GASES

PRESENTED BY:
TOPIC OUTLINE:
• PROPERTIESOF GASES
• GAS LAWS
• KINETIC THEORYOFGASES
• IDEAL GAS
 COM M ON PROPERTIES OF GASES:
• Gases are generally colorless and odorless.
• Many are f lammable but some are inert.
• Spontaneous expansion of gases to fill their container.
• They form homogeneous mixtures regardless of identity
and relative proportions of the component gases in the
mixture.
• Gas and gas mixtures are compressible.
• Gas also exerts pressure.
PRESSURE

F
P=
A
SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
 PRESSURE
There are two types of pressure that one has to deal with,
• the external pressure and
• the pressure of the gas.

• The external pressure is the pressure exerted by the

atmosphere called atmospheric pressure.
• Atmospheric pressure has a narrow range depending on
weather conditions and altitude. The standard atmospheric
pressure is set at one (1) atmosphere ( a t m ) , equivalent to
760 m mHg or 760 torr depending on the unit being used.
1.0 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
 Units used to describe gas samples:
Volume (V) Temperature (T) Pressure (P)
Liter (L)
Milliliter (mL) Kelvin ONLY SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
Atmosphere (atm)
Kilopascal (kPa)
1000 mL = 1L K = ºC + 273
Torr (torr)
mm of mercury (mm Hg)
Amount (n)
1 atm= 101,325 Pa
Moles/mol 1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Standard Temperature and 1 atm = 760 torr
Pressure (STP)
Standard Temperature = 273K
Standard Pressure = 1 atm
 Temperature: The Kelvin Scale

• Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin) when working with gases.

ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373
Why Use the Kelvin Scale?
• Not everything freezes at 0oC, but for ALL substances, motion stops
at 0K.
• It eliminates the use of negative values for temperature! Makes
mathematic calculations possible (to calculate the temp. twice
warmer than -5oC we can’t use 2x(-5oC) because we would get -
10oC)
Pressure Conversions Example

The pressure of a gas is measured as 2.5 atm.

Represent this pressure in both torr and pascals.

 760 torr 
(2.5 atm )   = 1.9 10 torr
3
 1 atm 

 101,325 Pa 
(2.5 atm )   = 2.5 10 Pa
5
 1 atm 
GAS LAWS
 BOYLE'S LAW
Boyle’s Law – at constant temperature and number of moles, the
volume of the gas increases as the pressure decreases. (and the
volume of the gas decreases and the pressure increases). They are
inversely related

V↑ P↓
V↓ P↑
BOYLE'S LAW

As the pressure increases, the volume decreases or as

the pressure decreases, the volume increases. Or that
the product of pressure and volume is constant,

P1 V1 = P2  V2
where P1= initial pressure of the gas
P 2 = final pressure of the gas
V1 = initial volume of the gas
V2 = final volume of the gas
 BOYLE'S LAW
Rearrange the equation to solve for different variables.

P1  V1 = P2  V2
Isolate V2 by dividing both sides by P2:

V1  P1
V2 = P1  V1 = P2  V2
P2
P2 P2

P2  V2 P2  V2 P1  V1
V1 = P1 = P2 =
P1 V1 V2
 BOYLE'S LAW P1 V1 = P2  V2
Example:

What is the final volume of a 1.0 L gas at 1.0 atm if the pressure
is increased to 2.0 atm at constant temperature and number of
moles?
Solution:
P1V1
V2 =
P2
V2
 BOYLE’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 V1 = P2 V2

1) 2.00 L of a gas is at 740.0 mmHg pressure. What is its volume at 760.0

mmHg pressure?

Solution :
 BOYLE’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 V1 = P2 V2

2.00 L of a gas is at 740.0 mmHg pressure. What is its volume at 760.0

mmHg pressure?

Solution : V1  P1
V2 =
P2

V2= 2.00L x 740.0 mmHg

760.0 mm Hg

V2 = 1.95 L
 BOYLE’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 V1 = P2 V2

2) A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 677 mL at 134 kPa. What is

the pressure of the sample if the volume is decreased to 642 mL?

Solution :
 BOYLE’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 V1 = P2 V2

2) A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 677 mL at 134 kPa. What is

the pressure of the sample if the volume is decreased to 642 mL?

Solution :
V 1  P1
P2 =
V2
677 mL  134 kPa
P2 =
642 mL
P2 = 141 kPa
GAS LAWS
CHARLE'S LAW
gives the direct proportionality relationship between the
absolute temperature ( th a t is, in Kelvin) and volume at
constant pressure a n d number of moles of the gas.

VαT
at constant P, n
 CHARLE'S LAW
As the temperature increases, the volume of the gas
increases a n d as the temperature decreases, the
volume of the gas also decreases. Or that the quotient
of volume a nd temperature is constant such that
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
where V1 = initial volume of the gas
V2 = final volume of the gas
T1 = initial temperature of the gas
T2 = final temperature of the gas
 CHARLES'S LAW
Rearrange the equation to solve for different variables.
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
T1  V2 V1  T2
V1 = V2 =
T2 T1

V1  T2 V2  T1
T1 = T2 =
V2 V1
 CHARLE'S LAW
Example:
What is the final volume of a 1.0 Lgas at 273 K if the
temperature is increased to 373 K at constant pressure and
number of moles?
V1 V2
Solution: =
T1 T2
V1T2
V2 =
T1
 CHARLES’SLAW EXAMPLE:
V1 = V2
1) 4.40 L of a gas is collected at 50.0°C. What will be its
volume upon cooling to 25.0°C?
T1 T2

You must convert temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin. Temperature must

always be in Kelvin
Solution:
 CHARLES’SLAW EXAMPLE:
V1 = V2
1) 4.40 L of a gas is collected at 50.0°C. What will be its
volume upon cooling to 25.0°C?
T1 T2

You must convert temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin. Temperature must

always be in Kelvin.
Solution:
V1T2
K = 273 + °C V2 =
T1 = 273 + 50.0°C = 323K T1
T2 = 273 + 25.0°C = 298K
(4.40 L)(298K)
V2 =
323K
V2 = 4.06L
 CHARLES’SLAW EXAMPLE:
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
2) What is the temperature of a 2.30 L balloon if it shrinks to a volume of
0.642 L when it is dipped into liquid nitrogen at a temperature of 77.0 K?

Solution:
 CHARLES’SLAW EXAMPLE:
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
2) What is the temperature of a 2.30 L balloon if it shrinks to a volume of
0.642 L when it is dipped into liquid nitrogen at a temperature of 77.0 K?

Solution:
V1  T2
T1 =
V2
2.30 L  77.0 K
T1 =
0.642 L
T1 = 276 K
GAS LAWS
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Gay-Lussac’s Law – at a constant volume and number of moles, the
pressure of a gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases
(and the pressure decreases when the temperature decreases). They
are directly related.

Pressure
P1 = P2 (atm)

T1 T2

Temperature (K)
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Rearrange the equation to solve for different variables.

P1 P2
=
T1 T2

P2  T1 P1  T2
P1 = T1 =
T2 P2

P1  T2 P2  T1
P2 = T2 =
T1 P1
 P1 P2
=
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW T1 T2
Example: In a rigid container a gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm at 25°C.
What is the pressure of the gas if it is heated to 45°C?

First you must convert temperatures from Celsius to

Kelvin. Temperature must always be in Kelvin
°C + 273 = K
T1 = 273 + 25.0°C = 298K
T2 = 273 + 45.0°C = 318K
P 1  T 2
P =
2 T1
1.3 atm  318 K
P2 =
298 K
P2 = 1.39 atm
1.4 atm (2 sig figs)
 GAYLUSSAC’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 P2
=
T1 T2
1) The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister with a fixed volume is
5.0atm at 15°C. What is the pressure of the oxygen gas inside the
canister if the temperature changes to 263K? Assume the amount of
gas remains constant.

Solution:
 GAYLUSSAC’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 P2
=
T1 T2
1) The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister with a fixed volume is
5.0atm at 15°C. What is the pressure of the oxygen gas inside the
canister if the temperature changes to 263K? Assume the amount of
gas remains constant.

Solution: P1  T2
P2 =
T1
5.0atm  263 K
P1 =5.0 atm P2 =
T1 =15°C+273= = 288K 288 K
T2 = 263K
P2 = 4.8 atm
 GAYLUSSAC’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 P2
=
T1 T2
2) A pressure cooker containing kale and some water starts at 298 K and
101 kPa. The cooker is heated, and the pressure increases to 142 kPa.
What is the final temperature inside the cooker?

Solution:
 GAYLUSSAC’SLAW EXAMPLE: P1 P2
=
T1 T2
2) A pressure cooker containing kale and some water starts at 298 K and
101 kPa. The cooker is heated, and the pressure increases to 142 kPa.
What is the final temperature inside the cooker?

Solution:
P2  T1
T2 =
P1
142 kPa  298 K
T2 =
101 kPa
T2 = 419 K
GAS LAWS
 Key Equations
COMBINED GAS LAW
LAW
A combination of Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Gay-Lussac’s Laws
P 1V 1 = P2V2
T1 T2
Boyle’s law: P1  V1 = P2  V2
V1 V2
Charles’s law: =
T1 T2
P1 P2
Gay-Lussac’s law: =
T1 T2
 COMBINED GAS LAW
Rearrange the equation to solve for different variables
P1  V 1 P2  V 2
=
T1 T2

P2  V2  T1 P2  V2  T1 P1  V1  T2
P1 = V1 = T1 =
V1  T2 P1  T2 P2  V 2

P1  V1  T2 P1  V1  T2 P2 V2  T1
P2 = V2 = T2 =
V2  T1 P2  T 1 P1  V1
COMBINED GAS LAW
P1  V 1 P2  V 2
Example: =
T1 T2
A 1.0 L of gas at 273 K and at 1.0 a t m is heated such that the
temperature rose to 373 K and the pressure rose to 1.5 atm.
What is the new volume of the gas?

Given: Solution: P1  V1  T2
V2 =
P1 = 1.0 atm P2 T1
V1 = 1.0L
T1 = 273 K
(1 atm) (1.0L) (373K)
V2 =
P2 = 1.5 atm
(1.5 atm)(273K)
V2 = ?
T2 = 373K
 COMBINED GAS LAW EXAMPLE: P1  V 1 P2  V 2
T1
= T2
1) A gas occupies 2.0 L at 2.5 atm and 25ºC. What is it’s volume if the
temperature is increased to 33ºC and the pressure is decreased to 1.5 atm?

Given: Solution:
 COMBINED GAS LAW EXAMPLE: P1  V 1 P2  V 2
T1
= T2
1) A gas occupies 2.0 L at 2.5 atm and 25ºC. What is it’s volume if the
temperature is increased to 33ºC and the pressure is decreased to 1.5 atm?

Given: Solution:

P1 = 2.5 atm P1  V1  T2
V1 = 2.0L V2 =
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298K
P2 T1
(2.5 atm)(2.0L) (306K)
P2 = 1.5 atm V2 =
(1.5 tm) (298K)
V2 = ?
T2 = 33 + 273 = 306K
V2 = 3.4 L
 COMBINED GAS LAW EXAMPLE: P1  V 1 P2  V 2
T1
= T2
2) A gas occupies 4.5 L at 1.3 atm and 35ºC. What is the final temperature
if the final volume of the gas is 3.2 L with a pressure of 1.5 atm?

Given: Solution:
 COMBINED GAS LAW EXAMPLE: P1  V 1 P2  V 2
T1
= T2
2) A gas occupies 4.5 L at 1.3 atm and 35ºC. What is the final temperature
if the final volume of the gas is 3.2 L with a pressure of 1.5 atm?

Given: Solution:
P2 V2  T1
P1 = 1.3 atm T2 =
V1 = 4.5L P1  V 1
T1 = 35 + 273 = 308K
T2 = (1.5 atm)(3.2L) (308K)
P2 = 1.5 atm (1.3 atm) (4.5L)
V2 = 3.2L
T2 = ?K
T2 = 250 K
GAS LAWS
AVOGADRO’S LAW
AVOGADRO'S LAW
- gives the direct proportionality relationship
between the volume a n d the number of moles of
gas at constant pressure a n d temperature.

V α n at constant P,T
n1 = n2
V1 V2
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
Rearrange the equation to solve for different variables.
n1 = n2
V1 V2

n2  V1 n1  V2
n1 = V1 =
V2 n2

n1  V2 n2  V1
n2 = V2 =
V1 n1
 n1 = n2
AVOGADRO’S LAW V1 V2
Example:
If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of 89.0 L, what
volume will 2.10 mol of argon occupy under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure?

Solution: n2  V1
V2 =
n1
2.10 mol  89.0 L
V2 =
2.45 mol
V2 = 76.3 L
Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of gases at
the same temperature and pressure contain
equal numbers of molecules.

H2 O2 CO2

1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of

22.4 L at STP. This is called Molar Volume
22.4L = 1 mole of gas at STP
AVOGADRO'S LAW
Avogadro’s Hypothesis:
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and
pressure contain equal number of molecules,
GAS LAWS
 THE IDEAL GAS LAW

where R= gas constant

= 0.08206 L- atm / m o l - K
or 0.0821
P = pressure of the gas in atm
V = volume of the gas in liters
T = temperature in Kelvin
n = number of moles of gas
R= gas constant
The above equation completely describes the pressure,
volume, and temperature behavior of a hypothetical gas called
an ideal gas.
THE IDEAL GAS LAW

Standard condition for gases is described in

terms of standard temperature a n d pressure
(STP)
• where the pressure = 1.000atm a n d
• the temperature = 273.15K or 0.0 °C.
 THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Rearrange the equation to solve for different variables

nRT nRT PV
P= V= n=
V P RT

PV PV
t= R= where R= gas constant
nR nT
= 0.08206 L- atm / mol- K
or 0.0821
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
For one mole of an ideal gas at STP, the volume of the
gas is given by:

From this calculation, any gas, regardless of its nature,

will have a volume of 22.4 L at STP if such a gas behaves
like an ideal gas.
 IDEAL GAS LAW EXAMPLE:

1) How many moles of oxygen will occupy a volume of 2.50 L at 1.20 atm
and 25°C?

Solution:
 IDEAL GAS LAW EXAMPLE:

1) How many moles of oxygen will occupy a volume of 2.50 L at 1.20 atm
and 25°C?

Solution: n = PV
RT

n= (1.20 atm)(2.50 L)
(.08206 L-atm/mol-K)(298K)

n = .123 moles of oxygen

GAS MIXTURES AND
PARTIAL PRESSURES
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a certain pressure as if it were

alone. The pressure of each one of these gases is called the partial
pressure. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of all of the
partial pressures.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …….
Pair = PO + PN2 + Par + PH O + PCO2
2 2
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
Example:

What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases made up of CO2,

O2, and H2 if the partial pressures are 22.3 kPa, 44.7 kPa, and
112 kPa, respectively?
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
Example:

What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases made up of CO2,

O2, and H2 if the partial pressures are 22.3 kPa, 44.7 kPa, and 112
kPa, respectively?
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3
PTOTAL = 22.3kPa + 44.7 kPa + 112 kPa

PTOTAL = 179 kPa

KINETIC MOLECULARR
THEORY of GASES
(KMT)
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter tries to

explain the behavior of an ideal gas in terms of
properties of gas molecules.
 THEORY
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. Gases consist of tiny particles (atoms or molecules)

2. These particles are so small, compared with the distances between them, that the
volume (size) of the individual particles can be assumed to be negligible (zero).

3. The particles are in constant random motion, colliding with the walls of the
container. These collisions with the walls cause the pressure exerted by the gas.

4. The particles are assumed not to attract or to repel each other.

5. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is directly proportional

to the Kelvin temperature of the gas
 EFFUSION AND DIFFUSION
• Effusion is the escape of gas
molecules through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space.

• Diffusion is the spread of one

substance throughout a space or
throughout a second substance.
 IDEAL GASES
• Gases whose behavior can be predicted by the kinetic
molecular theory are called ideal, or perfect, gases. No gases
are truly ideal because no gas totally obeys all of the gas laws.

• An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that is perfect and does follow

everything perfectly.

• We assume that all gases behave like ideal gases so there is an

ideal gas law
◦ There are no intermolecular forces between the gas molecules.
◦ The volume occupied by the molecules themselves is entirely
negligible relative to the volume of the container.
THANK YOU!