Shortcut and Direct Formula Session

Courtesy: Olaye Fortune

CHAPTER 1: STOICHIOMETRY
 Mole(n)
The number of mole formula is given by:

Note: The formulas can be related/equated to each other, when a question has more than two parameters.
 Percentage Composition

 Percentage Yield

 Mass Percent and Mole fraction

 Molarity, Molality and Normality

The Reacting unit is the reacting of a compound, that is;

1. The Reacting unit of an acid is equal to the Basicity of the Acid. Hence for it is two, for it is 3.
2. The Reacting unit for oxidizing or reducing agent, it the number of electrons gains or lost during the reaction.
Hence for it is 5 and for it is 3.
 Relationship between Molarity and Normality

 Relationship between Molarity and Molality

 Stock Solution/Dilution Principle

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO REDOX REACTION
 For complex redox equation questions, you can easily get your answers from the option rather than going
through the long approach. To do this:
i) Firstly, balance your atoms on the left and right side of the equation. That is, the total number of atoms
on the left must equal that on the right.
ii) Secondly, balance your charges on the left and right side of the equation. That is, the total number of
charges on the left must equal that on the right.
 In other simple redox reduction, asking for the reducing agents or/and oxidizing agents. Note these;
i) The oxidizing agent is element that gained an electron. Examples; Most Non-metallic
elements, , etc.
ii) The reducing agent is the element that lost electron(s). Examples; Most Metallic elements,
etc

CHAPTER 3&4: ACID, BASE AND SALT:REACTIONS

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 To determine the pH of an weak acid in a buffer solution use the equation;

The pKa is calculated using:

is the acid dissociation constant.

 To determine the pOH of an weak base in a buffer solution use the equation;

The pKb is calculated using:

is the base dissociation constant.

 If a minimal strong acid or base is added to the buffer solution, the equation can be given as:

Note that the value of the salt, acid, base and added base is in .
 Solubility product(
If you have a salt, given by:

The solubility is given by:

Examples 1:

Example 2:

 Solubility product in another solvent(common ion effect)

The shortcut is given as: If salt is dissolved in salt of concentration P, the solubility of salt is given as:

If you still don’t understand contact FORTUNE (08163721142)

CHAPTER 5: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
  Raoult’s Law

is the vapor pressure change, is the new vapor pressure, are the mole solvent and mole
solute, is pure vapour pressure of the solvent.
 Elevation Of Boiling point of the solvent

is the molar boiling point elevation constant

 Depression of the Freezing point of the solvent

is the molar freezing point depression constant

 Osmotic Pressure

is the osmotic pressure in atm ,M is molar concentration in ,d is density, Mo is molar mass, T is

temperature in K &R is the gas constant.

Solvent B.P F.P

Water 100 0.512 0 1.86
Benzene 80 2.53 5.5 5.12

CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

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Note:
1.
2.
3.
is the is the equilibrium pressure constant & is the equilibrium constant, R is the gas constant and T is
temperature