GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD

General Certificate of Education Examination

Physics 2
0780

JUNE 2XXX ADVANCED LEVEL

Subject Title Physics

Paper Number Paper 2
Paper Code 0780

MARKING GUIDE

[1].
a) Homogeneous means units of the terms on the RHS equals units of the terms on the LHS of the
equation.
b) units of 𝑉 = 𝑚3 𝑠 −1
• 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (𝑃) = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1 𝑠 −2
𝑚3 𝑠 −1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1 𝑠−1 𝑚
• 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚 𝑥 = = 𝑚4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1 𝑠 −2

[2].
i. 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = − 𝐸1 = 13.6 𝑒𝑉 .
ii. 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 13.6 𝑉 .
iii. 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑦𝑒 ⟹ 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 ( 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑛 = 2 )
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
∆𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 = ⟹ 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝜆 ∆𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐸3 − 𝐸2
−34 8
(6.62 x 10 )(3.0 x 10 )
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 6.5 x 10−7 𝑚.
(1.9)(1.6 x 10−19 )

iv. Line emission spectrum consist of separated bright lines on a dark background while
Line absorption spectrum consist of separated dark lines on a bright background

[3].
a) The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place in the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Δ𝑝
direction of the line of action of the force. 𝐹⃗ = .
Δ𝑡
b)
i. Δ𝑝 = 𝐹Δt = area under F/t 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ , 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒, 𝐴1 = (2.5 x 103 𝑁)(10 x 102 𝑠) = 250 𝑁 𝑠.
• 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑁 ≈ 33.5
• Δ𝑝 = 𝑁 𝐴1 = (33.5)(250 𝑁 𝑠) = 8.4 x 103 𝑁 𝑠 (𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 −1 ).
Δ𝑝 8.4 x 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 −1
ii.Δ𝑝 = 𝑚𝑢, 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑣 = 0, ⟹ 𝑢= =
𝑚 805 𝑘𝑔

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑢 = 10.4 𝑚 𝑠 −1

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[4].
a) Coulomb’s law states that the magnitude of the force between two charges is directly proportional
to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of separation
between them.
b) 𝑞 𝑞
• 𝐴𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹𝑒 ⟹ 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 = (9 x 109 ) 1 2
2
ℎ
9 −6 −6
( 9 x 10 ) ( 2 x 10 ) ( 5 x 10 )
9 ) 𝑞1 𝑞 2
• 𝑖. 𝑒. ℎ = (9 x 10
2
= −3
𝑚𝐴 𝑔 ( 4 x 10 ) ( 9.8 )

• 𝑖. 𝑒. ℎ2 = (2.296)
• 𝑖. 𝑒. ℎ = √2.296 = 1.5 𝑚

[5].
a)
• Direct talking not possible because sound cannot travel through a vacuum since they are
mechanical waves.
• Radios, telephones and special signs involves the use of radio waves and light waves which travels
through a vacuum since they are electromagnetic waves.
b)
• Sound waves from the outlets A and B overlap and produce interference patterns.
• Loud sound intensity corresponds to points of constructive interference, and
• Low sound intensity corresponds to points of destructive interference.

[ 6 – EITHER ].
a)
i. Resistivity is the resistance of a material of unit cross-sectional area per unit length of the
material.
ii. Measurement of resistivity of a copper wire
• Diagram • Processing
• Procedure • conclusion
• Observations • Precaution
b) i. The sources must be coherent (same frequency, same wavelength and constant phase difference)
𝜆𝐷 590 𝑥 10−9 𝑚 𝑥 0.8 𝑚
ii.𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = = = 0.24 𝑚𝑚
𝑦 0.2 𝑥 10−3 𝑚
c) i. KE varies from maximum to minimum (at closest approach) and back to maximum.
ii.Electric potential energy of the alpha particle, 𝑈𝛼 = 8.0 x 10−13 𝐽 .
1 𝑄𝛼 𝑄𝑛 (2𝑒)(𝑧𝑒) 2 𝑧 𝑒2
iii. 𝑈𝛼 = ( ) = ( 9 x 109 ) ⟹ 𝑑𝑜 = ( 9 x 109 )
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑈
2 (79)( 1.6 x 10−19 )2
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑑𝑜 = ( 9 x 109 ) = 4.6 x 10−14 𝑚
8.0 x 10−13

[ 6 – OR ].
iii.
i. specific heat capacity.
ii. Measurement of surface tension of water
• Diagram • Processing
• conclusion
• Precaution
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 • Procedure
• Observations
iv.
i. Statement of either Faraday’s law OR Lenz’s law.

𝒅𝑰 𝐸 6.8 𝑉
ii. 𝑬 = −𝑳 ⟹ 𝐿 = |𝑑𝐼 | = = 𝟖. 𝟓 𝑽 𝒔 𝑨−𝟏 ( 𝒐𝒓 𝑯 )
𝒅𝒕 ⁄ 0.8 𝐴 𝑠−1
𝑑𝑡

v.
i. As it enters at P, the ammeter deflects to one direction and as it leaves at Q, the ammeter
deflects to the opposite direction.
ii.
• The acceleration of the magnet will decrease ( 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔 < 𝑔 ) .

•This is because the induced current in the coil flows in a direction opposing the motion of the
magnet.
iii. The acceleration of the magnet will be equal to the acceleration due to gravity, g.

[7]. DATA ANALYSIS

𝜃−𝜃𝑅
a) 𝑙𝑛 (
𝛽
) = −𝛼𝜃 ⟹ 𝒍𝒏(𝜽 − 𝜽𝑹 ) = −𝜶𝜽 + 𝒍𝒏 𝜷 ≡ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝒍𝒏(𝜽 − 𝜽𝑹 ) 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜽 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (−𝜶)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝒍𝒏 𝜷.

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜽𝑹 = 𝟐𝟖 0 C ,

𝜽/ 0 C (𝜽 − 𝜽𝑹 )/ 0 C 𝒍𝒏(𝜽 − 𝜽𝑹 ) / 0 C
95 67 4.205
90 62 4.127
85 57 4.043
80 52 3.951
75 47 3.850
70 42 3.738
65 37 3.611
60 32 3.466
55 27 3.296

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b)
−1
( 41.5 − 34 ) 10 𝑐𝑚 0.75 0 −1
• 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑀 = 0 = 𝐶 = 2.31 x 10−2 0 𝐶 −1 .
( 90 − 57.5 ) 𝐶 32.5

• 𝑀 = −𝐾 ⟹ 𝐾 = −𝑀 = −2.31 x 10−2 0 𝐶 −1 .
• 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑌 = 𝑀𝑋 + 𝐶, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (57.5 , 3.4) ,
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛 𝐷 = 2.072
• 𝐷 = 𝑒 2.072 = 7.90 𝐶

c) No. 𝜃 = 250 𝐶 < 280 𝐶 is not possible since the temperature of the material can never
go below room temperature.
𝑶𝑹 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝜃 = 250 𝐶 < 280 𝐶 ⟹ (𝜃 − 𝜃𝑅 ) < 0 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛(𝜃 − 𝜃𝑅 ) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡.

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[8]. OPTION I – ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

a)
i. Functional energy source is an energy source available to the end user.
Examples include : firewood or electricity or petrol, etc.
ii.
• Heat obtained from burning of firewood, used in cooking, or
• Light obtained from lighting an electric bulb with electricity, used for vision, or
• Mechanical energy from the combustion of petrol, used for car motion, etc.

b)
i. Gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun on the ocean water.
ii. A Tidal Power Plant.
iii.
• 𝐴 = 100 𝑘𝑚2 = 108 𝑚2 , ℎ = 1.5 𝑚
• 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑇𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
1 1 1
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝜌 𝐴 𝑔 ℎ2 = 2 𝜌 𝐴 𝑔 ℎ2 = 2 (1000)( 108 )(9.8)(1.5)2 = 1.1 x 1011 𝐽 .

• 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑡 = 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 24 x 60 x 60 = 86400 𝑠

𝐸𝑖𝑛 1.1 x 1011 𝐽

• 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.3 x 107 𝑊
𝑡 86400 𝑠
iv. Any one disadvantage of a Tidal Barrage, such as
• Blockage of large mass of water can cause water to spill on land resulting to marshy
unhealthy environment, or
• It has a low efficiency, or
• Tidal dam can cause accident to ship coming into the shore controlled by captains unfamiliar
to the environment, etc.
c)
i. Some evidence of Global warming include:
• Gradual increase in sea level, or
• Gradual increase in the strength and frequency of natural disasters such as hurricanes,
tsunamis, etc or
• Gradual increased in the size of desert land, etc.
ii. Some solutions to Global warming include:
• Encouraging afforestation and re-afforestation, or
• Reduce the use of fossils by encouraging encourages the use of renewable energy sources, etc.
iii. Why Venus is hotter than Mercury :
• The atmospheric thermal blanket in Venus is thicker than that of Mercury.
• Thus global warming in Venus is more than in Mercury, since heat easily escape the surface of
Venus than that of Mercury.

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[9]. OPTION II – COMMUNICATION
a)
i. Communication is the transmission and reception of information over a distance
ii. Some methods of short distance communication include:
• Use of special signs or body language, or
• Use of audio frequency signals in direct talking between persons.
iii. Long distance communication involves the use of radios or telephones, etc.

b)
i. A= B= C= D=

ii. 𝒇𝑰𝑭 = 𝒇𝑳𝑶 − 𝒇𝑹𝑭 ⟹ 𝒇𝑹𝑭 = 𝒇𝑳𝑶 − 𝒇𝑰𝑭

1350 𝑘𝐻𝑧 − 76 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓𝑅𝐹 ≤ 1800 𝑘𝐻𝑧 − 76 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝑖. 𝑒. 1274 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓𝑅𝐹 ≤ 1724 𝑘𝐻𝑧

c)
i. The moon.
ii. Artificial satellites are launched for telecommunication purposes OR
weather monitoring.
iii.
• Advantage of satellite communication over Land based communication system:
− It has a large coverage area than Land based system.
− It has a larger bandwidth.
• Disadvantage of satellite communication over Land based communication system:
− SATCOM has a noticeable propagation delay between talks.
− It has a higher cost of installation.

[10]. OPTION III – ELECTRONICS

a)
i. Semiconductors are materials whose electrical conductivity is greater than those of insulators
but less than those of good conductors.
ii.
• Donor impurities are impurity atoms that supply extra electrons to a pure semiconductor
crystal. Example include phosphorus or nitrogen.
• acceptor impurities are impurity atoms that receive extra electrons to a pure semiconductor
crystal. Example include aluminium or boron.

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 b)
i. A possible connection to complete the full wave rectification circuit is as follows:
• Contact 2 to contact 3 ,
• Contact 4 to contact 7 ,
• Contact 8 to contact 6 ,
• Contact 5 to contact 1 .

ii. A bridge rectifier produces full wave rectification WHILE

a single diode rectifier produces half wave rectification.
c)
𝟎.𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝛀 𝟎.𝟗𝟐
i. 𝑽𝑳𝑫𝑹 = (( 𝟓+𝟎.𝟗𝟐 ) 𝒌𝛀) (𝟔 𝑽) = ( 𝟓.𝟗𝟐 ) (𝟔 𝑽) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 𝑽
ii.
• 𝑽𝑳𝑫𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 𝑽 < 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽 ⟹ 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤.
• Output to the NOT gate is high which closes the relay switch thus ringing the bell.
iii. The circuit can be used in security systems which rings an alarm bell when places gets dark
( such as to ring an alarm when intruders enters a compound at night and disconnect the
electricity supply )

[11]. OPTION IV – MEDICAL PHYSICS

a)
i. Both the ear and the eye sends impulses to the brain for interpretation.
ii. The ear is responsible for hearing WHILE the eye is responsible for vision.

iii.

iv. Function of either the outer ear or middle ear or inner ear.

2
(𝒁𝟏 −𝒁𝟐 )
b) 𝑎 = 2
(𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 )

i. Acoustic impedance of a medium = (density of medium) x (speed of sound through the medium).

(𝒁𝑻 − 𝒁𝑨 )2
ii. Between transducer and air, 𝑎1 =
(𝒁𝑻 + 𝒁𝑨 )2

( 30.8 × 106 − 429 )2

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎1 = = 1.00 ≡ 100 %
(30.8 × 106 + 429 )2

NB: ( 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅,
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅. 𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒏 ).

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 (𝒁𝑻 − 𝒁𝑮 )2
iii. Between transducer and gel, 𝑎2 =
(𝒁𝑻 + 𝒁𝑮 )2

( 30.8 × 106 − 1.50 × 106 )2

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎1 = = 0.823 ≡ 82.3 %
(30.8 × 106 + 1.50 × 106 )2
NB: ( 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 % 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅,
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕 % 𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅. 𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒏 ).
iv. Hence the gel is used to facilitate the transmission of ultrasound between transducer and the
patient`s body.

c)
i.
• MRI provides a detailed image of the soft body tissues, while
• CT – scan provides a detailed image of the hard body tissues.
• Superimposing the two images produces a detailed anatomy of the entire body.
ii. Any one of the following disadvantages :
• Very costly for the patient.
• Exposes the body to large quantity of ionizing radiations from CT-scan .

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