HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

OFFICE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS

CONVECTION

Department: Processes and Equipment

Class: CC15HC1
Nguyeãn Minh Thuøy – 1552369
11 May 2018
 OUTLINE

1. OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................. 3
2. CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE EXPERIMENT..............................3
2.1. Contents.....................................................................................................................3
2.2. Requirements.............................................................................................................3
2.3. Raw result..................................................................................................................4
3. THEORY......................................................................................................................... 4
3.1. Heat balance equation................................................................................................5
3.2. Overall heat transfer coefficient.................................................................................7
3.3. Convection coefficient (thermal transmittance coefficient) of cold stream in the pipe
(αN or αtr)...............................................................................................................................7
3.4. Thermal transmittance coefficient of condensed steam..............................................8
4. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT......................................................................................9
4.1. Equipment..................................................................................................................9
4.2. Method.....................................................................................................................10
5. EXPERIMENT RESULT.............................................................................................12
5.1. Calculation from raw result.....................................................................................12
5.2. Determine the physical properties...........................................................................12
5.3. Heat calulation, determine the heat loss..................................................................13
5.4. Heat tranfsfer coeficient calculation........................................................................14
6. CHART.......................................................................................................................... 15
7. DISCUSSION................................................................................................................ 17
8. APPENDIX....................................................................................................................22
9. REFERENCES..............................................................................................................24

2
1. OBJECTIVES
1) Help students reinforce their theoretical knowledge about convection.
2) Help students get used to the structure, operation principle of the equipment and
experimental method of convection.
3) Study the thermal transmittance coefficient of the fluid stream without phase changing
and the fluid stream with phase changing through condensation laminar flow regime in
two cases: natural convectional forced convection.
4) Compare the theoretical thermal transmittance and heat transfer coefficient with the
practical thermal transmittance and the heat transfer coefficient.
5) Establish the heat balance in the convection process.
2. CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE EXPERIMENT
2.1. Contents

In this experiment, some quantities need to be measured:

1) In and out temperature of the cold stream (water inside the pipe)
2) Temperature of the pipe outer wall (the wall where stream is condensed) at the
position where the cold stream flows in and out.
3) Temperature, volume of condensed water flowing out and time to measure that
volume.
4) Volume of water flowing in the vertical pipe and time to measure the volume.
5) Saturated vapor pressure condensed in the experimental chamber.
2.2. Requirements
1) Students must have a thorough understanding of the theory and understand the
structure operation principle of the equipment as well as the experimental method
before operating.
2) The experiment must be performed by at least 4 people to operate the equipment and
measure the required quantities.
3) If there is a reasons the experiment cannot be performed completely, at least the
1 1
experiment must be carried out with the position of the overflow plate at 0; ; 1 ;1 .
2 2
4) The experiment must be performed in a stable heat transferring condition.

3
2.3. Raw result

Table 1: Experiment result

No Parameters Overflow plate position (in)

1 1 3
0 /4 /2 /4 1 11/4 11/2
1 t1 (oC)
2 t2 (oC)
3 t3 (oC)
4 t4 (oC)
5 Temperature T3 (oF)
6 Temperature T2 (oF)
7 Pressure P3 (PSI)
8 Pressure P2 (PSI)
9 Amount of condensed
water (ml)
10 Time to measure the
condensed water amount
(s)
11 Condensed water
o
temperature t’C ( C)
12 Amount of water flowing
inside the tube (ml)
13 Time to measure the
amount of water flowing
inside the tube (s)

3. THEORY

The heat transfer between the saturated vapor condensed on the outer wall of the vertical pipe
and the cold water stream inside the pipe is a heat transfer which is specified by two
processes: convection in the case of phase changing (saturated vapor condensed on the wall
of the vertical pipe) and convection in the fluid stream without phase changing (the cold
water stream inside the pipe). The heat resistance of the pipe wall can be neglected.

The condensation of the stream in the experimental equipment is considered as the

condensation with laminar flow.

The cold water stream inside the vertical pipe (shortened as cold stream) is operated with two
regimes: natural moving and forced moving.

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The convection diagram is shown on picture 1

δv ,δC : the thickness of the pipe wall and the thickness of the
condensed water ,m.

dtr, dng: the pipe inner and outer diameter ,m.

Ftr, Fng: the inner and outer surface area of the vertical pipe
with height H.

ts, : saturated vapor temperature, oC.

tN: average temperature of water inside the pipe, oC.

tVtr, tVng : average temperature of the inner and outer pipe wall,
o
C.

αC = αng: thermal transmittance coefficient of the condensed

stream (outside fluid), W/m2K.
Picture 1: Convection
αN= αtr: thermal transmittance coefficient of the cold water (inside mechanism diagram
2
fluid), W/m K.

q: heat flux transferring through the wall, W/m2K.

3.1. Heat balance equation

The heat the cold stream receives:

Q1= GNCPN(t3 - t1), W (1)

The heat released when the stream condensed:

Q2= GC [r + CPC(tS – t C)], W (2)

In the case of stable heat transferring and without heat loss, we have the heat balance
equation:

Q=Q1=Q2= GNCPN(t3 - t1)= GC [r + CPC(tS – t C)], W (3)

Where:

GN , GC: Mass flow rate of the water stream inside the pipe and the condensed water
stream, kg/s.

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 t1 ,t3 : beginning and final temperature of the water stream inside the pipe, oC.

tS: temperature of saturated vapor condensed in the experimental pressure, oC.

t C: average temperature of the condensed water, oC.

t S−t ' C o
t C= , C. (4)
2

t’C: temperature of the condensed water flowing out (in reality, t’ C is the sub cool
temperature of the condensed water).

CPN: Heat capacity of the water flowing inside the pipe, determine the average
temperature of water, J/kg.K.

t 1+t 3 o
t N= , C. (5)
2

CPC: Heat capacity of the water condensed at temperature t C, J/kg.K.

r: condensation latent heat of the saturated vapor at the temperature tS, J/kg.

The heat balance can also be demonstrated with the convection equation in the stable
condition without heat loss:

Q’=Q’1+Q’2

Where:

Q’1 = qtrFtr = αtr(tVtr - t N )Ftr, W

Q’ 1
→ αtr = , W/m2K
(t Vtr −t N ) F tr
(6)

Q’2 = qngFng = αng(ts - t Vng)Fng, W

Q' 2
→ αng = , W/m2K (7)
(t s−t Vng ) F ng

Theoretically:

Q’1 = Q’2 = Q1 = Q2 = Q

6
From two formulas (6) and (7), it is possible to determine the practical thermal transmittance
coefficient of the cold stream inside the pipe (α tr) and the thermal transmittance coefficient of
the saturated vapor condensed on the outer wall of the pipe (αng).

In case the thermal resistance of the wall is negligible (copper pipe has high thermal
conductivity: λV = 1272 W/mK and the wall is thin), we have:

t 2 +t 4 o
t Vtr ≈ t Vng = , C (8)
2

t Vtr , t Vng: Average temperature at the inner and outer wall of the pipe, oC.

t2, t4: outer wall temperature at the inlet (lower) and outlet (upper) of the pipe, oC.

3.2. Overall heat transfer coefficient

Q
K= , W/m2K (9)
F tr ∆ t log

Q: heat calculated as in formula (1).

( t S−t 3 )−(t S −t1 )

∆ t log =
(t S −t 3 ) ,K (10)
ln
(t S −t 1 )

3.3. Convection coefficient (thermal transmittance coefficient) of cold stream in the

pipe (αN or αtr)

Thermal transmittance coefficient αN (or αtr) is determined basing on the kind of heat
transferring (natural convection or forced convection) and the flow regime of the fluid:
laminar flow, turbulent flow or transition. The fluid being natural or forced convection can be
Gr
distinguished basing on the ratio 2.5 .
ℜ

Forced convection Mixture of 2 Natural convection

convectional stream
Here:

w d tr 4 GN
ℜ= = (11)
ν π d tr ρν

With:

w: stream velocity, m/s.

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ν: fluid viscosity, m2/s.

ρ: fluid density, kg/m3.

a) Natural convection

Thermal transmittance coefficient αN (or αtr) in the natural convection case is determined from
Nusselt number (Nu):

{ [ ( ) ]}
0.75
GrPr d tr H 1
Nu= 1−exp −16 (12)
32 H d tr GrPr

Where:

α N d tr α tr d tr
Nu= = (12a)
λ λ
3
βg d tr ∆ t
Gr= 2
(12b)
γ

∆ t=t Vtr −t N

ν
Pr= (in the table)
a

t 1 +t 3 o
Physical properties of water are determined at the average temperature: t N = , C.
2

b) Forced convection

d tr
 In the laminar flow regime (Re < 2,300) with RePr > 10
H

( )( )
1/ 3 0.14
d tr μ
Nu=1.86 RePr (13)
H μ Vtr

t 1 +t 3 o
Physical properties are determined at the average temperature t N = , C. Only μVtr is
2
determined at the average temperature of the inner wall tVtr.

H
 In the transition (2,300 < Re < 10,000) with 0.7 < Pr < 120 and > 50
d
0.8 1 /3
Nu=0.023 ℜ Pr (14)

If the effect of the lifting force with the flow is neglected we can apply Mikhaev’s formula to
calculate Nu*:

8
 ¿
Nu
M= =f (ℜ)
( )
0.14
0.43 Pr (15)
Pr
Pr Vtr

The practical experimental value of M is in followed table 2.

Table 2

Re.10-3 2.2 2.3 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

M 2.2 3.6 4.9 7.5 10 12.2 16.5 20 24 27 30 33

3.4. Thermal transmittance coefficient of condensed steam

The thermal transmittance coefficient in the case of condensing pure saturated steam is
determined basing on the flow regime of the condensed liquid stream.

With all the cases of laminar flow of condensed compounds, the thermal transmittance
coefficient when pure steam is condensed on the pipe surface is determined with Nusselt
theoretical formula (establishing by calculus):

( )
2 3 0.25
g r s ρC λ C
α C =0.943 (16)
μC H ∆ t m

Here:

(
∆ t=t S . t Vng= t S −
t 2 +t 4
2
,K)
t S +t Vng o
Physical properties are determined at the average temperature: t m= , C. Only rS is
2
determined at the temperature tS for saturated steam.

Formula (16) can be converted into similar standard equation:

[ ]
0.25
αC H gH
3
νC rS
NuC = =0.943 . .
λC 2
νC λC C PC ( t S −t Vng )
ρC C PC m

0.25 0.25
¿ 0.943 ( GaC . Pr C . K ) m =0.943 ( K 0 )m (17)

Here:

rS
K= is the similar standard number of Kutatelagze.
C PC ( t S−t Vng )

9
In the case when condensed water laminar flow does not depend on the velocity (does not
depend on Re), the thermal transmittance coefficient of the condensed steam laminar flow
can be determined from Nu number by the following practical formula:

( ) ( )
0.25 0.25
¿ 0.28 μS 0.28 μS
NuC =0.42 ( Ga. Pr . K ) S =0.42 ( K 0 )S (18)
μVng μ Vng

Different from formula (16), in this formula, physical properties are determined at
temperature tS. Only PrVng is determined at the average temperature of the outer wall

t 2 +t 4 o
t Vng = , C.
2

4. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT

4.1. Equipment

In the equipment, the heat transfer process happens on the vertical copper pipe with the
measurements as followed:

Height: H = 60.96 cm = 0.61 m

Outer diameter: dng = 15.8 mm = 0.0158 m

Inner diameter: dtr = 13.8 mm = 0.0138 m

Pipe wall thickness: δ = 1 mm = 0.001 m

Thermal conductivity of the copper pipe: λV = 1272 W/mK

4.2. Method
a) Preparation
 Experiment apparatus and condition

1) Graduated cylinder

2) Water flow meter

3) Thermometer.

4) Timer.

 Preparation for cold water inlet

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1) Close valves V1, V4, S1 and open valves V2, V5.

2) Adjust runoff plate as experiment required.

3) Open valve V1 and adjust water level stably in runoff pot.

 Preparation for water vapor

1) Close valves: S1, S3, S5, V3, V6 and V8.

2) Open valve S4 emit in excess of condensed water.

3) Open valve V7.

4) Put water in tank at ¾ of the tank’s height open the tank’s top. Open valve V8 to
supply water for boiler and close valve V8 when water level in boiler reaches 2/3 the height
of graduated tube.

5) Close valve V7.

6) Supply electricity for R1 until pressure in boiler is about 13 PSI.

7) Supply electricity for R2 to heat water vapor (if R2 exists).

b) Method
1) Adjust cold water flow as experiment required.

2) When boiler’s pressure reaches 15 PSI, open totally valve V7 and slowly open valve
V6 and adjust for vapor tank with residual pressure at about 1.2 PSI. Valve V6 must open to
have enough condensed vapor on surface of conductive tube and pressure in experimental
space equals to atmosphere pressure.

3) When conduction is stable, calculate following quantities at the same time:

 Condensed water amount in a specific and its temperature.

 Water flow in tube in a specific time.

 Temperature t1, t2, t3, t4(timer).

 Vapor tank pressure (manometer P1).

 Vapor temperature in vapor tank (thermometer T2) .

 Water temperature in vapor tank (thermometer T1).

 Vapor pressure calculated by manometer P2.

 Vapor temperature in condense vessel by thermometer T3.

c) Stop to switch experiment

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1) After measuring, stop supplying electricity for vapor tank, close valves V6, V7, open
valve S5 to release vapor. Add water into tank. Open valve V8 to supply water for vapor tank
and then close V8, S5.

2) Close valve V1, open S4 to release all hot water and then close S4.

3) Switch runoff plate positions as experiment required and repeat steps as previous
experiment.

4) Experiments is run with following runoff plate positions:

 At “0”: natural convection

 At ¼; ½; ¾; 1; 1 ¼ and 1 ½ (inch): forced convection.

d) End experiment
Steps to end experiment:

1) Turn off electricity supply for vapor tank

2) Turn of timer

3) Close water supply valve

4) Close and open valves like before doing experiment

5. EXPERIMENT RESULT
5.1. Calculation from raw result
Table 3: Calculation from raw result
Parameters Overflow plate position (in)
1 1 3
0 /4 /2 /4 1 11/4 11/2
t1 (oC)
t2 (oC)
t3 (oC)
t4 (oC)
t’C (oC)
Ps (bar)
ts (oC)
t +t
t N = 1 3 . oC
2
t 2 +t 4 o
t Vng = . C
2
t Vtr ≈ t Vng (oC)
t +t
t m = s Vng . oC
2

12
 t s+ t ' C o
tC = . C
2
∆ t=t Vtr −¿ t N . K
GC x 103(kg/s)
GN x 103(kg/s)

5.2. Determine the physical properties

Table 4: Determine the physical properties

Overflow plate position

Physical properties
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

CPN (J/kgK)

λ x 102 (W/mK)

ρ (kg/m3)

Water ν (m2/s) x 106

flowing
inside β (1/K) x 104
the tube
Pr

 (N.s/m2) x 106

Vtr x 106 (N.s/m2)

λC x 102
(W/mK)

ρC (kg/m3)

νC x 106 (m2/s)

Condensed C x 106 (N.s/m2)

water
CPC (J/kgK)

λs (W/mK)

PrS

13
 PrVng

ρS (kg/m3)

CPS (J/kgK)

RS (kJ/kg)
Saturated
vapor

5.3. Heat calulation, determine the heat loss

Table 5: Heat calculation, determine the heat loss

Overflow plate position

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

Q1 (W)

Q2 (W)

ΔQ (W)

ΔQ (%)

5.4. Heat tranfsfer coeficient calculation

Table 6: Heat transfer coefficient calculation
Overflow plate position
Form
Quantities
ula
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

Pr

Heat PrVtr
transfer
of the Re (11)
water
flowing Gr (12b)
inside
the (12),
NuN
tube (13)

(αN)TT (12),
or (13)

14
 (αTR)TT,
W/m2K

(αN)tn or
(αTR)tn, (6)
W/m2K

(αC)TT,
Heat (16)
W/m2K
transfer
of
(αC)tn,
conden (7)
W/m2K
sed
vapor
(NuC)tt (17)

Q = Q1,
(1)
W

ΔTLOG,
(10)
K

KTT,
(19)
Overall W/m2K
heat
transfer KTN,
(9)
W/m2K

K’TT,
(20)
W/m2K

K’TT /
(21)
KTT

6. CHART
6.1. Graph show the correlation of NuN = f (Re)

6.2. Graph show the correlation of Ktt = f (Re).

6.3. Graph show the correlation of (αN)TT, (αN)TN and Re.

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 6.4. Graph show the correlation of (αC)TT, (αC)TN and Re.

6.5. Graph show the correlation of KTT, KTN and Re.

7. DISCUSSION
7.1. . Explain the reason why when the experiment occurs when the runoff plate is at “0”
but the water still runs in the tube.
7.2. Discussion on the level of loss heat.

Overflow plate position

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

ΔQ (W)

ΔQ (%)

7.3. Discuss and explain the effects of the location of the runoff plate on αtr, αng and K.

16
 Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

(αN)TT or (αTR)TT,
W/m2K

(αN)tn or (αTR)tn,
W/m2K

(αC)TT, W/m2K

(αC)tn, W/m2K

KTT, W/m2K

KTN, W/m2K

7.4. Comparison and explanation of the correlation between the mathematical value
and the experimental value of the temperature supply coefficients of water inside tube,
outside tube and the overall thermal coefficient

7.5. Discussion about the effect of thermal resistance on tube shell

δv
λv( )

7.6. Discuss about the reliability of the results, estimate the error and suggest the reason
for error.
Coefficient errors of the experiment compared to the mathematical values.
Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
(αN)TT or
(αTR)TT,
W/m2K
(αN)tn or
(αTR)tn,
W/m2K
Error (%)

Overflow plate position

Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
(αC)TT,
W/m2K
(αC)tn,
W/m2K

17
 Error (%)

Overflow plate position

Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
KTT, W/m2K
KTN, W/m2K
Error (%)

8. APPENDIX:
8.1. Calculation for table 3:
Convert the unit of temperature, pressure, flow rate of water:
5 o
(t F −32)
toC = 9
1PSI = 0,069bar
1at = 0,981bar
From the abundance pressure measured from the manometer P3, indicate ts from table 57/
page 46/ Lookup table Mechanical process – Heat transfer – Mass transfer.
V
Volume flow rate: G V =
t
 V: volume of water measured (m3)
 t: measurement time (s)
V
Mass flow rate: G = Gv. = . 
t
8.2. Calculation for table 4
The physical parameters involved in the calculation process are:
Physical parameters of water flowing in tube: CPN, , , , , Pr, , Vtr
These parameters are determined at average temperature of flowing water in tube
t +t
tN= 1 3
2 (table 3). Except for Vtr which is indicated at t Vtr ≈t Vng .

Look up at table 1.249, p310, [1].

Physical parameters of condensed water at experiment pressure: C PC, C, C, C, C, CPS, S,
S, PrS, Prvtr

18
 t S +t Vng
t m=
Parameters have “c” are determined at average temperature: 2 (table 3).
Parameters have “s” are determined at tS.
Parameters have “vng” are determined at tVng.
Look up at table 1.249, p310, [1].
Physical parameters of saturated vapor at experiment pressure:
rS is determined at tS.
Look up at table 1.251, p314, [1].

8.3. Calculation for table 5

 Heat capacity Q1 is calculated by formula (1)
 Heat capacity Q2 is calculated by formula (2)
 Heat loss is calculated by: Q = Q2 - Q1
∆Q
 Heat loss ratio: Q(%) = Q x 100 %
1

8.4. Calculation for table 6

a) Determine the temperature coefficient of the water inside in the pipe.
In case of natural convection runoff plate at “0”), Nu and N (tr) are calculated by formula
(12).
In case of force convection (runoff plate at “0, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼,1 ½”) Nu and N (tr) are
calculated by formula (13) or (14) depends on each specific mode.
The values of N (tr) calculated in 2 cases above are called calculated temperature
coefficient (N)TT or (tr)TT. The values of N (tr) are calculated by formula (6) are called
practice temperature coefficient (N)TN or (tr)TN.
b) Determine the temperature coefficient of condensed water.
In case the condensed water flowing through the membrane, temperature coefficient C is
calculated by formula (16) or from Nu in formula (17). C or Nu calculated by formula (16)
and (17) is called mathematical (C)TT, (Nu)TT.
Practice temperature coefficient (C)TN of condensed water is calculated by formula (7).
8.5. Calculation general heat transfer coefficient
 General transmission coefficient is calculated follow this equation:

19
 1 ( α N )tt . ( α C ) tt
K tt = = 2
1
+
1 ( α N )tt + ( α C )tt , W/m K (19)
( α N )tt ( α C )tt
Where:

Ktt: the calculated heat transfer coefficient (calculate follow ( α N )tt . ( α C ) tt , ignored effect of

thermal resistance on tube shell

δv
λv
) ( )
 Experimental heat transfer coefficient K TN is calculated follow equation (9), where
Q=Q1
 Calculating heat transfer coefficient have effect of thermal resistance on tube shell

( )
δv
λv

1
K ' tt =
1
+
1
+ v
( α N )tt ( α C )tt λ v ( )
δ , W/m2K (20)

 Calculating comparision between Ktt and K’tt:

K tt
=
1
,
δv
( )
=const

( ) (21)
K ' tt δv λv
1+ K
λ v tt

9. REFERENCES
[1]. Group of writers, “Process and Mechanic of Technological Chemicals handbook –vol.1”,
Ha Noi Technology publisher, 1999, 626 pages.
[2]. Pham Van Bon –Vu Ba Minh – Hoang Minh Nam, “Process and Mechanic of
Technological Chemicals –vol.10 Exercies and examples”, HCM City BKU, 468 pages.

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