻟَ ْﻴﻚَ ( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺗَﺪَﺍ ُﻭﻻً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗَﺪَﺍ ُﻭ ٍﻝ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ)ﻫَ َﺬﺍ َﺫ ْﻳﻚَ ( ‪ -‬ﺑﺬﺍﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺠﻤﺘﻴﻦ ‪ -‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺳ َْﺮﺍﻋﺎ ً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺳ َْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ َﺷ ّﺬﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓَﺔُ ) ﻟﺒﱠﻰ ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫) ﻟَﻘُ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ﻟَﺒﱠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ﻟِ َﻤ ْﻦ ﻳَ ْﺪ ُﻋﻮﻧِﻰ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫) ﻓَﻠَﺒﱠﻰ ﻓَﻠَﺒ ْﱠﻰ ﻳَ َﺪﻯْ ِﻣﺴ َْﻮ ِﺭ ‪.( ...‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ْﺚ ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ْﺇﺫ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺟﺐُ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺔً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔً ﻭﻫﻮ )ﺇﺫﺍ ( ﻭ ) َﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ ْﺍﺫ ُﻛﺮُﻭﺍ ﺇِ ْﺫ ﺃَ ْﻧﺘُ ْﻢ ﻗَﻠِﻴ ٌﻞ (‪َ ) ،‬ﻭ ْﺍﺫ ُﻛﺮُﻭﺍ ﺇِ ْﺫ ﻛ ْﻨﺘُ ْﻢ ﻗَﻠِﻴﻼً ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﺤْ َﺬﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺃُ ِ‬
‫ﻓَﻴ َُﺠﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ِﻋ َﻮﺿﺎ ً ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﻳَﻮْ َﻣﺌِ ٍﺬ ﻳَ ْﻔ َﺮ ُﺡ ﺍﻟ ُﻤ ْﺆ ِﻣﻨُﻮﻥَ (‪.‬‬
‫ْﺚ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َﺟﺎﻟِﺲٌ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃُ ِ‬
‫ﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺲ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ ( ﻭ ) َﺣﻴ ُ‬ ‫ْﺖ َﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫ْﺚ َﺟﻠَ َ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﻨﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﺟﻠَﺴ ُ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ْﺚ ﻟَ ﱢﻲ ْﺍﻟ َﻌ َﻤﺎﺋِ ِﻢ ‪(( ...‬‬
‫ﺍﺿﻰ َﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫ﻴﺾ ﺍﻟ َﻤ َﻮ ِ‬
‫) ﺑِﺒِ ِ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳُﻘَﺎﺱُ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ) ﻟَ ﱠﻤﺎ ( ﻋﻨﺪ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻟَ ﱠﻤﺎ َﺟﺎ َءﻧﻲ ﺃ ْﻛ َﺮ ْﻣﺘُﻪُ (‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﻔﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺇ َﺫﺍ ﻁَﻠّ ْﻘﺘُ ْﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﱢ َﺴﺎء (‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ )ﺇﺫ( ﻭ)ﺇﺫﺍ(‬

‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ) ْﺇﺫ ( ﺃﻭ )ﺇِ َﺫﺍ( ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮْ ﻧِ ِﻪ ﺍﺳ َﻢ ﺯَ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻥ ُﻣ ْﺒﻬَﻢ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ‪ -‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ُﻀﺎﻓَﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳ َ‬
‫) ِﺟ ْﺌﺘُﻚَ ﺯَ َﻣﻦَ ْﺍﻟ َﺤﺠﱠﺎ ُﺝ ﺃ ِﻣﻴ ٌﺮ ( ﺃﻭ ) ﺯَ َﻣﻦَ ﻛﺎﻥَ ْﺍﻟ َﺤﺠﱠﺎ ُﺝ ﺃ ِﻣﻴﺮﺍً (؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ْﺇﺫ ‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﺁﺗِﻴﻚَ ﺯَ َﻣﻦَ ﻳَ ْﻘ َﺪ ُﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﻢ ﻓﻲ ُﻣ ْﺸﺒِﻪ‬ ‫ْﺍﻟ َﺤﺎﺝﱡ ( ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﺘﻨﻊ ) ﺯَ َﻣﻦَ ْﺍﻟ َﺤﺎﺝﱡ ﻗَﺎ ِﺩﻡ( ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺇ َﺫﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻮ ُﻝ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ‪َ ،‬‬
‫ْﺇﺫ ﺩﻭﻥ ُﻣ ْﺸﺒِﻪ ﺇ َﺫﺍ ‪ُ ،‬ﻣﺤْ ﺘَﺠﱠﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ ) :‬ﻳَﻮْ َﻡ ﻫُ ْﻢ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺭ ﻳُ ْﻔﺘَﻨُﻮﻥَ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫) َﻭ ُﻛ ْﻦ ﻟﻰ َﺷﻔِﻴﻌﺎ ً ﻳَﻮْ َﻡ ﻻَ ُﺫﻭ َﺷﻔَﺎ َﻋ ٍﺔ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧُ ﱢﺰ َﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ ُﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﱡ ِ‬
‫ﻖ ُﻭﻗُﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟَﺔَ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﻣﻀﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ)ﺇﺫ( ﻭ)ﺇﺫﺍ(ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﺇ َﺫﺍ ( ﺃﻭ ) ْﺇﺫ ( ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء َﺣ ْﻤﻼً ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻓِ ْﻌﻼً ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺎ ً ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎ ُء ﺃﺭْ َﺟ ُﺢ ؛ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺐ َﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﱢ ﺒَﺎ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫) َﻋﻠَﻰ ِﺣﻴﻦَ ﻋَﺎﺗَﺒ ُ‬
‫ْﺖ ﺍﻟ َﻤ ِﺸ َ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻼ ُﻣﻌ َْﺮﺑﺎ ً ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﺔً ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏُ ﺃﺭﺟ ُﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﺐٌ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ‪ ) :‬ﻫَ َﺬﺍ ﻳَﻮْ ُﻡ ﻳَ ْﻨﻔَ ُﻊ ( ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ)ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻬﻼ( ﻭ)ﻛﻠﺘﺎ(‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ) ِﻛﻼَ ( ﻭ )ﻛ ْﻠﺘَﺎ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ َ‬

‫ُﻀﺎﻓَﺎﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ْﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ )ﻛﻼَ َﺭ ُﺟﻠَﻴ ِْﻦ ( ﻭﻻ )ﻛ ْﻠﺘَﺎ ﺍ ْﻣ َﺮﺃَﺗَﻴ ِْﻦ ( ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠ ُﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﱠﻌ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ﱠﺪﻻَﻟَﺔُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺇ ّﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺﱢ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪) :‬ﻛﻼَﻫُ َﻤﺎ ( ﻭ)ﻛ ْﻠﺘَﺎ ْﺍﻟ َﺠﻨﱠﺘَﻴ ِْﻦ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻛﻼَﻧَﺎ َﻏﻨِ ﱞﻰ ﻋ َْﻦ ﺃَ ِﺧﻴ ِﻪ َﺣﻴَﺎﺗَﻪُ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ﻧﺎ ( ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ )ﻛﻼَ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ َﻭ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﻭ (‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ )ﺃﻱ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﺃﻱ ( ﻭﺗُﻀﺎﻑ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻟﻠﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃﻱ َﺭﺟ ُِﻞ ( ﻭ ) ﺃﻱ َﺭ ُﺟﻠَﻴ ِْﻦ ( ﻭ ) ﺃﻱ ِﺭ َﺟ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﻝ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻖ ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃﻳﱡ ُﻜ ْﻢ ﺃﺣْ َﺴ ُﻦ َﻋ َﻤﻼً (‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﻨﺎﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻓَﺄﻱ ﺍﻟﻔَ ِﺮﻳﻘَﻴﻦ َ‬
‫ﺃﺣ ﱡ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﻤ ٌﻊ ُﻣﻘَ ﱠﺪﺭ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃﻱ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ﺃﺣْ َﺴ ُﻦ ( ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ :‬ﺃ ّ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ِء ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﻟَ ُﺪ ْﻥ ( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ِﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ)ﻟﺪﻥ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﻋ ْﻨ ِﺪ ِﻩ ( ﻭ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻟَ ُﺪ ْﻧﻪُ (‪،‬‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﺟ ْﺌ ُ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ُﻣﻼَﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺛ ﱠﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻗَﺒَ ِ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ) ﺁﺗَ ْﻴﻨَﺎﻩُ َﺭﺣْ َﻤﺔً ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﻋ ْﻨ ِﺪﻧَﺎ ﻭ َﻋﻠّ ْﻤﻨَﺎﻩُ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻟَ ُﺪﻧﱠﺎ ِﻋ ْﻠﻤﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺠ ّﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑِ ْ‬
‫ﻤﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻗَﻴْﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺘﻬﻢ ﻗﺮﺉ‪ ) :‬ﻣﻦ ﻟَﺪ ْﻧ ِﻪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺏ ﺳُﻮ ُﺩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺬ َﻭﺍﺋِ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫) ﻟَ ُﺪ ْﻥ َﺷﺐﱠ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ َﺷ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ) ُﻏ ْﺪ َﻭ ِﺓ ( ﻓﻨﻨﺼﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺇﻻ ﻓَﻀْ ﻠَﺔً ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ) ﺍﻟ ﱠﺴﻔَ ُﺮ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﻋ ْﻨ ِﺪ ﺍﻟﺒَﺼْ َﺮ ِﺓ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) َﻣ َﻊ (‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ‪ُ ،‬ﻣﻌ َْﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ َﻏ ْﻨﻢ ﻓَﺘُﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳ ٌﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻰ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻜ ُﻢ َﻭﻫ ََﻮﺃﻱ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﻜ ُﻢ ‪( ...‬‬
‫) ﻓَ ِﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﺯ ﻛﺴ ُﺮﻫَﺎ ﻭﻓﺘ ُﺤﻬَﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣ ِﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ً ﻓﺘﻨﺼﺐ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔَ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺟﺎ ُءﻭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎ ً(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﻏﻴ ُﺮ (‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ) ﻟﻴﺲ ( ﻭ ُﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ َﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮﻫَﺎ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﺯ َﺣ ْﺬﻓﻪ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ً ﻓﻴﻀ ﱡﻢ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺖ َﻋ ْﺸ َﺮﺓً َ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﻗَﺒَﻀْ ُ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﻗَ ْﺒ ُﻞ ( ﻭ ) ﺑَ ْﻌ ُﺪ (‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺻ َُﻮ ٍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ( ﻭ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ ْﺒﻠِﻪ ( ﻭ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ُﺼﺮﱠﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ِﺟ ْﺌﺘُﻚَ ﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪ ﱡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ِْﺮ ( ﻭ ) َ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳ َ‬
‫) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ِﺪﻩ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳُ ْﻨ َﻮﻯ ﺛُ ُ‬
‫ﺒﻮﺕ ﻟﻔﻈ ِﻪ ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏُ ﻭﺗَﺮْ ُ‬
‫ﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤْ َﺬﻑَ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫) َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَﺒ ِْﻞ ﻧَﺎﺩَﻯ ﻛﻞﱡ َﻣﻮْ ﻟَﻰ ﻗَ َﺮﺍﺑَ ٍﺔ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚَ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗُ ِﺮﺉ‪ :‬ہﻠﻟِ ﺍﻷ ْﻣ ُﺮ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَﺒ ِْﻞ َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ِﺪ ( ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ َﻐﻠَ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤْ َﺬﻑَ ﻭﻻ ﻳُ ْﻨ َﻮﻯ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ؛ ﻟﺰﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳُ َﻌﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَﺒ ٍْﻞ َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ٍﺪ ( ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ّﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﺃَ ﱠﻭ ُﻝ ( ﻭ ) ﺩُﻭﻥَ ( ﻭﺃﺳﻤﺎ ُء ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻬـ ) ﻳَ ِﻤﻴﻦ ( ﻭ ) ِﺷ َﻤﺎﻝ ( ﻭ ) َﻭ َﺭﺍء ( ﻭ ) ﺃَ َﻣﺎﻡ ( ﻭ ) ﻓَﻮْ ﻕ ( ﻭ ) ﺗﺤﺖ ( ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪َ ) :‬ﺟﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻮ ُﻡ َﻭﺃَ ُﺧﻮﻙَ ﺧَ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﻒ ( ﺃﻭ ) ﺃﻣﺎ ُﻡ ( ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃ َﻣﺎﻣﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺐ ( ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴ ُ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) َﺣ ْ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺎﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻛ ٍ‬
‫ﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ﺑﺮﺟ ٍُﻞ َﺣ ْﺴﺒِﻚَ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺭﺟ ٍُﻞ ( ﺃﻱ ‪:‬ﻛ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﻑ ﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻧَﻌْﺘﺎ ً ﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) َﻣ َﺮﺭْ ُ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺣﺎﻻً ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ) :‬ﻫ َﺬﺍ ﻋﺒ ُﺪ ﷲ َﺣ ْﺴﺒَﻚَ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺭﺟ ٍُﻞ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﺣ ْﺴﺒُﻬُ ْﻢ َﺟﻬَﻨﱠ ُﻢ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ َﺣ ْﺴﺒَﻚَ ﷲُ ( ‪ ) ،‬ﺑِ َﺤ ْﺴﺒِﻚَ ِﺩﺭْ ﻫَ ٌﻢ (‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻀ ٍ‬‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤْ َﺬﻑ ﻣﺎ ُﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ َﺟﺎ َء َﺭﺑﱡﻚَ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑَ ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐُ ﺃﻥ ﻳَ ْﺨﻠُﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫‪ -۱‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ ْﻣ ُﺮ َﺭﺑﱢﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﺍﺳْﺄ َ ِﻝ ْﺍﻟﻘَﺮْ ﻳَ ِﺔ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﺃ ْﻫ َﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑَ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻷﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
 ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﺎﺭﺓً ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﱡﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ َﻭﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀ ﱢﻢ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻟَﻴ َ‬
‫ْﺲ َﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ (‬
‫ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ‪ِ ) :‬ﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ ْﺒ ُﻞ َﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ُﺪ ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣ ّﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿ َﺮ ْﺑﻨَﺎ ﻟَﻪُ ﺍﻷ ْﻣﺜﺎ َ َﻝ ( ‪) ،‬ﺃَﻳﱠﺎﻣﺎ ً‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﻳ َُﺮ ﱡﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻨﻪُ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ):‬ﻭ ُﻛﻼﱠ َ‬
‫ﺗَ ْﺪ ُﻋﻮﺍ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻙ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷَﺮْ ﻁُ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳُ ْﻌﻄَﻒَ‬ ‫‪ -۳‬ﻭﺗﺎﺭﺓً ﻳَ ْﺒﻘَﻰ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑُﻪ َﻭﻳُ ْﺘ َﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ‪ُ ) :‬ﺧ ْﺬ ُﺭ ْﺑ َﻊ َﻭﻧِﺼْ ﻒَ َﻣﺎ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳ ٌﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺬﻭﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇ ّﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺼ َﻞ (‪.‬‬
‫َﺣ َ‬

‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪َ :‬ﺯ َﻋ َﻢ ﻛﺜﻴ ٌﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻻ ﻳُ ْﻔ َ‬

‫ﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺎﻳﻔﻴﻦ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤ ﱡ‬
‫ﺳ ْﺒ ٌﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥّ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ َﻣﺼْ ﺪَﺭﺍً ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠَﻪُ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺮ‬
‫)ﻗَ ْﺘ ُﻞ ﺃَﻭْ ﻻَ َﺩﻫُﻢ ُﺷ َﺮ َﻛﺎﺋِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻕ ْﺍﻟﺒُﻐ َ‬
‫َﺎﺙ ﺍﻷَ َﺟﺎ ِﺩ ِﻝ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫) ﻓَ ُﺴ ْﻘﻨَﺎﻫُ ُﻢ َﺳﻮْ َ‬
‫ﻙ ﻳَﻮْ ﻣﺎ ً ﻧَ ْﻔ ِﺴﻚَ ﻭﻫ ََﻮﺍﻫَﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﻅَﺮْ ﻓُﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ‪ ) :‬ﺗَﺮْ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ َﻭﺻْ ﻔﺎ ً ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻ ُﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟُﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻘﺮﺍءﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ) ﻓَﻼَ ﺗَﺤْ َﺴﺒَ ﱠﻦ ﷲَ ُﻣ ْﺨﻠِﻒَ َﻭ ْﻋ َﺪﻩُ ُﺭ ُﺳﻠِ ِﻪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻔﺎﺻ ُﻞ ﻗَ َﺴﻤﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ ) ﻫ َﺬﺍ ُﻏﻼَ ُﻡ َﻭﷲِ َﺯ ْﻳ ٍﺪ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟ ِ‬

‫ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻨﺒﻰ ‪ :‬ﻭﻧﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ‬
‫ﻅَﺮْ ﻓﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫َﻛ َﻤﺎ ُﺧﻂﱠ ﺍﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎﺏُ ﺑِﻜَﻒﱢ ﻳَﻮْ ﻣﺎ ً ‪ ...‬ﻳَﻬ ُِﻮﺩﻯﱟ ﻳُﻘَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺭﺏُ ﺃﻭْ ﻳ ُِﺰﻳ ُﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ‬
‫) َﻭﻻَ َﻋ ِﺪ ْﻣﻨَﺎ ﻗَﻬ َْﺮ َﻭﺟْ ٌﺪ َ‬
‫ﺻﺐﱢ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ ﺑِﻨَ ْﻌ ٍ‬
‫ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺢ ﻁَﺎﻟِ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫) ِﻣﻦَ ﺍﺑ ِْﻦ ﺃﺑِﻰ َﺷﻴ ِ‬
‫ْﺦ ﺍﻷﺑَﺎ ِﻁ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ُﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﺍء ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻕ ﺑِﺎﻟﱢ َ‬
‫ﻠﺠ ِﺎﻡ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫َﻛﺄ َ ﱠﻥ ﺑِﺮْ َﺫﻭْ ﻥَ ﺃَﺑَﺎ ِﻋ َ‬
‫ﺼ ِﺎﻡ ‪ ...‬ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ِﺣ َﻤﺎ ٌﺭ ُﺩ ﱠ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪:‬ﻛ ﱠ‬
‫ﺄﻥ ﺑﺮﺫﻭﻥ ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺎ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻴﺎء‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻛ ْﺴ ُﺮ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ‪ :‬ﻛ ُﻐﻼَ ِﻣﻰ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺎء ﻭﺇﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﻴﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮ ُﺭﻛـــﻔَﺘًﻰ ﻭﻗَ ًﺬﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﺹُ ﻛ َﺮ ٍﺍﻡ ﻭﻗَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﻨﱠﻰ ﻛﺎ ْﺑﻨَﻴ ِْﻦ ﻭ ُﻏﻼَ َﻣ ْﻴ ِﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻭﺟﻤ ُﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺰَ ْﻳ ِﺪﻳﻦَ َﻭ ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِﻤﻴَﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎء ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ .‬ﻭﻧَﺪ ََﺭ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬُﺎ َ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻧﺎﻓِﻊ ) َﻭ َﻣﺤْ ﻴَﺄﻱ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻯ ‪َ ،‬ﻭﺗَ ْﻘﻠَﺐُ‬
‫ﻰ ﻭ َﺯ ْﻳ ِﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍ ْﺑﻨَ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗُ ْﺪ َﻏ ُﻢ ﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺎء ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻘَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺿ ﱠ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﺎء ﺛﻢ ﺗَ ْﺪ َﻏ ُﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫**********‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺏ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﻤـــﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪَﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ َﻋﻠَﻤﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﻓَ َﺠ ِ‬

‫ﺎﺭ ( ﻭ) َﺣ َﻤﺎ ِﺩ( ﻟﻠﻔَﺠ ّﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟَﻤﺤْ ِﻤﺪﺓَ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ْﺳ ُﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ُﻣﺠ ّﺮﺩ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ‪ِ :‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﻭ ًء ﺑﻤﻴﻢ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔَﺎﻋَﻠﺔ ﻛـ) َﻣﻀْ َﺮﺏ ( ﻭ) َﻣ ْﻘﺘَﻞ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍً ﻓ ْﻌﻠُﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔَ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺰﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ َﺣﺪَﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻛـ ) ُﻏﺴ ٍْﻞ ( ﻭ) ُﻭﺿُﻮ ٍء ( ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ ) ﺍ ْﻏﺘَ َﺴﻞ ُﻏ ْﺴﻼً (‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﺗَ َﻮﺿّﺄ َ ُﻭﺿُﻮ ًء (‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻚ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﺃَ ْﻣ ِ‬
‫ﺲ(‬ ‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ‬
‫ﺿﺮْ ﺑِ َ‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﻌ َﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪ ُﺭ َﻋ َﻤ َﻞ ﻓِ ْﻌﻠِ ِﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺤﻞﱡ ﻣﺤﻠّﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇ ّﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ) ْ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ( ﻛـ) ﻋ َِﺠ ْﺒ ُ‬
‫ﺿ َﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗَﻀْ ﺮﺑِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ّﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ) ﻣﺎ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪ :‬ﻳُﻌ ِ‬
‫ْﺠﺒُﻨِﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺮْ ﺑُﻚَ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﻏَﺪﺍً ( ﺃﻱ ‪ْ :‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ َ‬ ‫ﻭ) ﻳُﻌْﺠﺒُﻨﻲ َ‬
‫ﻮﻥ ) ﺯﻳﺪﺍً (‬ ‫ﺿﺮْ ﺑﺎ ً ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ( ﻛ ُ‬ ‫ﺿﺮْ ﺑُﻚَ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﺍﻵﻥَ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﺮﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬‬
‫ﺿ َﺮﺑ ُ‬
‫ْﺖ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﺱ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭ ُﻣﻨَ ﱢﻮﻧﺎ ً ﺃ ْﻗﻴَﺲُ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃﻭْ ْ‬

‫ﺇﻁ َﻌﺎ ٌﻡ ﻓِﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً ﺃﻛﺜ ُﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﻟَﻮْ ﻻَ َﺩ ْﻓ ُﻊ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤ ُﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻳَﻮْ ٍﻡ ِﺫﻱ َﻣ ْﺴ َﻐﺒَ ٍﺔ ﻳَﺘِﻴﻤﺎ ً ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﻝ ﻗﻠﻴ ٌﻞ‬
‫ﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﱢ َﻜﺎﻳَ ِﺔ ﺃَ ْﻋﺪَﺍ َءﻩُ ‪.( ...‬‬
‫ﺿ ِﻌ ُ‬
‫) َ‬

‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼــــﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳ ُﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ َﻋﻠَﻤﺎ ً ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ِﻣﻴ ِﻤﻴًّﺎ ﻓﻜﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ً ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺼﺎَﺑ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺭ ُﺟﻼً ‪( ...‬‬ ‫) ﺃَﻅَﻠُﻮ ُﻡ ﱠ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ َﻏﻴ َْﺮﻫُﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻟُ ْﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫) َﻭﺑَ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻋﻄَﺎﺋِﻚَ ﺍﻟ ِﻤﺎﺋﺔَ ﺍﻟﺮﱢ ﺗَﺎﻋَﺎ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﻳَ ْﻜﺜﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺼْ َﺪ ُﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪُ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭﻟَﻮْ ﻻَ َﺩ ْﻓ ُﻊ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﱠ َ‬
‫ﺎﺱ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻞﱡ َﻋ ْﻜﺴُﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻳﻖ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﺎﺭ ِ‬ ‫ﻉ ْﺍﻟﻘَ َﻮﺍﻗِــ ِ‬
‫ﻴﺰ ﺃَ ْﻓ َﻮﺍﻩُ ﺍﻷَﺑَ ِ‬ ‫) ﻗَﺮْ ُ‬
‫ﺖ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺍ ْﺳﺘَﻄَﺎ َﻉ ﺇﻟَ ْﻴ ِﻪ َﺳﺒِﻴﻼً ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻳﺨﺘﺺﱡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ُﺭ ﱠﺩ ﺑﻮﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ‪َ ) :‬ﻭ َﺣ ﱠﺞ ﺍﻟﺒَ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳَ ُﺤ ﱠﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖَ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴ ُﻊ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺏ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋــﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻠَﺔً ﻟـ) ﺃﻝ ( َﻋ ِﻤ َﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ً‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻁﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻧُﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ُﺣ ﱠﺠﺔَ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ) ﺑَﺎ ِﺳﻂٌ ِﺫ َﺭﺍ َﻋ ْﻴ ِﻪ (؛‬
‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ‪ :‬ﻳَ ْﺒﺴُﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ) َﻭﻧُﻘَﻠﱢﺒُﻬُ ْﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﻞ َﻭﻗَﻠّ ْﺒﻨَﺎﻫُ ْﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎﺭﺏٌ َﺯ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﺍً (‬
‫ﺃﺿ ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻧَ ْﻔ ٍﻰ ﺃﻭ ُﻣ ْﺨﺒَ ٍﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ َﻣﻮْ ﺻ ٍ‬
‫ُﻮﻑ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪َ ) :‬‬
‫ﺿﺎِﺭﺏٌ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﺍً (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ) ﻣﺎ َ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ :‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ( ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﻓَﻌﱠﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻓَﻌُﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻓَ ِﻌ ٍ‬

‫ﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻓَ ِﻌ ٍﻞ‬ ‫ﺗُ َﺤ ﱠﻮﻝ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ) ٍ‬
‫ﺑِﻘِﻠّ ٍﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﻤﻞ َﻋ َﻤﻠَﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺃَﺧَ ﺎ ﺍَﻟﺤْ ﺮْ ِ‬
‫ﺏ ﻟَﺒﱠﺎﺳﺎ ً ﺇﻟَ ْﻴﻬَﺎ ِﺟﻼَﻟَﻬَﺎ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻕ ِﺳ َﻤﺎﻧِﻬَﺎ ‪( ...‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮُﻭﺏٌ ﺑِﻨَﺼْ ِﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺴﻴ ِ‬
‫ْﻒ ﺳُﻮ َ‬ ‫) َ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻜﻰ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﺑﻪ ) ﺇﻧﱠﻪُ ﻟﻤ ْﻨ َﺤﺎ َ ٌﺭ ﺑَ َﻮﺍﺋِ َﻜﻬَﺎ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺾ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺉ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳ ُْﺨﻔَ َ‬

‫ﺼ ِ‬‫* ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔَﻀْ ﻠَ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳَ ْﺘﻠُﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒَ ﺍﻟ َﻌﺎ ِﻣ َﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳُ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﺎﺕ ﺿُﺮﱢ ِﻩ ( ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻬﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ّﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻧَﺼْ ﺒُﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﷲَ ﺑَﺎﻟِ ُﻎ ﺃَ ْﻣ ِﺮ ِﻩ ( ﻭ) ﻫَﻞْ ﻫُ ﱠﻦ ﻛ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺷﻔَ ُ‬
‫ﺽ ﺧَ ﻠﻴِﻔَﺔً (‪.‬‬
‫) ﺧَ ﻠﻴِﻔَﺔً ( ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ ) :‬ﺇﻧﱢﻲ َﺟﺎ ِﻋ ٌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭْ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺭﺏُ ﺯَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ َﻭ َﻋ ْﻤ ٍﺮﻭ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿ ِ‬‫ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺟْ ﻪُ ﺟ ّﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻝ ‪ ) :‬ﻫ َﺬﺍ َ‬‫* ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃُ ْﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠ ّﺮﻭﺭ َ‬
‫ﻒ ﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺑﺈﺿﻤﺎﺭ َﻭﺻْ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺼﺐ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ( ﻓﻲ ) َﻭ َﺟﺎ ِﻋ ِﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻴ ِْﻞ َﺳ َﻜﻨَﺎ ً‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻒ َ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻْ ُ‬
‫* َﻭﻳَﺘَ َﻌﻴ ُﱠﻦ ﺇﺿﻤﺎ ُﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ َ‬
‫ﺲ ( ﺑﺈﺿﻤﺎﺭ َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ ﻻ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻥ ﻗُﺪﱢﺭ ) ﺟﺎﻋﻞ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫َﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺸ ْﻤ َ‬

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 ‫ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪) :‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻛـ)ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻞ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﺎﻍ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺿﺎﺭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺎ ِﻣ ِﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻳﺔً ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻪ ﻭﺳﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) ﻁَﺎ ِﻫ ِﺮ ﺍﻟﻘَ ْﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ( ﻭ) َ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣ َﺠ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒَ ْ‬
‫ﻄ ِﻦ( ﻭ) ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﻘﻴِﻢ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺮﺃﻱ ( ﻭ) ُﻣ ْﻌﺘَ ِﺪ ِﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ َﻣﺔ ( ‪َ ،‬ﻭ َﻏﻴ َْﺮ ﻣ ُﺠﺎَﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐُ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳ ُﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﻻ ﻣ ُﺠﺎَﺭﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺿ ْﺨﻢ ( ﻭ) َﻣﻶﻥ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) َﺣ َﺴﻦ ( ﻭ) َﺟ ِﻤﻴﻞ ( ﻭ) َ‬
‫ﺻ ﱠﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐُ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ‪ ) :‬ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ﺃﻧَﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳَﺘَﻘَ ﱠﺪ ُﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛَ ﱠﻢ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ّ :‬‬
‫ﺎﺭﺑُﻪ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻨﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ ﺃﺑُﻮﻩُ َﺣ َﺴ ٌﻦ َﻭﺟْ ﻬُﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺿ ِ‬‫َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻬﺎ َﺳﺒَﺒِﻴﱠﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺼﻼ ﺑﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ً ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺯﻳ ٌﺪ‬
‫َﺣ َﺴ ٌﻦ َﻭﺟْ ﻬُﻪ ( ﻭﺇﻣﺎ َﻣ ْﻌﻨًﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َﺣ َﺴ ُﻦ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟْ ﻪُ ( ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫**********‬
 ‫ﺑـــﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﱠــ َﻌــ ﱡﺠــ ِ‬
‫ﺐ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ } :‬ﻛـﻒَ ﺗَﻜْﻔُﺮُﻭﻥَ ﺑِﺎہﻠﻟِ َﻭ ُﻛ ْﻨﺘُ ْﻢ ﺃَ ْﻣ َﻮﺍﺗﺎ ً ﻓَﺄَﺣْ ﻴَﺎ ُﻛ ْﻢ {‪،‬‬
‫ﺎﺭﺳﺎ ً ! ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟُ ْ‬
‫ﻤﺆ ِﻣﻦَ ﻻَ ﻳَ ْﻨﺠﺲُ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟِ ﺩَﺭﱡ ﻩُ ﻓَ ِ‬ ‫ﻭ) ُﺳ ْﺒ َﺤﺎﻥَ ﷲِ ﱠ‬

‫ْ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟ ُﻤﺒَ ﱠﻮﺏُ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌـــﻠَــﻪُ ( ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦَ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍ !‬
‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ) ﻣﺎ ( ﻓﺄﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻓﻲ ) ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦَ ( ﺿﻤﻴﺮﺍً ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠ ّﺮﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ) ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌ َﻞ ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ َ -۱‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻓﻘَ َﺮﻧِﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺏ َﻋ ْﻤﺮﺍً (‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺏ ﻣﻦ ) ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ َ‬
‫ﺿ َﺮ َ‬ ‫َﺭﺣْ َﻤ ِﺔ ﷲِ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ( ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ َ‬
‫ﺿ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ُﻜﻮﻓﻴﻴﻦ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳ ٌﻢ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃُ َﺣ ْﺴﻴِﻨَﻪُ ( ﻓﻔﺘﺤﺘﻪُ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏٌ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ) ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ‬
‫ِﻋ ْﻨﺪَﻙَ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻧَﺼْ ﺒَﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦ ( ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻒ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ﻻ ﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ) ﻣﺎ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﺯَ ْﻳ ٌﺪ ( ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ُﻣ َﺸﺒ ﱠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫َﻭﺻْ ٌ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ) :‬ﺃ ْﻓ ِﻌ ْﻞ ﺑﻪ ( ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﺃﺣْ ِﺴ ْﻦ ﺑِ َﺰﻳْﺪ !‬

‫ﻭﺃﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺃ ْﻓ ِﻌﻞْ ( ﺛﻢ‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ‪ :‬ﻟَ ْﻔﻈُﻪ ﻟﻔﻆُ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺨﺸﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﻛ ْﻴ َﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﺮﻭﻑ ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻈُﻪُ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ِﻣ ْﺜ ِﻞ )ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻨَﻪُ ( ﺇﻥ َﺩ ﱠﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪: :‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﻮﺯ َﺣ ْﺬ ُ‬
‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌ ﱠﺠ ِ‬
 ‫َﻒ َﻭﺃَ ْﻛ َﺮ َﻣﺎ ‪( ...‬‬
‫) َﺭﺑِﻴ َﻌﺔَ ﺧَ ﻴْﺮﺍً َﻣﺎ ﺃَﻋ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺜ ُﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺬﻭﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺃَ ْﺳ ِﻤ ْﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻰ ) ﺃ ْﻓ ِﻌﻞْ ﺑِ ِﻪ ( ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃ ْﻓ ِﻌﻞْ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧَ َﺮ ﻣﺬ ُﻛ ٍ‬
‫ﺑِ ِﻬ ْﻢ َﻭﺃَﺑ ِ‬
‫ْﺼﺮْ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻟُﻪ‪- : :‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻳَ ْﺴﺘَ ْﻐ ِﻦ ﻳَﻮْ ﻣﺎ ً ﻓَﺄَﺟْ ِﺪ ِﺭ ‪. ( ...‬‬
‫)ﺣ َﻤﻴِﺪﺍً َﻭ ْ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ ) :‬ﺑﻪ ( ﻓَ َﺸﺎ ﱞﺫ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﺭﻙَ ﻭ َﻋ َﺴﻰ ﻭﻟَﻴ َ‬

‫ْﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ ؛ ﻓﺎﻷﻭﻝ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗَﺒَ َ‬ ‫ﺼﺮﱡ ِ‬‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ُﻛﻞﱞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻨﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻀ ﱡﻤﻨُﻬُﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ :‬ﻫَﺐْ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍ ْﻋﺘَﻘِ ْﺪ َﻭﺗَ َﻌﻠّ ْﻢ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍ ّﻋﻠَ ْﻢ ‪َ .‬ﻭ ِﻋﻠّﺔُ ﺟﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺗَ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺤ ﱡ‬
‫ﻖ ﺍﻟ َﻮﺿْ َﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻨﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻘ ﱠﺪ َﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟُﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳُ ْﻔ َ‬
‫ﺼ ِﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ ﻅﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﺠ ّﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً‬
‫ﺃَﺣْ َﺴﻦَ ! (‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ) ﺑِﺰَ ْﻳ ٍﺪ ﺃَﺣْ ِﺴ ْﻦ !( ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﻥ ) ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ( ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﺴﻦَ ﻳَﺎ َﻋ ْﺒ َﺪ‬
‫ﷲِ ﺯَ ﻳْﺪﺍً ( ﻭﻻ ) ﺃَﺣْ ِﺴ ْﻦ ﻟَﻮْ ﻻَ ﺑ ُْﺨﻠُﻪ ﺑِﺰَ ﻳْﺪ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔَﺼْ ﻞ ﺑﻈﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠ ّﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﱢﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴ ُﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍ ُﺯ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃَﺣْ َﺴﻦَ‬
‫ﺏ !( ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪- :‬‬‫ﻕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻗﺒَ َﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ْﻜ ِﺬ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ ﱠﺮﺟ ُِﻞ ْ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳَﺼْ ُﺪ َ‬
‫ﺖ ﺑِﺄ َ ْﻥ ﺃَﺗَ َﺤ ﱠﻮﻻَ ‪.( ...‬‬
‫) َﻭﺃَﺣْ ِﺮ ﺇ َﺫﺍ َﺣﺎﻟَ ْ‬

‫ﻓـــــﺼـــــﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍﻥ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻰ‬
‫ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ) َﻣﺎ ﺃﺟْ ﻠَﻔَﻪ ( ﻭﻻ ) َﻣﺎ ﺃﺣْ َﻤ َﺮﻩ (‬ ‫ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ْﺍﻟ ِﺠ ْﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﻼ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ‬
‫َﻭ َﺷ ّﺬ ) َﻣﺎ ْﺃﺫ َﺭ َﻉ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺮْ ﺃَﺓَ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ )ﺩﺣﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﻧِ ْﻌ َﻢ ﻭﺑِ ْﺌ َ‬
‫ﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺿُﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﻓَﻨِ َﻰ ﻭ َﻣﺎﺕَ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ َﺮﻩُ ( ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺏ ( ‪َ ،‬ﻭ َﺷ ﱠﺬ ) َﻣﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺃﺧ َ‬ ‫ُﺮ َ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻨﻴ ﱠﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﺿ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺎ َﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻥَ ﻭﻅَ ﱠﻞ ﻭﺑَﺎﺕَ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎ ًّﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑُ ْﻴﻨَﻴَ ِ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣ ْﺜﺒَﺘَﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳُ ْﺒﻨَﻴَ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ َﻣ ْﻨﻔﻰ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﻋَﺎ َﺝ ﺑﺎﻟ ﱠﺪ َﻭﺍ ِء (‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ) َﻣﺎ ﻗَﺎ َﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳ ُﻢ ﻓﺎ ِﻋﻠِ ِﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌ ِﻞ ﻓَ ْﻌﻼَ َء ﻓﻼ ﻳﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻋ ِ‬
‫َﺮ َﺝ ﻭ َﺷ ِﻬ َﻞ ﻭﺧَ ِ‬
‫ﻀ َﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻓـــﺼــﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻔُﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ْﻓ َﻌ ِﻞ ﻓَ ْﻌﻼَ َء ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻ ﱠﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻣﻤﺎ َﻭ ْ‬
‫َﻭﻳُﺘ ََﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑـ) ﻣﺎ ﺃ َﺷ ﱠﺪ ( ﻭﻧﺤﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺃﻭﺑـ ) ﺃ ْﺷ ِﺪ ْﺩ ( ﻭﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻭﻳُﺠ ّﺮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎء‬
‫ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻝ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃ َﺷ ﱠﺪ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺃ ْﻋﻈَ َﻢ ‪َ -‬ﺩﺣْ َﺮ َﺟﺘَﻪُ ﺃﻭ ﺍ ْﻧ ِﻄﻼَﻗَﻪُ ﺃﻭْ ُﺣ ْﻤ َﺮﺗَﻪُ ( ﻭ) ﺃ ْﺷ ِﺪ ْﺩ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺃ ْﻋ ِﻈ ْﻢ ‪ -‬ﺑِﻬَﺎ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ُﻣﺆَ ﱠﻭﻻً ﻻ ﺻﺮﻳﺤﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻛﺜَ َﺮ ْ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻻَ‬
‫ﺏ (‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﺃ ْﺷ ِﺪ ْﺩ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳَﻘُﻮ َﻡ ( ﻭ) ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻋﻈَ َﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺿ ِ‬
‫ُﺮ َ‬

‫ﻭﺃ ّﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﻮ ُﻝ ‪َ ) :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃ َﺷ ﱠﺪ ﻛﻮْ ﻧَﻪُ‬
‫َﺟ ِﻤﻴﻼً ( ﺃﻭ ) ﻣﺎ ﺃ ْﻛﺜَ َﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥَ ُﻣﺤْ ﺴﻨﺎ ً ( ‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﺃ ْﺷ ِﺪ ْﺩ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺃ ْﻛﺜِﺮْ – ﺑﺬﻟﻚ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃ ّﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎ ِﻣ ُﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ‪ :‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫***********‬

‫ﺗــ ّﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺑﺤﻮﻝ ﷲ ﻭﻋﻮﻧﻪ‪..‬‬