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Chemical Engineering
Process Simulation
Dominic Chwan Yee Foo, Nishanth Chemmangattuvalappil,

Denny K.S. Ng, Rafil Elyas, Cheng-Liang Chen, René D. Elms,
Hao-Yeh Lee, I-Lung Chien, Siewhui Chong, Chien Hwa Chong
Elsevier
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Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-12-803782-9
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List of Contributors
Zi Jie Ai, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Joanne W.R. Chan, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Nishanth Chemmangattuvalappil, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus,
Semenyih, Malaysia
Cheng-Liang Chen, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
I-Lung Chien, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Chien Hwa Chong, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Siewhui Chong, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
René D. Elms, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
Rafil Elyas, East One-Zero-One Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Dominic C.Y. Foo, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
Tyng-Lih Hsiao, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei,
Taiwan
Denny K.S. Ng, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
Hao-Yeh Lee, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
Zhi Hong Li, East One-Zero-One Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Wei-Jyun Wang, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Bor-Yih Yu, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
xv
How to Use This Book
This book presents some of the most popular commercial steady-state process
simulation software packages in the market. We believe that this will be a good
self-learning guide for students and working professionals in learning process
simulation software, as well as for university instructors who are conducting
lectures on process simulation. Even though the chapters are interconnected,
they are mostly written independently; this allows readers to read each chapter
without having to read the preceding chapters. Note, however, that the four
chapters in Part 1 of the book serve as an important guide on the various basic
principles behind all commercial simulation software packages, e.g., physical
properties estimation (thermodynamic models), new component registration,
recycle stream simulation. Readers are encouraged to read these chapters
before proceeding to other parts of the book (see Fig. 1). This is particularly
important for a novice in process simulation.
Parts 2e5 of the book cover four different families of commercial software in
the market, i.e., UniSim Design, PRO/II, ProMax, and aspenONE Engineering.
Each of these software packages has an introductory chapter (with step-by-step
guide) to allow new users in mastering the usage of the software, before going
into advanced topics. Table 1 shows the level of difficulties for all chapters in the
book, in which the readers may refer to in selecting the topic for reading.
Apart from basic simulation knowledge and the use of simulation tools in
designing various processes (gas sweetening, acrylic acid production, etc.),
several advanced topics on process synthesis and design are also included in
this book. These advanced topics on reactive and azeotropic distillation systems,
heat exchanger network, and utility planning are found in Part 5 of the book.
Part 1
Basics of Process
Simulation
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5

UniSim Design SimSci Pro/II ProMax AspenOne
Engineering
FIGURE 1 Suggested flow in reading this book.
xvii
xviii How to Use This Book
To assist readers in better understanding the chapters, process simulation

files are made available on author support website, which is found in
the following URL: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-
companion/9780128037829. For university instructors, the solution for various
exercises in each chapter is also made available in the password-protected
author support website, in which permission to access will be granted to
university instructors who adopt the book for their lecture.
It is hope that this book will serve as a useful guide for a good learning
experience in process simulation knowledge. Have fun in your simulation
exercises!
TABLE 1 Level of Difficulty for Each Chapters
Chapters Level
Part 1dBasics of Process Simulation
1 Introduction to process simulation Basic
2 Registration of new components Basic
3 Physical property estimation for process simulation Basic
4 Simulation of recycle streams Basic
Part 2dUniSim Design
5 Basics of process simulation with UniSim Design Basic
6 Modeling of a dew point control unit with UniSim Advanced

Design
Part 3dSimSci PRO/II
7 Basics of process simulation with SimSci PRO/II Basic
8 Modeling for biomaterial drying, extraction, and Advanced

purification technologies
Part 4dProMax
9 Basics of process simulation with ProMax Basic
10 Modeling of sour gas sweetening with MDEA Advanced
Part 5daspenONE Engineering
11 Basics of process simulation with Aspen HYSYS Basic
12 Process simulation for VCM production Advanced

How to Use This Book xix
TABLE 1 Level of Difficulty for Each Chaptersdcont’d
Chapters Level
13 Process simulation and design of acrylic acid Advanced

production
14 Design and simulation of reactive distillation Advanced

processes
15 Design of azeotropic distillation systems Advanced
16 Simulation and analysis of heat exchanger networks Advanced

with Aspen energy analyzer
17 Simulation and analysis of steam power plants with Advanced

Aspen utility planner
Dominic C.Y. Foo

April 2017
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process
Simulation
Dominic C.Y. Foo1, Rafil Elyas2
1
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia; 2East One-Zero-One Sdn Bhd,
Shah Alam, Malaysia
Process simulation is the representation of a chemical process by a mathematical

model, which is then solved to obtain information about the performance of the
chemical process (Motard et al., 1975). It is also known as process flowsheeting.
Westerberg et al. (1979) also defined flowsheeting as the use of computer aids
to perform steady-state heat and mass balancing, sizing, and costing calcula-
tions for a chemical process. In this chapter, some basic information about
simulation will be presented. This includes the historical developments, basic
architectures, and solving algorithms. Besides, 10 good habits of process
simulation are also provided at the end of the chapter, so to guide readers in
nurturing some good practices in using process simulation software.
1.1 PROCESS DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Many regard process simulation being equivalent to process design, which is
indeed a misleading understanding. In fact, process simulation and process
synthesis are two important and interrelated elements in chemical process
design, which may be used to achieve optimum process design. The aim for
process simulation is to predict how a defined process would actually behave
under a given set of operating conditions. In other words, we aim to predict the
outputs of the process when the process flowsheet and its inputs are given
(Fig. 1.1). In the modern days, commercial process simulation software
packages are often used for such exercises.
On the other hand, when an unknown process flowsheet is to be created for
given process input and output streams, this entails the exercise on process
synthesis (Fig. 1.2). Process synthesis has been an active area of research in the
past five decades, with some significant achievements in specific applications,
e.g., heat recovery system, material recovery system, and reaction network
(El-Halwagi and Foo, 2014). Process synthesis and process simulation
Chemical Engineering Process Simulation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803782-9.00001-7

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
4 PART j 1 Basics of Process Simulation
S9
S1
S4
Distillation
Reactor
S3
Process S7 Process
Boiler
S2
input output
Flash
S5
(given) (unknown)
S8
S6
Process structure and parameter
(given)
FIGURE 1.1 A process analysis problem (El-Halwagi, 2006; Foo, 2012).
Process Process
input output
(given) (given)
Process structure and parameter

(unknown)
FIGURE 1.2 A process synthesis problem (El-Halwagi, 2006; Foo, 2012).
supplement each other well. In most cases, once a process flowsheet is syn-
thesized, its detailed characteristics (e.g., temperature, pressure, and flowrates)
may be predicted using various process simulation tools, to develop into an
optimum flowsheet.
Within process synthesis, one of the important models to guide flowsheet
synthesis is the onion model first reported in Linnhoff et al. (1982). As
shown in Fig. 1.3, process design exercise begins from the core of the
process and moves outward. In the center of the onion, the reactor system is
first designed. The reactor design influences the separation and recycle
structures at the second layer of the onion. Next, the reactor and separator
structures dictate the overall heating and cooling requirement of the process.
Hence, the heat recovery system is designed next, in the third layer. A utility
system at the fourth layer is next designed, to provide additional heating and
cooling requirements, which cannot be satisfied through heat recovery sys-
tem. At the final layer, the waste treatment system is designed to handle
various emissions/effluents from the process, prior to final environmental
discharge.
In a later section of this chapter, the onion model will be used to guide the
simulation of the integrated flowsheet of chemical processes.
Introduction to Process Simulation Chapter j 1 5
FIGURE 1.3 The onion model.
1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR PROCESS SIMULATION

The history of commercial process simulation software was dated in the 1960s.
The first generic process simulation software known as PROCESS was
launched by Simulation Science based at Los Angeles (US) in 1966, for the
simulation of distillation columns (Dimian et al., 2014). This software evolved
into PRO/II and is marketed by Schneider Electric in recent years (Schneider
Electric, 2017). Another commercial software for gas and oil applications,
known as DESIGN, was launched in 1969 by ChemShare Corporation based at
Houston (US) (Dimian et al., 2014). This software is marketed as DESIGN II
for Windows by WinSim Inc. since 1995 (WinSim, 2017).
Stepping into the 1970s, which was generally known as the “golden age” of
scientific computing, several important historical milestones mark the active
developments of process simulation tools. First, FORTRAN programming
language became the de facto standard among scientists and engineers (Evans
et al., 1977). Two important books on process simulation (Crowe et al., 1971;
Westerberg et al., 1979) described some important developments in the 1970s.
Of particularly important is the formal introduction of sequential modular
(SM) approach by Westerberg et al. (1979), which is commonly utilized in
most software. Next, the first oil crisis in 1973 simulated the development of
simulation tools that can be used for solid handling, i.e., power generation with
coal. Following this was the important ASPEN (Advanced System for Process
ENgineering) project at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between
years 1976 and 1979, sponsored by the US Department of Energy (Evans et al.,
1979, Gallier et al., 1980). Aspen Technology Inc. (AspenTech) was then
formed in 1981 to commercialize the technology, with Aspen Plus software
being released in 1982 (AspenTech, 2017). Another important achievement in
1970s is the development of software based on equation-oriented (EO)
approach. Important EO-based software includes SPEEDUP developed at
Imperial College, London (UK) (Hernandez and Sargent, 1979; Perkins et al.,
1982), which was later succeeded by gPROMS (PSE, 2017). Note that in the
1970s, simulation was mainly executed on fast but expensive mainframe
systems, where user was connected via a remote terminal.
With the arrival of personal computer (PC) in the 1980s, several other
important software packages such as ChemCAD (developed by ChemStations)
and HYSYS (originally by Hyprotech) were launched. These software pack-
ages no longer operate on the mainframe systems but are PC based. Late 1980s
also saw the needs of developing simulation software for biochemical pro-
cesses (Petrides et al., 1989). This leads to the introduction of BioPro Designer
(Petrides, 1994), which later evolved into SuperPro Designer marketed by
Intelligen Inc. in the 1990s (Intelligen, 2017). It is worth mentioning that up to
the 1980s, most basic developments of process simulation architectural are
quite established, with review papers outlining their state-of-the-art techniques
(Rosen, 1980; Evans, 1981).
In the 1990s, with the dominant of Microsoft Windows, most software
packages were migrated from their previous Macintosh version into the more
attractive graphical user interface (GUI). Another important milestone happened
in the early 21st century. In 2002, Hyprotech was acquired by AspenTech, which
resulted with the ownership of HYSYS software. However, the US Federal Trade
Commission judged that acquisition of Hyprotech was anticompetitive and ruled
AspenTech to divest its software to the approved buyerdHoneywell (Federal
Trade Commission, 2003). This later leads to the introduction of UniSim Design
(Honeywell, 2017), which shares the same GUI as HYSYS (of Hyprotech),
while AspenTech continues to market its Aspen HYSYS software (with different
GUI in year 2016).
Some of the commonly used process simulation software packages are
listed in Table 1.1.
1.3 BASIC ARCHITECTURES FOR COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE

Fig. 1.4 shows the basic structure of a process simulation software and
sequential steps in performing the simulation task (Turton et al., 2013). As
shown at the upper side of the figure, a typical commercial simulation software
includes the following components, i.e., component database, thermodynamic
model database, flowsheet builder, unit operation model database, and flow-
sheet solver. Note that some other elements, e.g., subflowsheet, financial
analysis tools, and engineering units option, are software dependent and hence
are excluded in this figure.
TABLE 1.1 Commercial Process Simulation Software
Corporations Software Websites

AspenTech AspenONE Engineering www.aspentech.com
(consists of Aspen Plus, Aspen
HYSYS, Aspen Economic
Evaluation, Aspen Exchanger
Design & Rating, Aspen Energy
Analyzer, Aspen Utilities
Planner)
Honeywell UniSim Design www.honeywellprocess.com

Schneider Electric SimSci PRO/II http://software.schneider-
electric.com
Chemstations ChemCAD www.chemstations.com

WinSim DESIGN II for Windows www.winsim.com
Intelligen SuperPro Designer, www.intelligen.com
SchedulePro
Bryan Research & ProMax www.bre.com
Engineering
Process Systems gPROMS www.psenterprise.com
Enterprise
FIGURE 1.4 Basic structure of a commercial simulation software and sequence in solving a
simulation model (adapted from Turton et al., 2013).
The bottom side of Fig. 1.4 presents a list of sequential steps in solving a
simulation problem. In step 1, the basic information for a simulation problem
is first provided. This includes chemical components and thermodynamic
model selection, which can be done easily through their associated databases
of the software. Note that it is advisable to select all components needed for
the flowsheet, even though some components will only be used at the later part
of the flowsheet. The selection of thermodynamic model is a crucial step, as
different thermodynamic models will lead to very different mass and energy
balances for some processes. Next in step 2, the process flowsheet is con-
structed using the flowsheet builder. This involves the selection of appropriate
unit operation models (from the unit model database) and the connections
among them with the process streams (some software may need to have energy
streams connected too). In step 3, specifications are to be provided for the unit
models as well as important inlet streams (e.g., flowrate, temperature, pressure)
to execute the simulation. Note that in all modern simulation software, users
may choose to display the simulation results in various forms. Finally, it is
important to cross-check the simulation results, either through some empirical
model, mass, and energy balances or through reported plant/experimental data.
Doing so will increase the confident level of the simulation model.
1.4 BASIC ALGORITHMS FOR PROCESS SIMULATION

Two main classical techniques used in solving process simulation models are
SM and EO approaches. Most commercial simulation software packages in the
market, e.g., Aspen Plus, ChemCAD, and PRO/II, are using SM approach and
hence will be discussed more in-depth in the following sections.
1.4.1 Sequential Modular Approach

The term “sequential modular” was formally introduced in late 1970s
(although commercial software packages were found in the market prior to
that) by Westerberg et al. (1979). The concept of SM may be explained using
Fig. 1.5. Each of the unit modules contains some algorithms that are utilized
to solve a set of process models, provided that the inlet stream information
and unit specifications are given. Once a module is solved to convergence, it
will generate the results for the outlet stream(s). The latter is then connected
as a feed stream for the following unit module, which is then solved for
convergence (Turton et al., 2013). The same process is repeated until all
process units in the flowsheet are solved and converged. Note that certain
unit modules may require iterative solution algorithm to achieve conver-
gence; the overall process is, however, sequential in nature, i.e., no iteration
is required (Turton et al., 2013).
For process flowsheet that contains recycle stream(s), tear stream strategy
is commonly used with SM approach to converge the recycle stream. As
FIGURE 1.5 Concept of sequential modular approach (Turton et al., 2013).
shown in Fig. 1.6A, the flowsheet consists of six operations, i.e., units AeF
and a recycle stream that connects units C and F. If SM approach in Fig. 1.5 is
adopted for the simulation exercise, one will start to simulate and converge
unit A. This is followed by unit B and then unit C. However, because of the
existence of the recycle stream, unit C can only be simulated once the recycle
stream contains the necessary properties (e.g., pressure, temperature, and
flowrates) after unit F is converged. However, unit F cannot be simulated
without first converging unit C. In other words, the convergence of units C and
F involves iterative steps.
FIGURE 1.6 (A) A process consists of a recycle stream; (B) concept of tear stream (Turton et al.,
2013).
To cater the iterative procedure, a tear-stream strategy is used. As shown in

Fig. 1.6A, the recycle stream is virtually “torn” into two partsdr1 (inlet for
unit C) and r2 (outlet from unit F). Some estimated data (e.g., temperature,
pressure, and flowrate) are provided for r1 to simulate unit C. Once unit C is
converged, simulation then proceeds to unit D, E, and finally unit F. Once unit
F is converged, the simulated results from outlet stream r2 are then compared
to those estimated data given to r1 earlier on. If their values agree to the
specified convergence tolerance (typically given in terms of percentage dif-
ference), the simulation is converged, or else the simulated results from r2 will
substitute the estimated data in r1 and the iterative procedure is carried on1.
The main advantage of SM is that it is intuitive and easy to understand. It
allows the interactions of users as the model develops. However, large prob-
lems (with many recycle streams) may be difficult to converge.
1.4.2 Equation-Oriented Approach

In EO approach, a set of equations are solved simultaneously for a simulation
problem. For instance, for a problem with n design variables, p equality
constraints, and q inequality constraints, the problem is formulated as follows
(Smith, 2016):
Solve hi (x1, x2, x3, ., xn) ¼ 0 (i ¼ 1, ., p) (1.1)
subject to gj (x1, x2, x3, ., xn) 0 (i ¼ 1, ., q) (1.2)
The main advantage of EO approach is its ability to be formulated as an
optimization problem. However, complex EO problems are difficult to solve
and diagnose. It is also not as robust as SM approach (Smith, 2016). Hence, it
has not been favored among commercial simulation software in the past few
decades, until recent years where it is embedded in solving complex models in
SM-based software.
1.5 INCORPORATION OF PROCESS SYNTHESIS MODEL

AND SEQUENTIAL MODULAR APPROACH
In simulating an integrated flowsheet, when many units are involved, it is
always good to break down the complex flowsheet into small systems that are
manageable. A useful way of doing so is to make use of the onion model to
guide the simulation tasks (Foo et al., 2005). As discussed in Section 1.1, a
chemical process is designed from the core of the onion and moves outward.
Typically, at each of the layer, decision is made by the designer after detailed
analysis. Hence, SM approach can be incorporated with the onion model in
1. See Chapter 4 for a detailed discussion on handling recycle systems with sequential modular
approach.
FIGURE 1.7 Process flow diagram for n-octane production (Foo et al., 2005).
guiding the design process. This is particularly useful in evaluating new

process pathways or generating alternatives for new process development
(Foo et al., 2005).
An example on the production of n-octane is next demonstrated to illustrate
this concept.
Example 1.1: n-Octane Production Example

Fig. 1.7 shows the process flow diagram for the production of n-octane (C8H18)
(Foo et al., 2005). The fresh feed stream, containing ethylene (C2H6), i-butane
(i-C4H10), and some trace amounts of impurities [i.e., nitrogen and n-butane
(n-C4H10)], is preheated before being fed to the reactor, along with the recycle
stream. The reactor operates isothermally with a high conversion rate (98%)
following the reaction stoichiometry in Eq. (1.3).
2C2H4 þ C4H10 / C8H18 (1.3)
A big portion of n-octane product exits from the reactor bottom stream.
The vapor effluent of reactor is then fed into a distillation column, where more
n-octane product is recovered as bottom stream; while the unconverted reac-
tant from the distillation top stream is being recycled to the reactor. The
recycle stream passes through a compressor where its pressure is adjusted to
match with that of the reactor and then exchanges its heat to preheat the fresh
feed stream.
Following the concept of the onion model, one shall first simulate the
reactor, which is the core of the process (see Fig. 1.3). Once the reactor model
is converged, simulation is moved on to the distillation column and next the
recycle systems; both of these are located at the second layer of the onion
model. This is illustrated in Fig. 1.8.
FIGURE 1.8 Sequence in simulating the n-octane case guided by onion model (numbers indicate
the sequence of simulation).
Note that from the simulation perspective, recycle may be further classified
as material and heat recycle systems. For the case of n-octane production,
these subsystems for the complete flowsheet are shown in Fig. 1.9. The main
challenge for this case is that these subsystems are interrelated, as they are
connected by the process-to-process heat exchanger. The latter has two inlet
streams, i.e., fresh feed and the outlet stream from the compressor. However,
FIGURE 1.9 The material and energy recycle subsystems.

FIGURE 1.10 A decoupled material and energy recycle subsystems.
only the fresh feed stream contains the data (e.g., pressure, temperature,
component, and flowrates) necessary for simulation to take place. The outlet
stream from the compressor will have no result until the compressor is
converged. Without complete data for its inlet streams, the heat exchanger
simulation cannot be carried out, which means that its two outlet streams will
have no results. This also leads to the unconvergence of the subsequent units,
i.e., reactor, distillation, etc.
A more convenient way to simulate material and heat recycle systems is to
decouple them. This can be done by replacing the process-to-process heat
exchanger with other equivalent heating and cooling units2. As shown in the
revised flowsheet in Fig. 1.10, the material recycle stream is cooled using a
utility cooler before being fed into the reactor, while the fresh feed stream is
heated by the utility heater prior being sent to the reactor. In other words,
energy recovery (and hence the energy recycle system) is not being considered
at this stage. One then can make use of the tear stream concept to converge the
material recycle stream.
Upon the convergence of the material recycle system, we then move on to
the third layer of the onion model, where heat recovery system (i.e., the heat
recycle system) is considered. In the converged flowsheet in Fig. 1.10, the
heating duty from the utility heater, as well as the cooling duty of utility cooler
may be extracted. One can make use of the well-established heat pinch
analysis technique to design the heat recovery system. For instance, for the
2. See detailed discussion for various strategies in converging recycle systems in Chapter 4.
FIGURE 1.11 Temperature versus enthalpy diagram for n-octane case.
flowsheet in Fig. 1.10, cooling and heating duties of the cooler and heater are
extracted to plot a temperature versus enthalpy diagram (similar to the heat
transfer composite curve) in Fig. 1.11. With this diagram, the minimum
amount of hot (QH, min) and cold (QC, min) utility targets may be determined.
Doing this also determines how much energy are recovered (QREC) between the
hot (compressor outlet) and cold (fresh feed) streams3. For the case in
Fig. 1.11, the duty of the hot stream is completely recovered to the cold stream,
resulting in a threshold case where no cold utility (i.e., QC, min ¼ 0) is needed.
With the heat duties (QH, min and QREC) identified, we then replace the
cooler in the material recycle system with the process-to-process heat
exchanger, while the heater is kept to provide additional heating duty (QH, min)
required by the fresh feed stream. This concludes the simulation of the
n-octane case study. Note that the last two layers of the onion model are not
applicable in this case. The n-octane case is utilized as work examples
throughout this book (see Chapters 5, 7, 9, and 11).
1.6 TEN GOOD HABITS FOR PROCESS SIMULATION

Habit 1: You build a simulation model to meet an objective
As a process designer, the objective of building a simulation model should be
understood well. In other words, the purpose of running a simulation should
be clearly defined upfront. For instance, if one were to perform mass and energy
balances for a preliminary flowsheet, it may be acceptable to use simplified
unit operation models available in the simulation software. A good example is the
use of a shortcut distillation model that uses the FenskeeUnderwoodeGilliland
3. See Chapter 16 for details on heat exchanger network simulation and analysis.
method to provide a first-pass distillation model before constructing a rigorous

tray-by-tray distillation model. The latter would require some detailed informa-
tion, such as number of trays, top and bottom temperature. On the other hand, a
shortcut model would normally require the definition of light and heavy keys, top
and bottom column pressures, along with reflux ratio to converge the column
model. The shortcut distillation computation will provide useful information
needed for building a rigorous tray-by-tray distillation model4.
Please also note that no single mathematical model can represent all fluids
and processes. Hence, the simulation model must be purpose-built.
Habit 2: Identify the system or process and draw an envelope around it
It is important to identify the system that we wish to simulate. In some cases, not
the entire flowsheet will be simulated. This could be due to several reasons. One
typical example is the limitation of the simulation software. An example is
shown in Fig. 1.12, where biomass is utilized as feedstock for a biorefinery. In
the pretreatment section, biomass will go through some physical treatments for
size reduction and moisture removal, before the biomass is fed into the gasifi-
cation reactor (and other downstream separation system). If one were to utilize
commercial software dedicated for the hydrocarbon-based industry (e.g., Aspen
HYSYS and UniSim Design) for the simulation task, it would be best to leave
out the treatment section, which is a very much solid-based operation. In
other words, the simulation task will focus on the gasification reactor and other
downstream separation systems, but exclude the pretreatment section.
Habit 3: Imagine what is going on physically
The engineers who perform a simulation tasks should have good imagination.
For instance, the engineer should imagine the state and flow pattern/regime for
an inlet stream heading to a reactor/flash unit or an effluent stream emitted
from a reactor. For the latter case, if the reactor effluent stream contains
compressed liquid with light gases, an adiabatic separator (i.e., flash unit) may
be added once the reactor is converged, to separate the light gases from the
liquid components.
Habit 4: Translate the physical model to a mathematical model
Engineers should use their basic knowledge in reaction engineering, thermo-
dynamics, separation processes, etc., to translate a physical process in the plant
into an equivalent mathematical model. He/she then need to pick the right
process simulation software to perform the simulation tasks. One should
note that most commercial simulation software packages are dedicated for
continuous processes. Hence, having to simulate batch processes (e.g., bio-
fermentation, and polymerization) using a commercial software that is meant
4. See Chapter 12 for an example on the use of shortcut distillation model for generating data for
rigorous distillation model on VCM production.
FIGURE 1.12 A biorefinery problem where pretreatment section is excluded from process simulation.
for continuous processes is indeed a challenging task. Even if one may be able
to approximate the model to represent the process behavior, there is no way to
model the time-related elements (e.g., production scheduling). Besides, many
commercial software packages (e.g., Aspen HYSYS and UniSim Design) are
more applicable to hydrocarbon-based chemical process industry, e.g., oil and
gas and petrochemical, with component and thermodynamic databases that
are suited for those industrial sectors. If one were to use these software
packages for biochemical process modeling (e.g., production of yeast,
vitamin, antibody, food, and beverage), one will have to customize the
component as well as its associated thermodynamic models, which is time-
consuming and yet inaccurate. For the modeling of biochemical processes,
it would be wiser to consider the use of dedicated software packages such as
SuperPro Designer (www.intelligen.com) or Aspen Batch Process Developer
(www.aspentech.com).
A similar situation also applies for environmental applications, where a
high degree of accuracy and very small numbers need to be represented in
stream composition (e.g., ppm level). If one were to use the hydrocarbon-
based software for wastewater treatment plant design, the stream composi-
tions will hardly be traced. Hence, the advice is to use the right software for
the right applications.
Habit 5: Know your components
It is important to know the chemicals that are present in the system you are
working on. Furthermore, it is important to understand the type of intermo-
lecular interactions that may exist in that system. Understanding the compo-
nents and their interactions will enable the engineer to choose the right
property estimation methods5. In some cases, there may be some components
that are not represented in the simulator’s component database. In that case, it
may be necessary to either find an equivalent component or create a user-
defined or “hypothetical” component6.
One will also have to be aware of the presence of water in a predominantly
hydrocarbon process stream. Some thermodynamic models may have to lump
the organic and aqueous phases into a single liquid phase, even though water is
immiscible with the hydrocarbon. Hence, the selection of thermodynamic
model is crucial for this kind of system.
In some cases, azeotropic mixtures introduce challenges in distillation
process. The presence of binary or tertiary azeotrope points leads to the exis-
tence of a distillation boundary that limits the degree of separation. An example
is given in Fig. 1.13, which shows the temperatureecomposition (T-xy) plot for
a binary mixture containing isopentane (iC5) and methanol. The T-xy plot
5. Refer to Chapter 3 for details on physical properties estimation.

6. Refer to Chapter 2 for new component registration.
365
T-x
360 T-y
355
Temperature K
350
345
340
335
330
325
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
I-C5 molefraction
FIGURE 1.13 A binary mixture with minimum boiling azeotrope.
shows a minimum boiling azeotrope occurs for this binary mixture, which
prevents the separation of high-purity products with normal distillation. One
will have to utilize the enhanced distillation techniques7 to perform such
separation tasks.
Habit 6: Know the context of your feed streams
It is important to know the characteristics of the feed stream, e.g., its origin,
composition, sampling conditions, and the presence of impurities.
In some cases, a composition for a gas stream that comes from a three-
phase (gas, oil, and water) separator may not contain any water. This is
because the stream composition has been determined using gas chromatog-
raphy (GC). In a GC analysis, a carrier gas, typically helium, transports the gas
sample into a length of tubing (called a “column”), which is packed with a
polymer or solid support. Water will damage this polymer and is removed
before the gas enters the column.
In this case, it is necessary to saturate the gas with water prior to using it
for any computations; otherwise, the contribution of water in the gas, partic-
ularly the heat of vaporization, will not be accounted for and will result in an
inaccurate heat and material balance.
Habit 7: Know your components boiling points
In performing simulation for a separation system (e.g., flash and distillation), it
is important to know the boiling points, and hence the relative volatility of the
chemicals involved. It is good practice to have the chemicals arranged in
7. Refer to Chapter 15 for a detailed discussion on azeotropic distillation systems.

TABLE 1.2 Chemicals Arranged in the Ascending Order of

Their Boiling Points
Components Boiling Points ( C)

Ethane (C2H6) 88.6
Propane (C3H8) 42.1
n-Butane (C4H10) 0.5
n-Pentane (C5H12) 36.2
n-Hexane (C6H14) 68.8
the ascending order of their boiling points (i.e., volatilities). An example is

shown in Table 1.2. As shown, a process stream consists of five hydrocarbon
components, arranged in the ascending order of their boiling points. If these
components were to be used for a distillation computation, it would be easy to
draw a line between the heavy and light keys and perform a quick material
balance to determine distillate and bottom product flowrates.
Besides, we should also watch out for polar molecules and those chemicals
that have hydrogen bonds. This may give rise to azeotropic systems where high
boiling point components boil and vaporize before low boiling point components.
Habit 8: Keep track of the units of measure in all calculations
Errors on units of measurement are very serious and the easiest errors to avoid
with some simple discipline. The best practice is always to keep track of the
units of measurement in all computation or simulation exercises. All modern
commercial simulation software packages are equipped with unit conversion
functions for all unit operations and stream parameters. These simulation
packages allow for global units of measure profiles to be defined and saved.
Local definitions of units are also possible to allow for flexibility, but when
possible it is a good idea to preprocess any data to ensure consistency.
Prior to conducting any engineering analysis or project, it is necessary to
first define what units of measure are to be used for the analysis and reporting
purposes and ensure that this is adopted by all personnel working on the
analysis or project.
Habit 9: Always do a simple material and energy balance first
An important good habit is to perform some manual calculations (or “hand
calculations”). For example, performing a quick material and energy balances
prior to executing a process simulation exercise enables the engineer to have a
better “feel” for the orders of magnitude in the numbers that may be
encountered. In addition to that, these hand calculations can also be used as
initial guesses for more complex types of computations. For instance, in
designing a depropanizer column, we can perform a quick material balance by

assuming most (if not all) propane is recovered at the top stream of the column
and heavier components are recovered at the bottom stream. This will provide
an estimate for overhead and bottom flows and can be used as an initial guess
for a rigorous tray-by-tray distillation model.
Performing mass and energy balances for some unit operations may be
tedious, especially for those that involve nonlinear equations. Hence, some
linearized models are always useful for preliminary flowsheet, especially for
conceptual design stage. Linear models for some commonly used unit oper-
ations (distillation, absorption, etc.) may be found in Biegler et al. (1997).
Habit 10: Plot the phase envelope for important streams
It is extremely important to know in which state the fluid is in, e.g., is it a
subcooled or saturated liquid? For a process stream with a subcooled liquid,
temperature rise is expected when sensible heat is added; the latter is the
product of mass flowrate, heat capacity, and temperature rise. On the other
hand, no temperature rise will be reported when a saturated liquid is heated, as
latent heat is involved. Also, it is necessary to check if the fluid is near the
critical point or is it at the supercritical stage?
It is also important to know how close the process stream is to the dew
point (either hydrocarbon or water). When adsorption beds or fuel gas systems
were designed, liquids formed at the dew point may damage the adsorption
bed or combustion chamber. Another important practice is to identify the
retrograde region of the fluid. In the retrograde region, compressing a fluid
may result in its vaporization instead of liquefaction8.
REFERENCES
AspenTech, 2017. A History of Innovation. www.aspentech.com.
Biegler, L., Grossmann, I.E., Westerberg, A.W., 1997. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process
Design. Prentice-Hall.
Crowe, C.M., Hamielec, A.E., Hoffman, T.W., Johnson, A.I., Woods, D.R., Shannon, P.T., 1971.
Chemical Plant Simulation. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
Dimian, A., Bildea, C., Kiss, A., 2014. Integrated Design and Simulation of Chemical Processes,
second ed. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
El-Halwagi, M.M., 2006. Process Integration. Elsevier, San Diego.
El-Halwagi, M.M., Foo, D.C.Y., 2014. Process synthesis and integration. In: Seidel, A.,
Bickford, M. (Eds.), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
Evans, L.B., 1981. Advances in process flowsheeting systems. In: Mah, R.S., Seider, W.D. (Eds.),
Foundations of Computer-Aided Chemical Process Design. Engineering Foundation, New
York.
Evans, L.B., Joseph, B., Seider, W.D., 1977. System structures for process simulation. AIChE
Journal 23 (5), 658e666.
8. See detailed discussion in Chapter 3.

Evans, L.B., Boston, J.F., Britt, H.I., Gallier, P.W., Gupta, P.K., Joseph, B., Mahalec, V., Ng, E.,
Seider, W.D., Yagi, H., 1979. Computers & Chemical Engineering 3 (1e4), 319e327.
Federal Trade Commission, 2003. FTC Charges Aspen Technologys Acquisition of Hyprotech,
LTD. Was Anticompetitive. www.ftc.gov.
Foo, D.C.Y., 2012. Process Integration for Resource Conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, US.
Foo, D.C.Y., Manan, Z.A., Selvan, M., McGuire, M.L., October 2005. Integrate process simulation
and process synthesis. Chemical Engineering Progress 101 (10), 25e29.
Gallier, P.W., Evans, L.B., Boston, J.F., Britt, H.I., Boston, J.F., Guupta, P.K., 1980. ASPEN:
advanced capabilities for modeling and simulation of industrial processes. In: Squires, R.G.,
Reklaitis, G.V. (Eds.), Computer Applications to Chemical Engineering. ACS Symposium
Series, vol. 124. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 293e308.
Hernandez, R., Sargent, R.W.H., 1979. A new algorithm for process flowsheeting. Computers &
Chemical Engineering 3 (1e4), 363e371.
Honeywell, 2017. www.honeywellprocess.com.
Linnhoff, B., Townsend, D.W., Boland, D., Hewitt, G.F., Thomas, B.E.A., Guy, A.R.,
Marshall, R.H., 1982. A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy.
IChemE, Rugby.
Motard, R.L., Shacham, M., Rosen, E.M., 1975. Steady state chemical process simulation. AIChE
Journal 21 (3), 417e436.
Perkins, J.D., Sargent, R.W.H., Thomas, S., 1982. SPEEDUP: a computer program for steady-state
and dynamic simulation of chemical processes. IChemE Symposium Series 73, H78eH86.
Petrides, D., 1994. BioPro designer: an advanced computing environment for modeling and design
of integrated biochemical processes. Computers & Chemical Engineering S18, 621e625.
Petrides, D., Cooney, C.L., Evans, L.B., 1989. Bioprocess simulation: an integrated approach to
process development. Computers & Chemical Engineering 13 (4e5), 553e561.
Process System Enterprise (PSE) 2017. www.psenterprise.com.
Rosen, E.M., 1980. Steady state chemical process simulation: a state-of-the-art review. Computer
applications to chemical engineering. ACS Symposium Series 124, 3e36.
Schneider Electric, 2017. www.schneider-electric.com.
Smith, R., 2016. Chemical Process Design and Integration, second ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Turton, R., Bailie, R.C., Whiting, W.B., Shaeiwitz, J.A., 2013. Analysis, Synthesis and Design of
Chemical Processes, fourth ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Westerberg, A.W., Hutchison, H.P., Motard, R.L., Winter, P., 1979. Process Flowsheeting. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
WinSim, I., 2017. www.winsim.com.
Chapter 2
Registration of New
Components
Denny K.S. Ng1, Chien Hwa Chong2, Nishanth Chemmangattuvalappil1
1
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia; 2Taylor’s University, Subang
Jaya, Malaysia
As mentioned in Chapter 1, the first step of setting up a process simulation is to

define chemical components that involve in the entire process. Note, however,
that not all components are available in the database of the simulation soft-
ware. Hence, one will have to define/register the chemical component(s)
before one can make use of them in the simulation flowsheet. This may involve
various types of hypothetical and oil components. In this chapter, the regis-
tration of components in several important process simulation software
packages, i.e., Aspen HYSYS and PRO/II, are illustrated.
2.1 REGISTRATION OF HYPOTHETICAL COMPONENTS

Components that are not available in simulator library can be defined in the
simulation software as “hypothetical” components based on the properties of
the chemicals. Different simulation software packages treat this step differ-
ently. For example, in Aspen HYSYS and UniSim Design, it is possible to
define such components in the library based on their properties. On the other
hand, components are defined based on the molecular structure in Aspen Plus.
In this section, registration of hypothetical components is demonstrated with
Aspen HYSYS and PRO/II.
2.1.1 Hypothetical Component Registration With Aspen

HYSYS
To define the “hypothetical” components in Aspen HYSYS library, important
properties of the chemicals such as molecular weight and boiling point are first
defined in the simulator. Aspen HYSYS will then estimate the other missing
properties based on UNIFAC group contribution models (AspenTech, 2015).
However, it is necessary to provide the boiling point and molecular weight to
estimate the rest of the properties. If more properties are made available, the
Chemical Engineering Process Simulation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803782-9.00002-9
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23
accuracy of the prediction of the other properties would be much higher. Steps
involved in building hypothetical components are illustrated in Example 2.1.
Example 2.1
This example involves the registration of a hydrocarbon component as a
“hypothetical” component in Aspen HYSYS. For this case, the hydrocarbon
has a molecular weight of 86 and boiling point of 64 C. Fig. 2.1 shows
the detailed steps for registering this component in the software. Based on
the boiling point and molecular weight, the other physical properties are then
estimated, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
2.1.2 Hypothetical Component Registration With PRO/II

Two methods can be used to estimate components in PRO/II (Schneider
Electric, 2015). A user can create a new component using the user-defined
FIGURE 2.1 Hypo selection in Aspen HYSYS.
FIGURE 2.2 Property estimation of Hypo components in Aspen HYSYS.

Registration of New Components Chapter j 2 25
library and generate chemical structure using the UNIFAC structure and finally
fill options to generate all the component properties of user-defined compo-
nents. The second option is defining the component using the PROPRED
property prediction methodology and then estimating with and without
measured normal boiling point (NBP). Example 2.2 shows the first method
used in defining a component.
Example 2.2
Estimating a component in PRO/II. In this case, gallic acid is selected to be
developed as a new user-defined component using PRO/II. To create a new
component, the user needs to create a user-defined component name from the
component selection section. The steps are shown in Figs. 2.3 and 2.4.
Next, the user is required to define UNIFAC structure. In this case,
acids, aromatics, and alcohol category structures are selected for the gallic
acid component. Detailed steps for creating the structures are shown in
Fig. 2.5.
Molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, NBP, and
miscellaneous properties data can be modified in “fixed” thermophysical
properties section. In this case, the user can modify the NBP value based on
steps in Fig. 2.6.
To conduct a simulation, a heat exchanger can be added to the stream
following detailed steps in Fig. 2.7.
FIGURE 2.3 Start with component selection in PRO/II.

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them presented his carbine at her—
“Off, mistress; blast my heart, if it were not for your pretty face, I
would send an ounce of cold lead through you. What the devil—
haven’t we spared your father’s life, and you would have us connive
at the escape of a murderer, to the risk of our own necks!”
“Do not distress yourself about me, my sweet girl,” cried Graham
—“farewell once more!”
And she turned back weeping, while the troopers held their way
towards the western outlet of the valley.
Chapter III.
Mary was too generous to be happy in the safety of her father,
when that was bought with the life of his brave deliverer. When
Graham was taken away, she felt a pang as if he had been led to
execution. Instead, therefore, of indulging in selfish congratulation,
her whole soul was taken up in the romantic and apparently hopeless
scheme of extricating him from his danger. There was not a moment
to lose; and she asked her father if he could think of any way in
which a rescue might be attempted.
“Mary, my dear, I know of none,” was his answer. “We live far from
any house, and before assistance could be procured, they would be
miles beyond our reach.”
“Yes, father, there is a chance,” said she, with impatience. “Gallop
over to Allister Wilson’s on the other side of the hills. He is a strong
and determined man, and, as well as some of his near neighbours, is
accustomed to contest. You know he fought desperately at Drumclog;
and though he blamed you for not joining the cause, he will not be
loth to assist in this bitter extremity.”
Allan, at these words, started up as if awakened from a reverie.
“That will do, my dear bairn. I never thought of it; but your
understanding is quicker than mine. I shall get out the horse; follow
me on foot, as hard as you can.”
This was the work of a minute. The horse was brought from the
stable, and Allan lashed him to his full speed across the moor. Most
fortunately he arrived at Allister’s house as the latter was on the
point of leaving it. He carried a musket over his shoulder, and a huge
claymore hung down from a belt girded round his loins.
“You have just come in time,” said this stern son of the Covenant,
after Allan had briefly related to him what had happened. “I am on
my way to hear that precious saint, Mr Hervey, hold forth. You see I
am armed to defend myself against temporal foes, and so are many
others of my friends and brethren in God, who will be present on that
blessed occasion. Come away, Allan Hamilton, you are one of the
timid and faint-hearted flock of Jacob, but we will aid you as you
wish, and peradventure save the young man who has done you such a
good turn.”
They went on swiftly to a retired spot at the distance of half a mile;
it was a small glen nearly surrounded with rocks. There they beheld
the Reverend Mr Hervey standing upon a mound of earth, and
preaching to a congregation, the greater part of the males of which
were armed with muskets, swords, or pikes; they formed, as it were,
the outworks of the assembly,—the women, old men, and children
being placed in the centre. These were a few of the devoted
Christians who, from the rocks and caves of their native land, sent up
their fearless voices to heaven—who, disowning the spiritual
authority of a tyrannic government, thought it nowise unbecoming or
treasonable to oppose the strong arm of lawless power with its own
weapons; and who finally triumphed in the glorious contest,
establishing that pure religion, for which posterity has proved, alas,
too ungrateful!
In the pressing urgency of the case, Allister did not scruple to go
up to the minister, in the midst of his discourse. Such interruptions
indeed were common in these distracted times, when it was
necessary to skulk from place to place, and perform divine worship
as if it was an act of treason against the state. Mr Hervey made
known to his flock in a few words what had been communicated to
him, taking care to applaud highly the scheme proposed by Wilson.
There was no time to be lost, and under the guidance of Allister the
whole of the assemblage hurried to a gorge of the mountains through
which the troopers must necessarily pass. As the route of the latter
was circuitous, time was allowed to this sagacious leader to arrange
his forces. This he did by placing all the armed men—about twenty-
five in number—in two lines across the pass. Those who were not
armed, together with the women and children, were sent to the rear.
When, therefore, the soldiers came up, they found to their surprise a
formidable body ready to dispute the passage.
“What means this interruption?” said Ross, who acted the part of
spokesman to the rest. Whereupon Mr Hervey advanced in front
—“Release,” said he, “that young man whom ye have in bonds.”
“Release him!” replied Ross. “Would you have us release a
murderer? Are you aware that he has shot his officer?”
“I am aware of it,” Mr Hervey answered, “and I blame him not for
the deed. Stand forth, Allan Hamilton, and say if that is the soldier
who saved your life; and you, Mary Hamilton, stand forth likewise.”
Both, to the astonishment of the soldiers, came in front of the
crowd. “That,” said Allan, “is the man, and may God bless him for his
humanity.”—“It is the same,” cried his daughter; “I saw him with
these eyes shoot the cruel Clobberton. On my knees I begged him to
sue for mercy, and his kind heart had pity upon me, and saved my
father.”
“Soldiers,” said Mr Hervey, “I have nothing more to say to you.
That young man has slain your captain, but he has done no murder.
His deed was justifiable: yea, it was praiseworthy, in so far as it saved
an upright man, and rid the earth of a cruel persecutor. Deliver him
up, and go away in peace, or peradventure ye may fare ill among
these armed men who stand before you.”
The troopers consulted together for a short time, till, seeing that
resistance would be utter madness against such odds, they
reluctantly let go their prisoner. The first person who came up to him
was Mary Hamilton. She loosened the cords that tied him, and
presented him with conscious pride to those of her own sex who were
assembled round.
“Good bye, Graham,” cried Ross, with a sneer;—“you have bit us
once, but it will puzzle you to do so again. We shall soon ‘harry’ you
and your puritanical friends from your strongholds. An ell of strong
hemp is in readiness for you at the Grassmarket of Edinburgh. Take
my defiance for a knave, as you are,” added he, with an imprecation.
He had scarcely pronounced the last sentence when Graham
unsheathed the weapon which hung at his side, sprang from the
middle of the crowd, and stood before his defier. “Ross, you have
challenged me, and you shall abide it—draw!” Here there was an
instantaneous movement among the Covenanters, who rushed in
between the two fierce soldiers, who stood with their naked weapons,
their eyes glancing fire at each other. Mary Hamilton screamed aloud
with terror, and cries of “separate them!” were heard from all the
women. Mr Hervey came forward and entreated them to put up their
swords, and he was seconded by most of the old men; but all
entreaties were in vain. They stood fronting each other, and only
waiting for free ground to commence their desperate game.
“Let me alone,” said Graham, furiously, to some who were
attempting to draw him back; “am I to be bearded to my teeth by that
swaggering ruffian?”
“Come on, my sweet cock of the Covenant,” cries Ross, with the
most insulting derision, “you or any one of your canting crew—or a
dozen of you, one after the other.”
“Let Graham go,” was heard from the deep stern voice of Allister
Wilson; “let him go, or I will meet that man with my own weapon. Mr
Hervey, your advice is dear to us all, and well do we know that the
blood of God’s creatures must not be shed in vain; but has not that
man of blood openly defied us, and shall we hinder our champion
from going forward to meet him? No; let them join in combat and try
which is the better cause. If the challenger overcomes, we shall do
him no harm, but let him depart in peace: if he be overcome, let him
rue the consequences of his insolence.”
This proposition, though violently opposed by the women and the
aged part of the crowd, met the entire approbation of the young men.
Each felt himself personally insulted, and allowed, for a time, the
turbulent passions of his nature to get the better of every milder
feeling. A space of ground was immediately cleared for the combat,
the friends of Ross being allowed to arrange matters as they thought
fit. They went about it with a coolness and precision which showed
that to them this sort of pastime was nothing new. “All is right—fall
on,” was their cry, and in a moment the combatants met in the area.
The three troopers looked on with characteristic sang froid, but it
was otherwise with the rest of the bystanders, who gazed upon the
scene with the most intense interest. Some of the females turned
away their eyes from it, and among them Mary Hamilton, who
almost sank to the earth, and was with difficulty supported by her
father.
The combat was desperate, for the men were of powerful strength,
and of tried courage and skill in their weapons. The blows were
parried for some time on both sides with consummate address, and
neither could be said to have the advantage. At length, after
contending fiercely, Ross exhibited signs of exhaustion—neither
guarding himself nor assaulting his opponent so vigorously as at
first. Graham, on noticing this, redoubled his efforts. He acted now
wholly on the offensive, sending blow upon blow with the rapidity of
lightning. His last and most desperate stroke was made at the head
of his enemy. The sword of the latter, which was held up in a
masterly manner to receive it, was beat down by Graham’s weapon,
which descended forcibly upon his helmet. The blow proved decisive,
and Ross fell senseless upon the ground. His conqueror immediately
wrested the weapon from him, while a shout was set up by the crowd
in token of victory. The troopers looked mortified at this result of the
duel, which was by them evidently unexpected. Their first care was to
raise up their fellow comrade. On examination, no wound was
perceived upon his head. His helmet had been penetrated by the
sword, which, however, did not go further. His own weapon had
contributed to deaden the blow, by partially arresting that of Graham
in its furious descent. It was this only which saved his life. In a few
minutes he so far recovered as to get up and look around him. The
first object which struck him was his opponent standing in the ring
wiping his forehead.
“Well, Ross,” said one of his companions, “I always took you to be
the best swordsman in the regiment; but I think you have met your
match.”
“My match? confound me!” returned the vanquished man, “I
thought I would have made minced meat of him. There, for three
years, have I had the character of being one of the best men in the
army at my weapon, and here is all this good name taken out of me
in a trice. How mortifying—and to lose my good sword too!”
“Here is your sword, Ross, and keep it,” said Graham. “You have
behaved like a brave man; and I honour such a fellow, whether he be
my friend or foe. Only don’t go on with your insolent bragging—that
is all the advice I have to give you; nor call any man a knave till you
have good proof that he is so.”
“Well, well, Graham,” answered the other, “I retract what I said; I
have a better opinion of you than I had ten minutes ago. Take care of
old Dalzell—his “lambs” will be after you, and you had better keep
out of the way. Take this advice in return for my weapon which you
have given me back. It would, after all, be a pity to tuck up such a
pretty fellow as you are; although I would care very little to see your
long-faced acquaintances there dangling by their necks. Give us your
hand for old fellowship, and shift your quarters as soon as you
choose. Good bye.” So saying, he and his three comrades departed.
After these doings, it was considered imprudent for the principal
actors to remain longer in this quarter. Mr Hervey retired about
twenty miles to the northward, in company with Allan Hamilton and
his daughter, and Allister Wilson. Graham went by a circuitous route
to Argyleshire, where he secreted himself so judiciously, that though
the agents of government got information of his being in that
country, they could never manage to lay hand upon him. These steps
were prudent in all parties; for the very day after the rescue, a strong
body of dragoons was sent to the Lowthers, to apprehend the above
named persons. They behaved with great cruelty, burning the
cottages of numbers of the inhabitants, and destroying their cattle.
They searched Allan Hamilton’s house, took from it everything that
could be easily carried away, and such of his cattle as were found on
the premises. Among other things, they carried off the body of the
sanguinary Clobberton, which they found on the spot where it had
been left, and interred it in Lanark churchyard, with military
honours. None of the individuals, however, whom they sought for
were found.
For a short time after this, the persecution raged with great
violence in the south of Lanarkshire; but happier days were
beginning to dawn; and the arrival of King William, and the
dethronement of the bigoted James, put an end to such scenes of
cruelty. When these events occurred, the persecuted came forth from
their hiding-places. Mr Hervey, among others, returned to the
Lowthers, and enjoyed many happy days in this seat of his ministry
and trials. Allan and his daughter were among the first to make their
appearance. Their house soon recovered its former comfort; and in
the course of time every worldly concern went well with them. Mary,
however, for a month or more after their return, did not feel entirely
satisfied. She was duller than was her wont, and neither she nor her
father could give any explanation why it should be so. At this time a
tall young man paid them a visit, and, strange to say, she became
perfectly happy. This visitor was no other than the wild fighting
fellow Graham,—now perfectly reformed from his former evil
courses, by separation from his profligate companions, and by the
better company and principles with which his late troubles had
brought him acquainted.
A few words more will end our story. This bold trooper and the
beautiful daughter of Allan Hamilton were seen five weeks thereafter
going to church as man and wife. It was allowed that they were the
handsomest couple ever seen in the Lowthers. Graham proved a kind
husband; and it is hardly necessary to say that Mary was a most
affectionate and exemplary wife. Allan Hamilton attained a happy
old age, and saw his grandchildren ripening into fair promise around
him. His daughter, many years after his death, used to repeat to
them the story of his danger and escape, which we have here
imperfectly related. The tale is not fictitious. It is handed down in
tradition over the upper and middle wards of Lanarkshire, and with a
consistency which leaves no doubt of its truth.
THE POOR SCHOLAR.
By Professor Wilson.
The vernal weather, that had come so early in the year as to induce
a fear that it would not be lasting, seemed, contrary to that
foreboding of change, to become every day more mild and genial,
and the spirit of beauty, that had at first ventured out over the bosom
of the earth with timid footsteps, was now blending itself more boldly
with the deep verdure of the ground, and the life of the budding
trees. Something in the air, and in the great wide blue bending arch
of the unclouded sky, called upon the heart to come forth from the
seclusion of parlour or study, and partake of the cheerfulness of
nature.
We had made some short excursions together up the lonely glens,
and over the moors, and also through the more thickly inhabited
field-farms of his parish, and now the old minister proposed that we
should pay a visit to a solitary hut near the head of a dell, which,
although not very remote from the manse, we had not yet seen; and I
was anxious that we should do so, as, from his conversation, I
understood that we should see there a family—if so a widow and her
one son could be called—that would repay us by the interest we could
not fail to feel in their character, for the time and toil spent on
reaching their secluded and guarded dwelling.
“The poor widow woman,” said the minister, “who lives in the hut
called Braehead, has as noble a soul as ever tenanted a human
bosom. One earthly hope alone has she now—but I fear it never will
be fulfilled. She is the widow of a common cottar, who lived and died
in the hut which she and her son now inhabit. Her husband was a
man of little education, but intelligent, even ingenious, simple,
laborious, and pious. His duties lay all within a narrow circle, and his
temptations, it may be said, were few. Such as they were, he
discharged the one and withstood the other. Nor is there any reason
to think that, had they both been greater, he would have been found
wanting. He was contented with meal and water all his days, and so
fond of work that he seemed to love the summer chiefly for the
length of its labouring days. He had a slight genius for mechanics;
and during the long winter evenings he made many articles of
curious workmanship, the sale of which added a little to the earnings
of his severer toil. The same love of industry excited him from
morning to night; but he had also stronger, tenderer, and dearer
motives; for if his wife and their one pretty boy should outlive him,
he hoped that, though left poor, they would not be left in penury, but
enabled to lead, without any additional hardships, the usual life, at
least, of the widow and the orphans of honest hardworking men. Few
thought much about Abraham Blane while he lived, except that he
was an industrious and blameless man; but, on his death, it was felt
that there had been something far more valuable in his character;
and now, I myself, who knew him well, was pleasingly surprised to
know that he had left his widow and boy a small independence. Then
the memory of his long summer days, and long winter nights, all
ceaselessly employed in some kind of manual labour, dignified the
lowly and steadfast virtue of the unpretending and conscientious
man.
“The widow of this humble-hearted and simple-minded man,
whom we shall this forenoon visit, you will remember, perhaps,—
although then neither she nor her husband were much known in the
parish,—as the wife of the basket-maker. Her father had been a
clergyman—but his stipend was one of the smallest in Scotland, and
he died in extreme poverty. This, his only daughter, who had many
fine feelings and deep thoughts in her young innocent and simple
heart, was forced to become a menial servant in a farmhouse. There,
subduing her heart to her situation, she married that inoffensive and
good man; and all her life has been—maid, wife, and widow—the
humblest among the humble. But you shall soon have an opportunity
of seeing, what sense, what feeling, what knowledge, and what piety,
may all live together, without their owner suspecting them, in the
soul of the lonely widow of a Scottish cottar; for except that she is
pious, she thinks not that she possesses any other treasure; and even
her piety she regards, like a true Christian, as a gift bestowed.
“But well worthy of esteem, and, to speak in the language of this
world’s fancies, of admiration, as you will think this poor solitary
widow, perhaps you will think such feelings bestowed even more
deservedly on her only son. He is now a boy only of sixteen years of
age, but in my limited experience of life, never knew I such another.
From his veriest infancy he showed a singular capacity for learning;
at seven years of age he could read, write, and was even an
arithmetician. He seized upon books with the same avidity with
which children in general seize upon playthings. He soon caught
glimmerings of the meaning even of other languages; and, before he
was ten years old, there were in his mind clear dawnings of the
scholar, and indications not to be doubted of genius and intellectual
power. His father was dead—but his mother, who was no common
woman, however common her lot, saw with pure delight, and with
strong maternal pride, that God had given her an extraordinary child
to bless her solitary hut. She vowed to dedicate him to the ministry,
and that all her husband had left should be spent upon him, to the
last farthing, to qualify him to be a preacher of God’s Word. Such
ambition, if sometimes misplaced, is almost always necessarily
honourable. Here it was justified by the excelling talents of the boy—
by his zeal for knowledge, which was like a fever in his blood—and by
a childish piety, of which the simple, and eloquent, and beautiful
expression has more than once made me shed tears. But let us leave
the manse, and walk to Braehead. The sunshine is precious at this
early season; let us enjoy it while it smiles!”
We crossed a few fields—a few coppice woods—an extensive sheep-
pasture, and then found ourselves on the edge of a moorland.
Keeping the shelving heather ridge of hills above us, we gently
descended into a narrow rushy glen, without anything that could be
called a stream, but here and there crossed and intersected by
various runlets. Soon all cultivation ceased, and no houses were to be
seen. Had the glen been a long one, it would have seemed desolate,
but on turning round a little green mount that ran almost across it,
we saw at once an end to our walk, and one hut, with a peatstack
close to it, and one or two elder, or, as we call them in Scotland,
bourtrie bushes, at the low gable-end. A little smoke seemed to tinge
the air over the roof uncertainly—but except in that, there was
nothing to tell that the hut was inhabited. A few sheep lying near it,
and a single cow of the small hill-breed, seemed to appertain to the
hut, and a circular wall behind it apparently enclosed the garden. We
sat down together on one of those large mossy stones that often lie
among the smooth green pastoral hills, like the relics of some
building utterly decayed—and my venerable friend, whose solemn
voice was indeed pleasant in this quiet solitude, continued the simple
history of the poor scholar.
“At school he soon outstripped all the other boys, but no desire of
superiority over his companions seemed to actuate him—it was the
pure native love of knowledge. Gentle as a lamb, but happy as a lark,
the very wildest of them all loved Isaac Blane. He procured a Hebrew
Bible and a Greek Testament, both of which he taught himself to
read. It was more than affecting—it was sublime and awful to see the
solitary boy sitting by himself on the braes shedding tears over the
mysteries of the Christian faith. His mother’s heart burned within
her towards her son; and if it was pride, you will allow that it was
pride of a divine origin. She appeared with him in the kirk every
Sabbath, dressed not ostentatiously, but still in a way that showed
she intended him not for a life of manual labour. Perhaps, at first,
some half thought that she was too proud of him; but that was a
suggestion not to be cherished, for all acknowledged that he was sure
to prove an honour to the parish in which he was born. She often
brought him to the manse, and earth did not contain a happier
creature than she, when her boy answered all my questions, and
modestly made his own simple, yet wise remarks on the sacred
subjects gradually unfolding before his understanding and his heart.
“Before he was twelve years of age he went to college; and his
mother accompanied him to pass the winter in the city. Two small
rooms she took near the cathedral; and while he was at the classes,
or reading alone, she was not idle, but strove to make a small sum to
help to defray their winter’s expenses. To her that retired cell was a
heaven when she looked upon her pious and studious boy. His genius
was soon conspicuous; for four winters he pursued his studies in the
university, returning always in summer to this hut, the door of which
during their absence was closed. He made many friends, and
frequently during the three last summers, visitors came to pass a day
at Braehead, in a rank of life far above his own. But in Scotland,
thank God, talent and learning, and genius and virtue, when found in
the poorest hut, go not without their admiration and their reward.
Young as he is, he has had pupils of his own—his mother’s little
property has not been lessened at this hour by his education; and
besides contributing to the support of her and himself, he has
brought neater furniture into that lonely hut, and there has he a
library, limited in the number, but rich in the choice of books, such
as contain food for years of silent thought to the poor scholar—if
years indeed are to be his on earth.”
We rose to proceed onwards to the hut, across one smooth level of
greenest herbage, and up one intervening knowe, a little lower than
the mount on which it stood. Why, thought I, has the old man always
spoken of the poor scholar as if he had been speaking of one now
dead? Can it be, from the hints he has dropped, that this youth, so
richly endowed, is under the doom of death, and the fountain of all
those clear and fresh-gushing thoughts about to be sealed? I asked,
as we walked along, if Isaac Blane seemed marked out to be one of
those sweet flowers “no sooner blown than blasted,” and who perish
away like the creatures of a dream? The old man made answer that it
was even so, that he had been unable to attend college last winter,
and that it was to be feared he was now far advanced in a hopeless
decline. “Simple is he still as a very child; but with a sublime sense of
duty to God and man—of profound affection and humanity never to
be appeased towards all the brethren of our race. Each month—each
week—each day, has seemed visibly to bring him new stores of silent
feeling and thought—and even now, boy as he is, he is fit for the
ministry. But he has no hopes of living to that day—nor have I. The
deep spirit of his piety is now blended with a sure prescience of an
early death. Expect, therefore, to see him pale, emaciated, and sitting
in the hut like a beautiful and blessed ghost.”
We entered the hut, but no one was in the room. The clock ticked
solitarily, and on a table, beside a nearly extinguished peat fire, lay
the open Bible, and a small volume, which, on lifting it up, I found to
be a Greek Testament.
“They have gone out to walk, or to sit down for an hour in the
warm sunshine,” said the old man. “Let us sit down and wait their
return. It will not be long.” A long, low sigh was heard in the silence,
proceeding, as it seemed, from a small room adjoining that in which
we were sitting, and of which the door was left half open. The
minister looked into that room, and, after a long earnest gaze,
stepped softly back to me again, with a solemn face, and taking me
by the hand, whispered to me to come with him to that door, which
he gently moved. On a low bed lay the poor scholar, dressed as he
had been for the day, stretched out in a stillness too motionless and
profound for sleep, and with his fixed face up to heaven. We saw that
he was dead. His mother was kneeling, with her face on the bed, and
covered with both her hands. Then she lifted up her eyes and said, “O
merciful Redeemer, who wrought that miracle on the child of the
widow of Nain, comfort me—comfort me, in this my sore distress. I
know that my son is never to rise again until the great judgment day.
But not the less do I bless Thy holy name, for Thou didst die to save
us sinners.”
She arose from her knees, and, still blind to every other object,
went up to his breast. “I thought thee lovelier, when alive, than any
of the sons of the children of men, but that smile is beyond the power
of a mother’s heart to sustain.” And, stooping down, she kissed his
lips, and cheeks, and eyes, and forehead, with a hundred soft,
streaming, and murmuring kisses, and then stood up in her solitary
hut, alone and childless, with a long mortal sigh, in which all earthly
feelings seemed breathed out, and all earthly ties broken. Her eyes
wandered towards the door, and fixed themselves with a ghastly and
unconscious gaze for a few moments on the gray locks and withered
countenance of the holy old man, bent towards her with a pitying
and benignant air, and stooped, too, in the posture of devotion. She
soon recognised the best friend of her son, and leaving the bed on
which his body lay, she came out into the room, and said, “You have
come to me at a time when your presence was sorely needed. Had
you been here but a few minutes sooner you would have seen my
Isaac die!”
Unconsciously we were all seated; and the widow, turning
fervently to her venerated friend, said, “He was reading the Bible—he
felt faint—and said feebly, ‘Mother, attend me to my bed, and when I
lie down, put your arm over my breast and kiss me.’ I did just as he
told me; and, on wiping away a tear or two vainly shed by me on my
dear boy’s face, I saw that his eyes, though open, moved not, and that
the lids were fixed. He had gone to another world. See—sir! there is
the Bible lying open at the place he was reading—God preserve my
soul from repining!—only a few, few minutes ago.”
The minister took the Bible on his knees, and laying his right hand,
without selection, on part of one of the pages that lay open, he read
aloud the following verses:—
“Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
“Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.”
The mother’s heart seemed to be deeply blest for a while by these
words. She gave a grateful smile to the old man, and sat silent,
moving her lips. At length she again broke forth:—
“Oh! death, whatever may have been our thoughts or fears, ever
comes unexpectedly at last. My son often—often told me, that he was
dying, and I saw that it was so ever since Christmas. But how could I
prevent hope from entering my heart? His sweet happy voice—the
calmness of his prayers—his smiles that never left his face whenever
he looked or spoke to me—his studies, still pursued as anxiously as
ever—the interest he took in any little incident of our retired life—all
forced me to believe at times that he was not destined to die. But why
think on all these things now? Yes! I will always think of them, till I
join him and my husband in heaven!”
It seemed now as if the widow had only noticed me for the first
time. Her soul had been so engrossed with its passion of grief, and
with the felt sympathy and compassion of my venerable friend. She
asked me if I had known her son; and I answered, that if I had, I
could not have sat there so composedly; but that I was no stranger to
his incomparable excellence, and felt indeed for her grievous loss.
She listened to my words, but did not seem to hear them, and once
more addressed the old man.
“He suffered much sickness, my poor boy. For although it was a
consumption, that is not always an easy death. But as soon as the
sickness and the racking pain gave way to our united prayers, God
and our Saviour made us happy; and sure he spake then as never
mortal spake, kindling into a happiness that was beautiful to see,
when I beheld his face marked by dissolution, and knew, even in
those inspired moments (for I can call them nothing else), that ere
long the dust was to lie on those lips now flowing over with heavenly
music!”
We sat for some hours in the widow’s hut, and the minister several
times prayed with her, at her own request. On rising to depart, he
said that he would send up one of her dearest friends to pass the
night with her, and help her to do the last offices to her son. But she
replied that she wished to be left alone for that day and night, and
would expect her friend in the morning. We went towards the outer
door, and she, in a sort of sudden stupor, let us depart without any
farewell words, and retired into the room where her son was lying.
Casting back our eyes before our departure, we saw her steal into the
bed beside the dead body, and drawing the head gently into her
bosom, she lay down with him in her arms, and as if they had in that
manner fallen asleep.
THE CRUSHED BONNET.
Towards the close of a beautiful autumnal day in 18—, when

pacing slowly on my way, and in a contemplative mood admiring the
delightful scenery between Blair Athole and Dunkeld, on my return
from a survey of the celebrated pass of Killiecrankie, and other places
rendered famous in Scottish story, I was accosted by a female, little
past the prime of life, but with two children of unequal age walking
by her side, and a younger slung upon her back. The salutation was
of the supplicatory kind, and while the tones were almost perfectly
English, the pronunciation of the words was often highly Scottish.
The words, a “sodger’s widow”—“three helpless bairns”—and
“Waterloo,” broke my meditations with the force of an enchantment,
excited my sympathy, and made me draw my purse. While in the act
of tendering a piece of money—a cheap and easy mode of procuring
the luxury of doing good—I thought the countenance, though
browned and weather-beaten, one which I before had seen, without
exactly recollecting when or where. My curiosity thus raised, many
interrogatives and answers speedily followed, when at last I
discovered that there stood before me Jeanie Strathavon, once the
beauty and the pride of my own native village. Ten long and
troublous years had passed away since Jeanie left the neighbourhood
in which she was born to follow the spirit-stirring drum; and where
she had gone, or how she had afterwards fared, many enquired,
though but few could tell. The incident which led to all her
subsequent toil and suffering seemed but trivial at the time, yet, like
many other trivial occurrences, became to her one fraught with
mighty consequences.
She was an only daughter, her father was an honest labourer, and
though not nursed in the bosom of affluence, she hardly knew what it
was to have a wish ungratified. She possessed mental vivacity, and
personal attractions, rarely exhibited, especially at the present day,
by persons in her humble sphere of life. Though she never could
boast what might properly be called education, yet great care had
been taken to render her modest, affectionate, and pious. Her
parents, now in the decline of life, looked upon her as their only
solace. She had been from her very birth the idol of their hearts; and
as there was no sunshine in their days but when she was healthy and
happy, so their prospects were never clouded but when she was the
reverse. Always the favourite of one sex, and the envy of another,
when not yet out of her teens, she was importuned by the addresses
of many both of her own rank and of a rank above her own, to change
her mode of life. The attentions of the latter, in obedience to the
suggestions of her affectionate but simple hearted parents, she
always discouraged, for they never would allow themselves to think
that “folk wi’ siller would be looking after their bairn for ony gude
end.” Among those of her own station, she could hardly be said to
have yet shown a decided preference to any one, though the glances
which she cast at Henry Williams, when passing through the
kirkyard on Sundays, seemed to every one to say where, if she had
her own unbiassed will, her choice would light. Still she had never
thought seriously upon the time when, nor the person for whom, she
would leave her fond and doting parents. Chance or accident,
however, in these matters, often outruns the speed of deliberate
choice; at least such was the case with poor Jeanie.
Decked out one Sabbath morning in her best, to go to what Burns
calls a “Holy Fair,” in the neighbouring parish, though viewed in a far
different light by her, Jeanie had on her brawest and her best; and
among other things, a fine new bonnet, which excited the gossip and
the gaze of all the lasses in the village. Having sat for an hour or two
at the tent, listening earnestly and devoutly to a discourse which
formed a complete body of divinity, she, with many others, was at
length obliged to take refuge in the church, to shun a heavy summer
shower, which unexpectedly arrested the out-door devotions. Here,
whether wearied with the long walk she had in the morning, or
overpowered with the heat and suffocation consequent upon such a
crowd, she began to feel a serious oppression of sickness, and before
she could effect her escape she entirely fainted away, requiring to be
carried out in a state of complete insensibility.
It was long before she came to herself; and when she did, she
found that the rough hands of those who had caught her when
falling, and borne her through the crowd to the open air, had, amidst
the anxiety for her recovery, treated her finery with but very little
ceremony. Among other instances of this kind, she found that her
bonnet had been hastily torn from her head, thrown carelessly aside,
and, being accidentally trod upon, had been so crushed, as to render
it perfectly useless. The grief which this caused made her forget the
occasion which produced such disaster; and adjusting herself as well
as she could, she did not wait the conclusion of the solemn service,
but sought her father’s cottage amidst much sorrow and confusion.
When she reached home, she found her parents engaged in
devotional reading, their usual mode of spending the Sabbath
evenings. As it was not altogether with their consent that she had not
accompanied them that day to their usual place of being instructed in
divine things, the plight in which she returned to them excited,
especially on the mother’s part, a hasty burst of displeasure, if not of
anger; and the calm improving peace of the evening was entirely
broken. Sacred as to them the day appeared, they could not restrain
inquiry as to the cause of her altered appearance, and maternal
anxiety gave birth to suspicions which poor Jeanie’s known veracity
and simple unaffected narrative could not altogether repress. Thus,
for the first time in her life, had Jeanie excited the frown of her
parents, and every reproving look and word was as a dagger to her
heart.
Night came, and she retired to rest, but her innocent breast was
too much agitated to allow her eyes to close in sleep; and the return
of morning only brought with it an additional burden to her heart, by
a renewed discussion of the events of the previous day. This was
more than she was able to stand, and she took the first opportunity
to escape from that roof where, till now, she had never known aught
but delight, to go to pour her complaint into the ear of one who
seemed to love her almost to distraction,—her youthful admirer,
Henry Williams. Their interview, though not long, terminated in the
proposal on his part to relieve her from her embarrassed situation by
forthwith making her his own. Whether this was what she desired, in
having recourse to such an adviser, cannot be known, but, at all
events, she acceded with blamable facility to his wishes. She could
not endure the thought of being without a friend, and she knew not
that the friendship and affection of her parents had suffered no
abatement, though their great concern for her innocence and welfare
had pushed their reproofs further than they intended, or than
prudence under such circumstances would warrant.
Henry was little more than her own age, of but moderate capacity,
handsome in person, and ill provided with the means of making
matrimony a state of enjoyment; and too much addicted to the
frivolities of his years to be fitted for the serious business of being the
head of a family. Youth and inexperience seldom consider
consequences, and the desire of the one to receive, and of the other
to afford relief, under existing circumstances, made them resolve
neither to ask parental consent to their purpose, nor wait the
ordinary steps prescribed by the Church. The connection was
therefore no less irregular than it was precipitate, and Jeanie never
so much as sought to see her father’s house till the solemn knot was
tied.
In her absence many inquiries were made respecting her by the
villagers, who had witnessed or heard of what had happened to her
on the previous day. Her truth and innocence being thus put beyond
the shadow of a doubt, consternation at the long absence of their
child, and compunction for the severity of their reproofs, drove the
unhappy parents almost frantic. When the news of the re-appearance
of their daughter dispelled their direful apprehensions as to her
safety, though they felt a momentary gleam of joy, yet they
experienced nothing like heartfelt satisfaction.
Jeanie made as sweet and loving a wife as she had been a
daughter; but the cares of providing for more than himself soon
made Henry regret his rashness, and the prospect of these cares
speedily increasing made him more and more dissatisfied with his
new state of life. All Jeanie’s care and anxiety to soothe and please
him were unavailing. It is not in the power of beauty, youth, and
innocence, to check and control the sallies of ignorance and caprice.
Chagrined because his youthful wife had not prepared his morning
meal to his liking, on a day when he was to visit a neighbouring city
for some trifling purpose, he determined to free himself from the
yoke into which he had so heedlessly run, and returned home on the
evening of the following day somewhat altered in dress and

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Chemical Engineering Process

Simulation 1st Edition Nishanth G.

Dominic Chwan Yee Foo, Nishanth Chemmangattuvalappil,

Copyright Ó 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our

Publisher: Joe Hayton

Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals

Zi Jie Ai, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5

FIGURE 1 Suggested flow in reading this book.

To assist readers in better understanding the chapters, process simulation

TABLE 1 Level of Difficulty for Each Chapters

Part 1dBasics of Process Simulation

1 Introduction to process simulation Basic

2 Registration of new components Basic

3 Physical property estimation for process simulation Basic

4 Simulation of recycle streams Basic

Part 2dUniSim Design

5 Basics of process simulation with UniSim Design Basic

6 Modeling of a dew point control unit with UniSim Advanced

Part 3dSimSci PRO/II

7 Basics of process simulation with SimSci PRO/II Basic

8 Modeling for biomaterial drying, extraction, and Advanced

9 Basics of process simulation with ProMax Basic

10 Modeling of sour gas sweetening with MDEA Advanced

Part 5daspenONE Engineering

11 Basics of process simulation with Aspen HYSYS Basic

12 Process simulation for VCM production Advanced

TABLE 1 Level of Difficulty for Each Chaptersdcont’d

13 Process simulation and design of acrylic acid Advanced

14 Design and simulation of reactive distillation Advanced

15 Design of azeotropic distillation systems Advanced

16 Simulation and analysis of heat exchanger networks Advanced

17 Simulation and analysis of steam power plants with Advanced

Dominic C.Y. Foo

Process simulation is the representation of a chemical process by a mathematical

1.1 PROCESS DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Chemical Engineering Process Simulation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803782-9.00001-7

FIGURE 1.1 A process analysis problem (El-Halwagi, 2006; Foo, 2012).

Process structure and parameter

FIGURE 1.2 A process synthesis problem (El-Halwagi, 2006; Foo, 2012).

FIGURE 1.3 The onion model.

1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR PROCESS SIMULATION

1.3 BASIC ARCHITECTURES FOR COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE

TABLE 1.1 Commercial Process Simulation Software

Corporations Software Websites

Honeywell UniSim Design www.honeywellprocess.com

Chemstations ChemCAD www.chemstations.com

1.4 BASIC ALGORITHMS FOR PROCESS SIMULATION

1.4.1 Sequential Modular Approach

FIGURE 1.5 Concept of sequential modular approach (Turton et al., 2013).

To cater the iterative procedure, a tear-stream strategy is used. As shown in

1.4.2 Equation-Oriented Approach

1.5 INCORPORATION OF PROCESS SYNTHESIS MODEL

guiding the design process. This is particularly useful in evaluating new

Example 1.1: n-Octane Production Example

FIGURE 1.9 The material and energy recycle subsystems.

FIGURE 1.10 A decoupled material and energy recycle subsystems.

FIGURE 1.11 Temperature versus enthalpy diagram for n-octane case.

1.6 TEN GOOD HABITS FOR PROCESS SIMULATION

method to provide a first-pass distillation model before constructing a rigorous