Combined Maths kHdi iy ksYapdhl

Sudheera Peiris Matrices and Determinants

B.Sc (Hons) University of Colombo

kHdi (Matrices)

kHdifha .Kh (Order of Matrices)

kHdi j¾. (Types of Matrices)

1. fma<s kHdi (Row Matrices)

2. ;Sre kHdi (Column Matrices)

3. iup;=ri% kHdi (Square Matrices)

4. úl¾K kHdi (Diagonal Matrices)

5. wÈY kHdi (Scale Matrices)

6. tall kHdi (Unite Matrices)

𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐴

7. YQkH kHdi (Null Matrices)

8. ;%sfldaK kHdi (Triangular Matrices)

i. Wv;a ;%sfldaK kHdi (Upper Triangular Matrices)
ii. hg;a ;%sfldaK kHdi (Lower Triangular Matrices)

9. fmr¨ï kHdi (Transpose of a Matrix)

10. iuñ;sl kHdi (Symmetric Matrices)

11. l=ál iuñ;sl kHdi (Skew Symmetric Matrices)

12. m%,ïn kHdi (Orthogonal Matrices)

13. m%;snoaO kHdi (Conjugate Matrices)

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kHdifha ùc .Ks;h (Algebra of Matrices)

1. kHdi iudk;dj (Equality of Matrices)
2. kHdi ftlHh (Addition of Matrices)
3. kHdi wka;rh (Difference of Matrices)
4. kHdi wÈYhlska .=K lsÍu (Multiplication of Matrices by a scalar)
5. kHdi .=Ks;h (Multiplication of Matrices)

kHdi iudk;dj (Equality of Matrices)

3 𝑥+𝑦 3 4
𝐴 = 𝐵 úg 𝑥 yd 𝑦 ys w.hka fidhkak¡ 𝐴 = ⌊ ⌋ ,𝐵 = ⌊ ⌋
5 𝑥𝑦 2×2 5 3 2×2

kHdi ftlHh (Addition of Matrices)

5 −4 3 4
𝐴=⌊ ⌋ ,𝐵 = ⌊ ⌋ kï" 𝐴 + 𝐵 fidhkak¡
2 7 2×2 5 3 2×2

kHdi tl;=fõ .=K (Features of Addition of Matrices)

1. 𝑨+𝑶=𝑨
2. 𝑨+𝑩= 𝑩+𝑨
3. 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪
4. 𝑨 + (−𝑨) = 𝑶

kHdi wka;rh (Difference of Matrices)

3 −4 −3 6
𝐴=⌊ ⌋ ,𝐵 = ⌊ ⌋ kï" 𝐴 − 𝐵 fidhkak¡
6 −2 2×2 −9 3 2×2

kHdi wÈYhlska .=K lsÍu (Multiplication of Matrices by a scalar)

3 −4
𝐴=⌊ ⌋ kï" 4𝐴 fidhkak¡
6 −2 2×2

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kHdi i|yd ú>gk kHdh (Distributive Law of Matrices)

1. (𝝀 + 𝝁)𝑨 = 𝝀𝑨 + 𝝁𝑨
2. 𝝀(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝝀𝑨 + 𝝀𝑩
3. 𝝀(𝝁𝑨) = (𝝁𝝀)𝑨

kHdi .=Ks;h (Multiplication of Matrices)

kHdi .=Ks;fha .=K (Features of Multiplication of Matrices)

1. 𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨
2. 𝑨(𝑩𝑪) = (𝑨𝑩)𝑪
3. 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪

kHdi .=Ks;fha wNHdi (Exercise of matrix multiplication)

1. 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐴 fidhkak¡ (Find 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐴)

4 3 1 2
𝐴=[ ],𝐵 = [ ]
5 2 2 1

2. 𝑃𝑄 fidhkak¡ (Find 𝑃𝑄)

5 3 1
4 2 1
𝑃=[ ] , 𝑄 = [2 0 4]
3 1 2
1 1 0

1 0 1 4 2 4
3. 𝐴 = [2 1 −1], 𝐵 = [4 2 2 ], 𝐴2 − 𝐵 = 𝜆𝐼3 kï 𝜆 fidhkak¡
0 2 3 4 8 10

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kHdihl fmr¨u (Transpose of a Matrix)

kHdihl fmr¨u wY%s; .=K (Features of Transpose of a Matrix)

1. (𝑨𝑻 )𝑻 = 𝑨
2. (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑨𝑻 + 𝑩𝑻
3. 𝝀(𝑨𝑻 ) = (𝝀𝑨𝑻 )
4. (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻

kHdifha ksYapdhlh (Determinant of a matix)

𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=[ ] ys ksYapdhlh |𝐴| fõ¡
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
Determinant of 𝐴 = [ ] is |𝐴|.
𝑐 𝑑
|𝐴| = (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐)

(𝟐 × 𝟐) .Kfha kHdihl m%;sf,dauh (Inverse of a (𝟐 × 𝟐) Matrix)

𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑
1 𝑑 −𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = [ ]= [ ]
(𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎 |𝐴| −𝑐 𝑎

wkmQ¾j kHdih (Non-Singular Matrix)

|𝐴| = (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) ≠ 0

wmQ¾j kHdih (Singular Matrix)

|𝐴| = (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) = 0

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kHdihl m%;sf,dauh wY%s; .=K (Features of Inverse of a Matrix)

1. (𝑨−𝟏 )−𝟏 = 𝑨
2. (𝑨𝑻 )−𝟏 = (𝑨−𝟏 )𝑻
3. (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
4. 𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑨 = 𝑰

Wiia fm< m%Yak (A/L Questions)

2 1
1. 𝐴 = ( ) yd 𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ ℝ hehs .ksuq¡ 𝐴(𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝐼) = 𝐼 jk whqßka 𝜆 yd 𝜇 w.hka fidhkak ¦ fuys
−1 3
𝐼 hkq 2 × 2 tall kHdih fõ¡

ta khska 𝐴−1 fidhkak¡ (2011 A/L)

2 1
• Let 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ ℝ. Find the values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 such that 𝐴(𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝐼) = 𝐼, Where 𝐼 is
−1 3
the 2 × 2 identity matrix
Hence, find 𝐴−1 (2011 A/L)

4 3
2. 𝐴 = ( ) hkq 2 × 2 kHdihla hehs .ksuq¡
−2 −1
𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 𝑂 nj fmkajkak ¦ fuys 𝐼 hkq 2 × 2 tall kHdih yd 𝑂 hkq 2 × 2 Y=kH kHdih
fõ¡
ta khska 𝐴−1 fidhkak¡
2 3
𝐵=( ) hkq 2 × 2 kHdihla hehs .ksuq¡
4 6
𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵 nj fmkajkak¡
ta khska fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska" 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂 jk mßÈ 𝐶 kï ksYaY=kH 2 × 2 kHdihla fidhkak¡
(2012 A/L)

4 3
• Let 𝐴 = ( ) be a 2 × 2 matrix.
−2 −1
Show that 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 𝑂, where 𝐼 is the 2 × 2 identity matrix and 𝑂 is the 2 × 2 zero matrix.
Hence, find 𝐴−1
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2 3
Let 𝐵 = ( ) be a 2 × 2 matrix.
4 6
Show that 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵.
Hence, or otherwise find a non-zero 2 × 2 matrix 𝐶 such that 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂 (2012 A/L)

3. 𝐴, 𝐵 yd 𝐶 kHdi ;=kla
3 4
0 2 −3 𝑎 𝑏 0
𝐴=[ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] yd 𝐶 = [2 3] uÕska fokq ,efí¡
0 −1 2 𝑐 𝑑 0
1 2
1 0
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐼2 = [ ] nj fmkajkak¡ 𝐶𝐴 .=Ks;h;a fidhkak¡
0 1
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐼2 jk mßÈ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 yd 𝑑 ys w.hka fidhkak¡
(𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐼2 fjhs kï" 𝜆 yd 𝜇 iïnkaO flfrk iñlrKhla ,nd .kak¡
−3 8 −6
𝐷=[ ] kHdih" 𝐴 yd 𝐵 weiqfrka m%ldY lr" ta khska 𝐷𝐶 .=K;
s h fidhkak¡ (2015
2 −5 4
A/L)

3 4
0 2 −3 𝑎 𝑏 0
• Three matrices, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are given by 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [2 3]
0 −1 2 𝑐 𝑑 0
1 2
1 0
Show that 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐼2 = [ ] Also find the product 𝐶𝐴.
0 1
Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 such that 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐼2
If (𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐼2 obtain an equation connecting 𝜆 and 𝜇. Express the matrix 𝐷 =
−3 8 −6
[ ] in terms of 𝐴 and 𝐵, and hence find the product 𝐷𝐶. (2015 A/L)
2 −5 4

−4 −6 −1 −2
4. 𝐴 = ( ) , 𝑋 = [ ] yd 𝑌 = [ ] hehs .ksuq¡ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆𝑋 yd 𝐴𝑌 = 𝜇𝑌 jk mßÈ 𝜆 yd 𝜇
3 5 1 1
;d;a;aúl ksh; fidhkak¡
−1 −2 2 0
𝑃=[ ] hehs .ksuq¡ 𝑃−1 yd 𝐴𝑃 fidhd" 𝑃 −1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 nj fmkajkak¡ fuys 𝐷 = [ ]
1 1 0 −1
fõ¡
(2016 A/L)

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−4 −6 −1 −2
• Let 𝐴 = ( ) , 𝑋 = [ ] and 𝑌 = [ ]
3 5 1 1
Find real constants 𝜆 and 𝜇 such that 𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆𝑋 and 𝐴𝑌 = 𝜇𝑌.
−1 −2 2 0
Let 𝑃 = [ ]. Find 𝑃−1 and 𝐴𝑃, and show that 𝑃 −1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷, where 𝐷 = [ ]
1 1 0 −1
(2016 A/L)

3 2𝑎
1 1 0
5. 𝐴 = [ ] yd 𝐵 = [−1 0 ] hehs .ksuq¡ fuys 𝑎 ∈ ℝ fõ¡
2 4 −1
1 3𝑎
𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵 uÕska w¾: oelafjk 𝑃 kHdih fidhd" 𝑎 ys lsisÿ w.hlg 𝑃−1 fkdmj;sk nj fmkajkak¡
1 2
𝑃 [ ] = 5 [ ] kï" 𝑎 = 2 nj fmkajkak¡
2 1
𝑎 i|yd fuu w.h iys; j" 𝑄 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 hehs .ksuq¡ fuys 𝐼 hkq .Kh 2 jk tall kHdihhs¡ 𝑄 −1
1 1 −1
,shd olajd 𝐴𝐴𝑇 − 2 𝑅 = [5 𝑄] jk mßÈ 𝑅 kHdih fidhkak¡ (2018 A/L)

3 2𝑎
1 1 0
• Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [−1 0 ], where 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
2 4 −1
1 3𝑎
Find the matrix 𝑃 defined by 𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵 and show that 𝑃−1 does not exist for any value of 𝑎. Show that
1 2
if 𝑃 [ ] = 5 [ ], then 𝑎 = 2
2 1
With this value for 𝑎, let 𝑄 = 𝑃 + 1 where 𝐼 is the identity matrix of order 2.
1 1 −1
Write down 𝑄 −1 and find the matrix 𝑅 such that 𝐴𝐴𝑇 − 2 𝑅 = [5 𝑄]

(2018 A/L)

𝑎 0 −1 2 1 3 𝑏 −2
6. 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] yd 𝐶 = [ ] hkq 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐶 jk mßÈ jQ kHdi hehs
0 −1 0 1 −𝑎 4 −1 𝑏 + 1
.ksuq¡ fuys 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ fõ¡
𝑎 = 2 yd 𝑏 = 1 nj fmkajkak¡
;jo 𝐶 −1 fkdmj;sk nj fmkajkak
1
𝑃 = 2 (𝐶 − 2𝐼) hehs .ksuq¡ 𝑃−1 ,shd olajd 2𝑃(𝑄 + 3𝐼) = 𝑃 − 𝐼 jk mßÈ 𝑄 kHdih fidhkak¡

fuys 𝐼 hkq .Kh 2 jk tall kHdih fõ¡ (2019 A/L)

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𝑎 0 −1 2 1 3 𝑏 −2
• Let 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ] be matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐶,
0 −1 0 1 −𝑎 4 −1 𝑏+1
where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
Show that 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = 1
Show also that 𝐶 −1 does not exist
1
Let 𝑃 = 2 (𝐶 − 2𝐼). Write down 𝑃−1 and find the matrix 𝑄 such that 2𝑃(𝑄 + 3𝐼) = 𝑃 − 𝐼, where 𝐼

is the identity matrix of order 2. (2019 A/L)

1 −1
7. 𝑄 = ( ) hehs .ksuq¡
1 1
𝑄 𝑇 𝑄 = 𝜆𝐼 jk mßÈ jQ 𝜆 ∈ ℝ ys w.h fidhkak ¦ fuys 𝑄 𝑇 hkq 𝑄 kHdifhys fmr¿u jk w;r" 𝐼
hkq 2 × 2 tall kHdih fõ¡
1 1
−
ta khska" 𝑃 = (√2
1
√2
1 ) kHdifhys m%;sf,dauh fidhkak¡
√2 √2

2 0
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 jk mßÈ jQ 2 × 2 kHdihla hehs .ksuq ¦ fuys 𝐷 = ( ) fõ¡ 𝐴 fidhkak¡ (2013
0 8
A/L)

1 −1
• Let 𝑄 = ( ).
1 1
Find the value of 𝜆 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑄 𝑇 𝑄 = 𝜆𝐼, where 𝑄 𝑇 is the transpose of 𝑄 and 𝐼 is the 2 × 2
identity matrix.
1 1
−
Hence, find the inverse of the matrix 𝑃 = (√2
1
√2
1 )
√2 √2
2 0
Let 𝐴 be a 2 × 2 matrix such that 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷, where 𝐷 = ( ). Find 𝐴. (2013 A/L)
0 8

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10
𝑏 1
8. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ hehs o 𝐴 = [0 𝑎] yd 𝐵 = ( ) hehs o .ksuq¡ 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐵 jk mßÈ 𝑎 yd 𝑏 ys w.hka
1 1
11
fidhkak¡ fuys 𝐴𝑇 uÕska 𝐴 kHdifhys fmr¿u oelafõ¡
7 5 𝜇
𝐶=( ) yd 𝑋 = [𝜇 + 1] hehs .ksuq¡ fuys 𝜇 ∈ ℝ fõ¡ 𝐶𝑋 = 𝜆𝐵𝑋 hehs o .ksuq¡ fuys 𝜆 ∈ ℝ fõ¡
5 3
𝜆 ys w.h yd 𝜇 ys w.h fidhkak¡
𝜆 ys fuu w.h i|yd 𝐶 − 𝜆𝐵 kHdih fidhd" tys m%;sf,dauh fkdmj;sk nj fmkajkak¡
(2014 A/L)

10
𝑏 1
• Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and let 𝐴 = [0 𝑎] and 𝐵 = ( ). Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 such that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐵,
1 1
11
where 𝐴𝑇 denotes the transpose of the matrix 𝐴.
7 5 𝜇
Let 𝐶 = ( ) and 𝑋 = [𝜇 + 1], where 𝜇 ∈ ℝ. Also, let 𝐶𝑋 = 𝜆𝐵𝑋 where 𝜆 ∈ ℝ. Find the value
5 3
of 𝜆 and the value of 𝜇.
For this value of 𝜆, find the matrix 𝐶 − 𝜆𝐵 and show that its inverse does not exist. (2014 A/L)

2 𝑎 3 1 −1 𝑎 4 1
9. 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] yd 𝑃 = [ ] hehs .ksuq¡ fuys 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ fõ¡ 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝑃 nj §
−1 𝑏 2 1 𝑏 0 2 0
we;¡ fuys 𝐵 𝑇 uÕska 𝐵 kHdifhys fmr¿u oelafõ¡ 𝑎 = 1 yd 𝑏 = −1 nj fmkajd" 𝑎 yd 𝑏 i|yd
fuu w.hka iys; j 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴 fidhkak¡
𝑃−1 ,shd olajd th Ndú;fhka" 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 2𝐼 jk mßÈ 𝑄 kHdih fidhkak¡ fuys 𝐼 hkq .Kh 2 jQ
tall kHdihhs¡ (2017 A/L)

2 𝑎 3 1 −1 𝑎 4 1
• Let 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] and 𝑃 = [ ], where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
−1 𝑏 2 1 𝑏 0 2 0
It is given that 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝑃, where 𝐵 𝑇 denotes the transpose of the matrix 𝐵. Show that 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 =
1, and with these values for 𝑎 and 𝑏, find 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴.
Write down 𝑃−1 , and using it, find the matrix 𝑄 such that 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 2𝐼, where 𝐼 is the identity
matrix of order 2. (2017 A/L)

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𝑎+1 0 1 0
𝑎 1
10. 𝐴 = [ 1 1] , 𝐵 = [ 0 1] yd 𝐶 = [ ] hehs .ksuq¡ fuys 𝑎 ∈ ℝ fõ¡
𝑎 2
0 1 𝑎 2
𝐴𝑇 𝐵 − 𝐼 = 𝐶 nj fmkajkak¡ fuys 𝐼 hkq .Kh 2 jk tall kHdih fõ¡
𝐶 −1 mj;skafka 𝑎 ≠ 0 u kï muKla nj o fmkajkak¡
oeka" 𝑎 = 1 hehs .ksuq¡ 𝐶 −1 ,shd olajkak¡
𝐶𝑃𝐶 = 2𝐼 + 𝐶 jk mßê 𝑃 kHdih fidhkak¡
(2020 A/L)

𝑎+1 0 1 0
𝑎 1
• Let 𝐴 = [ 1 1 ] , 𝐵 = [ 0 1] and 𝐶 = [ ], where 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
𝑎 2
0 1 𝑎 2
Show that 𝐴𝑇 𝐵 − 𝐼 = 𝐶, where 𝐼 is the identity matrix of order 2
Show also that 𝐶 −1 exists if and only if 𝑎 ≠ 0
Now, let 𝑎 = 1, write down 𝐶 −1
Now the matrix 𝑃 such that 𝐶𝑃𝐶 = 2𝐼 + 𝐶
(2020 A/L)

Simple Sensitive Mathematics

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Combined Maths kHdi iy ksYapdhl
Sudheera Peiris Matrices and Determinants
B.Sc (Hons) University of Colombo

Greek Alphabet

Simple Sensitive Mathematics

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Sudheera Peiris (facebook/Youtube)
Combined Maths kHdi iy ksYapdhl
Sudheera Peiris Matrices and Determinants
B.Sc (Hons) University of Colombo

Important Notes

Simple Sensitive Mathematics

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