CRWT REVIEWER

READING - “Reading is decoding and understanding written texts.” – Cline et al 2006

 decoding and understanding written texts.

 is a psycholinguistic guessing game that involves interaction between thought and language.”
 Reading is meaning construction from a printed or written message.”

PHONOLOGICAL - includes the ability to segment sounds, rhyme, and identify syllables.
ALPHABETIC KNOWLEDGE - which is the understanding that letters are used to
represent speech sounds.
ORTHOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE - understanding of the writing system in order to
represent language this can include spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.

CRITICAL READING

 Critical reading is the ability to arrive at the author’s main ideas – HEILMAN 1967
 “Critical reading is done when the reader analyzes the material which he reads and questions
the validity of inferences drawn.” – BETTS 1957
 “Critical reading emphasizes the higher though processes having to do with selection-rejection
of ideas, the relationships between ideas, and the organization of information.” – CARTER
1953)
 is an analytic activity. The reader rereads a text to identify patterns of elements: information,
values, assumptions, and language usage, throughout the discussion. These elements are tied
together in an interpretation, an assertion of an underlying meaning of the text as a whole.

WHEN YOU READ CRITICALLY:

 YOU QUESTION
 YOU EVALUATE
 YOU COMPARE AND CONTRAST
 YOU CONSIDER
 YOU ASSESS
 DIFFERENCE OF READING AND CRITICAL READING

READING CRITICAL READING

 To get the basic grasp of the text  To form judgements about HOW a text
 Absorbing/understanding works
 What a text SAYS  Analyzing/interpreting/evaluating
 WITH the text  What a text DOES and MEANS
 Restatement/summary  AGAINST the text
 Description/interpretation/evaluation

READING COMPREHENSION - is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate
with what the reader already knows.

 Development of higher academic self-confidence

 Improved writing skills
 Developing critical thinking and analytical skills
 Improved problem-solving skills.
 Increased empathy and understanding
 Improving memory and recall
 Enhancing concentration and focus

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NATURE OF THE TEXT

ACADEMIC: NON-ACADEMIC:
 RESEARCH PAPER  EDITORIAL
 LAB REPORT  BLOG POST
 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY  NOVEL
 ESSAY  BUSINESS LETTER

ACADEMIC TEXTS

 are written by experts or scholars in a particular field.

 have undergone the peer-review process.
 references are organized and compiled.
 are considered as primary sources.

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

 WHO WROTE IT?

 WHO IS IT WRITTEN FOR?
 WHERE IS IT PUBLISHED?
 IS IT PEER-REVIEWED?
 PEER-REVIEW - It is designed to assess the validity, quality and often the originality of articles for
publication. To maintain the integrity of science by filtering out invalid or poor-quality articles.

NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS

 authorship is not limited to credentials or writing ability; therefore it can be written by

anyone.
 creativity is favored over credibility.
 written for the public.
 references are not required.
 are considered as secondary sources.

AUTHOR’S CREDENTIALS

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

 What educational background does the author have?

 Has he or she published previously on this topic?
 Is the author considered an authority on the topic?

AUTHOR’S BIAS

 it is any opinion or prejudice that affects that author’s writing and prevents the author from
being completely neutral about the topic or issue about which he/she is writing.

CAN BE INFLUENCED BY:

 PROFESSION  RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND

 AGE  SOCIAL STATUS
 UPBRINGING  CULTURAL BACKGROUND
 POLITICAL BELIEF  EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 GENDER
AUTHOR’S STANCE - the opinion, position, or point of view of the author.

AUDIENCE - it refers to who the text is aimed at.

AUTHOR’S PURPOSE - the reason why the text was written, the goal of the author.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FACTS - are pieces of information that no one can argue with.

 SCIENTIFIC
 HISTORICAL
 BIOGRAPHICAL
 GEOGRAPHICAL
 STATISTICAL

OPINIONS

 If the author thinks/believes

 great, terrible, amazing, terrifying or any adjectives expressing personal feelings.
 use of comparative and superlative terms such as better, more interesting, not as good, the most
important.
 if the author states that something should or must happen.

EVIDENCE - Details provided by the author to support his/her claim. It must be a single fact or set of
facts.

 PRECISE
 DESCRIPTIVE
 FACTUAL

An author can use the following as evidence:

STATISTICAL – numerical data

TESTIMONIAL - statements that came from the judgment of experts and authorities
ANECDOTAL - evidence based on individual accounts and narrative; they are not based on
scientific research.
QUOTATIONS - these are pieces of text copied directly from another source. The writer refers to
someone else’s writing or speech to support the argument.
VISUAL ITEMS - refers to photographs, illustrations, graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, and maps.