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 Challenging the
United Nations Peace and
Security Agenda
in Africa
Dawn Nagar
Challenging the United Nations Peace and Security
Agenda in Africa
 Dawn Nagar

Challenging
the United Nations
Peace and Security
Agenda in Africa
Dawn Nagar
The Deanery, Faculty of Humanities
University of Johannesburg
Johannesburg, South Africa

ISBN 978-3-030-83522-4 ISBN 978-3-030-83523-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83523-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
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 Acknowledgements

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Anca Pusca, Executive Editor of

International Relations and Security Studies at Palgrave Macmillan and
her publication team, Anne-Kathrin Birchley-Brun, and Liam McLean. I
am particularly thankful to Shukkanthy Siva, and Aishwarya Balachandar
for their outstanding editing support provided to me in completing this
book. Similarly, I express my sincere gratitude to my Executive Dean,
Professor Kammila Naidoo of the Faculty of Humanities, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa for her unwavering support and commitment
to build African knowledge produced by African scholars and allowing
me the time to complete this book. I am also equally grateful for the
inspiration of my four daughters: Simóne, Danielle, Marcel, and Nina, as
I completed this publication. All thanks goes to the Almighty God and
His Son Jesus Christ.

v
 Contents

1 Introduction: 60 Years of the United Nations Role

in Africa 1
2 The United Nations Role in the Great Lakes Region:
Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic
of the Congo 19
3 United Nations Role in the Economic Community
of Central African States: Central African Republic
and Chad 75
4 United Nations Role in Sudan, South Sudan and Abyei 121
5 The United Nations Role the Horn of Africa: The Case
of Somalia 159
6 The Role of the United Nations in North Africa: The
Case of Morocco and Western Sahara 253
7 The United Nations Role in the G5-Sahel, West,
and Southern Africa: The Case of Angola 277
8 Conclusion: Defining a New Pax-Africana 319

Index 353

vii
 Abbreviations and Acronyms

2050AIM African Union 2050 Integrated Maritime Strategy

3Ts Tungsten, Tin, and Tantalum
4IR Fourth Industrial Revolution
A4P Action for Peacekeeping
AAMA Association of African Maritime Administrators
AAPO All-African Peoples Conference
ABC Abyei Boundaries Commission
A-CFTA Africa’s Continental Free Trade Area
ACIRC African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises
ACP African Caribbean Pacific Group of States
ADEMA-PASJ Alliance for Democracy in Mali—Pan-African Party for
Liberty, Solidarity and Justice
ADF Ugandan Allied Democratic Forces
AfDB African Development Bank
AFDL Alliance des Forces Démorcatiques pour la Libération du
Congo
AFGRAD US African Graduate Fellowship Programme
AFISMA African-led International Support Mission in Mali
AFISM-CAR African-led International Support Mission in CAR
AFRICOM US Africa Command
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act
AID Agency for International Development
AMIB African Union Mission in Burundi
AMIS African Union Mission in Sudan
AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia
AMU Arab Maghreb Union

ix
x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANC African National Congress (Liberation Movement and

Later Political)
ANPG Angola’s National Agency for Oil, Gas and Biofuels
ANT Armée Nationale du Tchad
APAYE African Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment
APRD Armée Populaire pour la Restauration de la Démocratie
APSA African Union Peace and Security Architecture
AQIM Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb
ARC Areva Resources Centrafrique
ARPCT Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-
Terrorism
ARS Congress for the Re-Liberation and Reconstitution of
Somalia
ASC African Standby Capacity
ASCC Army Service Component Command
ASF African Standby Force
ASWJ Al-Sunna wa-al-Jamaa
AU AGA African Union African Governance Architecture
AU PCRD African Union Peace and Security Council’s Peacebuilding
and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Development Centre
AU PSC African Union Peace Security Council
AU African Union
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BCEAEC Banque Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique Equatoriale et du
Cameroun
BEAC Bank of Central African States
BINUB UN Integrated Office in Burundi
BINUCA UN Integrated Peacebuilding Support Office in CAR
BONUCA UN Peacebuilding Support Office in CAR
BP British Petroleum
BRI Belt and Road Initiative (China)
CAR Central African Republic
CEMAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l’Afrique
Centrale
CENI Independent National Electoral Commission of Burundi
CEN-SAD Community of Sahelo-Saharan States
CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes countries
CEWS Continental Early Warning System
CFA Communauté Françaises d’Afrique
CFAF Communauté Financière Africaine Franc
CIA Central Intelligence Agency-US
CNDD National Council for the Defence of Democracy (Conseil
National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie)
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xi

CNDD-FDD Conseil National Pour laDéfense de la Démocratie—

Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (Forces for the
Defence of Democracy)
CNMC Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission
CNN Cable News Network
CNPC China National Petroleum Cooperation
CNPRP Provincial National Political Council
CNRDRE National Council for the Recovery of Democracy and the
Restoration of the State
CNT Concorde Nationale Tchadienne
COD-2020 Coalition of the Democratic Opposition
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CONADER National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilisation
and Reintegration
COVID-19 Coronavirus 2019 Disease (Pandemic)
CPA ACP-EU Partnership Agreement
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CPDC Coordination des Partis Politiques pour la Défense de la
Constitution
CPJP Convention des Patriotes pour la Justice et la Paix
CPSK Patriotic Convention for Saving the Country
CSOs Civil Society Organisations
DDI Diamond Distributions Incorporated (Inc.)
DDPD Doha Document for Peace in Darfur
DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration
DDRR Disarmament, Demobilisation, Resettlement and Reinte-
gration
DDRRR Disarmament, Demobilisation, Repatriation, Resettlement
and Reintegration
DGSE Direction Générale de la Sécurite Exterieure
DIRCO South Africa’s Department of International Relations and
Cooperation
DPA Darfur Peace Agreement
DPA Department of Political Affairs (United Nations)
DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DPO Department of Peace Operations
DPPA Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
DSS Department of Safety and Security
EAC East African Community
EASBRIG East African Community Standby Brigade
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
ECCASBRIG Economic Community of Central African States Brigade
xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ECOBRIG Economic Community of West African States Brigade

ECOMOG ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group
ECOSOC UN Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EDRP Emergency Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme
EEC European Economic Commission
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EPAs Economic Partnership Agreements (EU)
EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front
ETO Technique Officielle (Kigali)
EU European Union
EUCAP European Union Capacity Building Mission
EUPOL European Union Police Mission (for the DRC)
EUSEC European Union Security Sector Reform (External Action
Services)
FAC Forces Arées Congolaises
FACA Forces Armées Centrafricaines
FACT Front for Change and Concord in Chad
FAN Forces Armées du Nord
FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation
FARDC Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo
FDC Front Démocratique Centrafricain
FDN Burundi’s Security and National Defence Forces
FDPC Front Démocratique du Peuple Centrafricain
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FOC Full Operational Capability
FOCAC Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
FOMUC Multinational Force of the Communaute Economique des
Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
FPM Front du People Murundi
FPM-ABATABAZI Front du People Murundi-Abatabazi
FPR Front Populaire pour le Redressement
FRODEBU Front pour la Démoractie au Burundi
FRONABU Front National pour la Revolution au Burundi
FRONLINAT Front de Libération National du Tchad
FUC Front Uni pour le Changement
FUCD Front Uni pour le Changement and Démocratique
G5-SAHEL Group of Five Sahel Countries
GAPLC Groupe d’action Partriotique pour la Libération de la
Centrafrique
GDP Gross Domestic Product
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xiii

GIBAFOR France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, World Bank
and the UN (Central African Republic)
GLRIPB Great Lakes Regional Initiative for peace in Burundi
GNI Gross National Income
GNPOC China’s Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company
GNU Government of National Unity
GoS Government of Sudan
GoSS Government of South Sudan
HDI Human Development Index
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Country
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
ICC International Criminal Court
ICD Inter-Congolese Dialogue
ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICT Information, Communication And Technology
IDDAIII Africa’s 3rd Industrial Development Decade
IDPs Internally Displaced Persons
IEC Independent Electoral Commission
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IGADD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Develop-
ment
IGASOM IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMC Implementation Monitoring Committee (Burundi)
IMET International Military and Education Training
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organisation
INEC Independent National Electoral Commission
INTERPOL International Police Organisation
IOM International Organisation for Migration
IPCC UN International Panel on Climate Change
ISRAD Al-Mourabitoun, Ansar al-Dine, Al-Qaeda, and Ansar-ul-
Islam lil-Lchad wal Jihad
ITF Interdepartmental Task Force
JCC Joint Ceasefire Commission
JEM Justice and Equity Movement
JMC Joint Military Commission (Burundi)
JMC Joint Monitoring Commission
JNIM Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wa al-Muslimeen (Group for the
Support of Islam and Muslims)
xiv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

JVMM Joint Verification and Monitoring Mechanism

KM Kilometres
KM2 Kilometres Square
LAS League of Arab States
LCBC Lake Chad Basin Commission
LDCs Least Developed Countries
LRA Lord’s Resistance Army
M23 March 23 Movement
MEDAC Democratic Evolution Movement of Central Africa
MESAN Mouvement pour l’évolution Sociale de l’Afrique Noire
MFF EU Multiannual Financial Framework
MICOPAX Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in CAR
MIFERMA Mines de Fer de Mauritanie
MINURCA UN Mission in CAR
MINURCAT UN Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad
MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western
Sahara
MINUSCA Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in CAR
MINUSMA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in
Mali
MISAB Inter-African Military Mission In Burundi
MLC Congolese Liberation Movement (Mouvement pour la
Liberation du Congo)
MLCJ Mouvement des Libérateurs Centrafricains pour la Justice
MN Mouvement National
MNCs Multinational Corporations
MNLA National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
MOD Marehan–Ogadeen–Dolbahante
MONUC UN Organisation Mission in the DRC
MONUSCO UN Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the DRC
MOU Memorandum Of Understanding
MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
MPS Mouvement Patriotique du Salut
MUJAO Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa
NAM Movement of Non-Aligned Countries
NASBRIG North African Regional Capability Brigade
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NAVFOR EU Naval Force
NDPs National Development Plans
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NIF National Islamic Front
NIF Neutral Intervention Force
NMOG 1 Neutral Military Observer Group I
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv

NMOG II Neutral Military Observer Group II

NSF National Salvation Front
NSS National Security Service
OACPS Organisation of the African, Caribbean and Pacific States
OAU Organisation of African Unity
OCRS Organisation Commune des Régions Sahariennes
OHCHR UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
OIC Organisation of the Islamic Conference
OIF Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
OLF Oromo Liberation Front
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
ONHYM Moroccan Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines
OPDS Organ on Politics, Defense and Security
OPEC Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSES Office of the Special Envoy for the Sahel
P5 Powerful Five UN Security Council Member States
PAFMECA Pan-African Movement for East and Central Africa
PAFMECSA Pan-African Movement for East, Central Africa and
Southern Africa
PAMESA Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern
Africa Party
PBSO UN Peacebuilding Support Office
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration (Hague)
PCP Popular Congress Party
PDF Popular Defence Force
PEPs Politically Exposed Persons
PHOSBOURCRAA Phosphates de Boucraa (previously EMINSA)
PL Liberal Party
PLANELMs Planning Elements
PNC Japanese Nuclear Power Corporation
PPT Parti Progressiste Tchadien
PSCF Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework
PSD Parti Social Démocrate
PSOD African Union Peace and Security Council Peace Support
OperationsDivision
PSOs African Union Peace and Security Operations
RC Resident Coordinator
RCD Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démorcatie
RCD-GOMA Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Goma
RCD-KISANGANI Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-
KISANGANI
RCD-ML Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-
Mouvement de Libération
xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

RCD-N Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-National

RCPCA National Strategy for Recovery and Peace Consolidation
(CAR)
RDC Rapid Deployment Capability (United Nations)
RDC Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain
RDRP Rwanda Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme
RECs Regional Economic Communities
RFC Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement
RMs Regional Mechanisms
RNC Rwanda National Congress
RPDL Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et les Libertés
RUD-URUNANA Rassemblement pour l’unité et la Démocratie—
URUNANA
RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADCBRIG Southern African Development Community Brigade
SADF South Africa’s Defence Forces
SAF Sudanese Armed Forces
SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons
SANDF South African National Defence Force
SANU Somali Alliance for National Unity
SANU Sudan African Nationalist Union
SAPSD South African Protection Support Deployment
SDA Somali Democratic Alliance
SDGs UN Sustainable Development Goals
SDM Somali Democratic Movement
SEC Security and Exchange Commission
SEIVQMC Saudi-Emirates International Veterinary Quarantine
Management Company
SEPHA Special Emergency Programme for the Horn of Africa
SLA Sudan Liberation Army
SMMEs Small, Medium, Micro Enterprises
SNA Somali National Alliance
SNCC Somali National Consultative Council
SNDU Somali National Democratic Union
SNF Somali National Front
SNL Somali National League
SNM Somali National Movement
SOFA Status of Forces Agreement
SONANGOL Sociedade Nacional de Combustiveis de Angola
SPA Somali Petroleum Authority
SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army
SPLA-IO Sudan People’s Liberation Army in Opposition
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xvii

SPLM Sudan people’s Liberation Movement

SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army
SPLM-N Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North
SPM Somali Patriotic Movement
SRF Sudan Revolutionary Front
SRRC Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council
SSA Somali Salvation Alliance
SSDF Somali Salvation Democratic Front
SSLA South Sudan Liberation Army
SSLM South Sudan Liberation Movement
SSNLM South Sudan National Liberation Movement
SSNM Southern Somali National Movement
SSPPF South Sudan People’s Patriotic Front
SSR Security Sector Reform
SST State Sponsors of Terrorism
STISA African Union Science Technology and Innovation
Strategy for Africa
SWAPO South West African People’s Organisation
SYL Somali Youth League
TERR Special Committee on Terrorism (EU)
TPLF Tigrean People’s Liberation Front
UAE United Arab Emirates
UCCA Central Africa Cotton Union
UDEAC Union Douanière et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale
UDPM Democratic Union of the Malian People
UDT Union Démocratique Tchadienne
UFDD Union des Forces pour la Démocratie et le Développe-
ment
UFDD-F Union des Forces pour la Démocratie et le
Développement-Fondamentale
UFDR Union of Democratic Forces for Unity
UIC Union of the Islamic Courts
UK United Kingdom
UMOA West African Monetary Union
UN United Nations
UN GA UN General Assembly
UN PBC UN Peacebuilding Commission
UN Women United Nations’ Women
UNAMID UN-AU Hybrid Operation in Darfur
UNAMIR II UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda II
UNAMIR UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNAMIS UN Advance Mission in the Sudan
UNCLOS UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
xviii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

UNCT UN Country Teams

UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP UN Development Programme
UNDS UN Development System
UNEP UN Environment Programme
UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNHCR UN High Commission for Refugees
UNICEF UN Children’s Emergency Fund
UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organisation
UNISFA UN Interim Security Force for Abyei
UNISS UN Integrated Strategy for the Sahel
UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
(União Nacional para a Independencia para a Indepen-
dencia Total de Angola)
UNITAF UN Unified Task Force
UNITAMS UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan
UNLB Italy-UN Logistics Base (Brindisi)
UNMAS UN Mine Action Service
UNMIS UN Mission in Sudan
UNMISS UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan
UNOAU UN Office to the AU
UNOCA UN Regional office for Central Africa
UNOCHA UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNODC UN Office on Drugs and Crime
UNOM UN Office in Mali
UNOMUR UN Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
UNOSOM II UN Operation in Somalia II
UNOSOM UN Operation in Somalia
UNOWAS UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel
UNPOS UN Political Office for Somalia
UNRF Uganda National Rescue Front II
UNSC UN Security Council
UNSOA UN Support Office for AMISOM
UNTAG UN Transition Assistance Group
UPC Union of Congolese Patriots
UPDF Uganda People’s Defence Forces
UPRONA Union pour le Progrés National
URBA French Atomic Energy Commission-Uranium (Company)
URD Union for the Republic and Democracy
US United States
USC United Somali Congress
USCENTCOM US Central Command
USF United Somali Front
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xix

USIP United States Institute of Peace

USIS US Information Service
USP United Somali Party
USSR Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organisation
WISPI World Internal and Security Police Index
WOMESA Women in the Maritime Sector in Eastern and Southern
Africa
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 Mission area of United Nations (UN) peace operations

in Central African Republic (CAR) (MINURCA) (Source
UN peacekeeping operations department, https://
peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/car.htm,
MINURCA [un.org]) 81
Fig. 3.2 United Nations Human Rights Commission for refugees
regional situation map, April 2, 2021, https://data2.unhcr.
org/en/documents/details/85897, Document—UNHCR
CAR regional situation map 02 April 2021 106
Fig. 4.1 The United Nations-African Union (UN-AU) hybrid
operation in Darfur (UNAMID) (Source Based
on the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Sudan,
2007–17) 137
Fig. 4.2 Map of United Nations peacekeeping mission in Abyei
(Source UN peacekeeping: The UN Interim Security Force
for Abyei (UNISFA, 2020) 141
Fig. 4.3 Map of Abyei (Source UN peacekeeping: UN Interim
Security Force for Abyei “Road Map”) 144
Fig. 5.1 United Nations, Department of Field Support, Map
of Somalia 193

xxi
xxii LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.2 Map of Somalia oil concessions adapted from (Source

Permission granted by authors: Jakob Grandjean
Bamberger, and Kristian Skovsted, “Concessions
and Conflicts: Mapping Oil Exploration in Somalia
and Ethiopia,” Danish Institute for International Studies
[DISS], 2016 (2), pp. 1–40) 230
Fig. 6.1 United Nations mission for the referendum in Western
Sahara (MINURSO) (Source United Nations peacekeeping
department of field support, April 2014) 263
Fig. 7.1 Field Operations of the UN Multidimensional Integrated
Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) (Source United
Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UNSC
doc. S/262, March 26, 2019) 287
Fig. 7.2 Field operation presence of the UN office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in the G5
Sahel Region (Source OHCHR, March 12, 2020) 292
Fig. 7.3 World Food Programme (WFP), resilience scale-up plan
in the G5 Sahel countries, 2018/19 (Map of Sahel:
Drought Risk, conflict areas of main armed groups
and migratory movements) (Source UNOWAS (10)
February 2020, pp. 1–35, p. 21) 298
Fig. 7.4 Angola’s employment sectors: Agriculture, Extractive,
Manufacturing, Construction, Commerce, Transport,
other services, and Not Employed (Source World Bank,
“Angola Poverty Assessment: Poverty and Equity Global
Practice Africa Region,” June 24, 2020, pp. 1–199, p. v) 305
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: 60 Years of the United Nations

Role in Africa

This book is mainly concerned in assessing the United Nations (UN)

role in Africa between the periods 1960 and 2021, which introduces
socio-economic development-led efforts in Africa, inculcated in a peace-
keeping, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction model. The book
deployed a number of theories to support the assessment and arguments
including: a neorealist security convergence critique1 : that claims peace-
keeping has been infused with Africa’s mineral and agricultural wealth,
whereby superpowers’ have as their principal gain self-interest of a domi-
nant mercantilist approach by which the rules of the game are set;
and a neo-imperialist critique: that super powers have used the secu-
rity stage to perpetuate neocolonial domination for their geopolitical
parochial interests. Thus, under the banner of peacemaking, peace-
keeping, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction efforts, major
parochial economic interest lies at the heart of regional violence that have
exacerbated conflicts in Africa’s resource-rich conflict-ridden states.
Therefore, in explaining these actors and factors, the book made use
of two theories: neoclassical economic convergence theory to discuss
the political economy of imperialist regionalism played out in Africa’s
economic trade relations, and how this role is being consumed in Africa’s
regional security architecture—which is situated in the theory of neore-
alist security convergence: of the coming together of peace and security
efforts of powerful state actors. The flipside of these critiques provided in

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2022
D. Nagar, Challenging the United Nations Peace and Security Agenda
in Africa, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83523-1_1
2 D. NAGAR

the book further illustrated a pan-African economic convergence theory:

that claims: the extent of economic convergence associated with Africa’s
Continental Free Trade Area (A-CFTA) signed by 36 African states out
of a total of 55 African Union (AU) member states, having ratified the
A-CFTA as of March 2021, have greater advantage to boosting trade
and socio-economic development. However, trade can only be beneficial
to the extent that Africa’s states commit to the continental security and
governance architecture in securing conflict-ridden regions with a view to
boosting intra-continental value-driven trade commodities, routing out
terrorism and transnational crime, while substantially improving socio-
economic human capital development-led growth, particularly for Africa’s
youth. Therefore, the extent to which intra-continental trade is under-
taken by powerful military states such as Botswana, Egypt, Ethiopia,
Libya, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda and
Zimbabwe, and among others, such states will have greater political will
to militarily intervene towards peace and security efforts, with a view
to protecting their vested economic and security interests, and in-so-
doing could advantage continental security as well as socio-economic
development growth substantially for the continent.2
The United Nations 1945 Charter, which was created for the main-
tenance of world peace, rests in the hands of the most powerful global
economies: China, France (European Union [EU] member state), United
Kingdom (UK), Russia and the United States (US), which emerged
immediately after the Second World War of 1945 to form the UN Secu-
rity Council (UNSC). But what this book demonstrates through the
case studies deployed is that Africa’s conflict-ridden states have not bene-
fitted from peacebuilding, peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction
models and have remained resource poor, while conflicts are spiralling.3
At the core of the conflicts is resource greed: oil and mining concessions
with international conglomerates, but without endogenous economic
growth models introduced succinctly, to benefit socio-economic devel-
opment more effectively.
The book also demonstrates in the case studies deployed that UN
involvement in Africa either came too late or came too short with
insufficient resources being allocated to Africa’s peacekeeping mandates.
On its part, Africa has demonstrated its political will and security
muscle to intervene in Africa’s conflicts, regardless of the challenges
and short-comings of UN peacekeeping efforts. The most important
take away of this book is that the AU Peace and Security Council
 1 INTRODUCTION: 60 YEARS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROLE IN AFRICA 3

(PSC), the African Governance Architecture (AGA) and the AU Post-

Conflict Reconstruction Development (PCRD) Cairo-based Centre have
become the building blocks to assist Africa’s government efforts of
dealing with socio-economic human capital development approaches,
which must be aligned to the AU Agenda 2063 goals and the Global
Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Secondly, the
book underscores that Africa’s peacebuilding and peacekeeping ought
to introduce post-conflict reconstruction models that draw on a multi-
lateral approach and which include Africa’s institutions and those of
the UN such as: the A-CFTA Secretariat, the UN SDGs Department,
the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Envi-
ronment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Industrial Devel-
opment Organisation (UNIDO), the United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD), UN Women, the United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and the relevant local and
international business community (agricultural and mineral resources
both land and oceans, and mining agencies), with a view to introduce
coherent socio-economic policies specifically for mega conglomerates’
roles and responsibilities, operating in Africa’s conflict-ridden states and
define such policies within peacekeeping, peacebuilding and post-conflict
reconstruction mandates.
In further support of these arguments, notably at the recent cente-
nary of the First World War, the UN Secretary General António Guterres
noted that “it took a second global cataclysm to trigger the multilateral
arrangements we know today,”4 the creation of the United Nations in
1945. Several tangible fruits were achieved and was possible through
multilateral efforts such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel-
opment; the Climate change 2015 Paris Agreement as well as several
peace operations established through the UN. Growing global challenges
of declining peace and security, poverty, climate change advances, and
natural disasters, terrorist and transnational crime, among others, require
a multilateral effort, critical to overcoming such global challenges. Thus,
in strengthening multilateralism, further efforts were orchestrated by the
Secretary-General Guterres, in September 2017—at a 72nd UN General
Assembly (UNGA)—where 120 countries expressed their commitment
to creating a more effective global village and thus, institutionalised
UN reform processes, subsequently proposed by the Secretary-General
Guterres. UN reform processes thus began implementation in earnest in
4 D. NAGAR

2019 with a major focus on: (i) development system reform, (ii) manage-
ment and (iii) peace and security. Africa’s peace efforts similarly rest in the
hands of the UN Security Council P5 members as the major penholders
and veto-powers in sanctioning peacekeeping operations.5
The major goal of the 2018 UN Reform agenda is a reformed, rein-
vigorated and strengthened multilateral system; stronger commitment to
a rules-based world, with the UN at its centre; new forms of coopera-
tion with other international and regional organisations; and closer links
with civil society and other stakeholders to ensure that multilateralism
is inclusive.6 The development system reform process was adopted in
Resolution 72/2797 at the UN General Assembly in May 2018, namely:
Repositioning of the United Nations development system in the context
of the quadrennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities
for development of the United Nations system.8 The 2018 UN reform
processes are linked to a prior UN Secretary-General report to the UN
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which announced the impor-
tance of repositioning the UN’s Development System with a clear view
to achieving and delivering on the 2030 SDGs global agenda.9
The proposed 2018 UN reform changes envisage implementation
within two and four-year periods outlining seven initiatives: (1) A new
generation of UN country teams (UNCT) to be demand-driven, skilled
and tailored to meet country-specific priorities; (2) A reinvigorated resi-
dent coordinator (RC) system, emphasising sustainable development.
What this means is that the RC system coordinates all organisations of
the UN dealing with operational activities for development, regardless of
the nature of their presence in the country. The RC system thus aims to
bring together the various UN development system (UNDS) entities to
improve the impact, efficiency and effectiveness of the UN’s operational
activities for development at country level; (3) A coordinated and restruc-
tured regional approach to support work in the field more effectively; (4)
A renewed space for UN member states to ensure coherent, transparent
and accountable results underpinned by system-wide evaluations; (5) A
stronger UN institutional response and system-wide approach to part-
nerships for the 2030 Agenda; (6) A funding compact to bring better
quality, quantity and predictability of resources coupled with increased
transparency to deliver on the 2030 Agenda; and (7) Concrete steps
to accelerate the alignment of the development system with the 2030
Agenda.
 1 INTRODUCTION: 60 YEARS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROLE IN AFRICA 5

Indeed, without coherent peace and security approaches and strate-

gies of socio-economic development, there can be no economic growth.
Africa has remained a priority for the world’s economic industrialisation-
driven industries, but the continent remains poverty-stricken. Why is that
the case? Albeit the continent by-passing global powers’ resource mineral
and agricultural wealth sectors—the continent is unable to produce
value-driven agricultural and mineral commodities, nor feed itself. Africa
has strongly engaged multilaterally and signed several economic trade
agreements with global actors notably, Europe’s economic partnership
agreements (EPAs) signed with both states and regions including: the
Southern African Development Community (SADC)-EPA; the Eastern
and Southern Africa-EPA; the EU-Cameroon EPA; the EU-Côte d’Ivoire
EPA; the EU-Ghana EPA10 ; the Central Africa EPA; the West Africa
EPA; and the East African Community (EAC) EPA.11 Similarly, the US
have unilateral trade agreements such as phosphate (fertiliser) trade with
Morocco, as well as trade agreements through the US African Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA) Agreement, signed with several African coun-
tries including: Kenya, Namibia and Uganda.12 Beijing on its part has the
China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) enhanced through its Forum on
China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) Agreement, to boost Africa’s special
economic zones.13 These elaborate trade agreements can cause much
trade diversion and economic poverty; therefore, it cannot run on sepa-
rate tracks, but must work in partnership with the continental A-CFTA so
that Africa’s smaller economies can gain from economic growth.14 More-
over, trade being conducted in conflict-ridden states has to consider how
to implement coherent policy in accord, and taking into account of the
UN 2018 Reform Agenda of addressing peace and security efforts—but
also meeting the Global 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

Peace and Security Convergence: Africa,

the United Nations and the European Union
On October 13, 2017, the UN Secretary-General announced his plans
to restructure the second key pillar of the UN Reform Agenda—
the Peace and Security Pillar and in that regard, adopted resolution
A/RES/72/199 on December 20, 2017, prior to UNGA consultations
and reporting. The Peace and Security reform agenda is informed by
five priority areas and include: (1) The creation of a new Department
of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA) and a Department of Peace
6 D. NAGAR

Operations (DPO). DPPA combines the strategic, political and opera-

tional responsibilities of the current Department of Political Affairs (DPA)
as well as the (old) peacebuilding responsibilities of the Peacebuilding
Support Office (PBSO). The new DPPA is responsible for managing
conflicts through a holistic approach including: conflict prevention and
resolution, electoral assistance, peacebuilding, and sustaining peace, as
well as providing strategic, political, operational and management advice,
and direction for political missions; (2) The DPO thus serves as an inte-
grated centre of excellence for UN peace operations and is responsible for
preventing, responding to and managing international conflict; respon-
sible for peacekeeping within countries that are aligned to peace operation
mandates such as (facilitate, direct, advise and support peace operations
and develop political security and integrated strategies that will lead to
an integrated analysis and overall planning of peace operations)15 ; (3)
Establishment of a single political-operational structure under Assistant
Secretaries-General with regional responsibilities, reporting to the Under-
Secretaries-General for DPPA and DPO; (4) Establishment of a Standing
Principals Group of the Secretary General and the Under-Secretaries-
General for DPPA and DPO; and (5) Enhancement of certain priority
areas to ensure coherence and coordination across the peace and security
pillar.
During the deliberations of the 2018 UN Reform Agenda, UN
member states noted that a funding compact will substantially improve
the “quality, quantity, and predictability” of resources in order to deliver
on the goals of the Global 2030 Agenda. As outlined above, the first crit-
ical area of the restructuring of the development agenda is thus concerned
with a new unit of UN country teams centred on strategic plans, and
are developed in consultation with governments, and led by an impartial
UN resident coordinator. The second critical area involves a coordinated
restructured regional approach to complement and support work on the
ground. Thus, the regional level must offer a platform to deliver on inte-
grated policy advice, norms and regional priorities. Moreover, the regional
economic commissions need to be re-profiled and the linkages between
the UN and these commissions strengthened. The third critical area
involves a funding compact. The fourth priority relates to strengthening
UN member states’ partnerships to achieving SDGs as well as greater
involvement between UNCTs and civil society including the private sector
and financial institutions. Finally, accountability remains at member state
level and between the UNCT.16
 1 INTRODUCTION: 60 YEARS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROLE IN AFRICA 7

The elimination and duplication of roles and responsibilities and

functions of UN Bodies have thus been eliminated, and informed by,
clearer division of roles and responsibilities as well as appropriate checks
and balances. Resolution A/72/26617 underscores the relevance of the
creation of two new departments as noted above that would support
the entire UN Secretariat at global, regional and national levels. Thus,
in March 2018, the UN endorsed a renewed commitment to peace-
keeping operations and announced the launch of Action for Peacekeeping
(A4P) and further endorsed the September 2018 Declaration of Shared
Commitments on UN Peacekeeping Operations, which contains 45
commitments across eight thematic areas. The 2018 A4P while serving
as a guide to the AU in the case of Africa, the continental body ought
to take stock of Africa’s AU PSC and its AU AGA. It is critical that
the AU PSC and the AU AGA, work with Africa’s Regional Economic
Communities (RECs) and Regional Mechanisms (RMs) and strengthen
and implement their respective Planning Elements (PLANELMs) under
the AU’s new Post-Conflict Reconstruction Development Centre (AU
PCRD), in order to obtain synergy of both peace and security, as well as
socio-economic development growth, and achieve effective governance
for Africa’s 55 member states (see Chapter 8 in this volume).

Cross-Cutting Security Threats: Money

Laundering, Terrorism and Piracy
In 2018, terrorism continued to constitute a major threat to security in
EU member states. France has been particularly targeted with increased
terrorist attacks being experienced over the years. Horrific attacks perpe-
trated by jihadists like those in Trèbes, Paris, Liège and Strasbourg killed
a total of 130 people and injured many more (see Chapters 7 and 8 in
this volume). Right-wing terrorists of attack-planning across the EU have
brought to the fore the acute nature of extremism that is increasingly
viewing violence as a justified means of confrontation. These terrorist
organisations are moving into Africa from Europe as well. But Africa’s
militaries are not going into Europe to rout out terrorism and extremism
or taking unilateral decisions to land bombs in France as Paris and the
US is doing in Somalia for example, and killing hundreds of innocent
civilians (see Chapter 5 in this volume). While recognising the huge
role played by the US, Europe and Africa in creating a single Army
Service Component Command (ASCC) with 41,000 US army soldiers
8 D. NAGAR

throughout Europe and Africa in November 2020 to deal with terrorism

and extremism, national priorities of Africa’s military and police require
reinforcement. It is thus critical that a coordinated response be incul-
cated between the EU and Africa as well as with the US particularly,
with a view to develop clear policy of how to effectively engage terrorist
extremism beyond peacekeeping mandates and the ASCC, and address
policy at Africa’s national and regional levels and work with the African
Union’s (AU) African Governance Architecture Pillar more succinctly
with a view to build the capacities of Africa’s national police and mili-
tary—and be trained in dealing with money laundering, transnational
crime and terrorist extremism including cyber-crime. Terrorists not only
aim to kill and maim, but also divide societies and spread hatred. The
EU Parliament has thus established a Special Committee on Terrorism
(TERR), to harmonise definitions of terrorist offences and sanctions,
and sharing information and data, to protecting borders, countering
terrorist financing and regulating firearms.18 Beyond, its own borders,
the EU support financing for cooperation with third countries through
its Instrument: Contributing to Stability and Peace.19
In this regard, the European Union has been a strong supporter of
the UN and is a major contributor to the UN’s budget of 32 percent in
2017 and regularly EU member states’ contributions represent 30 percent
of the UN budget.20 Similarly, the EU is increasing its humanitarian aid
and crisis response under its EU multiannual financial framework (MFF)
budget. The EU is committed to forging a stronger partnership with
Africa, and explicitly defining future modalities of Cooperation described
in its “International Cooperation Article X” outlining multilateralism and
global governance, as its key principle to promote international dialogue
with the UN at its core, while seeking multilateral solutions to ensure
peace, security, prosperity and sustainable development for all, and to
protect human rights.21 Globally, huge economic losses of close to US$18
billion in 2018 alone and continued losses owing to piracy particularly
off Somalia’s coast (see Chapter 5 in this volume). It is similarly crit-
ical that international organisations such as the EU’s external assistance
programme assess how to better support Africa’s national military bases in
dealing with piracy issues, but similarly address equipping Africa’s police
force in training and development in dealing with bribes and drug traf-
ficking among Africa’s 100 ports: handling major shipment containers
(see Chapter 8 in this volume).
 1 INTRODUCTION: 60 YEARS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROLE IN AFRICA 9

Humanitarian Disasters:
Climate Change and COVID-19
There are currently 500 million people globally living in areas that expe-
rience desertification affected by climate change. According to the UN
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report,22 the impact
of the rise in global temperatures is linked to increasing pressures on
fertile soil, which risks food security for the planet. According to the
World Economic Forum’s 2019 global risks report, environmental risks
accounted for three of the top five risks (economic vulnerabilities; geopo-
litical tensions; societal and political strains; environmental fragilities; and
technological instabilities) by likelihood, and four by impact owing to
extreme weather and failure of environmental policy implementation.23
Affordability of flood resilience and natural disasters is an increasing
important issue. What is needed is robust risk financing strategies to fund
both investment in adaptation and funds for recovery when climatic disas-
ters occur, as recently evident in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s
volcanic eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in Goma on May 22, 2021 that
killed 30 people, which could displace 400,000 more people.24 Africa is
similarly battling to address the impact of the coronavirus-19 (COVID-
19) pandemic with Africa’s national militaries and police guard, lacking
adequate training implementation strategies to address and deal with the
pandemic and further lack dealing with climate challenges at national
and regional levels. While, sufficient capacity exists in Africa’s states,
being home to hundreds of thousands of military and police personnel,
which are not being acutely incorporated by governments to dealing with
humanitarian disasters. As noted above, Africa has similarly become an
enormous threat with increased terrorist extremism, and piracy, drug
and human trafficking and money laundering that requires a national
and regional policing and military response effort with a well-equipped
police and military force to combatting crime, terrorism and extremism
(see Chapter 8 in this volume)—which cannot be addressed or subsumed
within peacekeeping mandates alone.

Towards a New Pax-Africana: Book Contents

The Africa Group is the largest bloc at the UN and has been an important
platform through which African states have coordinated their positions
and influenced the decisions of the world body, including resolutions of
10 D. NAGAR

the UN Security Council. Africa has created strong relations with the
United Nations, which could be beneficial to advancing the UN’s 2018
reform processes and forging stronger multilateral engagement. Of the 14
UN peacekeeping operations globally half are in Africa including: the UN
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO); the UN
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in the Central African
Republic (MINUSCA); the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisa-
tion Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); the UN Organisation Stabilisation
Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO); the UN Interim Security Force
for Abyei (UNISFA); the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan
(UNMISS); as well as the UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in
Sudan (UNITAMS) mandated on June 3, 2020.25 In Somalia is the UN
Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), and the UN Support Office in
Somalia (UNSOS) mandated in 2020.26
This book shows the divergence of UNSC Council dynamics in dealing
with Africa’s conflicts and has become like groundhog day for Africa (with
the same issues replayed and the past being infused with Africa’s present
reality particularly: superpower rivalry in Africa’s cold war of the 1980s:
with Capitalist and Socialist/Communist blocs competing against each
other in Africa’s continent) over its economic resources while pushing
military apparatuses and proxy wars. For example the UNSC as the purse-
holder providing the largest budget and as realism dictates (powerful
military and economies) have created the penholder system27 : which
invariably become infused with power and greed and divided in what the
P5 member states think in their view is important in how peacekeeping
evolves in Africa’s conflicts (see Chapter 3 in this volume). For example,
while Russia abstained to vote for an increase in troops for MINUSCA on
December 13, 2018, on the other hand Russia is also providing CAR’s
military personnel training at Russian military schools. The Ministry of
Defence of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of National Defence
of CAR on military cooperation signed their agreement in August 2018
as well as in 2019 and 202028 while France, the US and China have
their own agendas and ideas of how peace and security should evolve in
Africa (see Chapter 3 in this volume). The book therefore delves into
Africa and UN relations discussed within eight chapters comprised of
eight African regions including this Chapter, which provides an overview
of the book contents; Chapter 2: the Great Lakes Region (Burundi, the
DRC and Rwanda); Chapter 3: the Economic Community of Central
African States (ECCAS) focuses on intra- and inter-state conflicts and
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 135 Mays A H, Mate, Norm’n Mar 29
June
2452 McDonald Jno
25
June
2581 Moore A, Anna
27
3128 Malaby P, Montgomery July 10
3348 Murphy M J July 15
3529 McDonald Jno July 17
3804 Matthews J, Underwriter July 22
4208 McHenry D’l, Southfield July 29
4324 McCarty T, Housatonic July 30
4396 McVey K July 31
4679 McTier J Aug 4
4800 McLaughlin E Aug 5
5485 Meldon J Aug 13
6355 Marshall N B, Leipzig Aug 21
6571 McDermott P, Montg’y Aug 23
6825 Mathews W C Aug 25
6917 McLaughlin B Aug 26
7251 McGowan J, Powhattan Aug 30
11863 Maston J, Ratler Nov 6
Sept
7824 Noe M
4
June
2227 O’Brien Wm
20
3208 Ottinger M, Water Witch July 12
3153 Page Lyman July 11
5325 Parkham J C, Shawsheen Aug 11
Sept
9024 Peterson J
17
2460 Quinlan N June
 25
Sept
7867 Quade M
5
June
2207 Ragan John, T Ward
20
4661 Raymond W, “ “ Aug 3
5108 Roland Jno, Underwriter Aug 9
7003 Reynolds T J Aug 27
169 Stark John Mar 26
June
2010 Sullivan J, Underwriter
15
2883 Smith Jno W, Southfield July 3
3261 Sampson J R, Nav Bat July 13
4611 Smith B N, Mendota Aug 3
6592 Stanley Wm, Southfield Aug 23
11299 Smith Wm, Water Witch Oct 22
June
1713 Thomas Sam, Southfi’d,
7
June
1851 Thomas Jno, Southfield,
11
3757 Turner Wm, July 1
4159 Trymer Jas, Southfield, July 28
Sept
7445 Tobin Michael,
1
Sept
8302 Ta B F, Southfield,
10
June
1646 Willis J P,
5
3004 Wilson A, Southfield, July 7
3878 Williams M W, July 24
4118 Willis M, Southfield, July 28
4198 Williams C, Aries, July 29
 5820 Wordell G K, Aug 16
5990 Warren W H, Aug 17
6458 Wooley M, Aug 22 64
Sept
7503 Walsh Jas,
1
Sept
8104 Welch V, Southfield,
7
10565 West Jno, Southfield, Oct 9
Total 99.

MISCELLANEOUS.
1460 Addley A, Citizen Oct 25 64
Ringold
887 Amos J F May 4
Bat
2977 Augar A July 7
Ringold
282 Bane S A Apr 1
Bat
Ringold June
2072 Beatty D, Cor F
Bat 17
Baker Jno, Citizen
4327 July 30
Teamster
4904 Bennmar L Aug 6
Butterfield Jas,
5747 Aug 15
Citizen
6100 Blair H, Citizen Aug 18
Bidwell C, Citizen
6366 Aug 21
Teamster
Prunell’s
8102 Burkhead W Sept 7
Le
9344 Blood G P Sept 20
9591 Brogdin D C Sept 23
10500 Bunt C, Citizen Oct 8
Bishop J, Citizen
10602 Oct 10
Team
10963 Brown Geo, Cor Bridge’s Oct 15
Bat
Prunell’s
12342 Boland Jas Dec 26
Cav
Cannon Wm,
177 Mar 26
Teamster
389 Campbell D Ringold B E Apr 6
431 Childers C H Apr 8
1195 Cobb J, Citizen Team May 18
Clark M, Citizen June
1881
Team 12
3399 Cable C, Citizen July 16
3972 Cregger J F, Musician July 25
6315 Crowley Pat Aug 20
9245 Carroll C, Team Army Cor Sept 19
10485 Corbit J Oct 7
10872 Carey Thos Oct 13
11726 Collins, Cit Teamster Nov 1
Carroll J, Cit
12449 Jan 13 65
Teamster
Ringold
752 Deems P E Apr 26 64
Bat
Delp Geo, Cit June
2620
Teamster 28
4334 Davis J, Citizen July 30
5866 Danfirth Geo A Aug 16
8202 Delmore W, Cit Sept 8
Dubin M, Cit
11084 Oct 18
Teamster
11248 Delhanta Wm, Cit Oct 21
182 England E Mar 27
3923 Evans M, Cit July 25
- Everett T S, Cit Md Aug 30
157 Freeman Jno Mar 25
453 Fenley R, Cit Apr 9
1116 Fannon A, Cit May 15
2332 Faster W, Tel June
 Operator 22
June
2435 Farrell M, Cit
25
10478 Flickson J Oct 7
4808 Fitzgerald —— Aug 5
Wilder’s
5078 Frank F M Aug 8
Bat
Fox Henry, Cit
5609 Aug 14
Teamster
7643 Ford P, Teamster Sept 3
Keyes’
9084 Foucks H C Sept 18
Ind C
11315 Ferrall M C, Teamster Oct 22
2529 Gildea D, Cit July 1
4115 Grogran D July 28
4747 Gishart J Aug 5
6139 Graham E, Citizen Aug 19
7854 Gorb S Sept 5
9747 Goodman J O Sept 25
10672 Gillman John Oct 11
11862 Goodyear F, Citizen Nov 6 64
10717 Graves Wm E Oct 11
219 Heartless S Mar 29
Hammond S,
264 Mar 31
Teamster
Hoffman Chas, Cit
606 Apr 13
Team
Harkins John,
1274 May 22
Teamster
Hammond J, Cit June
2370
Team 23
Hudson G W, Cit
3222 July 12
Team
4244 Hughes P July 29
Hanmay D, Cit
6670 Aug 18
Teamster
8055 Herriage J, Teamster Sept 7
 8756 Harkins D S, Cor MMB Sept 14
9006 Hyatt J Sept 17
9051 Hulbert J H S Sept 17
9297 Hall M AAS Sept 19
Hart Isaac, Cit
9425 Sept 21
Teamster
10262 Hines Daniel Oct 3
10331 Hopkins John Oct 4
11934 Heckinbridge —— Nov 9
12456 Harrington J, S’t Jan 15 65
8722 Imhagg —— Sept 14 64
Jones Chas, Cit
4794 Aug 5
Teamster
6854 Jacobs W C, Citizen Aug 25
Johnson J, Cit
12714 Mar 1 65
Canada
June
2203 Kingland W H, Cit 64
20
June
3515 Kerr E, Cit Teamster
18
Kins W H, Cit
6273 Aug 20
Teamster
Knight J B, Cit
7864 Sept 5
Teamster
Kellogg E L, Cit
9467 Sept 21
Springf’d
546 Lee Jas, Cit Teamster Apr 14
June
1772 Lafferty Wm Ring Bat
5
3689 Lummo Rob’t, Citizen July 21
Ringold
10353 Linton E Oct 5
Bat
76 Morton J B Ring Cav A Mar 20
203 McMahon Pat Mar 28
Morrison F, Cit
220 Mar 29
Teamster
865 Mower W, Cit May 3
2285 McAtie M, Teamster June
 21
Manning B F, Cit June
2432
Team 24
June
2373 McEnshon Peter
23
3450 Moyer J July 17
4017 Messenger H M, Cit July 26
Morland J S, Cit
5387 Aug 12
Team
5996 McGee J Aug 17
6380 McKenna F Aug 21
8039 McGuire J, Cit Sept 6
9135 Myers Jno Sept 18
9247 McDonald J Sept 19
Munch Christian, Top
9616 Sept 23
Eng
McDonald H H, Cit
12535 Jan 27 65
Ohio
Monteith M, Cit
6666 Aug 24 64
Teamster
Newton Wm,
184 Mar 27
Teamster
7074 Norton E, Citizen Aug 28
8510 Nichols J, Team Army Cor Sept 12
4190 Osborne J, Citizen July 28
5414 Oliver W W Aug 12
Pringle Wm, Cit
719 Apr 25
Teamster
Podzas L, Cit June
1855
Teamster 12
5920 Poole C Aug 17 64
8893 Powers G, Citizen Sept 16
9010 Potter S D Sept 17
9366 Phillips B B, Teamster Sept 20
Parker Jas, Cit
12354 Dec 29
Teamster
10100 Parkhurst W L MMB 1 Sept 30
 853 Quinn Jas, Citizen May 3
Quinlan P, Cit
5394 Aug 12
Teamster
5768 Quinn ——, Citizen Aug 15
Reed A R,
3542 July 18
Independent
3779 Rand J, Cit Teamster July 22
5986 Ronley J Aug 17
10111 Rendig C H, Citizen Oct 1
10453 Ryan John, Citizen Oct 7
11131 Reien R, Citizen Oct 18
1
11703 Richardson J C MMB Oct 30
I
449 Scott Blair, Citizen Apr 9
June
2431 Smith P, MMB
24
St Clair Benj, Cit June
2440
Team 25
June
2552 Slater Chas, Cit Team
27
Spicer W, Cit
2959 July 6
Teamster
3000 Stout Chas, Citizen July 7
3662 Shunk J, Citizen July 20
Bridge’s
4008 Smith H July 26
Bat
4843 Sawyer J D Aug 6
9729 Stanton J, Citizen Sept 25
10815 Smays David Oct 12
Thompson Jno,
136 Mar 24
Teamster
June
1531 Tullis L B G, Citizen
1
June
2693 Thompson Geo
30
Thomas J H, Cit
3409 July 16
Team
3896 Taylor J W, Citizen July 24
12337 Tucer B, Citizen Dec 26
Indiana
9397 Ulmgender G MMB C Sept 21
Ringold
9497 Vankirk W Sept 21
Bat
Vandier W M, Cit Phil
9688 Sept 24
Pa
799 Wilkins A, Cor Ring Bat Apr 29
Welsh G L, Cit
1092 May 14
Teamster
White George,
1121 May 15
Citizen
Ringold
2784 Wilson D E July 2
Bat
Weir ——, Cit
10953 Oct 14
Teamster
Knapp’s
11606 Woods R C Oct 28
Bat
Wright Chas, Cit
4730 Aug 4
Team
4869 Ward John, Cit Team Aug 6
9043 Williams F G Sept 17
10075 Wentgel Thos Sept 30
Young Henry, Cit
4127 July 28
Team
Young D, Cit
12246 Nov 8
Teamster
Total 165.

MEN THAT WERE HUNG.

Sarsfield 144 July
1 NY 64
Jno - 11
Collins 88 July
2 Pa
Wm D 11
3 Curtis RI 5A July
 Chas Art 11
Delaney 83 July
4 Pa
Pat E 11
US July
5 Mun A
Navy 11
Rickson W US July
6
R Navy 11
Recapitulation of Deaths by States.

ALABAMA, 15 NEW JERSEY, 170

CONNECTICUT, 315 NEW YORK, 2,572
NORTH
DELAWARE, 45 17
CAROLINA,
DIST. OF
14 OHIO, 1,030
COLUMBIA,
ILLINOIS, 850 PENNSYLVANIA, 1,811
INDIANA, 594 RHODE ISLAND, 74
IOWA, 174 TENNESSEE, 738
KANSAS, 5 VERMONT, 212
KENTUCKY, 436 VIRGINIA, 288
LOUISIANA, 1 WISCONSIN, 244
MAINE, 233 U. S. ARMY, 399
MARYLAND, 194 U. S. NAVY, 100
Citizens,
MASSACHUSETTS, 768 Teamsters, 166
&c.,
Men that were
MINNESOTA, 79 hung by the 6
Prisoners,
Unknown U. S.
MICHIGAN, 630 443
Soldiers,
Died in Small-
MISSOURI, 97 68
Pox Hospital,
Total 12,912
 The following exhibit, as collated from the Hospital
Register and Prison Records, will be found to be as
correct as any yet published:

Total Number of Prisoners on hand

at end of
November,
April, 1864, 10,427 1,359
1864,
December,
May, 1864, 18,454 4,706
1864,
January,
June, 1864, 26,367 5,046
1865,
February,
July, 1864, 31,678 5,851
1865,
March,
August, 1864, 31,693 3,319
1865,
September,
8,218 April, 1865, 51
1864,
October,
4,208
1864,

Deaths in Stockade and Hospital

during the Existence of the Prison.
October,
March, 1864, 283 4,590
1864,
November,
April, 1864, 576 492
1864,
May, 1864, 708 December, 160
 1864,
January,
June, 1864, 1,201 190
1865,
February,
July, 1864, 1,817 139
1865,
March,
August, 1864, 3,076 192
1865,
September,
2,794 April, 1865, 32
1864,[B]
Total 12,912

[B] The greater number of deaths in

September and October, in proportion to
the number in prison, will be explained by
the fact that all the well men were
removed from Andersonville in these
months, and none were left except the
sick and wounded.
Day and date of greatest number of Prisoners at
Andersonville—33,114—August 8th, 1864.
Day and date of greatest number of deaths,
August 23d, 1864, 127.
Number of Prisoners received during its
occupation, 45,613.
Daily average of deaths during its occupation,
29¾.
 Ratio of mortality per 1,000 of mean strength, 24
per cent.
Mortality of 18,000 registered patients, 75 per cent.

The Diseases of which the Prisoners

died will be found in the following
classification:
Anasarca, 377 Hydrocele, 1
Asphyxia, 7 Hemorrhoids, 1
Ascites, 24 Jaundice, 9
Asthma, 3 Laryngitis, 4
Bronchitis, 93 Nostalgia, 7
Catarrh, 55 Nephritis, 4
Constipation, 5 Phthisis, 137
Diarrhœa,
4,000 Pleuritis, 54
Chronic,
“ Acute, 817 Pneumonia, 321
Debilitas, 198 Paralysis, 1
Diphtheria, 3 Rheumatism, 83
Dyspepsia, 2 Scurvy, 3,574
Diabetes, 1 Syphilis, 7
Dysenteria, 1,384 Scrofula, 3
Erysipelas, 11 Stricture, 1
Febris
229 Sunstroke, 52
Typhoides,
Fistula, 2 Small Pox, 68
Fracture, 1 Vaccine 4
 Ulcers,
Febris Gunshot
177 155
Remittens, Wounds,
Gonorrhœa, 3 Unknown, 443
Hung in
Gangrene, 678 6
Stockade,
Total 12,912
A L i s t o f O ff i c e r s I m p r i s o n e d a t
Camp Asylum, Columbia, S.C.

Aldrich C S, Cap 85th N Y Vol

Austin J W, L’t 5th Iowa Cav
Alters J B, Cap 75th O Vol
Albaugh Wm, Cap 51st Pa Vol
Alger A B, L’t 22d O Bat
Avery W B, Cap 132d N Y Vol
Allender W F, L’t 7th Tenn Cav
Adair W A, L’t 51st Ind Vol
Albro S A, L’t 80th Ill Vol
Adams J, L’t “ “
Allstaedt C L, Adj 54th N Y Vol
Ahern M, L’t 10th W Va Vol
Ahlert T H, L’t 45th N Y Vol
Adams C A, Cap 1st Vt Cav
Alban H H, Cap 21st O Vol
Andrews H B, Cap 17th Mich Vol
Apple H, L’t 1st Md Cav
Anderson C S, L’t 3d Iowa Vol
Allee A, L’t 16th Ill Cav
Abernathy H C, A Adj “ “
Acker G D, L’t 123d O Vol
Adkins P, L’t 2d Tenn Vol
Aigan John, Cap 5th R I Art
Adams J G B, L’t 19th Mass Vol
Alexander E P, L’t 26th Mich Vol
Anderson H M, L’t 3d Me Vol
Anderson J F, L’t 2d Pa Art
Anderson R W, L’t 122d O Vol
Andrus W R, L’t 16th Conn Vol
Abbey A L, L’t 8th Mich Cav
Arthur J A, Cap 8th Ky Cav
Arthurs S C, Cap 67th Pa Vol
Allen S, Cap 85th N Y Vet Vol
Adams S B, Cap “ “ “
Andrews S T, L’t “ “ “
Albright J, Cap 87th Pa Vol
Abbott A O, L’t 1st N Y Drag
Armstrong T S, L’t 122d O Vol
Airey W, Cap 15th Pa Cav
Appleget A S, L’t 2d N J Cav
Allen Robert, L’t 2d N J Drag
Auer M, Cap 15th N Y Cav
Anshutz H T, L’t 12th W Va Vol
Adams H W, L’t 89th O Vol
Austin G A, R Q M 14 & 15 Ill V Bat
Albin H S, L’t 79th Ill Vol
Andrews E E, L’t 22d Mich Vol
Alden G C, R Q M 112th Ill Vol
Ashworth J H, Col 1st Ga U Vol
Adams W C, L’t 2d Ky Cav
Amory C B, Cap A A Gen
Affleck E T, Adj 170th O Nat Gds
Alexander A H, Cap 103d Pa Vol
Abbott E A, L’t 23d O Vet Vol
Belger James, Cap 1st R I Art
Baker S S, L’t 6th Mo Vol
Butler C P, L’t 29th Ind Vol
Baird J F, L’t 1st W Va Vol
Bricker W H, L’t 3d Pa Vol
Bick W C, Cap 62d Pa Vol
Braiday Count S, L’t 2d N J Cav
Bulon A, L’t 3d N J Cav
Burdick C H, Cap 1st Tenn Cav
Bartram D S, L’t 17th Conn Vol
Brown J A, Cap 85th N Y Vet Vol
Bradley A B, R Q M “ “ “
Butts L A, L’t “ “ “
Bowers G W, Cap 101st Pa Vol
Benner H S, Cap “ “
Bowers G A, L’t 16th Conn Vol
Blakeslee B F, L’t “ “
Bruns H, L’t “ “
Bryson R R, L’t 103d Pa Vol
Burns S D, L’t “ “
Bierbower W, L’t 87th Pa Vol
Beegle D F, L’t 101st Pa Vol
Bryan J H, L’t 184th Pa Vol
Berry A, Cap 3d Md Cav
Bunting G, L’t 5th Md Cav
Bascomb R, L’t 50th N Y Vol
Baldwin M R, Cap 2d Wis Vol
Blake, L’t 3d Me Vol
Brown W H, L’t 93d O Vol
Beard J V, L’t 89th O Vol
Byron C, Cap 3d O Vol
Banks B V, Cap 13th Ky Cav
Burch J, Cap 42d Ind Vol
Bailey G W, L’t 3d O Vol
Brownell F G, L’t 51st Ind Vol
Booker A H, L’t 73d Ind Vol
Brown J L, L’t “ “
Barlow J W, L’t 51st Ind Vol
Bath W, L’t 132d N Y Vol
Bending H R, Cap 61st O Vol
Bush J G, Cap 16th Ill Cav
Blinn L B, Cap 100th O Vol
Baldwin C W, L’t 2d N J Vol
Bartley R, L’t U S A Sig Corps
Bradley G, Cap 2d N J Vol
Brandt C W, L’t 1st N Y Vet Cav
Bontin C W, Cap 4th Vet Vol
Barrett D W, Cap 89th O Vol
Brandt O B, L’t 17th O Vol
Byers S H M, Adj 5th Iowa Vol
Barker H P, L’t 1st R I Cav
Boone S G, L’t 88th Pa Vol
Bisbee L C, L’t 16th Me Vol
Bisbee G D, L’t “ “
Button G W, L’t 22d Mich Vol
Barker H E, L’t 22d N Y Cav
Butler T H, Col 5th Ind Cav
Bowen C D, Cap 18th Conn Vol
Bennett B, Cap 22d N Y Cav
Brush Z T, L’t 100th O Vol
Bigley C H, L’t 82d N Y Vol
Burns M, L’t 13th N Y Cav
Bassett M M, L’t 53d Ill Vol
Bortwick N, Cap 20th O Vol
Brown C A, L’t 1st N Y Art
Benson J F, Cap 120th Ill Vol
Bospord W R, L’t 1st N Y Vol
Burns J, L’t 57th Pa Vol
Beebee B C, Cap 13th Ind Vol
Barton J L, L’t 49th Pa Vol
Buchanan W, L’t 76th N Y Vol
Benson A N, Cap 1st D C Cav
Barkley C, L’t 149th Pa Vol
Blane W, L’t 43d N Y Vol
Bristol J H, L’t 1st Conn Cav
Burpee E A, Cap 19th Me Vol
Bryant J W, Cap 5th N Y Cav
Biebel H, Cap 6th Conn Vol
Bixby H L, L’t 9th Me Vol
Byrns J M, Cap 2d Pa R C Vol
Barrett J A, Cap 7th Pa R C Vol
Burkholder D W, L’t “ “ “
Beal E, Cap 8th Tenn Vol
Bayard G A, Cap 148th Pa Vol
Brun S, L’t 81st Ill Vol
Brady W H, L’t 2d Del Vol
Breon J, L’t 148th Pa Vol
Bischoff P, L’t 6th U S Art
Burnett G M, L’t 4th Ind Cav
Blair B F, Adj 123d O Vol
Boyce T W, L’t “ “
Breckenridge F A, L’t “ “
Boyd W J, L’t 5th Mich Cav
Brown W L, L’t 17th Tenn Vol
Burrows S W, L’t 1st N Y Vet Cav
Brown S, A M Mte U S Navy
Beman W M, Cap 1st Vet Cav
Boaz E P, Cap 20th Ill Vol
Bryan G, Adj 18th Pa Cav
Bath H, L’t 45th N Y Vol
Beadle M, L’t 123d N Y Vol
Bigelow A J, Cap 79th Ill Vol
Borchess L T, Cap 67th Pa Vol
Brown G L, L’t 101st Pa Vol
Blanchard Geo A, Cap 85th Ill Vol
Bradford John, L’t 4th N J Vol
Borchess T F, L’t 67th Pa Vol
Barnes O P, L’t 3d O Vol
Bremen S, Cap 3d Mich Vol
Brickenhoff M, L’t 42d N Y Vol
Barse J R, L’t 5th Mich Cav
Bliss A T, Cap 10th N Y Cav
Buckley H, L’t 4th N H Vol
Bader H, L’t 29th Mo Vol
Blae J G, L’t 3d O Vol
Boughton S H, L’t 71st Pa Vol