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ﻭﻋﻀﻭ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻸﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁل ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ
ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ :ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ،ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻫﺯﺍﻉ
ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﻉ .ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ٢٠١٠ ،ﻡ )ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻊ(.
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ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ:
ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭل ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ
ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ،ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺩﻴﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ( ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺤﻭل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺨﻀﺎﻉ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﺔ
ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤـﺭﻫﻡ ،ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﻌل ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻭﻥ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻸﻁﻔـﺎل
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻔل ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻫـﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﺍﺤﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ.
ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺄﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ .ﻓﺎﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻴﺘﻤﻴـﺯﻭﻥ ﺒﺨـﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺠﺴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸـﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل ﻴﻤـﺭﻭﻥ
ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ .ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬـﻡ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ .ﻭﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻸﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻘﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴـﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨـﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻨﺨـﺭﺍﻁﻬﻡ ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻓـﺔ،
ﻤﻥ ﺃﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻲ ﻟﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ،ﻭﻤﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ
ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ -ﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ -ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺁﻤﻨﺔ.
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ﺴﻨﺔ( ،ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ) ،(AAPﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﺠﺎﻫﺯﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁـﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ،
ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻤـﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻌـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ ﻻ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ .ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻌـﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﺎل ،ﺸﻲﺀ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل .ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜـﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜـﻨﻬﻡ
ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﻭﺨﻁﻁﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻑ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ
ﻀﺒﻁ ﻋﻭﺍﻁﻔﻬﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ .ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠـﻲ ﻋﺭﻀـﺎﹰ ﻤﺨﺘـﺼﺭﺍﹰ
ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ:
ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻜﺎﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺏ. •
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻫﻬﻡ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻫﻡ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼـﺼﺔ •
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤـﻲ، •
ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺤﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺠﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ،ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺭﻜﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔ.
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ. •
ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ،ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻫﻬﻡ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻱ ﻗﺒل. •
ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺼﻘﻠﻬﺎ. •
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ،ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺱ، •
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺎﺯ.
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§ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻫﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ) ١٥ -١٣ﺴﻨﺔ(:
ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻗﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ. •
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ )ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻜﻲ، •
ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ.
ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻭﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻭﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ. •
ﻴﻠﺤﻕ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺒﺄﻗﺭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ،ﻓﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻗﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﻡ. •
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺘﺒﻌـﺎﹰ ﻻﺴـﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﻫﻡ •
ﻭﻤﻴﻭﻟﻬﻡ.
ﻟﺫﺍ ،ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ
ﻓﻘﻁ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴـﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ
ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺸﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺘﻔﻭﻗﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠـﺏ
ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺯﺨﻤﺎﹰ
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ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺘﻭﻗﻔﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﻡ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺍﺼﻁﺩﺍﻤﻬﻡ ﺒﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻟﻬﻡ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻁـﻭل ﻭﺍﻷﺨـﻑ
ﻭﺯﻨﺎﹰ ﻴﺘﻔﻭﻗﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﻘل ﻭﺯﻨﺎﹰ .ﻭﻴـﺼﻌﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺭﺍﻋﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻫﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﺃﺒﻁﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻟـﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻗﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﻡ ﻴﺘﻔﻭﻗﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻨﻔـﺴﻪ
ﻤﻤﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻀﺠﻬﻡ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺩﻫﺸﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻫـﺅﻻﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﻜﺎﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺱ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﻟﻭ ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻕ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺒﺄﻗﺭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ،ﻭﻟﺘﻔﻭﻗـﻭﺍ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ .ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﺇﻁﻼﻉ ﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﺔ ﻭﻨـﻀﺠﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻨﻤﻭﻫﻡ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻨﻀﺠﻬﺎ ﺒـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ.
ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺸﺌﻲ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﻥ ) ١٧ -١٤ﺴـﻨﺔ(
ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻜﺎﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺊ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴـﺩ.
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻥ ﺒﻔﺭﻕ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺱ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ١٥ ،١٤ ،١٣ ،١٢ﺴﻨﺔ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ %٦٠ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻥ ﻫـﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟـﻭﺩﻴﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺴﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﺭﻴـﺔ( ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻜـﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺴﻨﺎﹰ( ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻭﻥ %٥ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﺘﺠـﺫﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﺔ
ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﹰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻟﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ( .ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﻗﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻨﻀﺠﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ .ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘـﺼﻴﻥ
ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺠـﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸـﻜﺎﻟﻬﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ.
ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭ:
ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒـﺩﻨﻲ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ
ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻫﺭﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ
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)ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻭﺴﺘﻴﺭﻭﻥ( ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ١٥-١٢ﺴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻫﺭﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺒﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ( ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻟـﺴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ
ﺜﻼﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ،ﻓﺘﻌﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﺘﻤـل ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ .ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل
ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨـﺸﺎﻁ ﺒﻌـﺽ
ﺍﻷﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎل
ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﻙ ﺇﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻑ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓـﻲ
ﺫﻟﻙ.
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ )ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ( ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ
ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ .ﻭﻴﺒﻠـﻎ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺤﺠـﻡ
ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻗل ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ،
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻴﻀﻤﺤل .ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺩ ﺍﻟﺒـﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻭﺨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﺭ
ﻨﺤﻭ ﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ ،ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ .ﻭﻻ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻭﻯ ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻱ ١٥-٧ﺴﻨﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ
ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻓﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل
ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ،ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻨﺤـﻭ
ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ.
٦
ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺩﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ،ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔـﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ .ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﻜﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒـﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺭﻤﺞ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ،ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻠـﻙ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺩﺍﺨﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺯل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ .ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (١ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻸﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺩﻯ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ،ﺒﻤﻌﺯل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ )(١
ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻀﺎﺒﻁﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ.
ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(١ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ
ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻸﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ.
٧
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ )ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ( ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ
ﻟﻸﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ %١٥-٥ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺠـﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ .%٣٠-١٥ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
§ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻸﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ
ﻴﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ.
§ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ.
§ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ
ﻨﺴﺏ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ.
§ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺘﻌﺩ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ.
§ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ،ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻸﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺠﻡ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ .ﻓﻬﺭﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻭﺴﺘﻴﺭﻭﻥ( ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻭﺠﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺭﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻭﺴﺘﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻠﻴﺔ،
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ،ﺃﻱ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺩﻡ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻡ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺒﺔ
)ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻀﺨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺘﻪ(.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ ،ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻲ ﺸﺎﻕ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻻ ﺘﻭﺼﻲ ﺒﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل ﻗﺒـل ﺴـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ ﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺃﺼﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺎﺭ .ﻭﺘﻘﻀﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻁـﺏ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫـﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻤـﺭ ١٢
ﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ٥ﻜﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻤﻥ ﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺭ ١٥-١٢ﺴﻨﺔ ﻋـﻥ ١٠ﻜـﻡ،
ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺍﺜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ١٨ﺴﻨﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﻭﻍ ،ﻓﺘـﺸﻴﺭ
ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺠﺎﹰ ﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ
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ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ
ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻭﺴﺘﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺩﺭ ﺒﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴـﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ
ﻤﺅﻫﻠﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻘﺒﺎﻫﺎ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐـﻲ
ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻤﻊ ﻋـﺩﻡ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﺜﻘﺎل ﻗﺼﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ ،ﻭﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺜﻘﺎل ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴـﺩ
ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ٣-٢ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ.
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ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺴﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻅﻬـﻭﺭ
ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻜﻪ.
ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(٢ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻁﻔـل
ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﻨﻤﻁ ﺸﺎﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﺤﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﺒﻜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ،ﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻺﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ
ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﺭ ١٨ﺴﻨﺔ .ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺨﻤﺱ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺎﺯ ﻭﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻨﺱ،
ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒـﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺭﻤﺞ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻑ.
ﻭﻟﻌل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﺀل ﻫل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻓﺭﻁ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻟـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺊ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀـﻲ؟
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻌﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺊ
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ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻓﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ ﺃﺒﻁﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻱ ﻗﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ
ﻤﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒـﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻌـﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒـﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺠـﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺒﺎﻻﺓ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻭﻥ
ﻤﻊ ﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ٢٠ -١٨ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ.
ﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ؟ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺎل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺭﻭﻓﻲ ) ﻟﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤـﻭ ﻟـﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ( ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل
(Overuse )injuries ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻺﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺭﻁ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل
ﻤﺜل ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺭﻴﺤﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ .ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺍﻹﺼـﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻜل ١٠٠٠ﺴـﺎﻋﺔ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ،
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ،ﻭﺃﻗﻠﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ .ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ :ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺘـﺸﺭﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺤـﺩﻭﺙ ﺇﺼـﺎﺒﺔ ﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺔ،
ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ
ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ،
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﺫﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺎﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ.
ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺩﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﺭ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ
ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻷﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻱ
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ
ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺸـﺩ .ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻴﻨﺘﺠﻭﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺎﺭ .ﻭﻻ ﺒـﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﻨﺩﺭﻙ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻕ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻤﻜـﺎﻨﻴﺘﻬﻡ
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ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻕ .ﺇﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺼـﺎﺒﺔ
ﺒﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺄﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻘﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺴﻲ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺘـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﻗﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼل ﻟـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺒﻴﻊ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ١٠ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ .ﻭﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺼـﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺩﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻠـﻴﺹ ﻓﺘـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬـﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺘـﺩﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ،ﻤﻊ ﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﺭﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻤﻨـﻊ
ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻕ.
ﻭﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻴﺄﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل )ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ( ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤـل )ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ )ﻤﺘﺫﺒﺫﺒﺔ( ﻭﺃﺴﻬل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻠـﻙ
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ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ( ،ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل
ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ( .ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ
ﺴﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒـﺅ ﺒـﺄﺩﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ:
ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻋـﺭﻭﺽ ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﻁﻭﺍﻟﻪ .ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺼـﻔﺎﺕ ﺠـﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀـﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﻬل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻜل ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ.
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒـﺩﻨﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ .ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻜﺎﻟﻁﻭل ،ﻭﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺎﺕ ﻜﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁـﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺒـﺄ ﺒـﺎﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺌﻲ
ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﻔل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻜﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻪ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ:
ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ )ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ( ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻅـﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ،ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ
ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻸﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻤل ﻭﺭﺸﺎﻗﺔ.
ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻗل ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﺍﺴـﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍ
ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺘﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ .ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺊ ،ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻟﻠﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ .ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻗﺒـل
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ .ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﻋﺒﻲ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﺭﻫﻡ
ﻤﻥ ١٦ -١٥ﺴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴـﺯﻴﻥ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ
ﺸﺤﻭﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻜـﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ:
ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻤـل
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ .ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻅﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ( .ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﺩﺓ ﺤﻭل ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ .ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻷﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ،ﺒل
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺼﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻫﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺭﺸﺩ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭل ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜـل
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ( ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻻﻋﺒﻲ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻫﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
§ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻑٍ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺁﻟﻲ ﻨﺤـﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻻﺤﻘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘـﺩﺍﺨل
ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ.
§ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ،ﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻟﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
§ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻟـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺊ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺨﺫﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ،
ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺍﻟﺦ ،...ﻭﻟﻌل ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺸﺩﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﺩﺘﻪ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ
ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻻﺌـل
ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻤﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ )ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ١٠ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ(.
§ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭ )ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل
ﻋﻤﺭﻴﺔ( ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ.
١٤
§ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺤـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻭﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺘﻪ.
١٥
§ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﻤـﺎ ﻗﺒـل
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﺒﺩﻨﻴﺎﹰ.
§ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻤـﻊ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓـﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
§ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻌـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﻌـل
ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ.
§ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤـﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ.
١٦
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
:ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺘﺤـﺎﺩ: ﺍﻟﺭﻴـﺎﺽ. ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﻴﻥ. ﻫﺯﺍﻉ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ، ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﻉ.١
.ﻫـ١٤١٧،ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ
: ﺍﻟﺭﻴـﺎﺽ. ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺼـﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻓـﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ: ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ. ﻫﺯﺍﻉ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ، ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﻉ.٢
.٢٠٠٣ ،ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻁﻔـﺎل. ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ، ﻫﺯﺍﻉ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ، ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﻉ.٣
ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ، ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ: ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ.ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ
.ﻫـ١٤١٤ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ،ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﺩﻯ ﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻡ. ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ، ﻫﺯﺍﻉ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ، ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﻉ.٤
،٣ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩ،ﻫـ١٤٢٠ ، ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ.ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ
.٢٥ ﻉ-١٢ ﻉ:٢ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ ﻜـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻡ. ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻴﺎﻥ، ﺸﺎﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺤﻁﺎﻨﻲ، ﻫﺯﺍﻉ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ، ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﻉ.٥
ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠـﺴﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺸﺎﻁ.ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻁﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ
، ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ- ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻤﺔ، ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ، ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ
.٣٤٠-٣٢٩ :(١٣) ٦ ،٢٠٠٥ ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ
:ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ
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