Namma Kalvi 11th Tamil Guide Unit 3 220988

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
,ay; gPL bgw epy;

ciueil kiy ,lg;bgau;fs;: Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd; ,.M.g
Xu; Ma;t[
3 fhtor;rpe;J brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
bra;a[s; FWe;bjhif bts;sptPjpahu;
g[wehD}W flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
Jizg;ghlk; thothry; rp.R. bry;yg;gh
,yf;fzk; gFgj cWg;g[fs;
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
ciueil
kiy ,lg;bgau;fs;: Xu; Ma;t[
,ay; 3 ? Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd;/ ,.M.g.
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Tw;W : ``nfhL~~ vd;gJ jkpH;r;brhy; MFk;.
tpsf;fk; : nfhL vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F kiya[r;rp/ ty;yuz;/ nfhl;il vd;Dk; bghUs;fSk;
cz;L.
m) Tw;W rup/ tpsf;fk; jtW M) Tw;Wk; rup/ tpsf;fKk; rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ tpsf;fk; rup <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ tpsf;fKk; jtW
tpil: M) Tw;Wk; rup/ tpsf;fKk; rup
FWtpdh
1. ``nfhl;il~~ vd;Dk; brhy; jpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; vt;thW vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ>
gPL bgw epy;
``nfhl;il~~ vd;Dk; brhy; jkpH;bkhHpapy; nfhl;il/ nfhL vdg;gLfpwJ.
kiyahsj;jpy; `nfhl;l~/ `nfhL~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
fd;dlj;jpy; `nfhl;nl~/ `nfhz;nl~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
bjY=;fpy; `nfhl;l~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
JStpy; `nfhl;nl~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
njhlh bkhHpapy; `Fthl;~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
nkYk; fhty; kpFe;j fhg;guz; bfhz;l kjpy; Rtu;fshy; R{Hg;gl;l fl;likg;igf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
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rpWtpdh
1. `kiy kdpj thH;tpy; rpwg;gplk; bgw;Ws;sJ~ ? vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tptupf;f.
jkpHupd; flt[isa[k;/ kiyiaa[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk;/ gz;ila gjpt[fshf/ `nrnahd;
iktiu cyfk;~ vd;Dk; bjhy;fhg;gpa moa[k;/ `tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf; fpHt~
vd;Dk; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil moa[k; jpfH;fpd;wd.
ghz;oa kd;dd; xUtd; `kyaj;Jt$~ vd tH=;fg;gl;lhd;. ,=;F `kiy~ vdg;
bghUs;gLk; `kya~ vd;Dk; brhy; jpuhtplj; bjhlu;g[f;F muz; nru;f;fpwJ.
jkpHu;fs; jk; thH;tpy;/ Èdp Kjy; motiu~/ `moKjy; Edp tiu~ vd;Dk;
bjhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s `kiy~ vdg; bghUs;gLk;
3 `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy; `tpspk;g[~ vd;Dk; bghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ay;
beLtpdh
1. ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j jkpHu;fspd; ,Ug;gplg; bgau;fSk;/ ,aw;ifnahL
,iae;nj ,Ue;jd ? Tw;wpid bka;g;gpf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
Mjpapy; thH;e;j epyk;
kiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;fs;
nrhiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
ku=;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
gRf;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
r=;fg; ghly;fs;/ jkpHh;fs; ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;J thH;e;jijg; glk;gpoj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. Fwp+;rpepyk; rhh;e;j ghly;fs; kiynahL ,iae;j jkpHh;jk; rPhpa
thH;tpidg; ngrpd. me;j tifapy; jkpHh;fs; ,Ug;gplg; bgah;fs; ,aw;ifnahL
,iae;J ,Ue;jijf; fhz;nghk;.
Mjpapy; thH;e;j epyk;:
jkpHd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; thH;e;j epyk; Fwp+;rpahFk;.
Fwp+;rp vd;gJ kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lkhFk;.
v=;Fk; ,aw;ifaHF Fo bfhz;oUf;Fk; kiyg;gFjpapy; thH;e;j jkpHd;/ ehsiltpy;
Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy; nghd;w epy=;fspy; brd;W gutp thHj; bjhl=;fpdhd;.
kiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;fs;:
ghz;o ehl;ony kJiuf;F mUnf xU kiya[k;/ nrhH ehl;ony xU kiya[k;/
bjhz;il ehl;ony xU kiya[k; mike;Js;sd.
mk;kiyfisr; rhu;e;J Cu;fs; mike;Js;sd.
vdnt/ mt;t{u; kf;fs; mk;kiyfis kwthky;/ jk;@u;fSf;F Kiwna ahidkiy/
Rthkpkiy/ jzpif kiy (jpUj;jzp) vdg; bgaupl;Ls;sdu;.
nfhL vd;gJ kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
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mj;jifa nfhL xd;W nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
mf;nfhl;oid xl;o thH;fpd;w kf;fs;/ jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpUr;br=;nfhL~ vd;W
bgaupl;Ls;sdu;.
mf;nfhL bre;epwk; tha;e;jjhy;/ mJ br=;nfhlhapw;W.
nrhiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
jpUf;Fw;why kiy mothuj;jpy; fz;ftUk; jz;zW+; nrhiyfs; cs;sd.
mr;nrhiyfSf;F eLnt Xu; Cu; cs;sJ.
mt;t{u; kf;fs;/ jk;@upd; ,aw;if eyj;jpidf; fz;L ,d;g[w;Wj; jk;@Uf;Fg;
ìgk;bghHpy;~ vd;W bgaupl;ldu;.
mJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; `gk;g[sp~ vdj; jpupe;J tH=;FfpwJ.
ku=;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
bfoy ejpf;Fj; bjd;fiuapy; ghjpup ku=;fs; epiwe;j ,lk; cs;sJ. mt;tplj;jpy;
mk;ku=;fs; NH thH;e;j kf;fs; jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u;~ vdg; bgaupl;ldu;.
gRf;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
Ky;iy epyj;jpny njhd;Wk; Cu;fspy; bgUk;ghYk; gho vd;Dk; bgau; bgWk;.
jpUj;bjhz;luhfpa rz;nlRtuu; gRf;fis nka;j;J/ <rDf;Fg; g{rid g[upe;j ,lk;
cs;sJ.
m=;Fj; j=;fp thHj; bjhl=;fpa kf;fs;/ jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpU Mg;gho~ (jpUtha;g;gho)
vdg; bgaupl;ldu;.
Kot[iu:
tlnkw;F ehLfshd ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhdpd; beLkiyfnshL
bghUe;jpa rhd;Wfs;/ mg;gFjpfspy; jpuhtplu;fs; thH;e;jjw;fhd
milahs=;fis cWjp bra;tnjhL/ kiy ,lg;bgau;Ma;t[fspd; tsu;r;rpiaa[k;
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,t;thW ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j gz;ila kf;fs;/ mt;tt;tplj;Jr;
rpwg;gpw;nfw;gg; bgaupl;L tH=;fpa jpwid vz;zp be+;rk; bgUkpjk; bfhs;fpwJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 61

1. c=;fs; Cupd; mUfpYs;s/ c=;fSf;Fj; bjupe;j kiyfspd; bgau;f; fhuzj;ij mwpe;J
tFg;gpy; gfpu;e;Jbfhs;f.
nru;tuhad; kiy:
nryj;jpd; Kjd;ik kiyj;bjhlu;.
nru; + miuad; vd;gjpd; jpupna nru;tuhad;.
gPL bgw epy;
miuad; vd;gJ murd;.
nruyk; vd;gJ nryk; vd;whdJ.
ahid kiy (Mid kiy):
kJiuapy; xj;jf;fil vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;sJ. ePsk; 4/000 kP;/ mfyk; 1200 kP;/ cauk;
400 kP.
rw;W J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghu;j;jhy; ahid gLj;jpUg;gJ nghy; njhd;Wtjhy; ahid
kiy vd;gu;.
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,ij eurp=;fk=;fyk; vd;gu;.

,=;F rkzu; gLf;iffs; cs;sJ.
Vyf;fha; kiy:
miktplk;: jkpHfk; kw;Wk; nfusk;. nkw;Fj; bjhlu;r;rp kiyj;bjhlupy; bjd;gFjpapy;
cs;sJ.
Vyf;fha; mjpfk; gapupLtjhy; Vyf;fha; kiy vd;gu;. fhgp/ kpsFk; gapupLtu;.
mjd; gug;g[ 2/800 r.fp.kP.
2. kiy Fwpj;j ntW brhw;fisa[k; rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fisa[k; jpul;og; gl;oay; cUthf;Ff.
mryk; kiy (mirah epiy) mirahky; cWjpaha; ,Ug;gjhy; mryk;.
3 Fd;wk;
FtL
rpWkiy/ (rpwpa kiyg;gFjp)
kiya[r;rp (kiyapd; cr;rpg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gJ)
,ay;
rpfuk; kiya[r;rp/ kiy/ cah;r;rp (fpuhk;g[/ Rf;F/ ,yt=;fk; tpisa[k; gFjp)

rpfhp kiy
rpfhp jpk;gk; kiy ntk;g[
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kdpj r@fj;jpd; Mjp epyk; ________.
m) fhL M) kiy
,) tay; <) ghiytdk; tpil: M) kiy
2. bghUj;jkpy;yhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) kiy ? Fwp+;rp M) fhL ? Ky;iy
,) tay; ?kUjk; <) fly; ? ghiy tpil: <) fly; ? ghiy
3. ‘OROLOGY’ vd;gJ ________ gw;wpa Ma;t[.
m) kiy/ Fd;Wfs; M) jhtu=;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs;
,) MW/ fly; <) gwitfs;/ tz;Lfs; tpil: m) kiy/ Fd;Wfs;
4. jpuhtplu;fs; mog;gilapy; ________ thH; kf;fs;.
m) tay; M) fhL
,) kiy <) fly; tpil: ,) kiy
5. jpuhtplu;fis `kiyepy kdpju;fs;~ vd;W miHj;jtu; ________.
m) fhy;Lbty; M) fkpy;Rtygpy;
,) khf;!;Ky;yu; <) rPfd;ghy;f; tpil: M) fkpy;Rtygpy;
6. ``nrnahd; nka iktiu cyfk;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.
m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) mfj;jpak; tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
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7. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fu;ehlfj;ijr; rhu;e;j ,df;FGitf; fz;lwp ________.
m) ky gzpf;fu; M) kyad;
,) ky ntlh <) knyU tpil: <) knyU
8. `tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf;fpHt~ vd;fpw mofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; ________.
m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) beLey;thil <) Ky;iyg;ghl;L tpil: m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
9. nfhl;lh ,dkf;fs; thGk; ,lk; ________.
m) ePyfup M) ghyf;fhL
,) ,Lf;fp <) jl;rpz fd;dlh tpil: m) ePyfup
10. bfhz;lhnjhuh ,dkf;fs; thGk; khepyk;________.
m) fu;ehlfh M) nfush
,) $hu;fz;l; <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk; tpil: <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk;
11. xo!htpy; thGk; ,df;FGf;fs; ________.
m) nfhz;L/ bfha;l;blu; M) bfhz;lnjhuh
,) nfhl;lh <) knyU/ kyntlh tpil: m) nfhz;L/ bfha;l;blu;
12. gH=;Foapdu; ________ ePiuj; j=;fs; FoePuhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ay;g[ilatu;fs;.
m) mUtp M) Cw;W
,) XLk; <) Fsj;J tpil: ,) XLk;
13. gH=;Fofs; ePbuLj;Jg; gUfpa ,l=;fs; ________.
i) rpw;whWfs; ii) Xilfs; iii) fly;
m) i, ii - rup M) @d;Wk; rup
,) i, iii - rup <) ii, iii - rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
14. FWk;gu; bkhHpapy; jhH;thuj;ijf; Fwpg;gLk; brhy; ________.
m) bkl;L M) jl;L
,) nkl;L <) Jl;L tpil: m) bkl;L
15. `$jhg;g[~ vdg;gLk; jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdupd; FoapUg;g[fs; mike;Js;s ,l=;fspy;
rupahd ,iziaf; fz;lwp.
m) Me;jpuh/ xup!h M) Me;jpuh/ bjY=;fhdh
,) xup!h/ fu;ehlfh <) fu;ehlfh/ bjY=;fhdh tpil: m) Me;jpuh/ xup!h
16. `kiy~ vd;Dk; jpuhtplr;brhy; `kya~ vd;W tH=;fg;gLk; bkhHp ________.
m) rk!;fpUjk; M) ,e;jp
gPL bgw epy;
,) kiyahsk; <) JS tpil: m) rk!;fpUjk;
17. kyaj;Jt$ vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; ________.
m) nrud; M) nrhHd;
,) ghz;oad; <) gy;ytd; tpil: ,) ghz;oad;
18. Èdp Kjy; mo tiu~/ `mo Kjy; Edp tiu~ vd;Dk; bjhlu;fspy; tiu vd;w brhy;
________ vd;w bghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) vy;iy M) epiwt[
,) ,Wjp <) tpspk;g[ tpil: <) tpspk;g[ 89
19. `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUe;jhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.

m) nfhL M) fiu
,) vy;iy <) go tpil: <) go
20. jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; `kiy~ vd;w brhy; ________.
i) 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; Kd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
ii) 84 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
iii) 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
iv) 84 ,lg;bgau;fspy; Kd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
m) i, ii - rup M) i, iii - rup
,) iii, iv - rup <) ii, iv - rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
3 21. ________ kiy vd;w totk; `njhzpkiy~ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgaupy; xnubahUKiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,ay;
m) fu;ehlfj;jpy; M) nfusj;jpy;
,) Me;jpuhtpy; <) bjY=;fhdhtpy; tpil: m) fu;ehlfj;jpy;
22. kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;bwhU brhy;yhd `kny~ ________ ,lg;bgau;fspy; ,lk;
bgWfpd;wJ.
m) 13 M) 14
,) 15 <) 16 tpil: ,) 15
23. nfus khepyj;jpy; ________ `kiy~ tpFjp ,lg;bgau;fs; cs;sd.
m) 8 M) 9
,) 10 <) 11 tpil: ,) 10
24. Tw;W : `nfhl;il~ vd;gJ fd;dl bkhHpapy; tH=;Fk; brhy;yhFk;.
tpsf;fk; : fhty; kpFe;j fhg;guz; bfhz;l kjpy; Rtu;fspy; NHg;gl;l fl;likg;igf;
Fwpg;gJ `nfhl;il~ vd;gjhFk;.
m) Tw;W?rup/ tpsf;fk;?jtW
M) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?rup
,) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?jtW
<) Tw;W/ tpsf;fk; ? rup tpil: M) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?rup
25. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) nfhl;l/ nfhL ? 1. JS
ii) nfhl;nl/ nfhz;nl ? 2. bjY=;F
iii) nfhl;l ? 3. fd;dlk;
iv) nfhl;nl ? 4. kiyahsk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
26. `nfhl;il~ vd;Dk; bghUisj; jUk; `f;thl;~ vd;gJ ________ bkhHpr;brhy;.
m) njhlh M) gpuhFap
,) JS <) bjY=;F tpil: m) njhlh
27. ,e;jpahtpy; ________ vd;W Koa[k; 248 ,lg;bgau;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;sd.
m) kiy M) nfhl;il
,) fhty; <) ngl;il tpil: M) nfhl;il
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28. jpuhtplu;fspd; kiyg;bgUkpjj;jpd; ePl;rp ve;bje;j ehl;L beLkiyfnshL bghUe;jp
nghFk; rhd;Wfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
m) ghfp!;jhd;/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
M) rPdh/ neghsk;
,) ghfp!;jhd;/ g=;fshnj&;
<) Mg;fhdp!;jhd;/ rPdh tpil: m) ghfp!;jhd;/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
29. KVT COMPLEX vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
M) bfhw;if taY}u; bjhz;o tshfk;
,) Fwpr;rp t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
<) Fwpr;rp t+;rp jpUr;rp tshfk; tpil: m) bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
30. bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfj;ij Ma;t[yfpd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; bfhz;L te;jtu; ________.
m) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; M) vk;.ghyfpU&;zd;
,) R. bt=;fnlrd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd; tpil: m) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
31. Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; Jizahrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ehspjH; ________.
m) jpdje;jp M) jpdg{kp
,) jpdkzp <) jpdfud; tpil: ,) jpdkzp
32. Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; Mnyhrfuhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,yf;fpa ,jH; ________.
m) bjd;wy; M) fizahHp
,) Fapy; <) nfhFyk; tpil: M) fizahHp
33. md;g[s;s mk;kh/ rpwFf;Fs; thdk; vd;Dk; E}y;fspd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) ,iwad;g[ M) ,e;jpud;
,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd;;
tpil: ,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
34. 1984Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpj;nju;tpy; Kjd;Kjyhf/ KGtJkhfj; jkpHpnyna
vGjp/ Kjy; Kaw;rpapnyna nju;r;rp bgw;wtu; ________.
m) ,iwad;g[ M) uhjhfpU&;zd;
,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; <) rfhak; tpil: ,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
35. ``nfhil~~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r;brhy; ________ vd;w bghUspYk; ifahsg;gLk;.
m) btapy; M) kiy
,) ,o <) kiH tpil: M) kiy
gPL bgw epy;
FWtpdh
1. jkpHupd; flt[isa[k; kiyapida[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk; gz;ila gjpt[fs; vit>
jkpHpupd; flt[isa[k;/ kiyapida[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk; gz;ila gjpt[fs;:
bjhy;fhg;gpak; ciuf;Fk; ``nrnahd; nka iktiu cyfk;~~ vd;Dk; moa[k;/
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; cs;s ``tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf; fpHt~~ vd;Dk;
moa[k; MFk;.
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2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs; vij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd>

jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs;/ mg;gH=;Foapdupd; kiy rhu;e;j
g[tpr;NHiy btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
3. bgUepy kd;du;fSf;F tH=;fhj bgUikia vj;jifa kd;dUf;Fg; gHe;jkpH;
,yf;fpa=;fs; tH=;fpd>
bgUepy kd;du;fSf;F tH=;fhj bgUikiag; gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs;/
kiyg;gFjpfspd; jiytu;fsha; tps=;fpa filbaG ts;sy;fs; vGtUf;Fk; tH=;fpd.
4. ``tiu~~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;ypd; bghUs;fs; ahit>
jkpHpy; `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy; nfhL/ kiy/ rpfuk;/ tpspk;g[/ fiu/ vy;iy/ Edp vdg;
bghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wd.
3 5. `kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~ ,g;ghlk; vjpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ> mij
vGjpa Mrpupau; ahu;>
,ay;
``kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~~ vd;Dk; ghlk;/ `rpe;J btspg;gz;ghl;od; jpuhtpl

moj;jsk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mij vGjpa Mrpupau; Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd; vd;gtuhthu;.
6. `nfhL~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;ypd; bghUs; ahJ>
`nfhL~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs;: kiya[r;rp/ rpfuk;/ kiy/ ty;yud;/ nfhl;il
Mfpad MFk;
7. `nfhl;il vd;Dk; ,lg;bgauhy; jkpH;ehL bgWk; rpwg;g[ ahJ>
,e;jpahtpy; ``nfhl;il~~ vd;W Koa[k; 248 ,lg;bgau;fSk; jkpH;ehl;oy;jhd; cs;sd.
rpWtpdh
1. bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; `kiy~ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgau; bgWk; rpwg;gplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpH;ehL:
jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; `kiy~ vd;Dk; brhy; 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf
,lk;bgWfpd;wJ.
Me;jpuh:
Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; `ky;~ vd;Dk; ntu;r;brhy;/ Ifhu <W bgw;W `kiy~ vd
tH=;fg;gLtjw;F khwhf/ Mfhu <W bgw;W `kyh~ vd tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.
fUehlfh:
fUehlf khepyj;jpy; `kiy~ vd;Dk; totk; `njhzpkiy~ vd xnu Xu; ,lj;jpy;
kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. `kny~ vd;gJ 15 ,lg;bgau;fspy; ,lk; bgWfpwJ.
(kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;bwhU brhy; ? kny)
nfush:
nfus khepyj;jpy; `kiy~ vd tpFjpapy; mike;j ,lg;bgau;fs; gj;J cs;sd.
bjd;dpe;jpah:
ve;j xU khepyj;jpYk; Kd;bdhl;lfnth gpd;bdhl;lhfnth tUfpd;wdntad;wp/
kiy vd;w jdpr;brhy;yhf tH=;fg;gltpy;iy.
2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdu; thH;tpl totikg;gpYk;/ thH;tpaypYk; caukhd ,l=;fs;
brYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij tpsf;Ff.
92
kiy rhu;e;j thH;tpay;:
jpuhtpl kiythH; kf;fspd; FoapUg;g[fs;/ mg;gH=;Foapdu; jk; kiy rhu;e;j
thH;tpaypd; r@f/ rkaf; TWghLfs; Fwpj;j g[upjiyj; jUfpd;wd.
rpw;whWfs;/ Xilfs;:
gH=;Foapdu;/ XLk; ePiuna j=;fs; FoePuhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ay;g[ilatu;fs;/
vdnt mtu;fs;/ j=;fs; FoapUg;g[g; gFjpiatpl caukhd ,lj;jpy; XLk; rpw;whWfs;/
XilfspypUe;J ePbuLj;Jg; gUFfpwhu;fs;.
g[dpj ,lk;:
ePyfpupapy; cs;s `njhlh~ ,dj;jtu; ghy; vUikf; bfhl;oy;fisg; g[dpj ,lkhff;
fUJgtu;fs;.
vdnt/ mtw;iwr; Rw;wp cau;e;j kjpw; Rtu;fis mikj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fspd; tPLfspy; jpz;Lfs; (nkilfs;) Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpd;wd.
FWk;gu; bkhHpapy; jhH;thuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; `bkl;L~ vd;Dk; brhy; mjd; caukhd/
nklhd mikg;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
kiya[r;rpapy; FoapUg;g[fs;:
Me;jpuhtpYk;/ xo!htpYk; cs;s `$jhg;g[~ vdg;gLk; jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdupd;
FoapUg;g[fs; bgUk;ghYk; kiy cr;rpfspy; mike;Js;sd.
gH=;Foj; jiytupd; tPL/ kw;w tPLfis tpl caukhd ,lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
caukhd nkil/ jpz;iz/ Rw;Wr;Rtu;fs;/ nknyhil ePu; Mfpait jpuhtplg;
gH=;Foapdupd; thH;tpl totikg;gpYk;/ thH;tpaypYk; caukhd ,l=;fs;
brYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
***
bra;a[s;
fhtor;rpe;J
,ay; 3 ? brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf gPL bgw epy;
1. fhtor; rpe;Jf;;Fj; je;ij vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; ahu;>
m) ghujpjhrd; M) mz;zhkiyahu;
,) KUfd; <) ghujpahu; tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;
FWtpdh
1. fhtor;rpe;J vd;gJ ahJ>
jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhh; tHf;fpYs;s ,irkuig fhtor;rpe;J
vdyhk;.
93
KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;

bfhz;L bry;nthh;/ Mly; ghly;fSld; Mya=;fis nehf;fpr; bry;th;.
mth;fspd; tHpeilg;ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk;
njhd;wpaJ.
nkYk; jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; tHf;fpYs;s ,ir kung fhtor;
rpe;J vdg;gLk;.
rpWtpdh
1. jkpH;g;gz;ghl;od; milahsk; fhtor;rpe;J vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
fhto/ jkpH;g; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfSs; xd;W.
3 jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; rpe;J vdg;gLk;.
jkpHu;fs; gz;gl;ltu;fs;. fy;tpawpt[k;/ mDgt mwpt[k; bfhz;ltiuj;jhk;
,ay;
gz;gl;ltu; vd;gu;.
<uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vGe;j bjhy;fhg;gpak; nghd;w ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;/ r=;f
,yf;fpa=;fSk; jkpHu;fspd; fy;tpawpitf; fz;Tlha;f; fhl;Lgit.
thH;f;if mDgtj;jpy; bjwpe;J tpGe;j Kj;Jfns àhJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu;~/
`jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwu;ju thuh~~/ èPu;tHpg; g#ck; g[idnghy; MUapu; Kiw tHpg#ck;~
KjypadthFk;.
,j;jifa caupa gz;ghl;oidf; bfhz;l jkpHu;fs;/ ,iriaa[k;/ ,iw czu;ita[k;
jk; ,U tpHpfshfg; nghw;wpdu;.
,t;t[z;ikia btspg;gLj;Jfpd;w E}y;fns jpUbtk;ghit/ jpUg;ghit/ jpUg;g[fH;/
fhtor;rpe;J KjyhditahFk;.
fhtoapd; fUg;bghUs;:
fhtoj;jz;od; ,U gf;fKs;s gyiffs; fe;jdpd; jpUtofs;.
me;jj; jpUtofisj; njhspy; Rkg;gJ bgUk; ngW vdf; fUjp/ KUfdoahu;fs;
nfhtpy; nehf;fpr; bry;fpd;wdu;.
KUfdoahu; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L Mog;ghoa tHp
eilg; ghly;fns fhtor;rpe;J MFk;.
beLtpdh
1. fhtor;rpe;J xU tHpeilg; ghly; ? ,f;Tw;iw mz;zhkiyahupd; ghly;tHp kjpg;gPL
bra;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
fhtor;rpe;J ? njhw;wk;
fhtor;rpe;J ? ghtotk;
cyfk; nghw;Wk; mz;zhkiyjhrdpd; kJuftp
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tsk;
jpUg;g[fH; KGf;fk; bry;Yk; ,lk;
mUs; bgWk; gf;ju;fs;
Kot[iu
94
Kd;Diu:
jkpHh; tHpghl;oy; ,ira[k; eldKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthfj; jpfH;fpd;wd. bja;tj;ij
tz=;Ftjw;Fg; g[{khiya[k; ghkhiya[k; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWfpd;wd. me;j tifapy;
fhtor;rpe;J xU tHpeilg; ghlyhf KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;oy; ,lk;bgWtij
,dpf; fhzyhk;.
fhtor; rpe;J ? njhw;wk;:
fhto/ jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; TWfSs; xd;W. jkpHu;fs; Fd;WnjhWk; tPw;wpUf;Fk;
KUfd; nfhtpy;fspy; fhto vLj;J MLtJ tHf;fk;. fhto vLj;Jr; bry;nthu;/ mijr;
Rikahf vz;zhky;/ ghoathnw bry;tjw;F tHpeilg; ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
fhtor;rpe;J ? gh totk;:
jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; tHf;fpYs;s ,irkug[ fhtor;rpe;J.
KUfdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; nghd;w bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tu;. mtu;fs; Mly;
ghly;fSld; Myak; nehf;fpr; bry;tu;. mtu;fspd; tHpeilg; ghly;fspypUe;J fhtor;
rpe;J vd;Dk; gh totk; njhd;wpaJ.
cyfk; nghw;Wk; mz;zhkiyjhrdpd; kJuftp:
brd;dpFsk; ? mz;zhkiyjhrd; ghoa cyfk; nghw;Wk; fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk;
kJukhd ftpkhiyiaj; jd; kiy nghd;w mfd;w njhs;fspy; rhj;jpf; bfhs;fpwhd;
KUfd;.
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tsk;:
flypy; thGk; kPd;/ kfuk; nghd;w cUtikg;g[fs; bfhz;l bfhofs; rpwf;f/ KUfd;
nfhapy; jpfH;fpwJ.
jpUg;g[fH; KGf;fk; bry;Yk; ,lk;:
fhto vLf;Fk; moahu;fs; ghLk; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ mkuhtjp gl;odj;jpy;
cs;s njtu;fspd; brtpiar; brd;W milfpwJ.
mUs; bgWk; gf;ju;fs;:
be+;rk; befpH;e;JUf/ j=;fj;jpDk; nkyhd fhtoiaj; njhspy; J}f;fpf; fdypy;
cUfpa bkGbfd KUfid nehf;fp tUk; gf;ju;fs; KUfd; mUisg; bgWtu;. ,d;gk;
miltu;.
Kot[iu:
mz;zhkiyahh;/ fGFkiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfr;
bry;nthhpd; jpUg;gfH; ghly; KHf;fj;jpidg; nghw;wp ciug;gjhy; xU rpwe;j
tHpeilg;ghlyhff; fhtor;rpe;J rpwf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
``mkuhtjp ,iknahu;brtp milf;Fk;...~~
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
gPL bgw epy;
khnj – tpsp
jhtp – tpidbar;rk;
brhy;ntd; – jd;ik xUik vjpu;fhy tpidKw;W
Vwpa – bgabur;rk;
tUgtu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gyt[k; – Kw;Wk;ik
cau;e;njh=;Fk; – xUbghUl;gd;bkhHp
95
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
tUfpd;w = th(tU) + fpd;W + m

th(tU) gFjp/ `tU~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
3 1. jpUg;g[fH;
jpU + g[fH;
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;
Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `g;~
jpU + g; + g[fH;
vd;whdJ.
,ay;
kpFe;J/
2. cau;e;njh=;Fk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L cah;e;(j; + c) +
cau;e;J + XLk;~~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `c~fuk; X=;Fk;
X=;Fk; bfl;L/ cau;e;j; + X=;Fk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cau;e;njh=;Fk;
,ay;ng~ (j; + X = njh) vd;whdJ.

1. ve;bje;j ehLfspy; fhto Ml;lk; ,d;wst[k; epfH;j;jg;gLfpwJ> mjw;fhd fhuz=;fisj;
jpul;o/ fye;Jiuahly; epfH;j;Jf.
KUfid tHpgLtjw;fhfg; bry;nthu; tHpghl;Lg; bghUs;fisj; jz;od;
,Ug[wKk; itj;J njhspy; Rke;J Mog;gho bry;tu;. ,f;fhto Ml;lk; ve;bje;j
ehLfspy; eilbgWfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wp ,t;tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLnthk;.
KUfd; : fhto Ml;lk; ij khjKk;/ g=;Fdp khjKk; kpft[k; rpwg;ghf eilbgWk;.
vd; rnfhjup xUtu; rp=;fg;g{upy; cs;shu;. mtUk; fhto vLj;J KUfDf;F
neu;j;jp fld; bra;thu;. mg;nghJ mij vd; khkh mtu; miyngrpapy;
neuiyahf mDg;gpaij ehd; fz;L kfpH;e;njd;.
ts;sp : jkpHu;fs; v=;bfy;yhk; thH;fpwhu;fnsh m=;bfy;yhk; jkpH;f;flt[s;
KUfDf;Ff; fhto vLg;ghu;fs;. cyfpy; kpfr;rpwg;g[ tha;e;j knyrpahtpy;
caukhd KUfd; rpiy kiyaothuj;jpy;/ ,f;nfhapy; g[yk;bgau;e;j
jkpHu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,d;wst[ m=;Ff; fhto vLj;J kf;fs; neu;j;jpf;
flid epiwntw;Wtu;.
khyh : fhy=;fhykhf ,t;tHf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky; ,y=;ifapYk;
KUfdJ bgUikiag; nghw;Wk;tifapy; fjpu;fpuhkk; vd;w gFjpapy;
fhto vLj;J tpHh bra;fpd;wdu;.
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ/ khztu;fns- v=;bfy;yhk; jkpHu;fs; thH;fpwhu;fnsh m=;bfy;yhk;
KUfDf;Ff; fhto vLj;J tpHh bra;tu;. fhtoahdJ/ ghy;fhto/ gd;dPu;
fhto/ g[&;g fhto vdg; gytif cz;L. mjw;nfw;g/ ghliyg; gho
KUfg;bgUkhid tHpgLtu;.
ey;yJ. ,d;iwa tFg;g[ ,dpnj epiwt[w;wJ. ed;wp-
96
2. eP=;fs; tpUk;g[k; jiyg;gpy; vJif/ nkhid/ re;jeak; bfhz;l ghly; xd;iw vGjp.
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH;f;flt[s;
,y=;if KUfDf;nfhu;
fjpu;fhkk; ? bghUs;
,y=;Fk; knyrpahtpy; ? gy
fpuhkk; Jy=;Fk;
,yz;lDf;Fk; bjhlu;e;J te;jhd; ? v=;fs;
Rthkp ehjd; mUisr;
Ruf;f te;jhd;
vJif:
ghlypd; moapnyh rPupnyh ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif MFk;.
v.fh: ,y=;if/ ,y=;Fk;/ ,yz;ld;
nkhid:
ghlypd; moapnyh rPupnyh Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid MFk;.
v.fh: ,y=;if/ ,y=;Fk;/ ,yz;ld;" Rthkp/ Ruf;f
re;j eak;:
,g;ghly; jdpr;brhy;Yld; rpe;Jg;ghtpy; mike;J rpwg;g[WfpwJ.
khztu;fns- ,jidg;nghy eP=;fSk; ghly;fisr; nrfupj;J ea=;fisf; fz;L
,d;g[W=;fs;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhtor;rpe;jpd; je;ij vd miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.
m) brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
M) ghujpahu;
,) ghujpjhrd;
<) fhsnkfg;g[ytu; tpil: m) brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
2. mz;zhkiyahu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fisf; fz;lwp.
i) ru!;tjp me;jhjp ii) rlnfhgu; me;jhjp
iii) r=;fud;nfhtpy; jpupge;jhjp iv) nfhkjp me;jhjp
gPL bgw epy;
m) i, ii - rup M) iii, iv - rup
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) ii, iii, iv - rup tpil: M) iii, iv ? rup
3. mz;zhkiyahu; ________ E}w;whz;ilr; nru;e;jtu;.
m) 17 Mk; M) 18 Mk;
,) 19 Mk;; <) 16 Mk; tpil: ,) 19 Mk;
4. fhtor;rpe;ijg; ghoatu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) FkuFUguu;
,) jha[khdtu; <) mz;zhkiyahu; tpil: <) mz;zhkiyahu;
97
5. jpUg;g[fiH mUspatu; ________.

m) mUzfpupahu; M) FkuFUguu;
,) mz;zhkiyahu; <) jha[khdtu; tpil: m) mUzfpupahu;
6. mUzfpupahupd; jpUg;g[fH;j; jhf;fj;jhy; tpise;j rpwe;j re;j ,yf;fpak; ________.
m) fhtor;rpe;J M) ePjpbewptpsf;fk;
,) nfhkjp me;jhjp <) jpUke;jpuk; tpil: m) fhtor;rpe;J
7. jkpHpy; Kjd;Kjypy; tz;zr;rpe;J ghoatu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) ghujpahu;
,) mz;zhkiyahu; <) xsitahu; tpil: ,) mz;zhkiyahu;
3 8. fhtor;rpe;J ghlypd; bkl;oid mikj;jtu; ________.

m) mUzfpupahu; M) mz;zhkiyahu;
,ay;
,) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjk; <) ,isauh$h tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;

9. mz;zhkiyahu; ________ mitapy; muritg; g[ytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
m) ,Ujahya kUjg;gj; njtUila
M) ,Ujahya ntyg;gj;njtUila
,) mupku;j;jd ghz;oaUila
<) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;f nrhHUila tpil: m) ,Ujahya kUjg;gj; njtUila
10. mz;zhkiyahu; Cw;W kiyf;Fr; brd;wnghJ taJ ________.
m) 16 M) 18
,) 19 <) 20 tpil: M) 18
11. mz;zhkiyahupd; Cu; ________.
m) bgupaFsk; M) bgU=;Fsj;J}u;
,) brd;dpFsk; <) Fspj;jiy tpil: ,) brd;dpFsk;
i) tpyhrk; ? 1. njtu;
ii) E}g[uk; ? 2. kjpy;
iii) ,+;rp ? 3. rpyk;g[
iv) ck;gu; ? 4. mHF
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
13. ryuhrp vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) flypy; fpilf;Fk; Kj;Jf;fs;
M) flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fs;
,) thdpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwg;g[ tpz;kPd;fs;
<) g{kpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fdpk ts=;fs;
tpil: M) flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fs;
14. j;t$!;jk;gk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) kjpy; nkypUf;Fk; bfho M) bfho kuk;
,) kuf;fd;W <) fg;gypy; gwf;Fk; bfho tpil: M) bfho kuk;
98
i) g[ak; ? 1. cyfk;
ii) $fk; ? 2. njhs;
iii) td;dk; ? 3. nkfk;
iv) g[ay; ? 4. mHF
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
16. `jhtp~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
m) tpidbar;rk; M) bgabur;rk;
,) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W <) brhy;ypir msbgil tpil: m) tpidbar;rk;
17. `khnj~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
m) cupr;brhw;bwhlu; M) tpsp
,) md;bkhHpj; bjhif <) bgabur;rk; tpil: M) tpsp
18. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; ________.
m) jpUg;g[fH; M) cau;e;njh=;Fk;
,) VHpir <) befpH;e;JUf tpil: m) jpUg;g[fH;
19. `tUfpd;w~ vd;w brhy;ypd; gFjp ________.
m) th M) tU
,) t <) tUfpd;W tpil: m) th
20. cau;e;njh=;Fk; ? vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
ii) cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) i - rup M) ii - rup
,) i, ii - rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) i, ii ? rup
21. kJukhd ftpkhiyiaj; njhspy; rhu;j;jpf; bfhs;gtu; ________.
m) mUfd; M) KUfd;
,) rptd; <) jpUkhy; tpil: M) KUfd;
22. fGFkiyj; jiytd; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgtu; ________.
m) fz;zg;gu; M) Ffd;
,) KUfd; <) rptnfhrupahu; tpil: ,) KUfd;
23. fhto vLf;Fk; moahu;fs; ghLk; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ/ ________ gl;odj;jpYs;s
gPL bgw epy;
njtu;fspd; brtpiar; brd;wilfpwJ.
m) mkuhtjp M) mk;gpfhtjp
,) brd;dpFsk; <) jpUkiy tpil: m) mkuhtjp
24. jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; ? tHf;fhw;wpYs;s ,ir kug[ ________.
m) fu;ehlfk; M) ,e;J!;jhdp
,) ,e;jsk; <) fhtor;rpe;J tpil: <) fhtor;rpe;J
25. Tw;W i) : KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;
bfhz;L bry;nthu;/ Mly; ghly;fSld; Mya=;fis nehf;fpr; bry;tu;
99
Tw;W ii): tHpeilg; ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk; njhd;wpaJ.

m) Tw;W: i ? rup M) Tw;W: ii ? rup
,) Tw;W: i, ii ? rup <) Tw;W: i, ii ? jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: i, ii ? rup
26. `fGfhrygjp~ vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Cu; ________.
m) fGFkiy M) jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk;
,) Midkiy <) FlFkiy tpil: m) fGFkiy
FWtpdh
1. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ahu;>
3 `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj;jiytd;/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s
fGFkiyapy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfd; Mthd;.
,ay;
2. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;w totk; vt;thW njhd;wpaJ>

`fhtor;rpe;J~ : Fd;WnjhWk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; KUfdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd
tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tJ tHf;fk;.
mt;thW fhto vLj;Jr; bry;nthu; Mly; ghly;fSld; bry;Yk;/ tHpeilg; ghly;
tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;w gh totk; njhd;wpaJ.
3. `ryuhrp~ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLgit ahit>
`ryuhrp~ vd;gJ flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
4. fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tpkhdk; Fwpj;Jf; fhtor; rpe;J TWtJ ahJ>
mJ j=;fj;jhyhdJ.
mJ tpz;Qyfpy; cs;s njtu;fspd; nfhtpy; nfhg[u tpkhdr; rpfuj;ijf; fle;J
cau;e;jpUf;Fk;.
mjd; xsp/ khR goahky; fz;fs; TRk;goahd mHnfhL gy cyf=;fspYk; tps=;Fk;.
5. vtw;iw eof;Fk;/ jhf;Fk; vdf; fhtor; rpe;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
fGFkiyf; nfhtpypy;/ j=;fs; fhw;rpyk;g[ xypf;Fk;go/ rpw;wpil bfhz;l bgz;ou;
eldkhLtij èof;Fk;~ vdt[k;/
ghk;g[fs; ,J ,o KHf;fnkh vd m+;rpj; jiy J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk;go nfhtpy; gyfzpapy;
itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; KHtpid mog;gjhy; vGk; ngbuhyp/ ehd;F jpirfspYk; brd;W
nkhjp xypg;gijj; `jhf;Fk;~ vdt[k;
fhtor;rpe;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
6. `fhtor;rpe;J~ Mrpupau; fGFkiy KUfd; nfhtpy; fk;gk; vg;goj; njhd;WfpwJ vd;W
TWfpwhu;>
ePupy; thGk; kPd;fs; Tl;lj;ijg; nghd;w totj;ijf; bfhz;l Fk;g ,uhrpiar; Nupad;
jd; jiyf;F nky; Rke;jpUg;gJ nghy/ fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; re;epjp Kd;nd bfho gwf;Fk;
fk;gKk; kpf cau;e;njh=;fpf; fhzg;gLk; vdf; fhtor;rpe;J Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. `cw=;Fk; kpd;dpf; fw=;Fk;~ ? vJ> v=;F cw=;fp kpd;dpf; fw=;Fk;>
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; kjpy;fs; tpz;zpYs;s njtu;fspd; bghd;dhl;ila[k; kPWk;
mst[f;F cau;e;J tps=;Fk;.
mjdhy;/ kpft[k; Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa kiH nkf=;fs; gyt[k; mk;kjpy;fspy; j=;Fk;.
mof;fo kpd;dp/ ,o KHf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
100
8. vJ brtp milf;Fk;/ mz;lk; cilf;Fk;>
mUzfpupahu; vGjpa jpUg;g[fH;g; ghly;fisg; gyKiw ghog; gHfpa gapw;rpahy;/
KUfd; moahu; gyUk; mg;ghly;fisf; Tl;lkha;g; ghLtu;.
me;jj; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ/ tpz;zpYs;s mkuhtjp vd;Dk; efupy; thGk;
njtu;fspd; brtpfis milf;FkhW bra;a[k;.
gy cyf=;fisf; bfhz;l ,e;j mz;lj;ijna cila[k;go bra;a[k;.
9. vtu; `,fnk fjp~ fhz;ghu;/ ,d;gk; g{z;lhu;>
moahu;fspd; tha;/ fUizna cUthd KUfidg; nghw;wpg; ghLk;.
mtu;fspd; njhs;kPJ fhto tPw;wpUf;Fk;.
mtu;fs; cs;sk;/ mst[f;fjpfkhd btg;gj;jhy; cUFk; bkGifg;nghy; gf;jpahy;
fiue;jpUf;Fk;.
,j;jifa moahu;fs; ,t;t[yfpy; cau;e;j epiy bgw;W/ ,d;gkha; thH;tu;.
rpWtpdh
1. ts;sp gjk; gzpa[k; nerid vt;thbwy;yhk; kwntd; vd mz;zhkiyahu; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
TWfpwhu;>
cyfk; nghw;Wk; tz;zk; ehd; bjhLj;j ,dpa ftp khiyia/ kiy nghd;w jd;
njhs;fspy; mzpe;jtd; KUfd;.
jpz;zpad;" ntiyf; ifapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; tPuk; brwpe;jtd;;" mHfpa kapy;kPJ
mku;e;jpUf;Fk; <rd;.
jd; kidtpa[k;/ Fwtu;f; Fyj;jpy; njhd;wpatSkhfpa ts;spapd; mHfpa ghj=;fisf;
fhjyhy; gzpfpd;w moatd;.
moahu;fSf;F ntz;Ltdtw;iw tH=;fpf; bfhz;L/ fGfhryk; vd;Dk; efupy;
vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;w ,j;jifa KUfid ehd; kwntd; vd mz;zhkiyahu;
TWfpwhu;.
***
gPL bgw epy;
101
bra;a[s;
FWe;bjhif
,ay; 3 ? bts;sptPjpahu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
3 1. bts;sptPjpahu;
2. mz;zhkiyahu;
m) g[wehD}W
M) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
,ay;
3. thothry; ,) FWe;bjhif
4. ,sk;bgUtGjp <) fhtor;rpe;J
1) m M , < 2) M < m ,
3) , < M m 4) , < m M tpil: 3) , < M m
2. `,dpbjd~ ? ,r;brhy;ypy; mike;j g[zu;r;rp tpjpfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.
m) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;/ cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng.
M) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;/ capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;.
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;.
<) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;/ capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;.
tpil: m) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;/ cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng.
FWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhif Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpa[k; bra;jp ahJ>
FWe;bjhif vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.
ehd;fo Kjy; vl;lofs; tiu mike;j FWfpa ghf;fshy; MdJ.
mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j 401 ghly;fis cilaJ.
ciuahrphpah;fs; gyuhYk; mjpfkhf nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y;.
Kjypy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l bjhif E}yhf ,e;E}y; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,e;E}iyj; bjhFj;jtu; g{upf;nfh Mthu;.
`èy;y FWe;bjhif~~ vd mil bfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ.
,e;E}ypd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhu; Mthu;.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;ffhyj;jpy; eilbgw;w r@f epfH;t[ bts;sptPjpahu; ghlypy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fhyr; r@f epfH;t[fs; vGj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia xg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
r=;f fhyj;jpypUe;nj ,d;iwa tiuapy; r@fj;jpy; kzf;bfhil vd;gJ gutyhf
cs;sJ vd;gija[k;/ mtw;wpy; rpy khw;w=;fisa[k; fhz ,aYk; vdyhk;.
bts;sptPjpahu; ghlypy; tUk; jiytDk; jiytpa[k; xUtiubahUtu; tpUk;gpdu;.
102
mtu;fs; cwit mwpe;j jiytp tPl;lhu;/ mtis btspna bry;ytplhky; tPl;oy;
rpiw itj;jdu;.
mjid mwpe;j jiytd;/ kzk; ngrp tUkhW/ @j;njhu; rpyiu mDg;gp itj;jhd;.
mtu;fSk; brd;W/ jiytp tPl;lhUld;/ eak;glg; ngrpj; jiytpiaj; jiytDf;F
kzk; g[upe;J ju/ jiytp tPl;lhu; ,ira[k;go bra;jdu;.
Mdhy; ,d;W kzkfd; tPl;lhUf;Fg; bgz; tPl;lhu; kzf;bfhil je;J kfisj;
jpUkzk; bra;tpf;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
gpupe;njhu;/ g[zu;g;nghu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;

ed;W ed;W – mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
btz;liy – gz;gj
[ ;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
gpupe;njhu; = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; g[zu;g;nghu; = g[zu; + g; + g; + Xu;

gpup gFjp g[zu; gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) g; re;jp
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Xu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; Xu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
tpidKw;W tpFjp tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. jz;Lil `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tp;l;L jz;l; + cil
jz;L + cil XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
jz;(l; + c) + epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
cil `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ jz;Lil
,ay;ng~ (l; + c = L) vd;whdJ.
2. ek;@u; `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W capu;tupd; ek;k; + Cu;
ek;; + Cu; ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `k~fu xw;W
,ul;oj;J/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ek;@u; vd;whdJ.
,ay;ng~ (k; + C = @)
gPL bgw epy;
3. btz;liy btz;ik vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.

btz;ik + `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ btz; + jiy
jiy epiybkhHpaPw;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
`zsKd; lzt[k; MFk; jef;fs;~ btz;liy
vd;Dk; tpjpg;go jfuk;/ lfukhfp vd;whdJ.
103
1. jpUkz=;fspy; kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk ? tpthjpf;f.

kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk-
r=;f fhyj;jpy; kzkfd; tPl;lhu;/ bgz; tPl;lhu; nghJk; vd;wst[f;Fg; bghd;
bfhLj;J bgz; nfl;ldu;. mJ ,d;W Kw;wpYk; khwptpl;lJ.
ts;Stg; bgUe;jif/
`md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ~ vd;whu;.
3 Mdhy; ,d;nwh/
eifa[k; el;Lk; tz;oa[k; ,Ue;jhy; fy;ahzk; fhl;rp elf;Fk; vd;whfptpl;lJ. ,jpy;
,ay;
VjhtJ Fiwe;jhYk; jpUkzk; jilgLk;. ,J fl;lha tNyhfptpl;lJ.

jd; kfDf;Fr; bra;j bryitg; bgz; tPl;lhuplk; bgwj; Jof;fpd;wdu;. FzKk;
kzKk; ghu;j;Jj; jpUkzk; bra;j fhyk; khwp/ gzKk; g=;fsht[k; ,Ue;jhy; jpUkzk;
vd;w epiyahfptpl;lJ. fl;lha kzf;bfhilahy; kuz=;fs; cUthfptpl;ld.
xU r@fj;ij fl;likf;ff;Toa ,y;thH;nthu; r@f tpnuhjpfshf khWfpd;wdu;.
kzf;bfhil jtpu;j;J kuzky;yh bgUthH;t[ thHt[k;/ r@fg; gpur;rid cUthfhky;
,Uf;ft[k; ``kzf;bfhil bfhLg;gJ Fw;wk;/ th=;FtJ Fw;wnk-~~ vd;gijf;
Twpf;bfhs;fpnwd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jz;L vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) E}w;fz;L M) Cd;Wnfhy;
,) Jyhf;nfhy; <) kzpf;Tz;L tpil: M) Cd;Wnfhy;
2. FWe;bjhifapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
m) 401 M) 201
,) 256 <) 101 tpil: m) 401
3. ciuahrpupau;fs; gyuhYk; mjpfkhf nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y; ________.
m) g[wehD}W M) mfehD}W
,) FWe;bjhif <) beLey;thil tpil: ,) FWe;bjhif
4. èy;y~ vd;w milbkhHpia cila vl;Lj;bjhif E}y; ________.
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W
,) g[wehD}W <) gupghly; tpil: m) FWe;bjhif
5. FWe;bjhif E}iyj; bjhFj;jtu; ________.
m) g{upf;nfh M) cUj;jpurd;ku;
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) fgpyu; tpil: m) g{upf;nfh
104
6. Kjypy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l vl;Lj;bjhif E}yhff; fUjg;gLtJ ________.
m) ew;wpiz M) FWe;bjhif
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: M) FWe;bjhif
7. bts;sptPjpahu; r=;fj;bjhif E}y;fspy; ghoa[s;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
m) 13 M) 12
,) 10 <) 14 tpil: m) 13
8. FWe;bjhifapd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.
m) bts;sptPjpahu; M) g{upf;nfh
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) tue;jUthu; tpil: ,) bgUe;njtdhu;
9. ghujk; ghoatu; ________.
m) g{upf;nfh M) fgpyu;
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) tue;jUthu; tpil: ,) bgUe;njtdhu;
10. btz;liyr; rpjtyu; ? ,jpy; rpjty; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) fhjzp M) fhw;rpyk;g[
,) jiyg;ghif <) tisay; tpil: ,) jiyg;ghif
11. FWe;bjhif fhl;Lk; mf;fhy r@f epfH;t[ ________.
m) bghUsPl;ly; M) nghu;
,) kzf;bfhil bfhLj;jy; <) el;g[ tpil: ,) kzf;bfhil bfhLj;jy;
12. `mk;kthHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghlypd; ghtif ________.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) mWrPu;f;fHp beoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) fyp btz;gh tpil: m) neupir Mrpupag;gh
13. `mk;kthHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghly; ahu; ? ahuplk; TwpaJ>
m) njhHp ? jiytdplk; TwpaJ
M) ew;wha; njhHpaplk; TwpaJ
,) ghfd; ? jiytdplk; TwpaJ
<) njhHp ? jiytpaplk; TwpaJ tpil: <) njhHp ? jiytpaplk; TwpaJ
14. gpupe;njhu;/ ed;W ed;W ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;igf; fz;lwpf.
m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
M) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;/ tpidbar;rk;
,) bgabur;rk;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
<) bjhHpw;bgau;/ ,ul;ilf;fpstp gPL bgw epy;
tpil: m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
15. jz;Lil ? vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
ii) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
iii) y/ s ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; w/ l?t[k; MFk;
m) i, ii - rup M) i, iii - rup
,) ii, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; jtW tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
105
16. gpupe;njhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;jpd;go gpupj;bjGJk; Kiw ________.

m) gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; M) gpup + j; + j; + Xu;
,) gpupe;J + Xu; <) gpup + e; + j; + Xu; tpil: m) gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu;
FWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhif ? bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
FWik + bjhif ? FWe;bjhif.
,e;E}y; 4 mo Kjy; 8 mofs; tiu FWfpa Mrpupag;ghf;fisf; bfhz;L bjhFf;fg;
gl;l E}y;.
3 ,J msthy; bgw;w bgauhFk;.

nkYk; ,e;E}ypy; 400 ghly;fs; cs;sikahy; ,J `FWe;bjhif ehD}W~ vdt[k;
tH=;fg; bgWk;.
,ay;
FWe;bjhif @yk; gz;ilj; jkpHupd; xGf;fk;/ thH;f;if Kiw/ gHf;ftHf;f=;fs;/

gz;ghL/ ehfupfr; rpwg;g[ Kjypa bra;jpfis ed;F czuyhk;.
2. bts;sptPjpahu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bts;sptPjpahu; r=;ffhyg; bgz;ghw; g[ytu;fspy; xUtu;.
r=;fj;bjhif E}y;fspy; 13 ghly;fs; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit.
,tu; kJiuapy; bts;spak;gyj; bjUtpy; ,Ue;jjhy;/ ,g;bgau; bgw;whu; nghYbkdj;
bjupfpwJ.
rpWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhifg; ghly; TWk; fUj;jpida[k; mjd; gpd;dzpiaa[k; tpsf;Ff.
FWe;bjhifg; ghly; TWk; fUj;Jk; mjd; gpd;dzpa[k;:
jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; gpwuwpahjthW/ jdpna gy Kiw re;jpj;Jf; fhjy; bfhz;L
fst[ kzk; nkw;bfhz;ldu;. Mdhy; jiytp/ mf;fst[ kzk; ePof;ff; TlhJ" Cuhu;
mwpaj; jiytd; jd;id kze;J bfhs;s ntz;Lbkd tpUk;gpdhs;.
mt;thnw jiytd;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrp tUkhW/ jd; cwtpdu; rpyiuj; jiytp
,y;yj;jpw;F mDg;gpdhu;. jiytpf;F cwtpdu; mtu;fnshL kzk; gw;wp/ tPl;ow;F
Kd; cs;s gFjpapy; ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;jdu;. mjid tPl;oDs; ,Ue;J ftdpj;Jf;
bfhz;oUe;j jiytp/ `xUntis ek; cwtpdu; vd;idj; jiytDf;Fj; jpUkzk;
bra;J bfhLf;f kWg;gnuh-~ vd;W vz;zp tUe;jpdhs;.
jiytpapd; tUj;jj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; mwpe;j njhHp/ ``mt;thW fUjhnj" re;jpf;f
,ayhJ gpupe;jpUf;Fk; c=;fisf; To kfpGkhW bra;a ntz;Lbkd;W fUJk;
rhd;nwhUk;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; mf;Tl;lj;jpy; cs;shu;. `,ij
vt;thW mwptha;>~ vd eP nfl;fyhk;. m=;nf jiytdpd; cwtpdu; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/
èd;W ed;W~ vd kfpH;e;J/ ek; cwtpdu; cld;gl;Lf; TWfpd;wdu;. nkYk; `ck; tUif
vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~ vd;W jiytdJ cwtpduplk; Twp kfpH;fpd;wdu;.
mjdhy;jhd; ,t;thW TWfpnwd;~~ vd;whs;.
106
,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
1. `gpupe;njhu;g; g[zu;g;nghu; ,Ue;jdu;.~
,lk;:
bts;sp tPjpahu; vd;Dk; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa FWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;to ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
gpupe;njhiur; nru;j;J itg;nghu; cs;sdu;.
tpsf;fk;:
Kd;g[/ jiytd; jiytp Mfpnahu; bfhz;oUe;j fhjYwitj; jiytpapd;
bgw;nwhUk; cwtpdUk; mwpe;J/ jiytpia tPl;il tpl;Lr; bry;yhjthW/ tPl;onyna
rpiwapl;ldu;. ,t;thW md;W/ ``g[zu;e;njhu;g; gpupg;nghuha;~ ,Ue;jdu;/ Mdhy;/ ,d;W
mtu;fns jiytpiaj; jiytDf;F kzk; Koj;Jj; ju ,irtjd; @yk; ``gpupe;njhu;
g[zu;g;nghu;~~ Mapdu; vd;fpwhs; njhHp.
2. ed;W ed;W vd;Dk; khf;fnshL
,d;W bgupbjd;Dk; M=;fz jitna.
,lk;:
bts;sp tPjpahu; vd;Dk; bgz;ghw; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa/ FWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypy;
,t;to ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
jiytd; tPl;L thapw; gFjpapy;/ jiytd; tPl;lhUk;/ jiytp tPl;lhUk; kzk;
Fwpj;Jg; ngrpdu;. mg;nghJ jiytdJ cwtpdu; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/ jiytpapd; cwtpdu;
`èd;W ed;W~~ vd;W TwpaJld; ``c=;fs; tUif vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~~
vd;wdu;.
tpsf;fk;:
`èk; cwtpdUk;/ jiytd; tPl;L cwtpdUk;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrpf;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdu;. jiytdpd; tPl;lhh; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/ èy;yJ ey;yJ~ vd;W
ek; tPl;lhu; Twp `c=;fs; tUif vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~ vd;fpd;wdu;. ``,jd;
tHp/ c=;fs; jpUkzj;ij elj;jpl ,U tPl;lhUk; ,ire;jdu; vd;gJ btspg;gLfpwJ
md;nwh>~~ vdf; Twpj; njhHp jiytpia kfpH;tpj;jhs;.
***
gPL bgw epy;
107
bra;a[s;
g[wehD}W
,ay; 3 ? ,sk;bgUtGjp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. jkpHu;fs; g[fH;/ gHp Mfpatw;iw vt;thW Vw;wjhfg; g[wehD}W TWfpwJ>
3 g[fH; : jkpHu;fs; g[fH; tUbkd;why; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gu;.
gHp : gHp tUbkd;why;/ cyfk; KGtJk; fpilj;jhYk;/ Vw;Wf;bfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;.
,ay;
rpWtpdh
1. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; fUj;jpw;F ,izahd Fwl;ghf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; Fwl;gh
cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu; tpUe;J g[wj;jjhj; jhDz;ly; rhth
mkpH;jk; ,iatJ MapDk;/ ,dpJ vdj; kUe;bjdpDk; ntz;lw;ghw;W md;W.
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu.
gpwu; m+;RtJ m+;rp m+;RtJ m+;rhik ngijik m+;RtJ
m+;ry; mwpthu; bjhHpy;.
J+;rYk; ,yu; CiHa[k; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gu; ciyt[,d;wpj;
jhHhJ c+w;W gtu;.
g[fH; vdpd; capU=; bfhLf;Ftu; kapu;ePg;gpd; thHhu; ftupkhd; md;du;
capu;ePg;gu; khdk; tupd;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
mk;k – mirepiy
cz;ly;/ J+;ry; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
Kayh – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
m+;Rjy;/ Kdpjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
KaYeu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
J+;ry; = J+;R + my; Kdptpyu; = Kdp + t;; + ,y; + mu;

J+;R gFjp Kdpt[ gFjp
my; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp t; clk;gLbka; re;jp"
,y; vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
108
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. g[fbHdpd; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[fbHdpd;
g[fH; + vdpd; ,ay;ng~ (H; + v = bH) vd;whdJ.
2. ,iatjhapDk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L ,iatj; +
,iatJ + XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ MapDk;
MapDk; epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
,iat (j; + c) `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,iatjhapDk;
+ MapDk; ,ay;ng~ (j;; + M = jh) vd;whdJ.
3. Kdptpyu; `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp~ vDk; Kdpt; + ,yu;
Kdpt[ + ,yu; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk;
Kdpt[ (t; + c) bfl;L/
+ ,yu; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Kdptpyu;
,ay;ng~ (t; + , = tp) vd;whdJ.
4. m+;Rtj+;rp `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L m+;Rtj; + m+;rp
m+;RtJ + XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
m+;rp epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ m+;Rtj+;rp
,ay;ng~ (j; + m = j) vd;whdJ.
5. gHpbadpd; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ gHp + a; + vdpd;
gHp + vdpd; afu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ gHpbadpd;
,ay;ng~ (a; + v = ba) vd;whdJ.

1. cyfpay; fUj;Jfisg; ngRk; VnjDk; Xu; ,yf;fpag; ghlypd; eaKk; brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ngRf.
cyfpay; fUj;Jfis eak;gl brhy;Yk; bgUik xsitahiu tpl;lhy; ntW vtnuDk;
,y;iy vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk; vd;ghu;fs;. mg;gog;gl;l fk;gid .................
bgUik xsitahiur; rhUk;.
nrhHd; mitapy; fk;gd; bgupJk; nghw;wg;gl;ltu;. mstw;w md;g[k; bfhz;ltu;.
gPL bgw epy;
xsitapd; ghliyf; nfl;L nrhHnd fy=;fpdhd;.
``thd;FUtp apd;TL ty;yuf;Fj; bjhy;fiwahd;
njd;rpyk;gp ahtu;f;F+; bra;aupjhy; ? ahk;bgupJk;
ty;nyhnk vd;W typikbrhy ntz;lh=;fhz;
vy;yhu;f;Fk; xt;bthd; bwspJ~~
nrhHnd-
J}f;fzh=;FUtp fl;oa TLnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
fiuahd; vt;tst[ mHfhf El;gkha;g; g[w;W fl;LfpwJ mJnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
109
rpye;jp tiyiag; nghy; vtuhYk; fl;lKoa[kh-

njdPf;fs; fl;Lk; TLnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
,tw;iw ahuhYk; bra;a ,ayhJ. xt;bthUtUf;F xU jpwik cz;L. fk;gu;
? tpUj;jk; vd;why;/ g[fnHe;jp ? btz;gh. Mjyhy; xU jpwikia itj;J mtu;
midj;jpYk; jpwik vd;W nghw;wf;TlhJ.
2. c=;fSf;Fj; bjupe;j/ eP=;fs; nfs;tpa[w;w `gpwu;f;bfd KaYeu;~ vtnuDk; xUtu; Fwpj;j
jfty;fisj; jpul;of; fl;Liu cUthf;Ff.
jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhu;
jkpH; ,is+u; Kjy; Kjpatu; tiu kd=;fspy; thH;gtu; jpU.tp.f. jkpGf;Fk;/
3 jkpH;ehl;Lf;Fk; vz;zw;w bjhz;L bra;jtu;.

,tu; ngr;R bgUk;g[ayhft[k;/ vGj;J vupkiyahft[k;/ bra;jp rpw;gpahft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
,ay;
jkpH;ehl;Lf; fhe;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu;.

jkpGf;Fk;/ jkpH; vGj;jhsu;fSf;Fk; je;ijahft[k;/ bjhHpyhsu;fSf;Fj; jhahft[k;
tps=;fpatu;.
@d;bwGj;J rfhg;jk;/ Md;w vGj;jhsu;/ nju;e;j rpe;jidahsu;/ ciuahrpupau;/
bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;/ ftp+u;/ ,iwg;gzpa[k; jkpH;g;gzpa[k; ehl;Lew;gzpa[k; bfhz;ltu;.
bkhj;jj;jpy; jdf;bfd thHhg; gpwu;f;bfd KaYk; nguUs; be+;rk; bfhz;ltu;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jkpHupd; thH;tpay; fUt{ykhf tps=;Fk; E}y; ________.
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
,) FWe;bjhif <) gupghly; tpil: M) g[wehD}W
2. Tw;W i) : jkpHupd; tPuj;ija[k; <uj;ija[k; kl;Lk; ngrhky;/ thH;tpd; tpGkpa=;fisa[k;
ngRk; E}y; g[wehD}W MFk;.
Tw;W ii) : jdf;bfd thHh kdpju;fisg; gw;wpg; g[wehD}W ngRfpwJ.
,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
i) jhs; ? 1. Kaw;rp
ii) Kdpjy; ? 2. btWj;jy;
iii) J+;ry; ? 3. typik
iv) nehd;ik ? 4. nrhk;gy;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/4 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
4. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jtu; ________.
m) $p.a[.nghg; M) $hu;$; vy;.\hu;l;
,) tPukhKdptu; <) fhy;Lbty; tpil: m) $p.a[.nghg;
110
5. g[wehD}W ________ ghf;fshy; MdJ.
m) btz;gh M) mftw;gh
,) Fwl;gh <) fypg;gh tpil: M) mftw;gh
6. flw;bryt[ xd;wpy; ,we;J nghdtu; ________.
m) beL+;brHpad; M) ,sk;bgUtGjp
,) khwd;tGjp <) Re;jughz;oad; tpil: M) ,sk;bgUtGjp
7. `bgUtGjp~ vd;Dk; bgau; Fwpg;gJ ________.
m) nruid M) ghz;oaiu
,) nrhHid <) gy;ytiu tpil: M) ghz;oaiu
i) mk;k ? 1. mirepiy
ii) J+;ry; ? 2. bjhHpw;bgau;
iii) Kayh ? 3. <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
m) 1/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 2
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3
9. J+;ry; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpFjp ________.
m) ry; M) jy;
,) my; <) ,y; tpil: ,) my;
10. g[wehD}W ________ Mk; Mz;L ________ mtu;fshy; Kjd; Kjyhf mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;L
btspaplg;gl;lJ.
m) 1894/ c.nt.rh M) 1884/ c.nt.rh
,) 1894/ k.bgh.rp <) 1884/ fp.M.bg tpil: m) 1894/ c.nt.rh
FWtpdh
1. g[wehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; ahit>
gz;ilj; jkpHu;fspd; cau;e;j ehfupfk;/ murpay;/ nghu;j;jpwk;/ rKjhag; gz;ghL/
gHf;ftHf;f=;fs; Mfpatw;iw czu;tjw;Ff; fUtpahfg; g[wehD}W jpfH;fpwJ.
,e;E}y; jkpHupd; rpwe;j fUt{ykhFk;.
,itna g[wehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; MFk;.
2. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit> mtw;Ws; mfk;/ g[wk; gw;wpa E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mfg;bghUs; gw;wpad:
gPL bgw epy;
ew;wpiz/ fypj;bjhif/ FWe;bjhif/ mfehD}W/ I=;FWE}W Mfpa Ie;Jk; mfg;bghUs;
gw;wpad.
g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpad:
gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ g[wehD}W Mfpa ,uz;Lk; g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpad.
mfKk;/ g[wKk;:
gupghly; mfKk;/ g[wKk; gw;wpaJ.
111
3. `cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGjpatu; ahu;> mtiug; gw;wp ePtpu;
mwptd ahit>
`cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGjpatu; flYs; kha;e;j
,sk;bgUtGjp Mthu;.
`tGjp~ vd;Dk; bgauhy; ,tu; ghz;oa Fyj;jtu; vd mwpfpd;nwhk;.
,sikapnyna nguwptpdhy; bgUik bgw;wtu; vd;gJ njhd;w/ ,tu; `,sk;bgUtGjp~
vdg;gl;lhu;.
flw;nghupy; ,tu; ,we;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
mjdhy; ,tu;/ gpw;fhyj;jtuhy;/ `flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp~ vd tH=;fg;gl;lhu;.
4. ,t;t[yfk; vjdhy; epiy bgw;wpUf;fpwJ>
3 jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLgtu;/ gyu; ,Uj;jyhy;jhd;
,t;t[yfk; epiybgw;wpUf;fpwJ.
,ay;
5. `jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;~ ? vtu;> vij>

jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLgtu;/ fpilj;jw;fupa njtu;
cz;Qk; mKjk; fpl;odhYk;/ mBJ ,dpikahdJ vd;W fUjpj; jhnk jdpj;J cz;z
khl;lhu;.
6. `m+;RtJ m+;rpj; J+;rYk; ,yu;~ ? tpsf;Ff.
jkf;bfd thHhJ gpwUf;bfd thH;gtu;/ m+;r ntz;oatw;wpw;F m+;RtnjhL
epd;wplhky;/ mtw;iwj; jPu;j;jw;F/ VjhtJ tHp cz;lhapd; mjida[k; nrhk;gypd;wpr;
bra;tu; vd;gjhk;.
7. Rtofspy; ,Ue;j g[wehD}w;wpid mr;rpnyw;wp E}yha;j; je;jtu; vtu;>
Rtofspy; ,Ue;j g[wehD}w;wpid/ mr;rpnyw;wp E}yha;j; je;jtu; lhf;lu; c.nt.
rhkpehijau; Mthu;.
8. g[wehD}w;iwg; gpw bkhHpapy; btspapl;l gpwbkhHpahsu; ahtu;>
nguhrpupau; $hu;$; vy;. \hu;l; vd;ghu;/ g[wehD}W KGtija[k;/ M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp
bgau;j;J btspapl;lhu;.
nkdhl;lwp+u; $p.a{.nghg; mtu;fs; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw bkhHpbgau;j;J
btspapl;lhu;.
rpWtpdh
1. `cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rp MtJ vt;thW>
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; gynuhL cz;Qjy; ntz;Lk;.
gpwuplk; btWg;g[f; bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
gpwu; m+;rj;jf;ftw;Wf;Fj; jhKk; m+;Rjy; ntz;Lk;.
g[fiH tUe;jpa[k; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
gHpapid vt;tst[ ed;iktupDk; bfhs;Sjy; TlhJ.
jk; bghUl;ld;wpg; gpwu; bghUl;nl capu; thH;f;if ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
vd;Dk; cz;ikg; bghUs;fs; kf;fSf;F ,k;ik/ kWikfl;F cWjp gaf;Fbkd;W/ jkJ
mDgtj;jpy; bjspe;J ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;sikahy;/ ,r;bra;a[s; bghUz;bkhHpf;
fh+;rp Mapw;W.
112
2. bghJtpay; jpiz ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
jpiz tpsf;fk; :
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu cs;s jpizfspy; Twg;glhj bra;jpfisa[k; gpw bghJthd
bra;jpfisa[k; bjhFj;Jf; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpizahFk;.
rhd;W :
`cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
mkpH;jk; ,iatJ MapDk;/ ,dpJ vdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu Kdptpyu;-...~
tpsf;fk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhfg; bgupa Kaw;rpa[ld; ciHg;gtu;fs;/ ,e;jpuDf;Fupa
mkpH;jk; fpilj;jhYk; mBJ capu;f;fhg;gJ vd;gjw;fhfj; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu;fs;.
bghUj;jk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhft[k; ciHg;gtu;fshy; kl;Lnk ,t;t[yfk; ,a=;fpf;
bfhz;oUg;gjhfg; g[wj;jpizfSf;bfy;yhk; bghJthd bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; ,BJ
``bghJtpay; jpiz~~ Mapw;W.
3. bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rpj;Jiw ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk; :
kf;fSf;F eyk; bra;a[k; thH;tpay; bewpfis vLj;Jf; TWjy; bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rpj;
JiwahFk;.
rhd;W :
`cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
mkpH;jk; ,iatJ MapDk;/ ,dpJ vdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu" Kdptpyu;-...~
tpsf;fk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhfg; bgupa Kaw;rpa[ld; ciHg;gtu;fs;/ ,e;jpuDf;Fupa
mkpH;jk; fpilj;jhYk; mBJ capu;fhg;gJ vd;gjw;fhfj; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu;fs;.
bghUj;jk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhft[k; ciHg;gtu;fshy; kl;Lnk ,t;t[yfk; ,a=;fpf;
bfhz;oUg;gjhf thH;tpay; bewpfis vLj;Jf; TWtjhy; ,BJ ``bghUz;bkhHpf;
fh+;rpj;Jiw~~ Mapw;W.
4. ,t;t[yfk; epiybgw;wpUg;gjw;Ff; flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;s bra;jpfisj;
bjhFj;bjGJf.
gPL bgw epy;
njtu;fl;F cupa mKjk; bjatj;jpdhyhtJ/ jtj;jpdhyhtJ jkf;F te;J
TLtjhapDk;/ mBJ ,dpikahdbjd;W fUjpj; jhnk jdpj;J cz;zhjtu;"
vtnuhLk; btWg;g[f; bfhs;SjYk; ,y;yhjtu;"
gpwu; m+;rj; jFe;j Jd;gj;jpw;Fj; jhKk; m+;rp/ mjidj; jPu;f;fr; nrhk;gp ,Uj;jYk;
,y;yhjtu;"
jkf;Fg; g[fH; fpl;Ltjhapd;/ mjw;fhfj; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gtu;"
gHp fpl;Lkhapd;/ mjdhy; cyfk; KGtJk; fpilg;gjhapUe;jhYk; bfhs;shjtu;"
kdf;ftiy bfhs;Sjy; ,y;yhjtu;.
113
,t;thwhd khl;rpikg;gl;l jd;ikauhfpj; jk; thH;t[f;bfd;W Kaw;rpapid

nkw;bfhs;shJ/ gpwu; bghUl;Lr; bra;gtu; ,Uj;jyhy;jhd;/ ,e;j cyfk; ,d;Dk;
epiybgw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,itna flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;s
bra;jpfshFk;.
,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

1. ........................,e;jpuu;
mkpH;jk; ,iatjhapDk; ,dpbjdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;.
,lk;:
3 flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp vGjpa/ `cz;lhy; mk;k-` vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wr;
bra;a[spy; ,t;to ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
,ay;
bghUs;"
njtu;fl;F cupa mKjk; jkf;Ff; fpl;Ltjha; ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjd; ,dpik fUjpj;
jhnk jdpj;J cz;zhjtu;.
tpsf;fk;:
jd;id cz;lhiur; rhfhky; fhg;gJ mKjk;. mj;jd;ika[ila njtu;fspd;
czt[ gpwUf;Ff; fpilf;fhJ. mj;jifa mKjnk bja;tj;jpdhnyh/ jtj;jpdhnyh/
jkf;Ff; fpilj;jhYk;/ jkf;bfd thHhg; bgupnahu;fs; jhk; kl;Lk; mijj; jdpj;J
cz;z khl;lhu;fs;. gynuhL gfpu;e;J cz;ghu;fs;. ,j;jifatu; ,Ug;gjhy; cyfpay;
epiybgWfpwJ vd;fpwhd;/ ,sk;bgUtGjp.
2. ``g[fbHdpd; capUk; bfhLf;Ftu;/ gHpbadpd;
cyFld; bgwpDk; bfhs;syu;~~
,lk;:
flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp vGjpa/ `cz;lhy; mk;k-~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk;
g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; ,t;to ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
g[fH; fpilg;gjhapd; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gu;. gHp fpilg;gjhapd;/ mjdhy; cyfk;
KGtJk; bgWtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;shu;.
tpsf;fk;:
jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLk; nknyhu;fs;/ g[fH;
cz;lhFbkd;why; mjw;fhfj; jkJ cly;/ bghUs; Mfpatw;iw kl;Lky;yhky;/ jk; mupa
capiua[k; bfhLg;ghu;fs;. Mdhy;/ bra;aj; jfhj bray;fisr; bra;tjw;fhf/ ,t;t[yfnk
jkf;Ff; fpilg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjid Vw;Wf; bfhs;skhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjhk;.
***
114
Jizg;ghlk;
thothry;
,ay; 3 ? rp.R. bry;yg;gh
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. thothry; fij thapyhf eP=;fs; czu;e;j fUj;Jfis tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-
k=;ifaupd; tPut[zu;t[- fhisia mlf;fpdhd;" fs=;fk;
fhisfis mlf;Fk; fhisfs; Jilj;jhd;
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
Mrpupau; rp.R. bry;yg;gh rpWfij/ g[jpdk;/ ftpij/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[ Kjyhd
,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;ntW js=;fspy; g=;fspg;g[r; bra;jpUf;fpwhu;. ``vGj;J~~ ,jHpidj;
bjhl=;fp/ etPd jkpHpyf;fpa kWkyu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltu;. thothry;/ Rje;jpu jhfk;/
$Ptdhk;rk; nghd;wit ,tuJ gilg;g[fshFk;. ,tUila ``Rje;jpu jhfk;~~ g[jpdj;jpw;F
2001 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ fpilj;jJ.
k=;ifaupd; tPut[zu;t[-
tPuj;jpd; tpisepyk; jkpHfk;. nghu; KuR nfl;lt[ld;/ fy=;fhJ ifapy; nty; vLj;Jf;
bfhLj;J/ `bew;wpapy; jpyfkpl;L/ nghuplr; brd;W/ btw;wpa[ld; tUf- vd tHpaDg;gp
itf;Fk; k=;ifaiuf; bfhz;l ehL.
fhisfis mlf;Fk; fhisfs;-
,j;jifa tPukf;fs; ,d;Wk; jkpHfj;jpy; thH;e;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. jpd;W
bfhGj;Jj; jpdbtLj;J tsu;e;jpUf;Fk; fhisfis vjpu;j;J epd;why;/ mf;fhisfspd;
Tupa bfhk;g[fshy; Fj;Jg;gl;Lr; rhf neupLk; my;yJ bgU=;fhaKw;W tPH neupLk;
vd;gij vy;nyhUk; mwptu;. vdpDk;/ mjidg; g[we;js;sp/ nghuho/ fhisfis mlf;fp
btw;wp bgwg; gyE}W tPu ,is+u;fs; $y;ypf;fl;L epfGk;nghJ Kd; tUtijf;
fhQk;nghJ tpag;g[ nkypLfpwJ.
gPL bgw epy;
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR-
nkw;Fwpj;j tPukugpy; te;jtd;jhd; `thothry;~ fijapy; ,lk;bgWk;/ gpr;rp. mtd;
$y;ypf;fl;Lg; nghl;oapy; fye;J bfhz;lhd;. mLj;jLj;J xt;bthU fhisiaa[k;
mtpH;j;J tpl;ldu;. mit Js;spa[k;/ Fjpj;Jk;/ bfhk;g[fis mirj;Jf; bfhz;Lk;/
`vtnuDk; beU=;fpdhy; mt;tst[jhd;~ vd;W TWtJ nghyg; bgU@r;R tpl;Lf;
bfhz;Lk; te;jd. mg;go te;j fhisfSs; xd;Wjhd; thog[uj;Jf; fhis. mJ
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR- Mk;" cly; tsj;jhYk;/ epwj;jhYk; mJ mg;goj; njhd;wpaJ.
mjidf; fz;L gyUk; gpd; th=;fpdu;. Mdhy;/ gpr;rp typiknahL mjd; Kd;g[ epd;whd;.
115
je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-

mjidf; fz;L m=;fpUe;njhu; midtUk; mr;rj;jpy; ciwe;J epd;wdu;. `gpr;rpf;F
,d;W rht[ epr;rae;jhd;-~ vd;nw Kot[ fl;odu;. Mdhy;/ gpr;rp mjd; bfhk;g[f;F neu;
vjpu;epd;whd;. `mg;gd; Mirf;F kl;Lkd;wp/ capUf;nf ciyitj;j fhup. mjd; bfhk;gpy;
,d;Dk; mg;gd; ,uj;jk; tHpe;J bfhz;oUg;gJ nghd;w gpuik mtDf;F Vw;gl;lJ-~
vd;fpwhu; fijahrpupau;.
fhisia mlf;fpdhd;" fs=;fk; Jilj;jhd;-
Mk;- fle;j $y;ypf;fl;od; nghJ mf;fhupia mlf;fg; gpr;rpapd; mg;gd; Kaw;rp bra;jhu;"
Mdhy;/ mf;fhisahy; Fj;jg;gl;L ,we;jhu;. mjw;Fg; gHpth=;fnt gpr;rp mf;fhisia
,g;nghJ vjpu;j;J epw;fpd;whd;. jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisiaf; bfhy;tjw;fhf md;W"
3 jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisapid mlf;fpj; jd; tPug;guk;giuf;F Vw;gl;l fs=;fj;ijf;

Jilg;gjw;fhf. mt;thnw mf;fhisnahL Kk;Kiw nkhjp/ mjid tPH;j;jpj; jiuapy;
rhar; bra;jhd;.
,ay;
``fs=;fk; fiue;jJ"
tPuk; epiyj;jJ-~~
Kot[iu:
gpr;rpiag; ghu;j;J/
``crpyD}u; mk;gpypapd; bgaiuf;

fhg;ghw;wp tpl;lhalh. eP kDrDf;Fg;
bghwf;fnylh/ g[ypf;Fg; bghwe;j ga/
ntbwj;ijr; brhy;wJ~~
vd;W cUkhg;gl;iliaf; fpHtd; ePl;l/ gpr;rpapd; fz;fspypUe;J Mde;jf; fz;zPu;
tHpe;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
1. eP=;fs; fz;Lfspj;j VW jGt[jy; epfH;tpd; fhl;rpfis tFg;gpy; neu;Kf tUzid

bra;J fhl;Lf.
v=;fs; Cu; kJiu. kJiu vd;whny $y;ypf;fl;Lf;F bgau; nghd ,lk;. tHf;fk;
nghy; bgh=;fy; md;nw fisf;fl;l Muk;gpj;jJ.
bgh=;fYf;F Kd;dnu mjw;Fz;lhd Vw;ghLfisr; bra;tu;. gupRj;bjhifa[k;
Vw;ghL bra;J itg;gu;.
tpHh md;W fhiyapny fhisnahL/ fhisapd; cupikahsu;/ cwt[fs; vy;yhk;
te;J nru;e;J tpLthu;fs;.
xt;bthU fhisf;Fk; g=;nfw;g[ milahs ml;il tH=;fg;gLk;. tupirg;go
thothrYf;F miHj;Jtug;gLk;. thothriyj; jpwe;jt[ld; rPwpg;gha[k; fhisfis
mlf;Fk; ,is+u;fspd; gl;lhsk; Ftpa[k;. mtu;fSf;Fk; milahs ml;il
tH=;fg;gLk;.
fhisapd; ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g gupRj; bjhifa[k; VWk;. rpy fhisfspy; gupRg;bghUSk;
,Uf;Fk;. fhisfs; kz;izf; Fj;jp fpsWk;. mg;nghJ/
tlf;fj;jpahd; tuhd;-
116 fUg;g[g; gprhR khjpup flY}u; fhis tUJ- thothriy tpl;L btspna tUJ-
ga brj;jhd;-
buz;L gt[d; j=;fk;-
thlh thlh mlf;F xUgf;fk;-
Ko+;rh mlf;fp ghU xUgf;fk;-
ju;kfj;jhtpd; gupR @d;W gt[d; gupR Vwpf;bfhz;nl tUJ-
capUf;nf ciyitf;Fk; uh$hsp khjpup epf;FJ-
tlf;fpj;jpahd; tuhd; bky;y tuhd; te;jpl;lhd;-
xnu Fj;J J}f;fpg;nghl;lJ-
Inah mk;kh vd;W fjwpatd; kPz;Lk; tuhd; bky;y/ bky;y-
xnu mKf;F mKf;fpl;lhd;-
btw;wp btw;wp tlf;fpj;jpahd; btw;wp bgw;Wtpl;lhd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. xj;ijf;F xj;ijahff; nfhjhtpy; ,w=;Fk; kpUfj;Jf;Fk;/ kD&Df;Fk; elf;Fk;
tptfhuj;Jf;F ,uz;obyhU Kot[ fhQk; ,lk; ________.
m) bjd; my=;fk; M) thothry;
,) beLthry; <) ikjhdk; tpil: M) thothry;
2. thothry; vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh M) rp.R.rpd;dg;gh
,) ,e;jpud; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
3. `bfhy;nyw;Wf; nfhl+;Rthid kWika[k; g[y;yhns~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.
m) g[wehD}W M) fypj;bjhif
,) FWe;bjhif <) mfehD}W tpil: M) fypj;bjhif
4. gpr;rp btd;bwLj;j fhisapd; Cu; ________.
m) my=;fhey;Y}u; M) crpyD}u;
,) mtzpahg[uk; <) thog[uk; tpil: <) thog[uk;
5. thog[uk; fhisapd; bgau; ________.
m) fhup M) gpr;rp
,) kUjd; <) mk;gpyp tpil: m) fhup
gPL bgw epy;
6. rp.R. bry;yg;gh cjtp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH;fs; ________.
i) re;jpnuhjak; ii) jpdkzp
iii) jpdg{kp iv) jPf;fjpu;
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
,) iii, iv - rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
7. rp.R.bry;yg;gh bjhl=;fpa ,jH; ________.
m) bjd;wy; M) Fapy;
,) vGj;J <) fizahHp tpil: ,) vGj;J 117
8. rp.R. bry;yg;gh ________ vd;w g[jpdj;jpw;fhf ________ Mk; Mz;L rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUJ bgw;whu;.
m) thothry;/ 2000 M) Rje;jpu jhfk;/ 2001
,) $Ptdhk;rk;/ 2002 <) jhfk;/ 2000 tpil: M) Rje;jpu jhfk;/ 2001
9. gp.vy;.uhikahtpd; rpWfijg;ghzp/ jkpH;r; rpWfij gpwf;fpwJ vd;w gilg;gf[ spd; Mrpupau;
m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh M) mfj;jpayp=;fk;
,) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp <) ,e;jpud; tpil: m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
10. thothry; vd;gJ ________.
m) g[jpdk; M) FWk; g[jpdk;
,) rpWfij <) tuyhW tpil: M) FWk; g[jpdk;
3 ***
,ay;
,ay; 3 gFgj cWg;g[fs;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gFgj cWg;g[fSs; ,lk;bgWk; mog;gil cWg;g[fs; vit>
m) gFjp/ ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ rhupia/ tpFjp/ tpfhuk;
M) gFjp/ ,ilepiy/ rhupia
,) gFjp/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
<) gFjp/ tpFjp tpil: <) gFjp/ tpFjp
rpWtpdh
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
tUfpd;whs; = th(tU) + fpd;W + Ms; thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md;

th(tU) gFjp/ `tU~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;. thH; gFjp
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Ms; glu;f;ifg; bgz;ghy; Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp tpidKw;W tpFjp
fhz;gpg;ghu; = fhz;gp + g; + g; + Mu; gpupe;j = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + m
fhz;gp gFjp gpup gFjp
g; re;jp j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W m bgabur;r tpFjp
tpFjp
118

1. ciueilg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s vitnaDk; gj;Jr; brhw;fSf;Fg; gFgj
cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
czh;fpnwd; = czh; + fpW + Vd; ele;J = el + j;(e;) + j; + c
czh; gFjp el gFjp
fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy" j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;"
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy"
tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
tpspj;J = tpsp + j; + j; + c Foj;J = Fo + j; + j; + c
tpsp gFjp Fo gFjp
j; re;jp j; re;jp/
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c tpidbar;r tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c cGjy; = cG + jy;
mwp gFjp cG gFjp
j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;" jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
gUFfpwhh; = gUF + fpW + Mu; fle;j = fl + j;(e;) + j; + m
gUF gFjp fl gFjp
fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
Mu; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
fw;gpj;jhu; = fw;gp + j; + j; + Mu; thH;jy; = thH; + jy;
fw;gp gFjp thH; gFjp
j; re;jp jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk; : 76

gPL bgw epy;
1. gFgj cWg;g[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>

gFgj cWg;g[fs; MW MFk;.
mit: gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ rhupia/ tpfhuk; vd;gdthFk;.
2. fhyk;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiy ? j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; vd;gd.
epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfs; ? fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W vd;gd.
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; ? g;/ t; vd;gd.
119
v.fh:
bra;jhd; – bra; + j; + Md; – ,we;jfhyk;
cz;fpwhd; – cz; + fpW + Md; – epfH;fhyk;
bra;thd; – bra; + t; + Md; – vjpu;fhyk;
3. gFgjj;jpy; re;jp/ rhupia vt;btt;tpl=;fspy; mika[k;>

re;jp:
re;jp vd;gjw;Fg; g[zu;r;rp vd;W bgau;.
gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy Mfpa gFgj cWg;g[fs; g[zUk;nghJ ,ilapy; njhd;Wk;
cWg;g[/ re;jp vdg;gLk;.
3 re;jp/ gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ tHf;F.
v.fh: mirj;jhd; ? mir + j; + j;; + Md;
,ay;
rhupia:
gFgjj;jpy; gFjpnahL ,ilepiyiaa[k;/ ,ilepiynahL tpFjpiaa[k;
bghUj;jkha;r; rhu;e;J ,iaa tUk; cWg;g[/ rhupia vdg;gLk;.
bgUk;ghYk; rhupia ,ilepiyf;Fk;/ tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;.
v.fh: jUFbtd; ? jh(jU) + F + t;; + vd;
4. tpFjpfs; vtw;iw czu;j;Jk;>
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpatw;iw czu;j;Jk;.
5. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
vz; brhw;fs; gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
1. mike;J mik j; e; j; c
2. ghu;j;jhd; ghu; j; j; Md;
3. njhd;wp njhd;W ,
4. tUfpwhu; th tU fpW Mu;
5. bra;f bra; f
6. ele;jdd; el j; e; j; md; md;
7. bfhLj;j bfhL j; j; m
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;f.

m) md; ? te;jdd; M) ,d; ? Kwpe;jJ
,) F ? fhz;Ftd; <) md; ? brd;wd tpil: M) ,d; ? Kwpe;jJ
7. gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
,d;
ngR
fpW
vGJ Md;
t;
tz=;F
M
120
ngR + ,d; + Md; ? ngrpdhd; ngR + fpW + Md; ? ngRfpwhd;
vGJ + ,d; + Md; ? vGjpdhd; vGJ + fpW + Md; ? vGJfpwhd;
tz=;F + ,d; + Md; ? tz=;fpdhd; tz=;F + fpW + Md; ? tz=;Ffpwhd;
ngR + t; + Md; ? ngRthd; ngR + M + Md; ? ngrhd;
vGJ + t; + Md; ? vGJthd; vGJ + M + Md; ? vGjhd;
tz=;F + t; + Md; ? tz=;Fthd; tz=;F + M + Md; ? tz=;fhd;
8. ntu;r;brhy;/ vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy/ tpFjp Mfpatw;iwr; nru;j;Jr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
ghu; M Md; ghu; + M + Md; ? ghuhd;

fhz; my; ms; fhz;(fz;) + l; + ,y; + ms; ? fz;oys;
ciu ,y; mu; ciu + j; + j; + ,y; + mu; ? ciuj;jpyu;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gFjpia ________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) Kjdpiy M) KjbyGj;J
,) Kjw;brhy; <) epiybkhHp tpil: m) Kjdpiy
2. tpFjp bgwhj Vty; tpidahf tUtJ ________.
m) ,ilepiy M) tpidr;brhy;
,) tpidKw;W <) gFjp tpil: <) gFjp
3. mBwpiz xd;wd;ghy;/ glu;f;if ,lk; vd;gdtw;iw btspg;gLj;Jk; tpFjp ________.
m) Md; M) Ms;
,) J <) mu; tpil: ,) J
4. epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfSf;Fg; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) fpW M) fpd;W
,) Mepd;W <) g;/ t; tpil: <) g;/ t;
5. Xu; Mf;fg;bgau; brhy;ypy; bgau;g; gFjpia tpFjpnahL ,izg;gjw;F tUk; ,ilepiy
________ MFk;.
m) Mf;f ,ilepiy M) vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy
tpil: <) bgau; ,ilepiy
gPL bgw epy;
,) fhy ,ilepiy <) bgau; ,ilepiy
6. Tw;W i) : re;jp vd;gjw;Fj; jkpHpy; g[zu;r;rp vd;W bgau;.
Tw;W ii) : re;jp/ gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ bgUtHf;fhFk;.
,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup tpil : <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
7. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ml=;fhky; VHhtJ cWg;ghf tUk; g[wj;JWg;g[ ________.
m) vGj;Jg;ngW M) g[wepiy
,) ,yf;fzg;nghyp <) jdp epiy tpil: m) vGj;Jg;ngW
121
8. jkpH; Xu; ________ bkhHp.

m) ntw;W epiy M) xl;L epiy
,) xl;lhj epiy <) khw;W epiy tpil: M) xl;L epiy
9. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ________ f;Fg; bghUs; ,y;iy.
m) tpFjp M) rhupia
,) ,ilepiy <) gFjp tpil: M) rhupia
10. Tw;W i) : md; vd;gJ tpFjpahf tUk;nghJ `md;~ vd;gnj rhupiaahf tUk;.
Tw;W ii) : Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; tpFjpfs; tUk;nghJ `md;~ rhupiaahf tuhJ.
3 ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
11. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; `tpFjp~ btspg;gLj;jp czu;j;Jgit ________.
,ay;
m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; M) ,ilepiy/ capuPW/ bka;aP

,) re;jp/ rhupia tpfhuk; <) vr;rk;/ Kw;W/ ntw;Wik
tpil: m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;
12. gFgjj;jpy; ________ vd;gitna bghUs; jUk; cWg;g[fshFk;.
m) gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy M) rhupia/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
,) vr;rk;/ Kw;W/ rhupia <) ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
tpil: m) gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy
13. gFjp/ tpFjp ,ilepiy Mfpait g[zUk;nghJ mtw;wpd; totj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
________ vdg;gLk;.
m) re;jp M) rhupia
,) vGj;Jg;ngW <) tpfhuk; tpil: <) tpfhuk;
14. vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) M M) My;
,) ,y; <) jy; tpil: <) jy;
15. glu;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjpfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) J M) W
,) L <) f tpil: <) f
16. xU bkhHpapd; mog;gilahd ntu;r;brhy; ________.
m) gFjp M) tpFjp
,) ,ilepiy <) vGj;Jg;ngW tpil: m) gFjp
17. ________ fhyk; fhl;lhJ.
m) ,ilepiy M) fhy ,ilepiy
,) vGj;Jg;ngW <) tpidr;brhy; tpil: ,) vGj;Jg;ngW
18. g[zu;r;rpapd; nghJ Vw;gLk; tpfhu=;fs; ________.
i) njhd;wy; ii) jpupjy;
iii) bfLjy; iv) vJt[kpy;iy
m) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup M) ehd;Fk; rup
,) ehd;F kl;Lk; rup <) i, ii - rup tpil: m) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
122
19. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) j; M) l;
,) w; <) t; tpil: <) t;
20. tpa=;nfhs;/ bjhHpw;bgau;/ bgabur;rk;/ tpidbar;rk; nghd;w gy;ntW ,yf;fzg;
bghUz;ikfis czu;j;jg; gad;gLtJ ________.
m) gFjp M) tpFjp
,) rhupia <) re;jp tpil: M) tpFjp
FWtpdh
1. gjk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Xu; vGj;J jdpj;J te;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nru;e;J bjhlu;e;J te;njh xU bghUs; jUkhapd;
mJ gjk; vdg;gLk;.
2. gjj;jpd; ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
gjj;jpd; ntW bgau;fs;:
brhy;  bkhHp  fpstp
3. gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
gjk; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit: gFgjk;/ gfhg;gjk; MFk;.
4. gfhg;gjk; ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
gFjp/ tpFjp Kjypa cWg;g[fsha;g; gpupf;f Koahj/ gpupj;jhy; bghUs; juhj/ ,LFwpaha;
mike;j brhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ehL/ kz;.
5. gfhg;gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. bgau;g;gfhg;gjk; 2. tpidg;gfhg;gjk; 3. ,ilg;gfhg;gjk; 4. cupg;gfhg;gjk;
v.fh:
bgau;g;gfhg;gjk; – md;id/ jiy/ ePu;/ ge;J
tpidg;gfhg;gjk; – el/ bra;/ cz;/ jpd;
,ilg;gfhg;gjk; – ck;/ kw;W/ nghy/ My;
cupg;gfhg;gjk; – rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp
6. vit gfhg;gj=;fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;>
,ilr;brhy;Yk;/ cupr;brhy;Yk; gfhg;gj=;fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
7. gFgjk; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wld; tptup.
gPL bgw epy;
gFjp/ tpFjp Kjypa cWg;g[fsha;g; gpupf;ff; ToaJk;/ gpupj;jhy; bghUs; jUtJkhd
brhy; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: mwp+d; ? ,r;brhy;iy mwp + +; + md; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. gpupj;jgpd; `mwp~ vd;gJ
mwpita[k;/ `md;~ vd;gJ Mz;ghiya[k; czu;j;Jk;.
8. bgau;g; gFgjk; vtw;wpd; moaha;g; gpwf;Fk;>
bgau;g; gFgjk;/ bghUs;/ ,lk;/ fhyk;/ rpid/ Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; moaha;g;
gpwf;Fk;.
123
9. mWtifg; bgau;g; gFgj=;fSf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

bghd;dd; – bghUl;bgau;g; gFgjk;
kJiuahd; – ,lg;;bgau;g; gFgjk;
rpj;jpiuahd; – fhyg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
jiyad; – rpidg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
,dpad; – Fzg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
Xl;Leu; – bjhHpw;bgau;g; gFgjk;
10. gFgjj;jpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy/ rhupia/ re;jp/ tpfhuk; vd;Dk; MWk; gFgjj;jpd; cWg;g[fshFk;.
11. gFgj cWg;g[fSs; Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[fs; ahit> vjdhy; mit Kf;fpakhdit
3 vdg;gLfpd;wd>
gFgj cWg;g[fSs; gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy vd;Dk; @d;W cWg;g[fSk; Kf;fpakhd
,ay;
cWg;g[fshFk;.
gFjpahy; bjhHpYk;/ tpFjpahy; jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpadt[k;/ ,ilepiyahy;
fhyKk; tps=;Fk;. vdnt ,it Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
12. vt;t[Wg;g[fs; ,d;wpa[k; gFgjk; mika[k;>
re;jp/ rhupia/ tpfhuk; vd;gd ,d;wpa[k; gFgjk; mika[k;.
13. ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d> mjd; tiffs; ahit>
gFgjj;jpy; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;Fk; cWg;g[ ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
,J bgau; ,ilepiy/ tpid ,ilepiy vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
14. bgaupil epiy vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
bgau;g; gFgjj;jpy; tUk; ,ilepiy bgau; ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ftp+d; ? ftp + +; + md;.
,r;brhy;ypy; `+;~ vd;gJ ,ilepiy. ,J fhy=;fhl;lhJ.
15. tpid ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d> mBJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
tpidg; gFgjj;jpy; cs;s ,ilepiy tpid ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;. tpid
,ilepiy fhy=;fhl;Lk;.
tpid ,ilepiyia/ ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ epfH;fhy ,ilepiy/ vjpu;fhy
,ilepiy vd @d;W tiffsha;g; gpupg;gu;.
16. fhy=;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfisf; TWf.
,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; : j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; bra;jhd; – bra; + j; + Md;
epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W cz;fpwhd; – cz; + fpW + Md;
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : g;/ t;/ f; eof;Fk; – eo + f; + f; + ck;
17. vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfisr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
,y;/ my;/ M vd;gd vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; MFk;.
v.fh: fz;oyd; ? fhz; (fz;) + l; + ,y; + md;
18. tpfhuk; vd;gJ ahJ> rhd;W fhl;o tpsf;Ff.
gFjp jpupe;J (khwp) tUtJk;/ re;jp jpupe;J tUtJk; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: je;jhd; ? jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
jh(j) ? gFjp/ `j~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ j;(e;) ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy/ Md; ? glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
124
19. vGj;Jg; ngW vd;gJ ahJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; je;J tpsf;Ff.
gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ml=;fhky; VHhtJ cWg;ghf tUk; g[wj;Jwg;g[ vGj;Jg;ngW
vdg;gLk;.
rhhpia tuntz;oa ,lj;jpy; g[s;sp bgw;w vGj;J caph; Vw ,lkspj;J te;jhy;
mjid vGj;Jg;ngW vd;gu;.
tpFjp jdpna tuhky; Jizahfg; bgw;W tUk; vGj;nj vGj;Jg;ngW MFk;.
vGj;Jg;ngW fhyk; fhl;lhJ.
v.fh:
ghLjp ? ghL + j;; + ,
bkhHpahjhd; ? bkhHp + a; + M + j; + Md;
,r;brhw;fspy; `,~ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjpf;F Kd;Dk; `M~ vd;Dk;
vjph;kiw ,ilepiyf;Fg; gpd;Dk; tUk; `j;~ vd;gJ vGj;Jg;ngwhFk;.
21. re;jpaha; tUk; vGj;Jfs; ahit;>
bgUk;ghYk; j;/ g;/ f; Mfpa @d;W vGj;JfSs; xd;W re;jpaha; tUk;.
22. md;/ Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; ? Mfpa tpFjpfs; tUk;nghJ vJ rhupiaaha; tUk;>
md;/ Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; ? Mfpad tpFjpaha; tUk;nghJ/ `md;~ vd;gnj rhupiaahf tUk;.
23. `tpfhuk;~ vt;thW Vw;gLk;>
Xu; vGj;J kw;nwhu; vGj;jha;j; jpupe;Jk;/ bfl;Lk;/ beoy; Fwpyhft[k; khw;wk; bgWk;.
,j;jifa khw;wnk tpfhukhFk;.
v.fh: epd;whd; ? epy;(d;) + w; + Md;
,jpy; èpy;~ vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cs;s `y;~ `d;~ Mfj; jpupe;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk; : 78

rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;.
`jkpH;g; gjpg;g[yfpd; jiykfd;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; rp.it.
jhnkhjudhu; ,y=;if/ ahH;g;ghzj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. jkpH;ehl;Lf;F
tUifg[upe;J/ jk; ,UgjhtJ tajpnyna èPjpbewp tpsf;fk;~ vd;Dk;
E}iy ciua[ld; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;L/ mwp+u;fspd; ftdj;ijf;
ftu;e;jhu;. 1868 Mk; Mz;L/ bjhy;fhg;gpar; brhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;Fr;
nrdhtiuau; ciuiaa[k; gpd;du;f; fypj;bjhif/ ,iwadhu;
mfg;bghUs;/ tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l gy E}y;fisa[k; brk;ikahfg;
gjpg;gpj;Jg; g[fH;bfhz;lhu;. mj;Jld; epy;yhJ/ fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/
el;rj;jpu khiy/ Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa E}y;fisa[k; vGjpa[s;shu;.
gPL bgw epy;
rp.it. jhnkhjudhu; Mwhk; thrfg; g[j;jfk; cs;spl;l gs;spg;ghlE}y;fisa[k; vGjpdhu;.
(1832 ? 1901) mtUila jkpH;g;gzpiaf; fz;l bgu;rpty; ghjpupahu;/ mtiuj;
jhk; elj;jpa `jpdtu;j;jkhdp~ vd;Dk; ,jGf;F Mrpupauhf;fpdhu;.
mt;tkak; mtu; M=;fpnyau; gyUf;Fk; jkpH; fw;Wj; je;jhu;. murh=;fj;jhuhy;/ brd;id
khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpH;g; gz;ojuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpwF/ gp.vy;. nju;tpYk; nju;r;rp bgw;W/
Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; tHf;fwp+uhfg; gzpahw;wp/ 1884 Mk; Mz;oy; g[Jf;nfhl;il cau;ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. jhnkhjudhu; ve;jg; gzp Mw;wpdhYk; jkJ brhe;jg; gzpahff;
fUjpf; flikahw;wpdhu;.
125
1. khepyf;fy;Y}up ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.

khepyf;fy;Y}up ? khepyk; + fy;Y}up
`kt;tPW xw;wpHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `k~fu bka;(k;)
bfl;L khepy + fy;Y}up vd;whdJ.
gpd; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ `f~fu
xw;W(f;) kpFe;J/ khepy + f; + fy;Y}up ? khepyf; fy;Y}up vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
2. Mrpupauhf;fpdhu; ? ,jd; gFjp

m) MR M) Mrpup
,) Mrpupauhf;F <) Mrp tpil: m) MR
3 3. rpW rpW bjhlu;fshf khw;wp vGJf.

jhnkhjudhu; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;Lf; fypj;bjhif/
,ay;
tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jf; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/

Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shu;.
tpil:
jhnkhjudhu; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;lhu;.
jhnkhjudhu; fypj;bjhif/ tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;.
jhnkhjudhu; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/ Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa
E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shu;.
4. bgUk;g[fH; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
bgUk;g[fH; ? gz;g[j;bjhif.
5. fy;Y}up/ cau;ePjpkd;wk;/ tuyhW/ gzp Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd M=;fpyr; brhw;fis
vGJf.
fy;Y}up – College tuyhW – History
cau;ePjpkd;wk; – High court gzp – Job
6. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.

1. Fkuid gw;wp bjupe;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lkh> vd; tPl;ow;F tUifj; jhU=;fs;. vd;
tPl;ow;F gf;fj;J tPLjhd; FkudJ tPL.
2. midj;Jj;JiwfspYk; Mz;fis nghyntg; bgz;fSk; muR gzpia bgwntz;Lk;.
3. fy;tp nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtu; ed;ikj; jPikfis g[upe;J ngRtu;.
4. jkpHu; Mw;W jz;zPiu njf;fp nrkpj;J fhy;tha; btl;og; ghrdk; bra;jdu;.
5. rhd;nwhu; kpFe;jg; bghWg;g[ld; rpwg;ghd nritg; g[upe;J bfhs;ifia epiyehl;l
bra;jdu;.
tpil:
1. Fkuidg; gw;wpj; bjupe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lkh> vd; tPl;ow;F tUif jhU=;fs;. vd;
tPl;ow;Fg; gf;fj;J tPLjhd;/ FkudJ tPL.
2. midj;Jj;JiwfspYk; Mz;fisg; nghynt/ bgz;fSk; muRg; gzpiag;
bgwntz;Lk;.
3. fy;tp nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtu;/ ed;ik jPikfisg; g[upe;J ngRtu;.
4. jkpHu; Mw;Wj; jz;zPiuj; njf;fpr; nrkpj;Jf; fhy;tha; btl;og; ghrdk; bra;jdu;.
5. rhd;nwhu; kpFe;j bghWg;g[ld; rpwg;ghd nrit g[upe;J bfhs;ifia epiyehl;lr;
126 bra;jdu;.
7. jkpHhf;fk; jUf:
1. Education is the most powerful weapon, which you can use to change the world.
fy;tp vd;gJ/ cyifna khw;wf; Toa kpft[k; rf;jp tha;e;j Ma[jkhFk;.
2. Looking at beauty in the world is the first step of purifying the mind.
cyfpy; cs;s mHif ,urpg;gJ kdijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kjy; goahFk;.
3. Culture does not make people. People make culture.
gz;ghL kf;fis cUthf;fhJ" kf;fs; gz;ghl;il cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;.
4. A people without the knowledge of their past history and culture is like a tree without roots.
jk; Kd;ndhupd; tuyhw;iwa[k;/ gz;ghl;ila[k;/ mwpahj kf;fs;/ ntuw;w kuk; nghy;tu;.
5. A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people.
xU ehl;od; gz;ghL vd;gJ/ me;ehl;L kf;fspd; cs;sj;jpYk;/ Md;khtpYk;
thH;fpwJ'j=;fpa[s;sJ.
8. fPH;f;fhQk; bra;jpiag; goj;J mwptpg;g[g; gjhif xd;iw cUthf;Ff.

jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;ju=;F
$dtup ? 10/ kJiu. kJiuia ikakhff; bfhz;L ,a=;fp tUk; r@fey

jkpHu;fspd; mikg;ghd rpwFfs; rhu;gpy; xUehs; fUj;ju=;fk; bjg;gf;Fsk;
gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;g[f; mUfpy;/ ghujp fiyf;Tl mu=;fpy; $dtup 13Mk; ehs; eilbgw
Fwpj;Jk;/ gz;ghL cs;sJ. ,jpy; jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;g[f; Fwpj;Jk; bjhiyj;j
Fwpj;jhd njlypd; gz;ghl;il kPl;blLg;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ``gz;ghLfshy; thGk;
njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpHu;~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; r@f Mu;tyUk; ftp+Ukhd md;gurp
rpwFfs; r@f ngrtpUf;fpwhu;. ,jd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahff; fye;JiuahlYk;
mikg;gpd; rhu;ghf eilbgw ,Uf;fpwJ. tpUg;gk; cs;s r@f Mu;tyu;fs;/ fy;Y}up
xUehs; fUj;ju=;fk; khztu;fs;/ gs;sp khztu;fs; fye;J bfhs;syhk; vd;W rpwFfs;
eilbgw cs;sJ. mikg;gpd; xU=;fpizg;ghsuhd ,dpad; bjuptpj;Js;shu;.
jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;ju=;F
ehs; : 13.01.2021
,lk; : kJiu bjg;gf;Fsk; ? ghujp fiyf;Tlk;
rpwg;g[iu : ftp+h; md;gurp/ r@f Mu;tyu;
jiyg;g[ : gz;ghLfshy; thGk; jkpHh;
gPL bgw epy;
tpiHt[ : r@f Mh;tyu;fs;/ fy;Y}hp khzth;fs;/ gs;sp khzth;fs; cs;spl;nlhhpd;
tUifa[k; fye;JiuahlYk;.
miHg;gpd; kfpH;tpy;/
,dpad;/
xU=;fpizg;ghsu;/
`rpwFfs;~ mikg;g[/
kJiu.
127
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk; : 79

fl;Liu vGJf.
1. ``gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhg;nghk;
gFj;jwpt[ nghw;Wnthk;~~ ? vd;Dk; bghUs;gl xU gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;
3 thH;it Kd;ndw;Wk; tskhd bjhlu;fs;
me;epau; Ml;rpapy; mtyk;
,ay;
mr;rj;jpd; cr;repiy
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
ehL vdg;gLtJ ahJ> vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F/ ey;ypirg; g[ytu; xsitahu; mUikahd
tpsf;fk; xd;W jUfpwhu;. ve;ehl;oy; Mltu; ew;gz;g[k; ew;braYk;/ bfhz;ltuha;
thH;fpwhnuh/ me;ehnl èhL~ vdg;gLk; vd;fpwhu;. mj;jifa gz;ghl;nlhL thH;e;jtu;
jkpHu;.
gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
`gz;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `jFjp~ vd;gjhFk;. epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy; vd;W
TWtjd; bghUs; ahJ> ,ila{whd fy; Kjyhdtw;iw mfw;wp/ MH mfy/ cGJ/
ePu; gha;r;rp/ bkd;ikahf;fp/ gapu; tpistjw;fhd jFjpia Vw;gLj;JjyhFk;. mJnghy/
xUtdplKs;s nguhir/ nfhgk;/ bfhiybtwp nghd;w jPadtw;iw mfw;wp/ mtidr;
rKjhaj;njhL ,iae;J thH;tjw;fhd `jFjp~iag; bgwr; bra;tJjhd; gz;ghlhFk;.
,j;jifa gz;ghl;il xUtDf;F mspg;git mwpt[ E}y;fnsahFk;.
mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;:
jkpHu;fspd; mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;/ r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. mit btWk; bghGJnghf;F
E}y;fs; my;y" thH;f;if mDgtj;jpypUe;J bgwg;gl;l Kj;Jfis Vuhskha;g;
bgw;Ws;sit. mj;jifa Kj;jhd fUj;Jfs; kdpjid khz;g[s;stdhf;Fgit.
mr;rj;jpd; cr;repiy:
mr;rj;jpd; cr;rj;jpy; md;iwa jkpHu;fs; thH;e;jikf;Ff; fhuzk; gFj;jwpa[k;
jpwd; ,y;yhikna MFk;. vdnt/ Kd;ndhu;fs; ekf;F mspj;j gz;ghl;L bewpfisg;
gpd;tUk; jiyKiwapdu; ngzpf; fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
``vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.~~
vd;Dk; bgha;ah bkhHpg; g[ytuhfpa ts;Stu; thf;fpw;nfw;wthW/ vija[k; ,J
Vw;fj; jf;fjh vd Muha;e;J mwpe;J gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;. mr;rk; bfhz;L mwpahikf;F
mo gzpaf; TlhJ.
Kot[iu:
`jpUe;jpa gz;g[k; rPu;j;j ehfupfKk;~ bfhz;l ek;kpilna/ nkiy ehl;od; gHf;f
128 tHf;f=;fs; CLUtp/ ek; gz;ghl;oidr; rPu;Fiyf;f Kidfpd;wd. mjpypUe;J kPz;L/
gFj;jwpitg; nghw;wp/ ek; gz;ghl;oidg; ghJfhj;J/ cyf mu=;fpy; jkpHu; cau;e;njh=;fp
thH Kay;nthk;- gz;ghl;L czu;t[k;/ gFj;jwpa[k; jpwDk; bfhz;l rKjhae;jhd;
thH;tpd; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; vdf; Twpd; kpifahfhJ md;nwh-
rpj;jpuf;ftp
jkpH;f; ftpijfSs; rpj;jpuftp mikg;g[k; xd;whFk;. rpj;jpuftpapy; gy tiffs;
cs;sd. rpj;jpuftp vd;gJ VnjDk; xU bghUisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; ftpijapida[k;
mjw;Fs;shf mikj;J vGJtjhFk;.
khiykhw;W
khiykhw;W rpj;jpuftp tiffSs; vspikahdJ (khiy ? g{f;fshy; tupirahfj;
bjhLj;jJ.) khiyapd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L KidfspypUe;J fPH;nehf;fpdhYk;
khiyapd; Koghf cs;s xU KidapypUe;J nky;nehf;fpr; brd;whYk; mk;khiy xnu
jd;ik cilajhfj; njhd;Wk;. mJnghy xU ghliy KjypypUe;J nehf;fpdhYk;
KotpypUe;J nehf;fpdhYk; mnj vGj;Jfs; mike;j ghlyhf khiykhw;W mika[k;.
M=;fpyj;jpy; PALINDROME vd;Dk; totKk; ,j;jifaJ vd;W xUthW Twyhk;.
vGjpg;gHFf.
njU tUnj eP th ghg;gh khkh eP th khkh

ghg;gh th eP njU tUnj khkh th eP khkh
cld;gl;Lk; kWj;Jk; ngRf.
M=;fpnyau; tUif (cld;gly;)
M=;fpnyau; tUifahy; ,e;jpah KGtJk; ,uapy; ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[ trjp mtu;fshnyna mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ekJ ehl;od;
kpfg;bgupa mYtyff; fl;ll=;fs; mtu;fs; fl;Lkhdj;jhy; Mditna. nkYk;/ ekJ
bjhHpy;Jiwia nkk;gLj;jpaJk; mtu;fns. mtu;fspd; fhyk;/ tsu;r;rpg; goepiyapd;
tpoaw;fhyk;.
gPL bgw epy;
M=;fpnyau; tUif (kWj;jy;)

M=;fpnyau; ,e;jpahtpy; ,uapy; ghijfisj; JiwKf=;fnshL ,izj;J
mjd; tHpahf ekJ mupa bry;t=;fisa[k; cw;gj;jpg; bghUs;fisa[k; gpupl;lDf;Ff;
bfhz;L brd;wJ mtu;fs; thH;it nkk;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tjw;fhfnt. bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[
trjpfisa[k; bgupa fl;ll=;fisa[k; ,e;jpau;fSf;fhfr; bra;J bfhLf;ftpy;iy.
mtu;fspd; Ml;rpKiwj; njitfSf;fhfnt bra;J bfhz;ldu;. vdnt/ M=;fpnyau;
ek;ik Ml;rp bra;j fhyk; ek;ik ehnk bjhiyj;jpUe;j ,Us; fhyk;.
129
nkYk;/
m) bjhHpy;El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tsu;r;rpna'tPH;r;rpna.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;it tsu;f;fpwJ'Fiwf;fpwJ.
,) jkpHu;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; jf;f itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;'js;sp itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; Mfpa
jiyg;g[fspy; ngrt[k; vGjt[k; bra;f.
m) bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tsh;r;rpna (cld;ghL) :
bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; cUthd Fsph;g;gjdk; kw;Wk; Fsph;rhjdg; bgl;ofspypUe;J
btsptUk; tha[f;fs; er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhy;/ mit xnrhd; glyj;ijna ghjpf;Fk;
vd mwptpany TWfpd;wJ.
tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cu=;fSk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfSk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
3 cjtpdhYk; czt[g;bghUs;fspDnl fye;J gw;gy neha; cz;lhff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
ghypjPd; (befpH;t[) igfshy; epyj;jo ePh;g;ghJfhg;g[k;/ kz;tsKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
,ay;
bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna

ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.
m) bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tPH;r;rpna (kWj;jy;) :
bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; cUthd Fsph;g;gjdk; kw;Wk; Fsph;rhjdg; bgl;ofspypUe;J
btsptUk; tha[f;fs; er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhy;/ mit xnrhd; glyj;ijna ghjpf;Fk;
vd mwptpany TWfpd;wJ.
tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cu=;fSk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfSk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtpdhYk; czt[g;bghUs;fspDnl fye;J gw;gy neha; cz;lhff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
ghypjPd; (befpH;t[) igfshy; epyj;jo ePh;g;ghJfhg;g[k;/ kz;tsKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna
ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;it tsh;f;fpwJ (cld;gly;) :
jw;nghJ jahhpf;fg;gLk; czt[fspd; tiffs; jukhf/ rhptpfpjr; rj;Js;sjhf
,Ug;gjhy; kf;fs; bghpJk; tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;.
jpd;gz;l=;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk; Kiw jukhdjhft[k;/ Rfhjhukhdjhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
rpw;Wz;ofs; Ritahdjhft[k;/ juKs;sjhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
rhd;whf ,iwr;rpfisf; bfhz;L gw;gy tifahd czt[fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L
kf;fisg; bghpJk; <h;g;gjhf cs;sd.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;itf; Fiwf;fpwJ (kWj;jy;) :
jw;nghija czt[ kdpj clypy; gy rj;Jfisr; nrh;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
neha;fisj;jhd; nrh;f;fpwJ. ghypy; a{hpaht[k;/ gH=;fspy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[k;/ ikjh
nghd;w kht[g; bghUl;fspy; er;Rk;/ Fsph;ghd=;fspy; g{r;rp kUe;J ,Ug;gjhft[k;/
mhprpapy;Tl gpsh!;of;/ Kl;ilapYk; braw;if vdg;gy jug;gl;l bghUl;fspy;
clYf;F xt;thg; bghUl;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Jhpj czt[ tiffspy; gad;gLj;JtJ Rj;jk; bra;ag;glhj vz;bza; MFk;.
behWf;Fj;jPdp bra;ag;gLk; vz;bza; mof;fo khw;whky; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
Rfhjhuf;Fiwt[ Vw;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; gw;gy neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
mtru epiyapy; bra;ag;gLk; Jhpj czt[ Ritahf ,Ug;gpDk;/ mjw;F ehk;
moikahfp neha;f;Fs; tpGe;J tpLfpnwhk;.
130
Fwpg;ghf vz;bzahy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l jpd;gz;l=;fs;/ ikjh/ lhy;lh ,itaht[k;
clYf;F cghij cz;L bra;fpd;wd.
,) jkpHh;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; jf;f itf;fpwhh;fs; (cld;gly;) :
jkpHh;fs; ,is+h; Kjy; Kjpath; tiu Mil cLj;Jtjpy; ,d;Dk; ftdk;
brYj;Jfpd;wdh;.
cz;Qk; cztpy; ,d;Dk; jkpHh;fs; gHikiana cz;L kfpH;fpd;wdh;.
,iw tHpghl;oYk; ,d;Dk; kpFe;j gf;jp cilath;fshfnt ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
kUj;Jtj;jpYk; @ypif kUj;Jtk;/ ghl;o itj;jpak; ,d;Dk; if bfhLf;fpd;wJ.
tpUe;njhk;gypy; ,d;Dk; cgrhpg;gpy; JspasntDk; Fiwtpy;yhky; ele;njWfpwJ.
,) jkpHh;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; js;sp itf;fpwhh;fs; (kWj;jy;) :
,d;iwa ,is+h;fs; MQk;/ bgz;Qk; ghuk;ghpa cilfis kwe;J
nkiyehLfspd; Mil tpUk;gpfshf khwptpl;ldh;.
ghuk;ghpa tptrhaj;ij xJf;fptpl;L/ btt;ntW bjhHpy;fspny Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
czt[ cz;gjpYk; nkiyehLfspd; jahhpg;g[fisna bghpJk; tpUk;gp cz;fpd;wdh;.
Tl;Lf;FLk;g thH;f;if kiwe;J jdpf;Foj;jdk; nknyh=;fp cwt[fs; eype;Jtpl;ld.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
Mz; ' bgz; VnjDk;
vz; ntiyfs; Mz; bgz; ,UtUk; xd;iw kl;Lk; nju;t[ bra;jhy;
mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
1. g{j;bjhLj;jy; – –  –
2. fzpdpapy; gzp – –  –
3. fhtyu; – –  –
4. rikg;gJ – –  –
5. kUj;Jtk; – –  –
6. tHf;fwp+u; – –  –
7. tPl;od; J}a;ik – –  –
8. bjhHpy; Kidnthu; – –  –
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
,df;FG – Ethnic Group
gPL bgw epy;
Kd;bdhl;L – Prefix
g[tpr;NHy; – Earth Environment
gpd;bdhl;L – Suffix
ntu;r;brhy; mfuhjp – Etymological Dictionary
gz;ghl;Lf;TWfs; – Cultural Elements
***
131
thH;tpay;
jpUf;Fws;
,ay; 3 ? jpUts;Stu;
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk; : 87
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.

m) ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F va;jyhy; bra;jtk;
<z;L Kayg; gLk;.
3 M) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy
,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;.
,ay;
,) epiyapd; jpupahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;

kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ.
tpil: ,) epiyapd; jpupahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ.
2. Jd;gg;gLgtu; ________.
m) jPf;fhak; gl;ltu; M) jPapdhy; Rl;ltu;
,) bghUisf; fhf;fhjtu; <) ehitf; fhf;fhjtu; tpil: <) ehitf; fhf;fhjtu;
3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
kiykpirj; njhd;Wk; kjpak;nghy; ahidj;
jiykpirf; bfhz;l Filau; ? epykpirj;
J+;rpdhu; vd;bwLj;Jj; J}w;wg;gl; lhuy;yhy;
v+;rpdhu; ,t;t[yfj; jpy;
m) xd;wh cyfj;J cau;e;j g[fHy;yhy;
bghd;whJ epw;gbjhd;W ,y;.
M) beUey; csbdhUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;
bgUik cilj;J,t; t[yF.
,) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy
,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;.
tpil: M) beUey; csbdhUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;
bgUik cilj;J,t; t[yF.
4. fPH;f;fhQk; g[Jf;ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
g{f;fSf;Fk; Kl;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; m) mUtpid bad;g csnth fUtpahd;
g[H=;FfpwJ nahrid fhyk; mwpe;J brapd;.
ghrj;Jf;Fk; epahaj;Jf;Fk; eLtpy;
M) gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
eR=;FfpwJ mwk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;.
,d;gj;Jf;Fk; nguhirf;Fk; elf;Fk;
nghuhl;lj;jpy; btof;fpd;wd ,) ,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk; mthbtd;Dk;
btspapy; Fz;LfSk; Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk; bfod;.
132
tPl;oy; rz;ilfSk;. . . . . tpil: ,) ,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk; mthbtd;Dk;
Mir mWj;jy; vspjy;y- Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk; bfod;.
Kad;W ghu;f;fyhk; th-
5. xg;g[ut[ vd;gjd; bghUs; _________.

m) mlf;fKilaJ M) gz;g[ilaJ
,) CUf;F cjt[tJ <) bry;tKilaJ tpil: ,) CUf;F cjt[tJ
6. bghUj;Jf.
m) thH;gtd; i) fhj;jpUg;gtd;
M) thHhjtd; ii) kUe;jhFk; kukhdtd;
,) njhd;Wgtd; iii) xj;jjwpgtd;
<) bty;y epidg;gtd; iv) g[fH; jUk; gz;g[ilatd;
c) bgUk; gz;g[ilatd; v) ,irbahHpj;jtd;
vi) tPH;gtd; tpil: m.iii M.v ,.iv <.i c.ii
7. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) Rlr;RlUk; – tpidbar;rk;
M) Rlr; RlUk; bghd; – bgabur;rk;
,) Rlr;Rl – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
8. tpiue;J bfLgtd; ahu;>
m) gpwUld; xj;Jg;nghdtd;/ jd; typik mwpe;jtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidg;gtd;.
M) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf
epidf;fhjtd;.
,) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghdtd;/ jd; typik mwpe;jtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidf;fhjtd;.
<) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf
epidg;gtd;.
tpil: <) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidg;gtd;.
9. ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L ? bghUs; TWf.
ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L ? cjtp bra;tjw;fhf.
10. gw;W eP=;fpatDf;F cz;lhtJ ? gw;ww;wtidg; gw;Wtjhy; cz;lhtJ
m) gw;Wfs; bgUFk; ? bghUs;fspd; ,d;gk; bgUFk;.
M) gw;Wfs; mfYk; ? bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk;.
,) bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk; ? gw;Wfs; mfYk;.
gPL bgw epy;
<) bghUs;fspd; ,d;gk; bgUFk; ? gw;Wfs; bgUFk;.
tpil: ,) bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk; ? gw;Wfs; mfYk;.
11. mUtpid ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
mUtpid ? mUik + tpid
`mUik~ vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
`<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
mU + tpid mUtpid vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
133
FWtpdh
1. jPapdhy; Rl;lijg; g[z; vd;Wk;/ ehtpdhy; Rl;lij tL vd;Wk; ts;Stu; TWtJ Vd;>
xUtid/ xUtd; jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clypy; tpiue;J Mwhtpl;lhYk;/ cs;sj;jpy;
MwptpLk;.
Mdhy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidg; g[z;gLk;go ngrpaJ vd;Wk; mtd; kdj;jpy; Mwhj;
jGk;gha; ,Uf;Fk;.
mjdhy; ts;Stk;/ jPapdhy; Rl;lijg; `g[z;~ vd;Wk;/ ehtpdhy; Rl;lij `tL~ vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2. ``kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
3 bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god;~~
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
,ay;
ctik :
jd; vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; neha;f;F kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kuk;.
ctnkak;:
gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cs;stdplj;jpy; brd;W nrUk; bry;tk;
ctk cUg[:
mw;W (nghy)
tpsf;fk;:
kUe;Jkuk; jd; ,iy/ g{/ fha;/ fdp Kjypatw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
jd; nkw;gl;il Kjypatw;iwr; brJf;fpf; bfhz;lnghJk;/ mJ jd; Fiwiag;
bghUl;gLj;jhJ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;. mJnghy xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk;/
gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd; Fiwita[k; nehf;fhJ/ vy;yhUila
tUj;jj;ija[k; jtwhky; jPu;f;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
bghUj;jk;:
bgUe;jifahDf;F kUe;JkuKk;/ bgUe;jifahd; bry;tk; kUe;J kuj;jpd;
gaDf;Fk; bghUe;Jfpd;wd.
3. vjw;F Kd; ey;y bray;fis tpiue;J bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
tPL ngw;wpw;fhd ew;bray;fis tpiue;J bra;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
,y;iybadp;y; xUtd; jhd; vz;zpa vz;zj;ij vLj;Jr; brhy;y ,ayhjthW/
ehtpid ,Gj;J/ tpf;fy; tplhJ te;J ,wf;f neUk;.
4. rPu; J}f;fp Muhantz;oa Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
jhd; bra;af; fUjpa braypd; typik/
mijr; bra;a tpUk;g[k; jd; typik/
mjw;F CW bra;J tpyf;ff; Toa giftdJ typik/
jdf;Fj; Jizahthu;/ giftu;;f;Fj; Jizahthu; typik Mfpadthk;.
5. kUe;J kukhf ,Ug;gtu; ahu;> kUe;J vJ>
kUe;J kukha; ,Ug;gtd;/ gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cilatd;.
kUe;J/ mtdplk; nrUk; bry;tk;.
134
rpWtpdh
1. ``jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL.~~
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpiar; tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ntw;Wikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
Kjypy; ,UbghUs;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s xw;Wikiaf; Twpg; gpd;du; mtw;iw
ntWgLj;jp/ xd;W kw;bwhd;iw tpl ntWgl;lJ vdf; TWjy; ntw;Wikazp MFk;.
bghUs;:
jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clypy; tpiue;J Mwhtpl;lhYk;/ cs;sj;jpy; MwptpLk;. Mdhy;
ehtpdhy; Rl;lg[z;/ cs;sj;jpy; eP=;fhj jGk;ig cz;lhf;fp tpLk;. jP cliyr; RLk;" jPa
brhy; cs;sj;ijr; RLk;.jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z; rpy ehs;fspy; tpiue;J Mwp tpLk;" Mdhy;
ehtpdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ MwhJ. kdj;jpy; tLtha; epiyj;J epw;ff; ToaJ vd ntWgLj;jp
,U bghUs;fSk; xw;Wik ciladthapDk;/ jPia tpl/ jPa brhy; (fL+;rhy;)
bfhoaJ vd;W ntWgLj;jpajhy; ,f;Fws; ntw;Wikazpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
mzpg; bghUj;jk;:
jPa[k;/ jPa brhy;Yk; RLk; jd;ikahy; xw;Wik cilad.
2. g[fGf;Fupa gz;g[fshf ePtpu; fUJtd ahit> g[fHpd; bgUikiag; bghJkiw tHpepd;W
TWf.
g[fGf;Fupa Fz=;fsha; ehd; fUJtd/ ,uf;fk;/ <jy; MFk;.
,uf;fk; fhuzkha; <jy; epfGk;.
<jy; fhuzkha;f; fhupakhfpa g[fH; epw;Fk;.
clnyhL thH;tJ/ capUf;F ed;ik njof; bfhs;tjw;nf MFk;;.
g[fH; ,y;yhky; thH;gtiu/ cyfk; mwpahJ.
mtu;fs; capnuhL thH;e;jhYk;/ gpwe;Jk; gpwthjtuhfnt fUjg;gLthu;.
Mjyhy;/ mtu;fis ,we;jtu; (eilg;gpzk;) vd;whu;.
3. ehr;brw;W tpf;Fs;nky; thuhKd; ey;tpid
nkw;brd;W bra;ag; gLk; ? ,f;Fwl;ghit myfpl;L tha;ghL TWf.
vz; rPu; mir tha;ghL
1. ehr;'brw;'W neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
2. tpf;'Fs;'nky; neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
3. th'uh'Kd; neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
gPL bgw epy;
4. ey;'tpid neu; + epiu Ttpsk;

5. nkw;'brd;'W neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
6. bra;'ag; neu; + neu; njkh
7. gLk; epiu `kyu;~ vd;Dk; tha;ghL
,f;Fwl;gh ``kyu;~~ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;lhy; Koe;Js;sJ.
135
4. brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazpia tpsf;fpf; fPH;f;fhQk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag;

bghUj;jp vGJf.
tpidtypa[k; jd;typa[k; khw;whd; typa[k;
Jiztypa[k; J}f;fpr; bray;
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; `brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp~ mike;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy;Yk;/ bghUSk; gpd;du;g; gyKiw tUkhW
TWtJ brhw;bghUl; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
bghUs; :
3 xU braiyr; bra;aj; bjhl=;Fk; Kd;/ me;jr; braypd; typika[k;/ jd; typika[k;/
giftdpd; typika[k;/ Jizahthu; typika[k; gw;wpr; rPu;J}f;fp Muha;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,ay;
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
,f;Fwspy; `typik~ vd;Dk; bghUspy;/ Kd;du; te;j `typ~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ mnj
bghUspy; gpd;du;g; gyKiw te;jikahy;/ ,f;Fws; brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiy
mzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
5. tpUk;gpaij miltJ vg;go> Fws;tHp tpsf;Ff.
+hyk; fUjpDk; if TLk;:
xUtd; jf;f fhykwpe;J/ Vw;w ,lk; mwpe;J/ xU braiyr; bra;thdhapd;/ mtd;
,t;t[yfj;jpidna Msf; fUjpdhYk;/ mJ ifTLk; vd;fpwhu;/ bja;tg; g[ytu;
jpUts;Stu;.
`+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; brapd;~
xUtDf;F Vw;w fhyk; tha;f;ftpy;iy vd;why;/ mtd; jd; typik Kjypatw;why;

Kad;whYk;/ bra;J Kof;f tpUk;g[k; bray;fisr; bra;J Kof;f ,ayhJ.
jd; typik Kjypatw;why;/ Vw;w fhyj;ij tUtpf;ft[k; ,ayhJ.
Mfnt/ xUtd; jd; bray;fisr; bra;J Kog;gjw;F/ Vw;w fhyk; miktJ mUik
vd;gJ njhd;w `,iae;j fhy;~ vd;whu;.
``va;jw;F mupaJ ,iae;jf;fhy; me;epiyna
bra;jw;F mupa bray;~~
fhyj;nj Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;:

vdnt/ fhyk; ePoj;J epy;yhky; tpiue;J bry;Yk; jd;ikaJ vd;gij czu;e;J/
Vw;w fhyk; tha;j;jnghJ/ bra;jw;fupa bray;fis vy;yhk; Koj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;
bgha;ahbkhHpg; g[ytu; jpUts;Stu;.
beLtpdh
1. bfhilapy; rpwe;J tps=;f ts;Stk; TWk; tHpfis xg;g[utwpjy; mjpfhuk;tHp epWt[f.
136
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu vspjha; vy;yhu;f;Fk; gad;gLk;
<l;LtJ <tjw;nf- jd; Fiw nehf;fhJ gpwu; Fiw jPu;f;Fk;-
cyfeilia mwpe;J el- Kot[iu
kUe;J kuk;
Kd;Diu
mwf;fUj;Jfis ,uz;nl mofspy; vLj;Jiug;gjpy; cyf ,yf;fpa=;fspnyna
Kd;epw;gJ jpUf;Fws;. gpwUf;F cjt[tijg; bghpJk; nghw;WfpwJ ts;Stk;.
xg;g[utwpjy; mjpfhuj;jpd; tHpna bfhilapy; rpwe;J tps=;f ts;Stk; TWk;
fUj;Jfisf; fhz;nghk;.
<l;LtJ <tjw;nf-:
cyf eilapid mwpe;J rKjhaj;jpw;F cjtp thH;jny xg;g[uthFk;. xUtu; Kad;W
bghUs; <l;LtJ jf;ftu;f;F cjtp bra;tjw;nfahFk;. jhnk cz;gjw;fhft[k;/ nru;j;J
itj;J ,Hg;gjw;fhft[k; bghUs; <l;lyhfhJ.
cyfeilia mwpe;J el-
cyfeilia mwpe;J elj;jny capUilahu;f;F mwpt[k; braYkhFk;.
cyfeilia mwpe;J eltjhtuplk;/ mt;twpt[k; braYk; fhzg;glhikahy;/ mtu;fs;
capnuhoUe;jhYk; gpzkhfnt kjpf;fj; jf;ftu; Mthu;.
kUe;J kuk;:
gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cilatdplj;jpy; bry;tk; nrUkhdhy;
mr;bry;tk;/ jd; vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kUe;J kuk; nghy
vy;nyhu;f;Fk; vy;yh tifapYk; gad;gLk;.
vspjha; vy;yhu;f;Fk; gad;gLk;:
xUtd; brd;W bfhs;tjw;F ,ayhj br=;Fj;jhd cr;rpfspypUe;jhYk;/ gpwtw;why;
kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk;/ xU fhyj;jpy; brHpj;jpUe;J ntbwhU fhyj;jpy; ,y;yhky;
mHpe;J nghff; ToajhapUe;jhYk; kUe;J kuk; gad;glhJ.
m=;=dkpd;wpf; bfhs;tjw;F vspjha;/ gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;glhjjha;/ vy;yhf;
fhyj;jpYk; fpilf;ff; Toajha;/ vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;Jf;Fg; gad;glf; Toajha;
cs;s kuk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad; jUtjpy; jtwhJ.
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bgw;w bry;tKk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjha; midtUf;Fk;
gad;gLk;.
jd; Fiw nehf;fhJ gpwu; Fiw jPu;f;Fk;-
kUe;J kuk; gpwu; jd; ,iy/ g{/ fha;/ fdp Kjyptw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
gPL bgw epy;
bghUl;gLj;jhJ/ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;.
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd;
Fiwita[k; nehf;fhJ/ vy;nyhUila tUj;jj;ija[k; jg;ghky; jPu;f;Fk;.
Kot[iu:
jhd; bgw;Ws;s bry;tk; vd;gJ jdf;fhdJ kl;Lkd;W" gpwUf;fhd cjtpiar;
bra;tjw;FkhdJjhd; vd;gij ts;Stk; mHfha; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
``kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god;~~
137
2. `mlf;fKilik xUtiu thH;tpdpy; cau;j;Jk;~ ? ,f;Tw;iw Kg;ghy;tHp tpsf;Ff.

Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ
ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gu;-
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL cs; MwhJ-
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; Kg;ghypd; tHpna kdpj thH;tpDf;fhd midj;Jf;
3 fUj;Jfisa[k; vLj;jpak;g[fpwJ ts;Stk;. me;j tifapy; mlf;fKilikna xUtiu
thH;tpdpy; cah;j;Jk; vd;gij Kg;ghypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fUj;Jfshy; mwpayhk;.
,ay;
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ:

mlf;fKilik vd;gJ jd; kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpad jPa bewpapy; bry;yhJ/
ml=;fp thH;jyhFk;. ,j;jifa mlf;fk; cs;stdpd; cau;thdJ/ vy;yhuhYk; ghu;f;ff;
Toa kpfg; bgupa njhw;wk; bfhz;l/ kiyia tpl kpfg; bgupajhFk;.
ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gu;-
mlf;fpahs ntz;oa kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpatw;Ws;Sk; ehtlf;fk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ehtlf;fk; ,y;yhky; ngrpdhy;/ brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;L/ mjd;
fhuzkha;g; gy Jd;g=;fs; te;J nrUk;.
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL cs; MwhJ-
xUtid beUg;gpdhy; Rl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l g[z;/ clystpy; tLtha; khwhJ
,Ue;jhYk;/ cs;sj;jstpy; Vw;gl;l mj;Jd;gk; tpiue;J Mwp tpLk;. Mdhy;/
bfhLbkhHpahy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidr; Rl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tL/ vd;Wk; khwhJ. mtd;
be+;rpy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. Mjyhy;/ gpw mlf;f=;fspDk; ehtlf;fk; xUtDf;F kpf
,d;wpaikajjhFk;.
Kot[iu:
mlf;fk; vd;gJ xUtiu thH;tpy; cah;j;Jk; mUk;gz;ghFk;. vdnt mlf;fKilik
vd;gij midtUk; thH;tpdpy; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk; vd;W Kg;ghy; tHpfhl;LfpwJ.
`èpiyapd; jphpahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;
kiyapDk; khzg; bghpJ~~
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
kiyapDk; – ck; – cau;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik
ehfhf;f – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
fhf;f/ njhd;Wf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs;
nrhfhg;gu; – gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
Rl;l g[z;/ Rl;l tL – bgabur;r=;fs;
Mw;wpj; je;j – tpidbar;rk;
jg;gh kuk; – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
bgUe;jif – gz;g[j;bjhif
bra;jtk; – tpidj;bjhif
138
thuh – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ey;tpid – gz;g[j;bjhif
nehjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
gw;Wf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
jUk; – `bra;a[k;~ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W
mUtpid – gz;g[j;bjhif
fUJgtu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
g[zu;r;rp tpjp.
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. jhshw;wp `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ jhshw;wp
jhs; + Mw;wp ,ay;ng~ (s; + M) = sh vd;whdJ.
2. bghUbsy;yhk; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ bghUbsy;yhk;
bghUs; + ,ay;ng~ (s; + v = by) vd;whdJ.
vy;yhk;
3. mr;rpWk; `capu; tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L mr;(r;+c)+ ,Wk;
mr;R + ,Wk; XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp mr;r; + ,Wk;
<w;W cfuk; bfl;L/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ mr;rpWk;
,ay;ng~ (r; + , = rp) vd;whdJ.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
fhf;f = fh + f; + f ml=;fpahd; = ml=;F + ,(d;) + a; + Md;

fh gFjp ml=;F gFjp
f; re;jp ,(d;) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy" dfuk; g[zu;e;J
bfl;lJ.
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W a; clk;gL bka;
tpFjp Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md; thHhjhd; = thH; + M + j; + Md;
thH; gFjp thH; gFjp
t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy M vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy
Md; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; j; vGj;Jg;ngW
gPL bgw epy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpae;jhd; = tpa + j;(e;); + j; + Md; Rl;l = RL (Rl;L) + m
tpa gFjp RL gFjp/ `Rl;L~ vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;j
j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; (Rl;L) fhyk; fhl;oaJ.
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m bgabur;r tpFjp
Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp
139
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. cyfg; bghJkiw vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
m) g[wehD}W M) ehyoahu;
,) jpUf;Fws; <) jpUthrfk; tpil: ,) jpUf;Fws;
2. jpUf;Fws; ________ E}y;fSs; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
3 ,) gjpbdz; fPHf;fzf;F <) gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F

tpil: ,) gjpbdz; fPHf;fzf;F
,ay;
3. jpUf;Fwspd; ghtif ________.

m) Fws; btz;gh M) neupir Mrpupag;gh
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) fyp btz;gh tpil: m) Fws; btz;gh
4. ghtpd; tifiaj; jd; bgauhff; bfhz;Ls;s E}y; ________.
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) FWe;bjhif <) mfehD}W tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;
5. jpUf;FwSf;Fg; ________ ngUila ciu ,Ug;gjhfg; gHk;ghly; xd;W TWfpwJ.
m) gj;J M) gjpd;@d;W
,) gjpdhd;F <) gjpdhW tpil: m) gj;J
6. jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vGjhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
m) kzf;Fltu; M) fhyp=;fu;
,) gupg;bgUkhs; <) kiwkiyaofs; tpil: <) kiwkiyaofs;
7. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;fg; g[ytu; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ E}y; ________.
m) tzf;fk; ts;St M) ts;StKk; thH;tpaYk;
,) Fwnshtpak; <) jpUts;Stkhiy tpil: <) jpUts;Stkhiy
8. jpUts;Stiuf; Fwpg;gplhj rpwg;g[g; bgaiuf; fz;lwp.
m) bgUehtyu; M) Kjw;ghtyu;
,) bgha;apy; g[ytu; <) ehtyu; tpil: <) ehtyu;
9. VG rPu;fspy; thH;tpay; bewpfisg; ngRk; E}y; ________.
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) esbtz;gh <) jpUg;g[fH; tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;
10. jPapdhy; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp
,) gpd;tUepiy mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp tpil: m) ntw;Wik mzp
11. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
140
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) ctik mzp
,) cUtf mzp <) Vfnjr cUtf mzp tpil: M) ctik mzp
12. Rlr;RUk;; bghd;nghy; xsptpLk; Jd;gk;
Rlr;Rl nehw;fpw; gtu;f;F ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp tpil: m) ctik mzp
13. gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp <) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
tpil: ,) brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp
14. gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) ctik mzp
,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp <) ,y;bghUs; ctik mzp
tpil: ,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) fw;gpay;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) xHpgpay;
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) CHpay;
m) 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3
,) 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 2/ 1
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) 70 mjpfhu=;fs;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) 25 mjpfhu=;fs;
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) 38 mjpfhu=;fs;
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) 3 ,ay;fs;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) 2 ,ay;fs;
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) 4 ,ay;fs;
gPL bgw epy;
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
18. mwj;Jg;ghypy; bghUe;jhj ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
m) ghaputpay; M) ,y;ywtpay;
,) Jwtwtpay; <) muR ,ay; tpil: <) muR ,ay;
19. bghUl;ghypy; bghUe;jhj ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
m) muR ,ay; M) mikr;R ,ay;
,) xHpgpay; <) CHpay; tpil: <) CHpay;
141
20. ,d;gj;Jg;ghypy; ,lk;bgWk; ,aiyf; fz;lwp.

m) ,y;ywtpay; M) Jwtwtpay;
,) xHpgpay; <) fstpay; tpil: <) fstpay;
21. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fs; ________, Fwl;ghf;fs; ________.
m) 133/ 1330 M) 130/ 1300
,) 125/ 1250 <) 135/ 1350 tpil: m) 133/ 1330
22. xUtu; vijf; fhf;fhtpl;lhYk; fhf;f ntz;oaJ ________.
m) tPl;il M) ehia
,) ehit <) gzpia tpil: ,) ehit
3 23. bgUe;jifahsdplk; cs;s bry;tk; xg;gplg;gLtJ ________.

m) kUe;J kuj;Jld; M) njtUyf czt[ld;
,ay;
,) fw;gf tpUl;rj;Jld; <) gad;glh kuj;Jld; tpil: m) kUe;J kuj;Jld;

24. jtkpUg;gtiuj; Jd;gk; tUj;j tUj;j ________ tsUk;.
m) +hdk; M) bry;tk;
,) mGif <) mHpt[ tpil: m) +hdk;
FWtpdh
1. jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>
jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs;:
,e;E}y; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; @d;W bgUk;gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
133 mjpfhu=;fis cilaJ.
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; bkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
2. jpUf;FwSf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
Kg;ghy; bgha;ahbkhHp
cj;ju ntjk; tha[iw thH;j;J
bja;tE}y; jkpH;kiw
cyfg; bghJkiw Mfpadthk;
3. jpUts;StUf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
ehadhu; khjhDg=;fp
njtu; bre;ehg;nghjhu;
Kjw;ghtyu; bgUehtyu;
bja;tg;g[ytu; bgha;apy;g[ytu; vd;gdthk;.
ehd;Kfd;
4. kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ vJ>
kiyiaf; fhl;oYk; kpfg; bgupaJ/ jdf;Fupa epiyapypUe;J khWglhky;/ mlf;fj;njhL
thH;gtDila cau;thFk;.
5. brhy;ypGf;Fg; gl;Lr; nrhfhg;gu; ? ahu;>
xUtu; vjid mlf;fp Mshtpl;lhYk;/ ehf;F xd;widahtJ mlf;fp Ms ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW mlf;fp Mshtpl;lhy;/ ngRk;nghJ brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj; Jd;g[Wtu;.
142
6. jhshw;wpj; je;j bghUspd; gad; ahJ>
xUtd; Kaw;rp bra;J ghLgl;Lj; njoa bghUspd; gad;/ jFjp cilahu;f;F ntshz;ik
(cjtp) bra;tjw;nf MFk;.
7. xj;j mwpthd; capu; thH;thd; vd;W ts;Stu; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;> Vd;>
capu; thH;thd; vd;W ts;Stu;/ cyf eilahfpa xg;g[utpid mwpe;J gpwUf;F cjtp
thH;gtidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
nkYk; cyf eilia mwpe;J elj;jny/ capUilahu;f;F cupa mwpt[k; braYk;
MFk;.
Mjyhy;/ mjid cilatnd capu; thH;thd; vd;whu;.
8. bgUe;jifahd;fz; gLk; bry;tk; vjw;F xg;ghdjhFk;>
gpwUf;F cgfhuk; bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cs;stdplj;jpy; brd;W nrUk; bry;tk;/ jd;
vy;yh cWg;g[fSk;/ kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kUe;J kuj;jpw;F xg;ghdjhFk;.
9. cyfpy; bghd;whJ epw;gJ vJ>
jdf;F ,izapy;yhjjha;/ cau;e;J tps=;Fk; g[fnH/ ,t;t[yfpy; mHptpy;yhjjha;
epiyj;J epw;Fk;.
Vidait aht[k; mHpaf; Toaitnaahk;.
10. njhd;whik ed;W ? Vd;>
,t;t[yfpy; kf;fsha;g; gpwe;jhy;/ g[fGf;Ff; fhuzkhfpa Fz=;fnshL gpwf;f
ntz;Lk;.
mf;Fz=;fs; ,y;yhjtu; kf;fsha;g; gpwthky;/ tpy=;fha;g; gpwj;jny ey;yjhk;.
11. tir xHpe;j thH;t[/ ,ir xHe;j thH;t[ gw;wp ts;Stu; fUj;J ahJ>
jk; kPJ gHp eP=;fg;/ g[fH; bgUf/ thGk; thH;nt cau;;e;j thH;thFk;.
g[fH; cz;lhfhky;/ gHp cz;lhf thGk; thH;t[ thH;thfhJ" mtu;fs; thH;t[ ,wg;g[f;Fr;
rkk;.
,it ts;Stu; fUj;jhFk;.
12. jtk; bra;thu;f;Fupa jFjpfs; ahit>
jtk; bra;gtu; jk; Ik;g[yd;fis mlf;f ntz;Lk;.
gpw capu;fSf;Fj; Jd;gk; epfHhjthW ele;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
jkf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;g=;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
,itna jtk; bra;thu;f;Fupa jFjpfshFk;.
13. ``ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F va;jyhy;~~ ? tpsf;Ff.
jt typik bgw;wtuhy; vija[k; Mf;f ,aYk;.
vija[k; fhf;f ,aYk;
gPL bgw epy;
vija[k; mHpf;f ,aYk;
mtu; ,j;jifa typik tha;e;jtu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f ``ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F
va;jyhy;~~ vd;whu;.
14. `nehw;fpw;gtu;f;F Jd;gk; Rlr;Rl xsptpLk;~ ? tpsf;Ff.
mwpahik/ Mir/ nfhgk; nghd;w mGf;nfhL fye;J jd; jd;ikia ,He;jpUf;fpwJ
capu;.
mt;t[apiuj; Jd;gk; vd;Dk; beUg;gpy; Rlr;Rl/ jtk; vd;Dk; xsptpl;L/ gyuhYk;
nghw;wg;gLfpd;w bgUikapid milfpwJ.
143
15. vj;jifa bgUikia cilj;J ,t;t[yF>

new;W capnuhL ,Ue;j mtnd/ ,d;W capnuhL ,y;iy vd;W brhy;Yk; mst[f;F
,t;t[yF epiyahikia kpFjpaha;f; bfhz;lJ.
16. vtiu `xU bghGJk; thH;tJ mwpahu;~ vd;whu; ts;Stu;>
xUtd;/ Kd; bra;j tpidf;Fj; jf;f msthfnt ,t;t[yfpy; thH;thd; vdg; gyUk;
mwptu;. Mdhy;/ me;j tpidapd; mst[ vt;tst[ fhyk; vd mwpa khl;lhu;.
vdpDk;/ jhk; ePz;l fhyk; thH;nthk; vdf; fUjpf; bfhz;L gythW bra;fpd;wdu;"
ngRfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa kaf;f mwptpdiuna/ ``xUbghGJk; thH;tJ mwpahu;~~
vd;whu; ts;Stu;.
17. `nfhoa[k; my;y" gy fUJg~ ? ,f;Fwso czu;j;Jk; cz;ik ahJ>
3 ,t;toahdJ `thH;t[ khakhdJ" mk;kha thH;f;ifapid mwpa ,ayhJ.
vdnt/ mj;jifa thH;itg; bgw;wtd;/ gythW vz;Qtijj; jtpu;j;J/ cWjpg;
,ay;
gadha; xd;iwna milaf; fUj ntz;Lk;~ vd;Dk; cz;ikia btspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

18. Jwt[ vd;gJ ahJ>
g[wj;nj cs;s bry;tj;jpd; kPJ bfhz;Ls;s gw;wpida[k;/ mfkhfpa clypd; kPJ
bfhz;Ls;s gw;wpida[k; tpLjny Jwt[ MFk;.
19. `vtd; Jd;gk; miljy; ,yd;~ ? vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
ve;j ve;jg; bghUspdplj;JkpUe;Jk;/ gw;iw tpl;L eP=;fpdtd;/ me;j me;jg; bghUshy;
Jd;gk; miljy; ,yd; vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ.
20. `gw;ww;whd; gw;wpidg; gw;Wf~/ vd;W ts;Stu; TWtjd; bghUs; ahJ>
xd;iwr; rhu;e;j capuhy; ,Uf;f Koa[k;.
mj;jifa capuhy;/ jdf;F Xu; Mjhukhd gw;Wf; nfhod;wpj; jdpj;J epw;f ,ayhJ.
mjdhy;jhd; capu; cliya[k;/ clYf;F Mjhukhd cyfj;ija[k;/ cyfj;J ,d;g
Efu;r;rpiaa[k; gw;wp epw;fpwJ.
me;j cyfj;ija[k;/ ,d;g Efu;r;rpiaa[k; capu; Jwe;J tpl;lhy;/ mJ gw;wp epw;gjw;F
ntW xd;W ntz;Lk; md;nwh> mjdhy;jhd; ts;Stu; ``gw;ww;whd; gw;wpidg;
gw;Wf~~ vd;fpwhu;.
21. `gw;Wf gw;ww;whd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpapidr; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
`gw;Wf gw;ww;whd;~~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; brhw;gpd;tUepiyazp
mike;Js;sJ.
,f;Fwspy; `gw;W~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ gy Kiw te;Js;sJ.
Mdhy;/ mJ `mfg[wg; gw;W~/ `gpoj;Jf; bfhs;sy;~ vd btt;ntW bghUs; jUtjhy;/
mJ brhw;gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
22. `,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
mth vd;W brhy;yg;gLfpd;w Jd;g=;fSf;Fs; Kjyhd bgUe;Jd;gk; ,y;iy vd;why;/
,d;gnk v=;Fk; bgUfp epw;Fk;.
23. mthitj; `Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk;~ vd;wJ Vd;>
capUf;F ,ay;gha; mike;Js;s mwpahikapd; Fzk;/ mth.
mJ/ gaidf; bfhLf;Fk;nghJ/ Jd;gkha; KofpwJ.
cly; Jd;gk;/ kdj;Jd;gk;/ tpidapdhy; Vw;gLk; capu;j;Jd;gk; Mfpa @tifj;
Jd;gj;Jf;Fk; Kjyha; epw;gJ mth.
Mfnt mthitj; `Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk;~ vd;whu;.
144
24. vJ tPl;od;gj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;>
Mir/ vjdhYk; epuk;ghj ,ay;gpidf; bfhz;lJ
mjid xUtd; ePf;fp tpl;lhy;/ me;epiyna xnu epiyikaha; ,Uf;Fk;
,ay;gpdjhfpa tPl;od;gj;ijj; jUk;.
25. `Muh ,aw;if mth~ ? tpsf;Ff.
vjidg; bgw;whYk;/ vjid mDgtpj;jhYk; nkYk; Xu; ,d;gk; ,Ug;gjha;r; bry;Yk;
,ay;gpida[ilaJ/ Mir.
mjdhy;/ mJ `Muh ,aw;if mth~ vdg;gl;lJ.
26. vg;nghJ gw;ww;wdhfpa ,iwtd; rhu;g[ jhdha; te;J nrUk;>
mthtpid ePj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mjw;F cliyj; jwpnghy; epWj;j ntz;Lk;
kdj;ijg; g[yd; tHp XlhJ jLf;f ntz;Lk;
capupidg; bgha;r;rhu;gpdpd;Wk; tpyf;fj; jdpj;J epWj;j ntz;Lk;.
capu; jdpj;J epw;Fk; ,ay;gpdJ md;W.
me;epiyapy; gw;ww;whdhfpa ,iwtd; rhu;g[ jhdha; te;J nrUk;.
27. vtd; tpiue;J bfLthd;>
may; nte;jnuhL/ mtu;fs; typik bjupe;J bghUe;j xGfhkYk;
jd; typikapd; msit mwpe;J bfhs;shkYk;
jhnd jd; typikia tpae;jtdha;
may;nte;jnuhL gif bfhz;l murd; tpiutha;f; bfl;lHpthd;.
28. gPypbga; rhfhL czu;j;Jk; cz;ik ahJ>
kpft[k; bky;ypa kapypwifna/ jh=;Fk; mst[f;F nky; Vw;wpdhy;/ typa tz;oapd;
mr;R Kupe;J tpLk;.
mJnghy/ jdpj;jdpna nehf;fpd; vspauhapDk;/ gyu; xd;W Todhy; mtu; kpf;f
typauhtu; vd;gjhk;.
29. csnghy ,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLtJ ahJ>
jdf;F cs;s bghUspd; msit mwpe;J/ mjw;nfw;gr; bryit mlf;fpr; rpf;fdkha;
thHg; gHf ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW gHfhJ/ tut[f;F mjpfkha;r; brytHpj;J/ thH;gtDila thH;f;iffs;
cs;sd nghyg; gfl;lha;j; njhd;wp/ cz;ikapy; ,y;yhjdtha;/ Kotpy;
mj;njhw;wKk; ,y;yhky; mHpe;bjhHpa[k;.
30. `mUtpid vd;g csnth~ ? ahUf;F>
gPL bgw epy;
xU braiyr; bra;J Kog;gjw;nfw;w/ fUtpfnshL/ ey;y fhyj;ija[k; mwpe;J
bra;gtu;f;F mupa bray;fs; vd;git ,y;iy.
31. `+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
xUtd; jf;f fhyKk; ,lKk; mwpe;J bray;gLthdhapd;/ mtd; ,t;t[yfj;ijna Msf;
fUjpdhYk;/ mJ ifTLk;.
32. `fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gu;~ ? ahu;>
cyfk; KGtija[k; iff;bfhs;s tpUk;g[gtu;/ jk; typikapDk;/ Vw;w fhyj;ijna
vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gu;.
145
33. +hyk; bty;yf; fUJgtu; ahJ bra;tu;>

,e;j cyfk; KGtija[k; bty;yf; fUJgtu;/ jf;f fhyj;jpida[k; Vw;w ,lj;jpida[k;
mwpe;J bray;gLtu;.
34. fhykwpe;J bray;gLtJ vt;thW>
jhk; epidj;j bray; Kotjw;nfw;w fhyk; tha;f;Fk;nghJ/ mjidj; jtw tplhky;
mr;braiyr; bra;J Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
35. Kg;ghypd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>
vz; ghy; mjpfhuk; ,ay; ,ay;fspd; bgau;fs;
1. mwk; 38 4 ghaputpay; 04/ ,y;ywtpay; 20/ Jwtwtpay; 13/
3 2. bghUs; 70 3
CHpay; 01
murpay; 25/ mikr;rpay; 32/ xHpgpay; 13
,ay;
3. ,d;gk; 25 2 fstpay; 07/ fw;gpay; 18
rpWtpdh
1. xUtd; ehtlf;fk; ngz ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; Fws; tHpna vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ehtpid mlf;fp Ms;f:
xUtd; jd; ehtpid mlf;fp Msntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj;
Jd;g[Wthd;.
jPahy; Vw;gl;l g[z;Qk; ehthy; Vw;gl;l g[z;Qk;:
xUtd;/ xUtid beUg;gpdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clk;gpy; ,Ue;jhYk;/ kdj;jpy; MwptpLk;.
Mdhy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidg; g[z;gLk;go ngrpaJ/ mtd; kdj;jpy; vg;nghJk;
MwhJ/ tLtha; mike;J Jd;g[Wj;Jk;. Mfnt xUtd; ehtlf;fk; ngz ntz;Lk;.
2. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh ? tpsf;Ff.
jg;ghikahtJ ? gad;gLjypy; jtwhik.
xUtd; brd;W bfhs;tjw;F ,ayhj/ br=;Fj;jhd kiya[r;rpfspypUe;jhYk;/
gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk;/ xU fhyj;jpy; brHpj;jpUe;J/ ntbwhU fhyj;jpy;
,y;yhky; mHpe;J nghff; Toajha; ,Ue;jhYk; kUe;J kuk; gad;glhJ.
mt;thW ,y;yhky; bfhs;tjw;F vspjha;/ gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;glhjjha;/ vy;yhf;
fhyj;jpYk; fpilf;ff; Toajha;/ vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;Jf;Fg; gad;glf; Toajha;
cs;s kuk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad; jUtjpy; jtwhJ.
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bgw;w bry;tKk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjha; midtUf;Fk;
gad;gLk; vd;gjhk;.
kUe;J kuk; gpwu; jd; ,iy/ g{ fha;/ fdp Kjypatw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
bghUl;gLj;jhJ/ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;.
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd;
Fiwia nehf;fhJ/ vy;nyhUila tUj;jj;ija[k; jg;ghky; jPu;f;Fk;.
146
3. xg;g[utpd; rpwg;g[ ahJ>
<l;Ltd bty;yhk; <tjw;nf:
xUtd; ghLgl;L ciHj;Jg; bghUs; <l;Ltbjy;yhk/ jhnd cz;gjw;fhft[k;/
nru;j;J itj;J ,Hg;gjw;fhft[k; my;y"
jFjp cilatu;f;F cjtp bra;tjw;nf MFk;.
,Ue;jhYk; ,we;jtnd:
xg;g[uthfpa cyf eilia mwpe;J/ gpwUf;F cjtp thH;gtnd capu; thH;gtd;
Mthd;.
me;j xg;g[uit mwpahjtd;/ cyfpy; capnuhL thH;e;jhYk;/ brj;jtUs; xUtdhfnt
fUjg;gLthd;.
kUe;J kuk; nghd;wJ:
xg;g[uthsd;/ bry;tk;/ gad;bfhLj;jypy; jg;ghj kUe;J kuk;/ midtu;f;Fk; vspjpy;
gad;gLtJ nghd;wjhFk;.
mBjhtJ/ mr;bry;tk; vy;nyhUk; vspjpy; bgw;Wg; gad; bgw cjt[k;.
4. brhw;gpd; tUepiy mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

mzp ,yf;fzk;:
bra;a[spy; xU brhy; gy Kiw te;J/ btt;ntW bghUs;fisj; jUtJ brhw;gpd;
tUepiy mzpahFk;.
v.fh:
``gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F.~~
tpsf;fk;:
gw;Wfis mfw;Wtjw;fhfnt gw;wpy;yhjtidg; gw;wp epw;f ntz;Lk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
,g;ghlypy; `gw;W~ vd;w brhy; gy Kiw gapd;W te;J/ gpd;gw;Wjy;/ Mir
,y;yhjtd;/ el;g[/ Mir vd;w ntW ntW bghUl;fisj; je;Js;sjhy;/ ,f; Fwl;gh
,t;tzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhkapw;W.
5. ``Rlr; RlUk; bghd;nghy; xsptpLk; Jd;gk;
Rlr;Rl nehw;fpw; gtu;f;F~~
? ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s mzpia tpsf;fpg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ. gPL bgw epy;
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; mike;J/ ,ilapy;
nghy/ nghd;w ctk cUg[fs; btspg;gilahfg; bgw;W/ bghJj;jd;ika[k; bgw;W
tUtJ ctikazpahFk;.
ctik (ctkhdk;) : Rlr;RlUk; bghd; xsptpLk;.
ctnkak; : nehw;fpw;gtu;f;Fj; Jd;gk; Rlr;Rl xsp tpLk;.
ctik cUg[ : nghy.
bghJj;jd;ik : xsptpLjy;.
147
tpsf;fk; :
Ru=;fj;jpy; btl;o vLf;fg;gLk; bghd;idj; jPapypl;L khRnghf;fp xsp bgwr;
bra;tu;. mJngy/ mwpahik/ Mir/ nfhgk; nghd;w mGf;nfhL fye;J jd; epiyia
,He;jpUf;Fk; capu;/ Jd;gk; vd;Dk; beUg;g[ Rlr;Rlj; jtk; vd;Dk; xsp tpl;Lg;
gpufhrpf;Fk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
capUf;Fg; bghd;Dk;/ Jd;gj;jpw;Fj; jPa[k; bghUj;j ctikfsha; mike;J/ nghy
vd;w ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf te;jikahy;/ ctikazpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
6. gpwpJ bkhHpjyzpia tpsf;fpf; FwnshL bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
3 mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ftp+d; xU bra;a[spy; ctikia kl;Lk; Twp/ mjd; @yk; ctnkaj;ijg; bgw
,ay;
itg;gJ gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vdt[k; TWtu;.

v.fh:
``gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;~~.
tpsf;fk; :
bkd;ikahd kapypwFjhd; vd;whYk;/ mst[f;F kpFjpahf tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy;/
tz;oapd; mr;R Kwpe;J tpLk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
kpf bkd;ikahd kapypwif/ mst[f;F mjpfkha; tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy;/ kpf
typikahd tz;oapd; mr;Rk; Kupe;J tpLk;. ,e;j ctikapypUe;J/ xUtd; typand
MapDk;/ mtd;/ vspau; vd;W giftu;nky; bry;thdhapd;/ mtu;fs; gyu; xd;W Todhy;/
mtd; typaHpe;J bfl neUk; vd;Dk; ctnkag; bghUs; bgwg;gLtjhy;/ ,f;Fwl;gh
gpwpJbkhHpjyzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
***
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com Mk; tFg;g[

,ay; gPL bgw epy;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 61

,ij eurp=;fk=;fyk; vd;gu;.

rpfuk; kiya[r;rp/ kiy/ cah;r;rp (fpuhk;g[/ Rf;F/ ,yt=;fk; tpisa[k; gFjp)

19. `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUe;jhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.

2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs; vij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd>

``kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~~ vd;Dk; ghlk;/ `rpe;J btspg;gz;ghl;od; jpuhtpl

KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;

tUfpd;w = th(tU) + fpd;W + m

tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 63

5. jpUg;g[fiH mUspatu; ________.

3 8. fhtor;rpe;J ghlypd; bkl;oid mikj;jtu; ________.

,) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjk; <) ,isauh$h tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;

Tw;W ii): tHpeilg; ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk; njhd;wpaJ.

2. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;w totk; vt;thW njhd;wpaJ>

gPL bgw epy;

gpupe;njhu;/ g[zu;g;nghu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;

gpupe;njhu; = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; g[zu;g;nghu; = g[zu; + g; + g; + Xu;

tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

3. btz;liy btz;ik vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 65

1. jpUkz=;fspy; kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk ? tpthjpf;f.

VjhtJ Fiwe;jhYk; jpUkzk; jilgLk;. ,J fl;lha tNyhfptpl;lJ.

16. gpupe;njhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;jpd;go gpupj;bjGJk; Kiw ________.

3 ,J msthy; bgw;w bgauhFk;.

FWe;bjhif @yk; gz;ilj; jkpHupd; xGf;fk;/ thH;f;if Kiw/ gHf;ftHf;f=;fs;/

J+;ry; = J+;R + my; Kdptpyu; = Kdp + t;; + ,y; + mu;

tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 67

rpye;jp tiyiag; nghy; vtuhYk; fl;lKoa[kh-

3 jkpH;ehl;Lf;Fk; vz;zw;w bjhz;L bra;jtu;.

jkpH;ehl;Lf; fhe;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu;.

2. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit> mtw;Ws; mfk;/ g[wk; gw;wpa E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

5. `jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;~ ? vtu;> vij>

,t;thwhd khl;rpikg;gl;l jd;ikauhfpj; jk; thH;t[f;bfd;W Kaw;rpapid

,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-

3 jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisapid mlf;fpj; jd; tPug;guk;giuf;F Vw;gl;l fs=;fj;ijf;

``crpyD}u; mk;gpypapd; bgaiuf;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 71

1. eP=;fs; fz;Lfspj;j VW jGt[jy; epfH;tpd; fhl;rpfis tFg;gpy; neu;Kf tUzid

,ay; 3 gFgj cWg;g[fs;

tUfpd;whs; = th(tU) + fpd;W + Ms; thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 76

,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk; : 76

1. gFgj cWg;g[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>

2. fhyk;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

3. gFgjj;jpy; re;jp/ rhupia vt;btt;tpl=;fspy; mika[k;>

6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;f.

8. ntu;r;brhy;/ vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy/ tpFjp Mfpatw;iwr; nru;j;Jr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.

ghu; M Md; ghu; + M + Md; ? ghuhd;

8. jkpH; Xu; ________ bkhHp.

m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; M) ,ilepiy/ capuPW/ bka;aP

9. mWtifg; bgau;g; gFgj=;fSf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk; : 78

1. khepyf;fy;Y}up ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.

2. Mrpupauhf;fpdhu; ? ,jd; gFjp

3 3. rpW rpW bjhlu;fshf khw;wp vGJf.

tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jf; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/

6. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.

8. fPH;f;fhQk; bra;jpiag; goj;J mwptpg;g[g; gjhif xd;iw cUthf;Ff.

,ij eurp=;fk=;fyk; vd;gu;.

``kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~~ vd;Dk; ghlk;/ `rpe;J btspg;gz;ghl;od; jpuhtpl

KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;

3 ,J msthy; bgw;w bgauhFk;.

FWe;bjhif @yk; gz;ilj; jkpHupd; xGf;fk;/ thH;f;if Kiw/ gHf;ftHf;f=;fs;/

rpye;jp tiyiag; nghy; vtuhYk; fl;lKoa[kh-

,t;thwhd khl;rpikg;gl;l jd;ikauhfpj; jk; thH;t[f;bfd;W Kaw;rpapid

bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna

xUtDf;F Vw;w fhyk; tha;f;ftpy;iy vd;why;/ mtd; jd; typik Kjypatw;why;