Day 8 & 9 of 45 Pea 2023 24

45 Days Long Virtual Internship on Oil & Gas Industrial Practices
Agenda: Understanding the Rig Components
DAY
8
Understanding the Rig Components
Power System Hoisting System
Rotary System
45 Days Long Circulation
Virtual
System
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial Well Control
Tubular Handling System
Practices
System,
2
Petroleum Engineers Association©
Derrick or Mast and Substructure
◊ DERRICK is a large load bearing structure, usually of bolted construction. The standard derrick has
four legs standing at the corners of the substructure.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
3
◊ MAST is a portable derrick that can be raised as unit. For transporting by land, the mast can be
divided into two or more section.
45 Days Long
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Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
4
◊ SUBSTRUCTURE is the foundation in which the derrick or mast and usually the Drawworks sit. It
contains space for storage and well control equipment.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
5
Prime Movers are a Source of Power
45 Days Long
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
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6
Power System – Prime Movers
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
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Hoisting System
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
8
Rotating System - Swivel
◊ The rotary tool that is hung from the hook of the traveling block to suspend the drillstring and permit
it to rotate freely.
◊ It also provides connection for the rotary hose and provide passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into
the drillstem.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
9
Rotating System - Kelly Spinner
◊ A pneumatically controlled device mounted below the Swivel that when actuated causes the Kelly to
spin.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
10
Rotating System - Kelly
◊ The heavy steel member, usually four or six-sided that is suspended from the Swivel through the Rotary
Table and connected to the topmost joint of drillpipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns.
◊ It has a bored passageway that permits fluid to be circulated into the drill stem and up the annulus or
vise versa.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
11
Rotating System – Rotary Table
◊ Equipment used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly.
◊ It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and opening into which bushings are
fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
12
Circulating System
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
13
Circulating System
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
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Circulating System – Solids Control System
45 Days Long
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
15
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment
◊ Tubular are made of the following equipment:
1. Drill Pipe
2. Drill Collar
3. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)

45 Days Long
Virtual
4. Kelly
Internship on
Oil & Gas
5. Subs
Industrial
Practices
16
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment
45 Days Long
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Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
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Tubulus handling at the Rig Floor
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
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18
Drill Bit
45 Days Long
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
19
Drilling Progress Chart
45 Days Long
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
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20
45 Days Long Virtual Internship on Oil & Gas Industrial Practices
Agenda: Drilling Fluids
DAY
9
Functions of Drilling Fluid
45 Days Long
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Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
22
While Drilling Through the Formations
45 Days Long
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
23
Prevent Formation Fluids Flowing into the Wellbore
 The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the mud column

must be high enough to prevent an influx of formation
fluids into the wellbore. However, the pressure in the
wellbore must not be too high or it may cause the
45 Days Long
formation to fracture and this will result in the loss of
Virtual expensive mud into the formation.
Internship on
Oil & Gas  The flow of mud into the formation whilst drilling is
Industrial
Practices
known as lost circulation. This is because a certain
proportion of the mud is not returning to surface but
flowing into the formation.
24
Prevent Formation Fluids Flowing into the Wellbore
 The pressure in the wellbore will be equal to:
P = ρ x g x h = 0.052 x MW x TVD
 Where,
45 Days Long P = hydrostatic pressure (psi)

Virtual
Internship on MW = density of the mud or mud weight (ppg)
Oil & Gas
Industrial TVD = true vertical depth of point of interest = vertical height of mud column (ft)
Practices
 To obtain the following Units of density multiply the Units in the first column by:
25
Cool and Lubricate the Bit
 The rock cutting process will, in particular with PDC bits, generate
a great deal of heat at the bit. Unless the bit is cooled, it will
overheat and quickly wear out.
 The circulation of the drilling fluid will cool the bit down and help
45 Days Long lubricate the cutting process.
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
26
Maintain Wellbore Stability
 Maintaining a stable wellbore is of primary
importance during drilling and production of oil and
gas wells.
 The shape and direction of the hole must be

controlled during drilling, and hole collapse and solid
45 Days Long
Virtual
particle influx must be prevented during production.
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
27
Maintain Wellbore Stability
45 Days Long
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Industrial
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28
Field Tests – Mud Density/Mud Weight
 The density of the drilling mud can be determined with the help of a mud balance, where the cup of the balance
is completely filled with a sample of the mud and the lid placed firmly on top (some mud should escape through
the hole in the lid).
 The balance arm is placed on the base and the rider adjusted until the arm is level. The density can be read
directly off the graduated scale at the left-hand side of the rider.
45 Days Long
Virtual  Mud densities are usually reported to the nearest 0.1 ppg (lbs per gallon). Other units in common use are lbs/ft3,
Internship on psi/ft, psi/1000ft, kg/l and specific gravity (S.G.).
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
29
Field Tests – Mud Density/Mud Weight
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wNEN6SOa7M
30
Field Tests – Viscosity (Marsh Funnel Viscometer)
 The Marsh Funnel is used to make a very quick test

of the viscosity of the drilling mud.
 However, this device only gives an indication of

changes in viscosity and cannot be used to quantify
45 Days Long the rheological properties of the mud.
Virtual
Internship on  The standard funnel is 12" long, has a 6" diameter at
Oil & Gas
the top and a 2" long, 3 /16" diameter tube at the
Industrial
Practices bottom. A mud sample is poured into the funnel and
the time taken for one quart (946 ml) to flow out
into a measuring cup is recorded.
 Fresh water at 75°F has a funnel viscosity of 26

sec/quart.
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Field Tests – Viscosity (Rotational viscometer)
 The multi-rate rotational viscometer is used to quantify the rheological properties of the drilling mud. The
assessment is made by shearing a sample of the mud, at a series of prescribed rates and measuring the shear stress
on the fluid at these different rates.
 The essential elements of the device are a plumb bob attached to a torsion spring and deflection gauge and a
cylinder which can be rotated at a range of rotary speeds.
45 Days Long
 The plumb bob is suspended inside the
Virtual
Internship on cylinder and the whole is immersed in a sample
Oil & Gas of the drilling mud. When the outer cylinder is
Industrial
Practices rotated the mud between the cylinder and
plumb bob is sheared.
 The deflection of the plumb bob is a measure

of the viscosity of the drilling fluid at that
particular shear rate.
32
API Filter Press
45 Days Long
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Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
33
API Filter Press
45 Days Long
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Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
34
HP API Filter Press
45 Days Long
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Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
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Common Additives used in WBM and OBM
1. Weighting Materials
2. Viscosifiers
3. Filtration Control Materials
45 Days Long 4. Rheology Control Materials

Virtual
Internship on
5. Alkalinity and pH Control Materials
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices 6. Lost Circulation Control Materials
7. Lubricating Materials
8. Shale Stabilizing Materials
36
Mud Tank
45 Days Long
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Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
37
Mud Pumps
 Positive displacement type pumps are used (reciprocating pistons) to deliver the high volumes and high
pressures required to circulate mud through the drillstring and up the annulus.
 The discharge line from the mud pumps is connected to the standpipe – a steel pipe mounted vertically
on one leg of the derrick. A flexible rubber hose (kelly hose) connects the top of the standpipe to the
swivel via the gooseneck.
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
38
Mud Circulation
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KovWXkppGOQ
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qqVLHOot2A
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRSIDDTSTR4
45 Days Long
Virtual
Internship on
Oil & Gas
Industrial
Practices
39

Day 8 & 9 of 45 Pea 2023 24

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45 Days Long Virtual Internship on Oil & Gas Industrial Practices

Agenda: Understanding the Rig Components

Power System Hoisting System

◊ Tubular are made of the following equipment:

3. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)

 The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the mud column

 The pressure in the wellbore will be equal to:

45 Days Long P = hydrostatic pressure (psi)

 The shape and direction of the hole must be

 The Marsh Funnel is used to make a very quick test

 However, this device only gives an indication of

 Fresh water at 75°F has a funnel viscosity of 26

 The deflection of the plumb bob is a measure

3. Filtration Control Materials

45 Days Long 4. Rheology Control Materials

8. Shale Stabilizing Materials

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