CRP Final

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CRP Final
HND In Computing (ESOFT Metro Campus)
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Higher Nationals
Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)
INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
Programme title BTEC HND in Computing
Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna

Assessor Internal
Verifier
Unit 13: Computing Research Project
Unit(s)
Final Research Report
Assignment title
Student’s name
List which assessment Pass Merit Distinction
criteria the Assessor has
awarded.
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST
Do the assessment criteria awarded match

those shown in the assignment brief? Y
Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded
justified by the assessor’s comments on the Y
student work?
Has the work been assessed

Y
accurately?
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:
• Constructive? Y
• Linked to relevant assessment Y
criteria? Y
• Identifying opportunities for
improved performance? YN
• Agreeing actions?
Does the assessment decision need
YN
amending?
Assessor signature
Internal Verifier signature

Programme Leader signature (if
required) Date
Unit 13: Computing Research Project pg. 1

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Confirm action completed
Remedial action taken

Give details:
Assessor signature Date

Internal
Verifier Date
signature
Programme Leader
signature (if Date
required)

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Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form

Student Name/ID
Unit Title
Assignment Number 13 Assessor Mrs. Gagani
Thilakarathna
1/5/2022 Date 1/5/2022
Submission Date Received 1st
submission
Date Received 2nd
Re-submission Date submission
Assessor Feedback:
LO2 Conduct and analyse research relevant to a chosen computing research project
Pass, Merit & Distinction

P3 ☐ P4 ☐ M2 ☐ D1 ☐
Descripts
LO3 Communicate the outcomes of a research project to identified stakeholders

P5 ☐ M3 ☐ D2 ☐
Descripts
LO4 Reflect on the application of research methodologies and concepts

P6 ☐ P7 ☐ M4 ☐ D3 ☐
Descripts
Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:
Resubmission Feedback:
Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Signature & Date:
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and
grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.

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Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student
Action Plan
Summative feedback
Feedback: Student to Assessor
Assessor Date
signature
Student signature Date

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Pearson
Higher Nationals in
Computing
Project Report
General Guidelines

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1. A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use
previous page as your cover sheet and be sure to fill the details correctly.
2. This entire brief should be attached in first before you start answering.
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printing.
5. Allow 1” margin on each side of the paper. But on the left side you will need to leave room
for binging.
Word Processing Rules
1. Use a font type that will make easy for your examiner to read. The font size should be 12
point, and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
2. Use 1.5 line word-processing. Left justify all paragraphs.
3. Ensure that all headings are consistent in terms of size and font style.
4. Use footer function on the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No,
and Page Number on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any
reason.
5. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help edit your
assignment.
Important Points:
1. Check carefully the hand in date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late
submissions will not be accepted.
2. Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.
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accepted for failure to hand in the work on time.
4. You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.
5. If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness,
you may apply (in writing) for an extension.
6. Failure to achieve at least a PASS grade will result in a REFERRAL grade being given.
7. Non-submission of work without valid reasons will lead to an automatic REFERRAL. You will
then be asked to complete an alternative assignment.
8. Take great care that if you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, you properly
reference them, using the HARVARD referencing system, in you text and any bibliography,
otherwise you may be guilty of plagiarism.
9. If you are caught plagiarising you could have your grade reduced to A REFERRAL or at worst
you could be excluded from the course.

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Student Declaration
I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present
it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct form. I further understand what it
means to copy another’s work.
1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of Edexcel UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiarise or copy another’s work in any of the
assignments for this program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspect of my program, will be my
own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct
way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding
agreement between myself and Pearson , UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not
attached to the assignment.
Student’s Signature: Date:

(kltx000006@esoft.academy) (1/5/2022)

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Higher National Diploma in Computing

Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
Unit Number and Title Unit 13 – Computing Research Project

Academic Year 2020/21
Unit Tutor Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna
Assignment Title Final Research Project Report
Issue Date 9/4/2021
Submission Date 1/5/2022
IV Name & Date Mr. Indika Sandanuwan / 1/22/2022
Submission format
 The submission is in the form of an individual written report.
 This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font size
12.
 You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all
work must be supported with research
 referenced using the Harvard referencing system.
 Please provide a referencing list using the Harvard referencing system.
 The recommended word limit is minimum 4,500 words
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO2. Conduct and analyse research relevant to a chosen computing research project
LO3. Communicate the outcomes of a research project to identified stakeholders
LO4. Reflect on the application of research methodologies and concepts

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Assignment Brief and Guidance:
Learner is now required to provide a comprehensive research project report based on the findings
of secondary and primary research carried out on the project proposal submitted in the previous
section.
The Learner requires to produce a detailed research project report covering following areas:
 Conduct primary and secondary research using appropriate methods for a computing
research project that consider costs, access and ethical issues
 Carry out your research and apply appropriate analytical tools to analyse research findings
and data and discuss merits, limitations and pitfalls experienced during data collection and
analysis.
 Draw conclusion based on the research findings gained from your primary and secondary
research.
 Communicate the outcomes of your research project to the identified audience and a
critical evaluation of the outcomes demonstrating if the research objectives were met.
 Reflect on the success of your research project and your performance at the end of
the project with the inclusion of a project evaluation and recommendations (Consider
alternative research methodologies and lessons learnt in view of the outcomes).

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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback
LO2 Conduct and analyse research relevant for a business

research project.
P3 Conduct primary and secondary research using appropriate

methods for a computing research project that consider costs, access
and ethical issues
P4 Apply appropriate analytical tools to analyse research findings and
data.
M2 Discuss merits, limitations and pitfalls of approaches to data
collection and analysis.
D1 Critically evaluate research methodologies and processes in
application to a computing research project to justify
chosen research methods and analysis.
LO3 Communicate the outcomes of a research project to

identified stakeholders
P5 Communicate research outcomes in an appropriate manner for the

intended audience.
M3 Coherently and logically communicate outcomes to the intended
audience, demonstrating how outcomes meet set research objectives.
D2 Communicate critical analysis of the outcomes and make valid,
justified recommendations.
LO4 Reflect on the application of research methodologies and
concepts
P6 Reflect on the effectiveness of research methods applied for

meeting objectives of the computing research project.

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P7 Consider
alternative research
methodologies and lessons learnt in view of the
outcomes.
M4 Provide critical reflection and insight that results in
recommended actions for improvements and future
research considerations.
D3 Demonstrate reflection and engagement in the
resource process leading to recommended actions for
future improvement.

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By User
satisfaction
Submitted in accordance with the requirements for on self-
the
COMPUTING RESEARCH PROJECT
checkout
MODULE OF PEARSON’S HND IN smart cart for
COMPUTING PROGRAMME
a
at the
ESOFT METRO CAMPUS supermarket
using IoT
Name of research Tutor: Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna
24/01/2022

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DECLARATION
Name of Research Candidate:

Pearson Registration Number:
Programme Name: HND in Computing
Research Title: User satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT
Field of Study: Internet of Things
I do solemnly and sincerely declare that:
i. I’m the sole author of this study
ii. This work is original
iii. In case of any use if any information from other sources references of copyright
with its ownership have been acknowledged in this document
iv. I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the
making of the work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work
v. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft, I
understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Edexcel UK, I know what the
consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in this research for this
program.
Candidate Signature: ulhp17@gmail.com Date: 1/5/2022
Subscribed and solemnly declared before,
Supervisor’s Name: Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna
Designation: Assistant Branch Manager /Lecturer IT
Supervisor’s Signature: gagani.thilakrathna@esoft.lk Date: 1/5/2022

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is great pleasure for the learner to undertake this research which is related to the unit of
‘Computing Research Project’ and the learner feels highly doing this final research report
entitled – “User satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supercentre using IoT”.
The success and final outcome of this research report required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and it is extremely privileged to have got this all along the
completion of this research. This would not have completed without their enormous
cooperation and worthy experience.
The learner would like to express her sincere gratitude to lecturer Mrs. Gagani
Thilakarathna as well as verifier Mr. Indika Sandaruwan who persuaded and continuously
guided us during the whole course of research project. The learner would also like to
thank them for their assistance and insightful comments, and who willingly shared their
expertise with us. She would not forget to remember for their encouragement and more
over for their timely support and guidance till the completion of research work.
Secondly, the learner sincerely acknowledge and thank her parents and classmates who
gave moral and support to complete the project duly. As the learner, she is thankful and
fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all who
sacrificed their works and helped to be successful in her project work.

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ABSTRACT
IoT is essentially a platform where embedded devices are connected to the internet, so
they can collect and exchange data with each other. Accordingly, the topic which the
learner selected for this research is “User satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a
supermarket using IoT”.
Supermarkets have virtually reached the pinnacle of technical development. People

usually purchase various essential things from supermarkets and place them on the cart
since this is the most common way in supermarkets. Consumers must, however,
physically find the goods, scale them separately throughout the whole shopping process,
and when it comes to the billing process, customers must wait in long queues for
extended periods of time to pay their bills. Due of people's hectic schedules, this is a
time-consuming process. Therefore it is good to develop an effective and cutting-edge
solution to address these issues. With the rising dependability and cost efficiency of
Internet of Things (IoT) based linked smart things in the sphere of consumer applications,
it makes more sense to ensure that such technologies are used to solve the common
human's day-to-day problems.
So, the researcher illustrates the ability for implementation of a trustworthy, sensible, and
cost-effective Self-Checkout Smart Shopping Cart in this framework. Such a framework
is appropriate for usage in any supercenter, where it may contribute in the reduction of
labor and the creation of a greater shopping experience for its customers.

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CONTENTS
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii
CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................v
A LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................9
1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................9
1.2. Purpose of research....................................................................................................................10
1.3. Significance of the Research......................................................................................................10
1.4. Research objectives...................................................................................................................12
1.5. Research questions....................................................................................................................12
1.6. Hypothesis.................................................................................................................................12
1.7. Thesis structure..........................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction........................................................................................13
CHAPTER 2 - Literature Review..............................................................................13
CHAPTER 3 - Methodology......................................................................................13
CHAPTER 4 - Presentation of Results.......................................................................13
CHAPTER 5 - Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................13
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................14
2.1. Literature Review......................................................................................................................14
2.2. Conceptual framework...............................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................22
3.1. Research philosophy..................................................................................................................23
3.2. Research approach.....................................................................................................................24
3.3. Research strategy.......................................................................................................................25
3.4. Research Choice........................................................................................................................27
3.5. Time frame................................................................................................................................27
3.6. Data collection procedures.........................................................................................................28
3.6.1. Type of Data..............................................................................................................................29
3.6.2. Data Collection Method.............................................................................................................29
3.6.3. Data Collection and Analyze Tools............................................................................................30

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3.6.4. Questionnaire Structure.............................................................................................................37

3.6.5. Data Storage..............................................................................................................................40
3.7. Target population and sampling.................................................................................................40
3.8. The selection of participants......................................................................................................40
3.9. Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability..................................................................................41
3.10. Ethical issues of the research study............................................................................................42
CHAPTER 4 - PRESENTATION OF RESULTS..........................................................................43
4.1. Demographic Analysis...............................................................................................................43
4.2. Hypotheses analysis...................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................60
5.1. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................60
5.3.1 Recommendations....................................................................................................................62
5.4.1 Future Improvements..............................................................................................................64
5.5 Personnel Reflection................................................................................................................66
5.5.1 Benefits for the researcher.........................................................................66
5.5.2 Benefits for the Industry/organization.....................................................66
Referencing...................................................................................................................................68
Reference List...............................................................................................................................68
Annexures A: Feedback Form / Question .....................................................................................71
Annexures B: Sample Feedback sheets.................................................................................................74
References.....................................................................................................................................24
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HND - Higher National Diploma

IoT - Internet of things
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
CRP - Computing Research Project
SAS - Statistical Analysis System

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A LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Literature review table..........................................................................................19

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Architecture of proposed system........................................................................16
Figure 2: Interface of the proposed self-checkout smart cart............................................17
Figure 3: Conceptual framework........................................................................................21
Figure 4: Research onion....................................................................................................22
Figure 5: Questionnaire......................................................................................................37
Figure 6: Demographic analysis - gender...........................................................................43
Figure 7: Demographic analysis - age.................................................................................44
Figure 8: Demographic analysis- Education.......................................................................44
Figure 9: Demographic analysis- Employment...................................................................45
Figure 10: Demographic analysis- IT literacy......................................................................46
Figure 11: Demographic analysis-IOT.................................................................................46
Figure 12: Issues in current system....................................................................................47
Figure 13: issues in current billing process.........................................................................48
Figure 14: Issues faced by the customers...........................................................................49
Figure 15: Issues in transactions........................................................................................49
Figure 16: Issues face by the customer..............................................................................50
Figure 17: Asses feedback for the IOT based solution.......................................................52
Figure 20:Asses feedback for the IOT based solution........................................................54
Figure 21:Interview questions............................................................................................57

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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
Research is a systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable

knowledge as it conducts to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive
framework. In the BTEC HND in computing program, we have to complete the
Computing Research Project (CRP) which is based on a research. The research should be
conducted related to the area Internet of Things (IoT). Because of that requirement we
were asked to prepare an individual written report based on the given criteria.
So, this research is to further understand about Internet of Things (IoT) and to learn how
this knowledge can be applied to better everyday life. It is an integral part of problem
solving. In this computing research project, we need to create proposal and detail written
report. The proposal includes brief explanation about the project while the detail written
report includes Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Presentation of Results,
Conclusions and Recommendations so in order to write the detailed written report, the
learner has to conduct a research. At present, IoT is used by a variety of industries to do
their day to day process properly. The learner has selected supermarket field for
conducting this research. So, here she is researching on what are the eligible IoT based
smart solutions that can be used to overcome existing issues in the traditional cart system
and assess on how far the users will satisfy for such smart solution.
Therefore, in this report, the learner depicts reasonable and cost-effective Smart Shopping
Cart utilizing IoT (Internet of Things) innovations. This framework addresses one of the
common issues that clients face in the existing traditional cart system of a selected

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supermarket in related field. On successful completion of this computing research project,

the learner will have the confidence to engage in problem-solving and research activities
based on IoT as a student researcher.
1.2. Purpose of research
IoT is a new emerging technology, and the learner is eager to learn about new
technologies. The main reason of choosing this research project under the topic of “user
satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT”, is researcher’s
personal interest.
As a customer, learner has faced so many difficulties throughout her shopping experience
in supermarkets due to the traditional cart system. Also, the learner has noticed that this is
a common problem faced by both the employees and customers. So, the researcher
believes that by choosing this field as her research, she will be able to discover a proper
IoT based smart solution for existing issues in a selected supermarket and learn more new
things about it, which has the potential to open up a new avenue in the super market
industry like in developed countries. This made me motivated to conduct this research.
Hence, the purpose of this study is to apply the benefits of IoT to the supermarket
industry, and this research will help solve the issues of learner’s research related topic.

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This made to find out a better solution for such existing issues through previous
researches. So, in the next section, through literature review part, the researcher will
prove that an IoT based self-checkout smart cart solution will effectively contribute to
overcome those issues. Although this research has both positive and negative
implications, the learner will be able to identify the right results with the help of
consistent evidence. This research purpose is met through forming hypotheses, collecting
data, analyzing with the help of SPSS software, etc.
1.3. Significance of the Research
When it comes to Sri Lanka, the usage of IoT sensor based self-checkout smart carts in a
physical platform, is almost non-existent at present except the online platforms.
Therefore, by implementing such smart cart solution will be benefited as people are
integrated with modern technology.
Grocery carts also play a role in smart retail rollouts. By reducing the interaction between
staff and customers, stores can improve safety and increase customer volume
simultaneously. So, the learner believes that with an IoT technique, we can lower this and
boost the efficiency of sales and management more than we can with human engagement.
The most common, currently used method of finding goods, weighing goods, billing them
in supermarket industry is a manual one with fully human involvement. They have been
used the traditional cart system for a long time which has several issues. But some
developed countries have used IoT technology to supermarket cart systems. As most of
the people have been familiar with the traditional cart system, no one was interested in

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finding such smart solutions. Thus, we can see IoT technology was not effectively used in
supermarket sector in Sri Lanka.
When applying an IoT based smart solution by addressing the existing issues, both
customers and employees can gain significant amount of advantages. Such as if we use
IoT technology for implementing a smart cart system, we can get a better shopping
experience which is more convenient as customers. Also, we do not want to dedicate our
valuable time to stay in long queues for bill payments as the system is automated. Not
only these things but also, human errors can be avoided, can increase productivity and
profit of the supermarket, customer interaction etc. after applying this technology. So,
implementing an IoT technology based smart cart solution in supermarkets, may leads to
a significant revolution in the supermarket industry .
By addressing the issues which the researcher mentioned under the background of this
research, the below mentioned benefits can be obtained.
 Facilitate customers
 Increase the effectiveness of money handling as no cash exchanges by hands.
 No need to wait in queues so customers can simply pick items from shelves and
scan barcode to pay
 To provide an accurate solution by reducing the human involvement
 Increase the effectiveness of money handling as no cash exchanges by hands.

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 Can replace the existing traditional cart system with a new IoT based sensors
embedded self-checkout smart cart
So, it is clear that there is considerable significance of this research which is titled as
“user satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT”.
1.4. Research objectives
1. To identify the issues in the current traditional cart system.

2. Research on what are the available IoT based solutions for a smart cart system.
3. To assess user satisfaction regarding the provided IoT based solution.
1.5. Research questions
Q1- What are the existing issues in the current traditional cart system ?
Q2- What are the available IoT based solutions for a smart cart system ?
Q3- Is the user satisfied regarding the IoT based solution ?
1.6. Hypothesis
 To identify the issues in the current traditional cart system

H1: There are significant number of issue in traditional cart solution.
H2: There are no significant number of issue in traditional cart solutions.
 Research on what are the eligible IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart
system.
H1: There are IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart system.
H2: There are no IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart system
 To assess user satisfaction regarding the provided IoT based solution

H1: User satisfied regarding the given solution
H2: User dissatisfied regarding the given solution

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First hypothesis is built to identify what are the existing issues in current traditional cart
system. Then Hypothesis 2 is built to identify what are the available IoT solutions in the
supermarket industry related to the issues in traditional cart system. And that second
hypothesis is fully based on the previous researchers and literature. After proposing an
IoT based smart solution, user satisfaction regarding the provided IoT based solution will
be assessed under the third hypothesis.
1.7. Thesis structure
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction
CHAPTER 2 - Literature Review
CHAPTER 3 - Methodology
CHAPTER 4 - Presentation of Results
CHAPTER 5 - Conclusions and Recommendations

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CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Literature Review
In this chapter, the relevant literature for this study is reviewed. The purpose of this
chapter is to provide an understanding of the available IoT based smart solutions for
identified issues in the traditional cart system of supermarket through the previous
researches.
Through this research, IoT is utilized to address identified specific problems of a selected
organization. Based on BizTech magazine by Doug Bonderud, the Internet of Things
(IoT) dispenses the framework for ‘smart supermarkets’ that can improve customer
satisfaction by various ways [ CITATION Dou20 \l 1033 ].
As per oracle.com defines; IoT refers the objects that are embedded with sensors,
software or other technologies for the intention of connecting and swapping data with
other systems and devices through the internet. When it comes to industrial IoT, it is an
essential thing to be concern as IoT has become one of the most significant technologies
and more widespread in the marketplace of the 21st century [ CITATION ora21 \l 1033 ].
When analyzing the research data which the researcher gathered via qualitative and
quantitative methods, the major concern was customers need lots of time and patience
who comes to purchase different products in IMAKRO Supermarket because of the
inefficiency of existing process.

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So, as BizTech magazine shows, supermarkets should deliver both improved customer
experience and enhanced corporate efficiency in order to deliver the value of being smart.
As a result of the research done for this, it was found that, self-checkout smart carts can
be used as an IOT solution according to the documentation project done by JSS Academy
of Technical Education, India which was published on the ResearchGate website. Rather
than the clients waiting in a long line for looking at their shopped things, this framework
supports in automatic mechanizing, a convenient and comfortable billing process. It
shows the nearest route to pick-up the listed items available in different racks of the
IMAKRO Supermarket. Also, the customer can itself weight the goods and do payments.
Along with these abilities, these smart-carts are capable of detecting theft by shoplifters.
So, management can monitor the shopping behaviors of customers and predict the sales
rate of products and make the stock available based on the ongoing customer
requirements. Overall, this system will assure that the consumers will have the best
shopping experience with lots of benefits and very often, they visit the IMAKRO
supermarket.
With the growing constant and cost effectiveness of IOT connected smart solutions, it
makes better sense of addressing the day-to-day concerns of such organizations. In this
regard, we are trying to execute a dependable, reasonable and cost effective self-checkout
smart cart. The giants of business world like Amazon, Wal-Mart and some other private
foreign companies in industry already in use of this smart-cart concept. Biz-Tech
illustrates that; supermarket stores can increase safety and customer volume
simultaneously by minimizing the interaction between staff and customers with the usage
of smart-carts.
Based on the facts in financialpost.com, [ CITATION Jak19 \l 1033 ] self-checkout smart

cart has a built-in scale that weighs produce placed inside, as well a scanner, a screen that

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shows the total bill and a card reader for payments so the customer simply needs to click
what they’re buying, puts it in the cart, pays and leaves.
As Forbes website [ CITATION Lau21 \l 1033 ] illustrates, “KroGo” which is a similar

shopping cart we are going to execute, has introduced to its largest supermarket chain
with a high-technology that lets customers to scan items as they go and leave the
supermarket without waiting in a checkout line and limited contact with store employees
in its latest push to bring more automation into its stores. Additionally, they have
mentioned that shoppers should scan their loyalty card and then they can scan each item
before placing it in the cart. As we got to know that customers of IMAKRO supermarket
have to wait in an extra queue to scale pay-by-weight items, our developers can gain the
idea of adding a separate scale in the smart cart solution that we are going to create by
referring the technique that ‘Kroger’ has implemented in their shopping cart system. As
Lauren Debter, who is a staff members of Forbes says, the screen on the cart will suggest
items as customers go, notifying shoppers about sales and recommending various items
and when finished, shoppers can pay directly on the cart and are given a green light that
lets them know they can leave the store. And they have found that Caper’s shopping carts
were more affordable. Actually, this is great illustration we can use too.
Hence, this brilliant shopping cart enables the client to view the cost when things are
added to the smart-cart. Also, the customer can aware of his/her budget and the offers that
are available at the supermarket. So, this increase the productivity of the self-checkout
technique and this address the common issues that customers face in the existing system
such as wastefulness of time, labor cost that happens when working in a manual premise.
[CITATION Sri18 \l 1033 ]

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So, our effort is to implement a self-checkout smart cart in view of IoT which can utilized
to address distinctive instances of IMAKRO Super-Market.
Main architecture of proposed system
Source:-[ CITATION Sri18 \l 1033 ]
Figure 1: Architecture of proposed system
According to the research article named “Development of Smart Shopping Carts with
Customer-Oriented Service” done by seven authors [ CITATION Hsi16 \l 1033 ] which
has published in the researchgate.net, they have also anticipated a consistent and cost
effective smart shopping cart with a smart user-interactive interfacing structure. The
content of that research article also greatly contributes us to achieve our objectives in this
project.

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Based on the observation on each research papers I mentioned above, we all

unanimously decided that it would be more appropriate to create the following type of
system.
Interface of the proposed self-checkout smart cart
The above self-checkout smart cart can address the common issues that customers face in
the existing system of IMAKRO supermarket. Every smart shopping cart is armed with a
barcode scanner, a camera, a weight sensor, a small computer for local processing and a
display device. The base station at a centralized location comprises of a database that
stores information of all the products, and able to interconnect with all the smart carts via

Figure 2: Interface of the proposed self-checkout smart cart
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the Wi-Fi network. When a customer begins shopping an orange color bulb strip turns on.
Then she/he has to scan the loyalty card and link the Cart ID with the Customer ID, once
logged in; they can scan the products one by one with the barcode scanner or through the
image recognition feature present at the cart and keep adding them to the cart. At that
time green color bulb strip will automatically light up to indicate that the customer’s
purchase was successful. In order to manage all the cases of fault, this design comprises a
weight sensor at the cart which the existing system was lacking .
Once the customer ﬁnishes shopping, she/he then can pay the bill amount which is also
happened according a fully automated way. After they have completed shopping and
replaced the cart in the correct place, the green bulb strip will automatically turns off
which has lit up with the movement of the smart-cart.
The research on [ CITATION Hsi16 \l 1033 ] presents an initial development of a self-

checkout smart shopping cart that can be combined with a supermarket like IMAKRO.
Hence, we can successfully adapt that idea to context of the IMAKRO supermarket
relevant to our project. Moreover, they say, smart shopping carts can offer customers with
the efficient user interface so that the shopping service can be effectively promoted too.
With the use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, a smart cart can automatically
detect the various products which are being added in the cart and show the related
information on the user interface based on the purchase history. Through the searching
function of smart cart, further provides the associated assistive shopping information such
as navigation aid in the mall. At the end, The total amount of purchasing can be
automated calculated and then send to the billing system of IMAKRO supermarket. This
experimental research demo displays the usefulness of the anticipated IOT based smart
cart solution which cooperates with the customer and delivers effectual shopping facility
and a great shopping experience. Also this solution will overcome the current issues of
IMAKRO supermarket and can maintain the cost-effectiveness and standards.

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Ultimately, this research showcases the highly potential capability to be integrated into
the IoT in supermarkets like IMAKRO. Hence, this IoT based self-checkout smart cart
solution can positively contribute to fulfill the project aims and objectives.
Thus the chapter 2 has been enriched with researches that had been conducted by other
researchers in relation to the sub areas affected to my research such as the ability to use
IoT to overcome existing issues related to the traditional cart system.
Table 1: Literature review table
Author & article Methodology Data analysis Finding

N/A
Author:- oracle Deductive What is IoT, how to

use it
Article:- What Is IoT
Authors :- SrinidhiDeductive How to use IoT with

Karjol(&), Anusha K. security and if don’t
Holla(&),and C. B. implement security
Abhilash what will happen
Article:- An IOT
Based Smart
Shopping Cart for

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Smart Shopping
Author:- Ryan Alturki Case study The door security

system and how it’s
Article:- Research works through human
Onion for Smart IoT- motion
Enabled Mobile
Applications
Author:- Kim, Kang Deductive Why email not

effective to alert
Article:- An IOT system and why text
Based Smart message effective to
Shopping Cart for alarm system
Smart Shopping
Authors:- Nithiavathy R,Positivism How to protect home

Asmitha Shree
using pin code door
Rameshprabu, Article:-
mechanism and how
Arduino enabled IoT based
Smart Shopping Trolley to monitor home
remotely using
internet
Authors:- Srinidhi Cognitive Computing Ability to use IoT
Karjol, Anusha K.Case study technology to address
Holla et al. problems in Walmart
or supermarkets
Paper:-An IOT Based
Smart Shopping Cart
for Smart Shopping

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Figure 3: Conceptual framework
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2.2. Conceptual framework
The topic the researcher chose for this research is ‘user satisfaction on self-checkout
smart cart for a supermarket using IoT’. One of the most dynamic and exciting
developments in information and communications technology is the advent of the
Internet of Things (IoT). So, what the learner doing here is coming up with a solution
through IoT to the current issues in supermarket traditional cart system. For an example;
nowadays one of a major problem every customer facing is time consuming as they
have to wait in long queues. This unnecessary time wastage happens at peak times in all
shops therefore, it is imperative for society today to address these kind of matters.
Therefore, it is very important to complete this research successfully and in order to do
so, the factors mentioned in the above image must be achieved. That is, we need to
identify what are the issues in current traditional cart system. The learner has already
identified it. And then the researcher should identify how IoT can be used eliminate
issues and what are the eligible solutions. After that researcher has to identify the
effectiveness of the IoT solution. That means how far the user satisfied with the given
solution. If these points are properly emphasized, the researcher can conduct a
successful research by achieving the objectives mentioned above.
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY
Designing the research and applying appropriate methods and techniques are the key aim
of this chapter. There are numerous research methodologies and frameworks, and each
has its own advantages and disadvantages. The research onion and nested method are
major research frameworks and are used widely in research. Among them, one of the
most common and comprehensive research framework which is used for this research is,
“The Research Onion”. Below figure illustrates the research onion framework.

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Combining this research onion framework with an Internet of Things (IoT) enabled smart
solution within the real world is the foundation of this research. The framework has six
Figure 4: Research onion
main layers, starting with philosophy and ending with techniques and procedures. This
chapter begins by providing a brief introduction in regard to the selected framework.
Then, it provides a comprehensive explanation regarding each of the framework layers
and justifying the chosen element within each layer combining with the IoT-enabled self-
checkout smart cart solution for this research study.
The research onion was developed by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007). It illustrates
the stages that must be covered when developing a research strategy. When viewed from

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the outside, each layer of the onion describes a more detailed stage of the research
process. Also, this model aims to explain the different stages of writing a dissertation to
help students create a better organized methodology. The research onion provides an
effective progression through which a research methodology can be designed. Its
usefulness lies in its adaptability for almost any type of research methodology and can be
used in a variety of contexts.
3.1. Research philosophy
The research philosophy shows how the researcher views the topic and contains important
assumptions upon which the researcher will base the work [ CITATION Alt21 \l 1033 ].
There are various research philosophies that can be adopted, such as realism,
interpretivism, pragmatism, and positivism. Research philosophy in the research onion
applied for this research is “Positivism”.
Positivist research takes the view that knowledge exists outside of what’s being studied.
In other words, what is being analyzed can only be done critically, and it cannot contain
personal views or viewpoints – the researcher only observes, not interprets. Positivism
states that there is only one reality and that all meaning is consistent between subjects. In
the positivist’s view, knowledge can only be acquired through empirical research, which
is based on measurement and observation. In other words, all knowledge is regarded as a
posteriori knowledge, or knowledge obtained by study rather than human reasoning.
There are some advantages of positivism that can be pointed out as follows:-

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 Quantitative data
 Value freedom
 Shows patterns and trends
 Reliability
 Representative
 Generalizable
 Objective data
Positivists prefer quantitative methods such as social surveys, structured questionnaires

and official statistics because these have good reliability and representativeness. And that
is good for generalizing.
Because of the reasons mentioned above, I believe positivism as a research philosophy is

appropriate in order to build a solid philosophical foundation within this study.
3.2. Research approach
There is a strong link between research and theory. The research approach is the
movement trend between research and theories. Inductive and deductive approaches are
the major research approaches that exist. The deductive approach will be used for this
research.

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In deductive reasoning, the researcher moves from more general to more specific. The
deductive approach starts with a compelling theory and then the implications of that
theory are tested with the data. The deductive approach is therefore associated with the
scientific investigation [ CITATION Alt21 \l 1033 ].
That means, the deductive method begins with the introduction of a specific hypothesis
based on the researcher's observations of the literature review, and gradually tries to test
this hypothesis and check if it holds in specific contexts. [ CITATION uke21 \l 1033 ]
The benefits of this deductive approach are; it gets straight to the point, and so can be
time-saving. So this type of research is often quicker to conduct as well. It offers a
possibility to explain causal relationships between the concepts and the variables
[ CITATION Joe21 \l 1033 ]. Therefore deductive approach suits to this research.

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3.3. Research strategy
Saunders et al defined research strategy as “the general plan of how the researcher will go
about answering the research questions”. There are several kinds of research strategies
that are affected by the research philosophy and types of inquiries for which a research
aims to provide answers for research questions. Following are the research strategies that
the learner utilized for this research.
 Surveys as a research strategy
Researcher can gather rich and reliable data through this process as surveys tend to be
used in quantitative research projects, and involves sampling a representative proportion
of the population. Surveys are most commonly used to examine causative variables
between different types of data. When it comes to survey, the learner has used some
survey methods to collect information such as In-Person Interviews, Telephone
interviews, Mailed Questionnaires, Online Questionnaires and so on.
There are several strengths and weaknesses of surveys that can be listed below.
Advantages of Surveys:-
 It is an inexpensive method of conducting research.
 Surveys are flexible
 Surveys are a practical solution for data gathering.
 It is a fast way to get the results that you need.
 Surveys provide opportunities for scalability.
 It allows for data to come from multiple sources at once.
 Surveys give the opportunity to compare results.
 It offers a straightforward analysis and visualization of the data.
 Survey respondents can stay anonymous with this research approach.
 It is a research tool with fewer time constraints.
 Surveys can cover every component of any topic.[ CITATION Lou20 \l 1033 ]

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Disadvantages of Surveys:-
 There can be differences in how people understand the survey questions.
 Some respondents will choose answers before reading the questions.
 There is a risk that people will provide dishonest answers.
 Accessibility issues can impact some surveys.[ CITATION Lou20 \l 1033 ]
Although there are few shortcomings in surveys, they can be avoided by using
appropriate tactics, depending on the skill of the researcher and used appropriately and
effectively in their research. It can be mentioned that the learner was also able to avoid
the shortcomings and use them appropriately to her research.
 Case study as a research strategy
A case study is a comprehensive analysis of a single topic, such as an individual, a

community, or an organization, or an event, phenomenon, or issue. This form of study
inspects a topic in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of problems in a real-
world environment. The aim here is to gain a thorough understanding of the study's
context, not to generalize the findings. [ CITATION Chi16 \l 1033 ]
Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using the case study as a research strategy.
Advantages of the Case Study:-
 It is inexpensive
 It is very accessible to readers
 It can be done remotely

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Disadvantages of the Case Study:-
 It may takes longer to analyze the data.
But the learner was able to utilize case study as a research strategy by overcoming the
negatives. In this way, the reader can get a clear view of the researcher’s research
strategies.
3.4. Research Choice
This research can be described in two ways: quantitative and qualitative. The main
differences that separate the two types are the procedures and techniques, which focus on
either verbal (words) or numerical data [ CITATION Alt21 \l 1033 ].
In this research, the choice describes between the qualitative and quantitative types or a
combination of both. That means, the learner makes use of multiple data collection
techniques as well as various methods of analysis and presenting results. So, ‘mixed
method’ is used here in this IoT based research.
A mixed methods research collects and analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data in
one study. Since these methods can each answer different questions on their own,
combining them can produce more in-depth results. Quantitative data, on the whole, is
best at answering questions like ‘What is the impact of the smart cart? And qualitative
data will demonstrate how and why you arrived at these conclusions. Therefore, this
research is placed within the mixed-methods research choice.

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3.5. Time frame
The time horizon can be defined as a specific period of time that is covered by a study
alongside the time that data were collected and related analysis was conducted. Any
research can have two time horizons. A cross-sectional time horizon assists in capturing
the immediate link among causes and effects while a longitudinal time horizon assists in
capturing the changes and in testing the constancy of the inferences over a period of time[
CITATION Alt21 \l 1033 ].
This research has a ‘cross-sectional’ time horizon. The cross-sectional data is used when
all observations are for a single point of time such as in most surveys. The cross-sectional
time horizon is the one that has already been established for the data collection. When the
inquiry is focused on the study of a specific phenomenon at a specific time, this term is
used. So, the researcher has been used ‘cross-sectional time horizon’ for this research as
they were given only a limited time to conduct this research in this assignment.
Hence, the researcher has utilized research onion as the research methodology along with
the philosophy of positivism and deductive approach as this research was done on the
basis of hypothesis. And both qualitative and quantitative data will be analyzed because
the researcher’s methodological choice was to use mixed method. The time horizon was
cross sectional as the researcher’s one intention is to identify the prevailing issues of the
selected case study.
3.6. Data collection procedures

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This is the sixth and last layer of the research onion. This layer describes how the data for
the study was gathered and analyzed. It also goes over the data source, test design,
sample, sample size, sample ethics, sample limitations, research reliability, and validity.
The information gathered may be primary or secondary. The term "primary data" refers to
information that has been obtained directly from a source. Secondary data is indirect data,
which is the exact opposite to primary data. To collect the data, the learner has conducted
In-Person Interviews, Telephone interviews, Mailed Questionnaires, Online
Questionnaires, Google form, Observations and Focus Groups.

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3.6.1. Type of Data
Primary Data - Data that has been gathered through first-hand experience or first-hand
sources can be identified as primary data. They are more quality, reliable, authentic,
objective and greater in validity. For example, data derived from statistical collections
such as the census can constitute primary data.
Secondary Data - Secondary data is that which is derived from the work or opinions of
other researchers. That means, data collected from sources that have been already
published in any form such as books, internet articles, records etc. For example, the
conclusions of a research article can constitute secondary data because it is information
that has already been processed by another.
The researcher has used both primary and secondary data in this research. So, in this
research these are the primary methods that are used to collect data; google form,
observations and interviews. There the questions were made to assess user satisfaction to
the proposed solution. And as the secondary data, the learner utilized data through
literature reviews to identify available IoT based solutions done by previous researchers.
3.6.2. Data Collection Method
Data means, raw facts, statistics, or items of information which are collected in various
ways. Data collection is the procedure of gathering and measuring data on variables of

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interest, in a methodical and conventional manner, in order to response the exposed

research questions, test hypotheses and evaluate outcomes. This data collection starts with
determining what sort of data required followed by the selection of a sample from a
certain people. In this research, the researcher has used the below data collection
methods. [ CITATION tec20 \l 1033 ]
 Qualitative Research Method
 Quantitative Research Method
These methods can be either a result of primary research or secondary research that can
be classified based upon how the data has been collected as exposed in above.
Qualitative Research Method - The qualitative research methods of data collection does
not involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a
mathematical calculation, rather it is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the
feeling or emotion of the researcher. Example of such a method is open-ended
questionnaire, interviews, focus groups, observations, and oral histories.
Quantitative Research Method - Quantitative methods are presented in numbers and

require a mathematical calculation to deduce. An example would be the use of a
questionnaire with close-ended questions to arrive at figures to be calculated
Mathematically. Other examples for quantitative research method are surveys, documents
and records.

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When conducting this research, the learner used the closed ended questionnaire as a
quantitative research method. But one open-ended question has also been added to the
questionnaire to express participants ideas/comments. Because it gives us a lot of
information. Interviews were also used as a qualitative research method. There the learner
used structured interviews and then prepared all the questions in advance and presented
them in the interview. In this way the researcher has used both qualitative and quantitative
research methods in this research.
Closed ended questionnaire are very easy to collect and analyze data and it is easy to
share with a greater number of participants. Structured interview also used in-order to
collect data, of we used semi or un-structured interviews it is hard to gather directly
relevant data to the research. So I used structured interview to collect information. These
are the methods that the learner used to collect data relevant to her research. And these
methods were applied to a sample of customers and members of supermarket
management who were selected under simple random sampling.
3.6.3. Data Collection and Analyze Tools
Collected data will be analyzed by using descriptive analysis based on Microsoft Excel.
Following is an explanation on tools that were used in this research to collect data and
analyze.
Data gathering tools

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Data collection and analysis tools are defined as a series of charts, maps, and diagrams
designed to collect, interpret, and present data for a wide range of applications and
industries. Various programs and methodologies have been developed for use in nearly
any industry, ranging from manufacturing and quality assurance to research groups and
data collection companies.
Google Forms
The researcher has mainly utilized google forms to create questionnaire. The feedback
technique via google forms that is used to identify the suggestions, customer opinion for
the IoT solution, is questionnaires. This is used to collect information from the selected
sample of participants (20 people).
So the researcher has created a data collecting survey by using google forms to get
feedbacks for this purpose. In researcher’s opinion, it is the most convenient way to get
the feedbacks because it is easily accessible to anyone, it can save time and the analyzer
does not need to interview the users individually etc. Learner created a link and shared
that among selected sample of people in order to get their valuable feedbacks. Here, is the
link;
https://forms.gle/m78PcVCasarDLsAK7
Following are the reasons to use google forms;

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 It is a free online tool, that allows to gather information easily and efficiently.
 We were able to create the questionnaire surveys in less time to get feedbacks
about the IoT based solution by using ‘Google forms’.
 Google forms provide flexible user friendly interfaces and users are able to create
the form attractively by using different templates.
 Google forms stores the feedback received and we can access to the spreadsheet
view and preview of the form also so we can analyze it easily in detail.
 We can customize the form as we need by selecting the answering methods such
as
multiple choices, checkboxes, dropdowns, short answers, paragraphs etc. and send
the form by email or any other means among participants.
 With this tool, we can get unlimited questions and responses at no cost, while
other
survey tools need a payment depending on the number of questions and
recipients.
 As this integrates with google drive, it is easy to monitor and maintain the
prepared questionnaire which may support the validity and the accuracy of
collected data.[ CITATION San18 \l 1033 ]
Questionnaire
A questionnaire was created in order to conduct the primary research with the intention of
gathering information of the selected sample of participants within a short time period. To
facilitate the data analysis, the researcher has divided this questionnaire into three
subsections: Demographic data of participants, identification of prevailing issues of the
selected organization and the participant’s opinion through the feedbacks.

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So there, the researcher has used both open-ended and closed-ended questions by mainly
focusing on close-ended questions which includes the answers with the question so the
participants feel more convenient as they only need to select their opinion. And most of
the questions under these three subcategories are presented in multiple option answers
method and participants are required to respond them without missing each question.
Apart from that, short answers space has been provided for open-ended questions.
Considering all this, it seems that these tools can help to build up the accuracy of our
research conducted.
Interviews
One-to-one interview sessions have been conducted with a selected group of participants
by maintaining direct contact among us and the participants to further verify authenticity
of the research.
Simply, by observing the behaviour of the participants at the time we conduct the
interview, one can immediately understand or identify whether the provided information
by himself/herself is true or false through their gestures and facial expressions which aids
to uphold the authenticity of the collected data. Further probing and clarification are
possible as the interview proceeds. This flexibility is invaluable for gaining private views
and feelings about the research subject and exploring new issues that emerge during the
interview. They may be highly structured, resembling questionnaires, or highly
unstructured, starting with general questions that allow the respondent to lead the way.
Also, after reviewing the analysis of interview questions and answers described in the
above, the reader can understand this interview technique which is considered as a
qualitative research method, certainly helpful to achieve project aims and objectives by
upholding the authenticity and the accuracy of the data collected.

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Data analysis tools
In each phase of the project, the researcher had to use several tools to create required
documents, such as draw.io diagrams, MS Project, and MS excel in order to design
organization structure, to create the project Gantt chart the learner used MS project for
time management. Moreover, the learner used MS Excel to collect and analyze research
data to support the descriptive analysis.
Below she has further mentioned those tools and reasons to utilized them in the project
process.
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is the helpful and powerful program for data analysis and documentation
for researches like this. It is a spreadsheet program, which contains a number of columns
and rows, where each intersection of a column and a row is a “cell.” Each cell contains
one point of data or one piece of information. By organizing the information in this way,
we can make information easier to find, and automatically draw information from
changing data. Below are some advantages of using excel.
 Ability to create spreadsheets

 Ability to carry out formulas for an example; we can perform a ‘SUM’ operation
to
tally expenses of the project budget.
 We were able to create a variety of charts, graphs and analyze numerical data
using
excel tools.
 More flexible
 Easy access ( can assess through online)
 Facilitate to store data
 Can avoid spelling and grammar mistakes by itself

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 MS Excel was specially used for analytical purposes of the data gathered through
the questionnaire which was conducted as a primary research among 20
participants.
Microsoft Word
 This word processing software helped us to accomplish the project work in a

better
way by saving the time of our crew and provide great tools that we can work on.
 We can easily access to operations such as create, view, edit, saves, share, print,
and publish documents.
 This provides spelling and grammar checking option which helps to produce
accurate documents.
 Different facilities of typing to the user to save time and get their work in an
efficient
manner.
 Can access more commands quickly and customize it to fit as needed.
Microsoft Power Point
 Can create great presentations in a slideshow format.

 MS Power Point was used to do the live demo of the proposed system and manage
user training sessions.

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Microsoft Project
 Easy to use
 Different Views
 Effortless project planning
 Manage resource allocation
 Tracking project evolution when it comes to completion, time and costs
 Flexible to the user
 Dependability
A wide variety of software programs which are offered by Microsoft Office , such as
Word, Excel and Power Point are all great programs to do any project on. By using them,
we could express our concepts and create visual impact with improved imageries and
other features. It was very easy to make the structure of our IoT concepts by adding
creativity to the work and make our ideas stand out. When we were delivering a
presentation like the demo of proposed system to the IMAKRO management, office
package was really helpful.
Bar Charts
We used a descriptive analysis method for our primary research in order to process data
so different kinds of bar charts have been used to represent the data in an effective
manner. Some of them are 2D column charts, 3D column charts, 2D bar charts, 3D bar
charts, vertical or horizontal bar charts to analyze the collected data.
These bar graphs can display data in multiple, highly visual ways. And, bar charts can
showcase many categories of data such as numerical data or other types of data via

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vertical or horizontal columns. This can be considered as the simplest way to summarize
data. So, it is very convenient for us to compare datasets.
Pie Charts
Pie charts also used extensively to perform data analyzation. They can use to show
percentage or proportional share. Here too there are different types of pie charts and some
of the ones we have used are; 2D pie chart, 3D pie chart and doughnut charts. These pie
charts are easy to prepare and understand as they visually represent the summary of data.
Most of the times, pie charts were used to analyze the data as shown in the previous
because pie-charts can display collected data and invite further exploration of that
particular topic / question.
Funnel Charts
This is a similar type to a stacked percent bar chart or pie chart. Funnel charts can be
sorted to analyze conversion rates. These charts were helped us to summarize data and to
identify bottlenecks as this supports multiples. So, these funnel charts can be used to
highlight and cross-filter other visualizations on the same report page. I have used funnel
charts to analyze participants age group.
Column Charts

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Column charts are also known as vertical bar charts. These charts visualize where each
category is represented by a rectangle and the height of each bar is proportional to the
percentage. We were able to portray accurate data by using this type of charts also.
Histograms
This is the most commonly used graph for showing frequency distributions, or how often
each different value in a set of data occurs.
Scatter Diagram
A diagram that graphs pairs of numerical data, one variable on each axis, to look for a
relationship.
SPSS
SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it’s used by various
kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis. The SPSS software package was
created for the management and statistical analysis of social science data. Most top
research agencies use SPSS to analyze survey data and mine text data so that they can get
the most out of their research and survey projects.
Ultimately, it can be evaluated that by using the above mentioned selected tools and
techniques, the researcher was able to conduct this research project in a well-organized

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manner specially upholding the authenticity and the accuracy of the data collected in
order to support and justify the recommendations mentioned under the next section.
3.6.4. Questionnaire Structure

Demographic Analysis

Figure 5: Questionnaire
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To identify the problems in current cart solution

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To assess the feedback to the proposed IOT based cart solution

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3.6.5. Data Storage
When conducting this research, the learner requires many kinds of data and information
to continue the research as this research is totally depends on collected data. So, it is
needed to secure the data from any attacks. There are several ways to secure the
research’s research data. For that the learner may use data storing devices such as, pen
drive, SSD, hard drives, google drive, cloud network etc. So, the researcher used google
drive for store the data that is needed for research. This gives maximum protection for
data and the learner is able to retrieve and add new data whenever she wants. So, there is
a very good protection there for my data.
3.7. Target population and sampling
The researcher has used questionnaire method to gather some data for this research.
Accordingly, she has selected both customers and management of IMAKRO supermarket
for this purpose. So, this sample can be selected as a ‘simple random sample’ which
means subset of a population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability
of being chosen [CITATION Ale21 \l 1033 ]. So, it is an unbiased representation of a
group. Accordingly, they were selected for this purpose due to their experience as
frequent customers. That is, according to the field of research, the people selected for this
should have knowledge and computer literacy. So some participants were selected from
the management staff except the customers as they have that knowledge well. They are
also well versed regarding the prevailing issues in the supermarket. So, the learner has
selected customers and supermarket management staff as the participants for the
questionnaire under simple random sampling.

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3.8. The selection of participants
This research is useful for the smart supermarket field and it is a common place to us as
we usually visit there to purchase goods. But in order to continue this research, the learner
needs to collect data from customers. So, the researcher planned to collect these data from
both customers and management of that particular supermarket because existing matters
can be easily identified via them as they are the people who are constantly visit there, and
it is the easiest way to get the required data. The researcher will be able to know their
prevailing problems easily and continue this research using those data. So, 20 participants
have been selected for the questionnaire and some of them for the interview.
3.9. Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability
Data Reliability
Data reliability refers to the completeness and accuracy of data, and it is a critical basis
for establishing data trust within an organization. Ensuring data reliability is one of the
main objectives of data integrity initiatives, which are also used to maintain data security,
data quality, and regulatory compliance. So data must be reliable to conduct a successful
research because the research’s main source is data so that data must be reliability to
analyze and make decision not only that when it comes to the data it must be stored in a
place (device) so data keeping cost also add so if the data is not reliable, the storing and
conducting research is not useful.
Data Validity

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Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.

When research has a high level of validity, it delivers results that correspond to real-world
properties, characteristics, and variances. So when it is comes to our research it must be
data validity to get successful research output otherwise the researching time and cost will
be waste.
Generalizability
Generalizability is a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group
of people or situations. If the results of a study are broadly applicable to many different
types of people or situations, the study is said to have good generalizability.
In this research, researcher took customers and management staff so researcher can get
more data to conduct the research because through conducting the research in the broad
manner using different types of people, then researcher can provide good generalizability
research output. Also, they were selected for this purpose due to their experience. That is,
according to the field of research, the people selected for this should have knowledge and
computer literacy. So those who work with me have that knowledge well. Then I can
validly result. So, even if I repeat this research, this is the output.
3.10. Ethical issues of the research study
Because of the nature of this project, there were some ethical considerations that needed
to be considered. All participants were treated with respect and courtesy in the beginning.
The researcher used an "informed consent" strategy, in which the research's goal and
methods were made clear to all participants. Individual respondents' confidentiality and

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anonymity were guaranteed, and permission to record the interviews was sought. Below
are some other ethical considerations.
 Risks to participants and/or researchers: - Participants and researchers do not

need to worry because as the learner mentioned earlier, personal data are not
collected and the collected data are stored securely. (google drive).
 Sensitive topics: - In this research, the researcher does not collect sensitive
information and the information with participants’ names are not collected
because it is not necessary to gather confidential information like their name,
address, income etc. This means that the researcher conducts this research by
respecting the privacy, anonymity and confidentiality of the participants.
 Data storage and security, both during and after the research (including
transfer, sharing, encryption, protection) : - Data and information will be stored
in the researcher’s personal google drive as the files that are uploaded to Google
Drive folders are stored in secure, encrypted data centers. Not only that, the
researcher can access the data all over the world.
CHAPTER 4 - PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
4.1. Demographic Analysis
Below is an analysis of the demographic data of the participants who responded to the
questionnaire.
Q1 - Gender

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Accordingly, this can be considered as the first one analyzed under the subsection
category
of demographic details. So, by providing close ended question like select your gender and
by providing option-based answers we were able to gather relevant data.
Figure 6: Demographic analysis - gender
Above depicted doughnut chart exemplifies the analyzed data which were collected from
all the participants as this was a required question. As per this chart elaborates, most of
the
participants which represents the highest percentage as 60% were female while the other
40% of the participants are male ones. Therefore, by looking at the chart, researcher can
identify that the majority of the participants are females. The interest of people to visit the
supermarket may be increase with the execution of the IoT solution that provide a
wonderful and efficient shopping experience.

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Q2 - Age group
Researcher has used a funnel chart for this to depict the data clearly. When compare the
responded participants according to their age group, 40% responses got form age 30 – 45
and it is the majority responded age group too. 35% among all the participants are from
18 – 30 age group. Only 15% of participants belong to 45-60 age group. Least percentage
(5%) of participants who responded are belong to below 18 years and above 60 which has
Figure 7: Demographic analysis - age
an equal percentage. According to these responses, learner can understand 75% of
responses got from less than 45 years old people. So, it is clear that the store is mostly
visited by people between the ages of 18 and 45 and the least frequent visitors are those
under the age of 18 and over 60.

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Q3 - Highest education qualification
Next question which was given to the participants was to select their highest education
qualification. The purpose of asking this option based, close ended question is to get an
idea about the educational background of nominated participants for the questionnaire as
it
is imperative to make sure that participants were educated in order to make accurate
decisions.
Figure 8: Demographic analysis- Education
So, the above portrayed horizontal 3-D Bar Chart elaborates that highest number of
participants which takes 55% are degree holders while equal number of participants are
having diploma and masters level qualification which is 15%. Among all the participants,
G.C.E. Advance Level is the highest education qualification for 10% of participants. Very
few, five percent of the participants, are having other qualifications while no one has
G.C.E. Ordinary Level as their highest education qualification. By looking at this pie-
chart we can come to a conclusion that the majority of the participants are educated.

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Q4 – About whether participants are employed or not
As the above 3-D Pie Chart depicts, 95% are employed and 5% are not employed. By
looking at the chart it can be noticed that the majority of the participants are employed
and the fact that there are very few non-employed in the feedback range. This is an
advantage for this research as the most of the energy wastage in the home is due to the
Figure 9: Demographic analysis- Employment
intense workload in the home and that busyness comes with the job. So having more
people working on this research will help the success of this research. Then my IOT
related recommendations will work.

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Q5 – How do participants’ rate their IT / computer literacy ?
Figure 10: Demographic analysis- IT literacy
Above bar chart represents the IT / computer literacy of the selected sample of
participants. The above chart illustrates that the highest number of participants have high
level of IT literacy while 6 participants have an somewhat level of IT / computer literacy.
Only 3 participants which is a less number who have at least a medium (intermediate) IT
literacy. However, only one participant has a little bit knowledge while nobody has a very
low IT / computer literacy.
As this research is based on IoT concept, the objective of this close ended, simple
alternate question is to ensure that the participants are literate of IT / computer
knowledge. Overall, it appears that the vast majority of participants have some level of
literacy.

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Q6 – Participants' understanding of IoT
The final analysis under demographic category is, participants awareness of IoT. So,
based on the above 3-D Column Chart, more than half of the participants who answered
this questionnaire which takes 75%, are very well aware of IoT (Internet of Things).
Nearly three participants which represents 15% are somewhat aware regarding IoT while
5% of participants have heard about IoT but do not know exactly. Only a small minority
of participants which is 5% and similar with the previous percentage are not aware
regarding IoT at all. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is, that the majority of
those who participated in our investigation have at least some kind of understanding
Figure 11: Demographic analysis-IOT
about IoT while many of them have a very well awareness regarding IoT.
4.2. Hypotheses analysis
To identify the issues in the current traditional cart system
H1: There are significant number of issue in traditional cart solution.
H2: There are no significant number of issue in traditional cart solutions.

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Q7 - How often participants visit IMAKRO supermarket
Questions analysis related with identifying issues in the existing process have been
presented through this section.
The above column chart depicts how often the participants visit IMAKRO supercenter.
Here, the ‘Y’ axis defines the percentage and the ‘X’ axis describes how often the
participants visit to IMAKRO supermarket. Based on that, 50% which is the highest
percentage of participants are weekly visit to the IMAKRO supermarket. Many of them
Figure 12: Issues in current system
which is 45% daily visit to IMAKRO while 5%, a very small percentage of participants
monthly visits to IMAKRO supercenter. No any participant in the selected sample have
been stated that they rarely visit to IMAKRO. But considering the number of people who
come there daily and weekly, it seems that this questionnaire has been answered by a
group of people who are constantly visit here. So, they can accurately identify the
shortcomings of the existing system and actively participate for this questionnaire part.

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Q8 – Is the current bill payment system and goods weighing process time consuming ?
As the above pie-chart illustrates, the vast majority, 95%, have stated that both the current
bill payment system and goods weighing process are time consuming. The 5% minority
represented by one person says that those processes are not consuming time. But, as
nineteen of the twenty participants who took part in this questionnaire, or 95 percent, said
Figure 13: issues in current billing process
the current system is a time consuming one so this could be identified as an existing issue.
Q9 - Whether or not customers have to wait in long queues

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Figure 14: Issues faced by the customers
According to the below 3-D Column Chart, all the people who participated for this
questionnaire, which takes 100%, have accepted that the customers have to wait in long
queues. So, this is a major issue that should be addressed by the proposed IoT based smart
solution.
Q10 - Do mistakes occur when handling cash by hands ?
Figure 15: Issues in transactions

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As the following 3-D Pie Chart displays, 80% among all the participants which is the
highest percentage stated that mistakes occur when handling cash by hands while 15%
has a neutral opinion on that as they think that the mistakes may be occur. Only a very
few which takes 5%, have said that no mistakes occur when handling cash by hands.
Hence, it can be concluded that there are some errors in the handling of cash transactions
in the existing manual system. The above pie-chart clearly analyzes that.
Q11 - Do you have to seek the assistance of another person to find the goods in
supermarket?
Conferring to the above 3-D Clustered Bar Chart, it seems that the highest percentage
which takes 55% among all, represents the category who has selected ‘yes’ option which
means they need the assistance of another person to find goods within the supermarket
premises. While the majority say so, another 35% of participants have a neutral opinion
as it indicates that they may need the assistance only in sometimes. Only 10% have
Figure 16: Issues face by the customer
declared that they do not need any assistance. But as most of the participants who
responded to this questionnaire need some assistance in finding the goods, this too should
be addressed through the proposed IoT based smart cart solutions.

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When comparing the analyzed results of questions 8, 9, 10, 11 respectively, it

demonstrated that the majority of people have issue in the current system of that
particular supermarket. The first hypotheses analysis has conducted to identify issues in
the current traditional cart system, was true as there are significant number of issue in
traditional cart solution (H1).
Research on what are the eligible IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart
system.
H1: There are IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart system.
H2: There are no IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart system.
When referring to the comparison of previous questionnaire analysis, the highest

percentages have illustrated that there are number of issues in the traditional cart system.
Also as per the literature review, proposed IoT based self-checkout smart cart can prevent
those existing issues in the traditional cart system successfully.
So, above is the second hypothesis of the research. The researcher has fulfilled that
second hypothesis analysis not through the questionnaire but through the second chapter
in literature review part. There, the learner was able to find out several solutions from

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previous researchers’ research paper articles specifically about the self-checkout smart
cart.
Therefore, the researcher has proven that this second hypothesis also became true. That
means, there are IoT based smart solutions for traditional cart system (H1) according to
the literature review.
So the final conclusion that can be derived through this first hypothesis analysis, is
everyone who have issues and difficulties with the existing process, can experience a
better shopping time with the implementation of IoT based self-checkout smart cart
solution. Also the above literature review of proposed IoT solution, described under
chapter 2, proves that a smart cart can prevent the issues or the problem successfully.

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As per the feedbacks analysis, the researcher proved that there is significant amount of
issues in the supermarket. Not only that, the literature review includes the eligible IoT
solutions to overcome them.
1: Para C1,C2,C3 evaluation and justification for your hypothesis
H3:To assess user satisfaction regarding the provided IoT based solution
H1-User satisfied regarding the given solution

H2-User dissatisfied regarding the given solution
Below questions in the questionnaire form will assess user satisfaction regarding the
provided IoT based solution.

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Q12 - Is it better if you could find goods without assisted by another person ?
This simple option based close-ended question illustrates the participants’ preference to
find goods without assisted by another person. So, according to the above doughnut chart,
85% is the highest percentage that includes the preference to find items without assisted
Figure 17: Asses feedback for the IOT based solution
by another person. The percentage of the remaining 15% shows a reluctance to do so. But
here the vast majority of people prefer to find goods without the assistance of another
one. So, they prefer an easy way to find goods by themselves.

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Q13 - Is it good to have an automated method for purchasing goods and weighting them ?
As the above chart elaborates, 95% say that it is good to have an automated method for
purchasing goods and weighting them. Only a least amount which is 5% acknowledged
that it is not good to have an automated method. As that represents only one participant
and all the others prefer to have an automated method for purchasing goods and
weighting them, the researcher can apply the proposed solution to that particular
supermarket.
Q14 - Do you agree to have an IoT based better solution for current issues with less
human involvement ?

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The above 3-D bar Chart depicts how far the participants of this questionnaire are agree
to have an IoT based better solution for current issues with less human involvement. As
this displays, 90% of participants which is the highest amount have been strongly agreed
to have an IoT solution for existing issues with less human involvement, while the rest of
20% have agreed to have an IoT based better solution for current issues with less human
involvement. Also, no one has disagreed or strongly disagreed to have such a better
solution.
By looking at the chart the researcher can identify that almost all the participants are
agree to have an IoT based better solution for current issues with less human involvement.
Q15 - Would you like to pay your bills directly through a self-checkout smart cart without
waiting in long queues ?

Figure 20:Asses feedback for the IOT based solution
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Based on the above analysis portrayed through an horizontal 3-D bar chart, 85% which
comprises the highest number of participants, are highly prefer to pay their bills directly
through a self-checkout smart cart without waiting in long queues. Other remaining 15%
are also prefer to pay bills directly through a self-checkout smart cart while no one is
dislike or not prefer at all to do so as it saves times.
Accordingly, it appears that all are prefer for an IoT based solution that can pay bills
directly through it without waiting in long queues. Thus, it is clear that all of the
participants said that a IoT sensor-based self-checkout smart cart solution helps reduce
time wastage.

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Below open-ended question which the researcher included for her questionnaire contains
some comments received by participants. That also ensures the requirement of a better
solution like self-checkout smart carts.
Above questions are generated to identify the user feedback to the proposed IOT solution.
As mentioned in the above analysis we can see there are significant number of
participants has mentioned issues in the existing process of the supermarket can be
eliminated by implementing IOT based smart solution. So it can be said that IoT solution
are supporting to improve the current system by addressing the issues. So conclusion is
there are issues with the existing system and people liked the proposed IoT based self-
checkout smart cart solution as illustrated in this questionnaire feedbacks in this
hypothesis analysis. Therefore, this hypothesis (H1) also became true as the previous
ones.

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Finally when compare all of the questions analysis, the majority gave positive response
because they have IT literacy and they have proper IoT knowledge along with their own
experience of facing the prevailing issues in the supermarket as frequent visitors. So it is
clear that, according to the questionnaire form analyzation and literature review part, the
learner proved IoT based self-checkout smart cart solution will overcome the prevailing
issues and researcher’s hypothesis are positively true. (all hypothesis became true).
Qualitative data analysis
Data analysis in qualitative research can be demarcated as the procedure of methodically

arranging the interview records, observation minutes, or other non-textual materials that
the researcher collects to upsurge the understanding of the incident. Mostly, qualitative
data analysis involves making sense of huge amounts of data by minimizing the volume
of raw information.
Qualitative data analysis can be divided into the categories such as; content analysis,
narrative analysis, discourse analysis, framework analysis and grounded theory.
[ CITATION res21 \l 1033 ]
The learner has used the interview method also for this research and below depicted the
question paper prepared.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1) Introduce yourself briefly - C/E

2) Tell me about your role at this company ? - E
3) Are you employed ? - C

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4) How long have you been working here ? - E

5) How often you visit IMAKRO supercenter ? – C/E
6) Are you happy with the current company status ? - E
7) Do you feel easy to run the existing system without any issue? - E
8) Then what are the issues you have identified ? - E
9) What does your typical weekday look like ? - E
10) Do you face difficulties in the current system and what are they ? - C
11) Do you have to wait in long queues for things like paying bills ? – C
12) Are there any mistakes occurred in the manual system ? – C/E
13) If you know about IoT, what do you think about IoT concepts?
14) What do you think about doing functions/works with minimal human involvement ? –
C/E
15) Do you use internet related things for the organization ? - E
16) What changes you make if you get a chance to change the existing system ? – E
17) Do you like for an automated system which can perform functions easily like a self-
checkout
smart cart ? C/E
18) Do you have any suggestions to improve the performance of the supercenter ? – C/E
*Thanking the person for his / her valuable time and giving a Souvenir.
Figure 21:Interview questions
Here too used a sample of people selected from both the company's staff and customers.
The overview of the qualitative data analysis as follows. The learner has handpicked the
most vital questions and answers to identify the existing issues and participants opinions.
Q : Do you feel easy to run the existing system without any issue?

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Example answers given by some employees: -
A1 - “No, customers frequently complaint on us that their time is wasting at the bill
payment queues”
A2 - “As the current system is a manual one sometimes it is hard to arrange the works
within the premises at peak hours.”
Q : Then what are the issues you have identified ?
This question was raised for IMAKRO employees who faced the interview. Below I have
provided some of their answers;
A1 - “Long queues for bill payments”
A2 - “Manual scaling process may occur problems”
A3 - “Wastage of time because sometimes customers have to wait in the queue to pay
their bills longer than they went shopping”
Q : Do you face difficulties in the current system and what are they ?
This question was ask from customers and following are some answers of them.
A1 - “Yes. Of course”
A2 - “Time Consuming for bill payments”

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A3 - “Normally I have to wait in long queues. So, it wasts my time”
A4 - “I had to spend an extra time to scale the relevant items separately in another queue”
A5 - “It is hard to find goods without the assistance of another person”
Q : Are there any mistakes occurred in the manual system ? –
This question was asked from both the IMAKRO employees and customers. Here are
their answers;
A1 - “Yes, I think”
A2 - “Sometimes mistakes occur when handling cash by hands”
A3 – “There are delays in updating product details”
A4 – “Lack of a proper system to promote products and their discounts”
Q : If you know about IoT, what do you think about IoT concepts?
This question was also posed to both customers and employees. Below are just a few of
the answers they gave;
A1 - “I think we can overcome existing issues by using IoT”
A2 - “Going forward with IoT is a good thing in a user friendly atmosphere ”

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A3 – “As I have heard, IoT is a trending technology in developing countries”
A4 – “We can use IoT as it is already used in many countries around the world”
A5 – “I really like that technology connected with internet”
Q : What do you think about doing functions/works with minimal human involvement ?
The responses from customers was much better for this question but the responses from
employees was mediocre.
“That’s great”, “I can’t give a definite answer on that”, “Mm…maybe it is better”
Q : What changes you make if you get a chance to change the existing system ?
Both customers and employees answered to this question. Some of them are;
A1 – “I will try for an automated scaling sensor”
A2 – “I will do something to reduce queues”
A3 – “I hope to develop a way for the customers to know more about discounts, products
and other special offers”

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Q : Do you like for an automated system which can perform functions easily like a self-
checkout smart cart ?
Customers as well as employees had better responses to this question.
“Yes, Of course”, “That’s so nice”, “I’m looking forward to use such a smart cart”
Q : Do you have any suggestions to improve the performance of the supercenter ?
There were several answers to this question.
A1 - “It will be better if our company has a better way to monitor customer behavior too”
A2 - “It would be great if other existing problems could be explored and resolved”
The outcomes of qualitative research are communicative or descriptive rather than

analytical. Thus it appears, there are number of issues with the current system of
IMAKRO and consumers are positively interested in using IoT concepts to address them.
So, the basic objectives of this research project can meet over this qualitative interview
method too.

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CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusion
IoT is an essential platform where embedded devices are connected to the internet, as they
can accumulate and exchange data with each other. It enables devices to interact,
collaborate and, learn from each other’s experiences just like humans do. So, the learner
has utilized IoT-based concepts in this research to address existing issues that have arisen
with the traditional cart system of a selected supermarket. Also, nowadays one of a huge
matter customers facing is waste of time due to long queues. So, the main reason of
choosing the research title ‘User satisfaction on Self-checkout smart cart for a
supermarket using IoT’ is to minimize the existing issues. For that, the researcher has
prepared a feedback form by including a questionnaire to identify and research about the
current issue and obtained various personal views on the matter. First, the common
demographic details of the selected sample of people have been questioned in the
feedback form. The intention of gathering such demographic data, was to find out how
well the participants fit for this research. Then the learner asked a few general questions
about the current issues they face in the supermarket. There, the researcher was able to
discover that vast majority of people have faced some issues with the existing traditional
cart system. So, the researcher was able to ensure that there are several issues like time
consuming as the customers need to wait in long queues to weigh goods and pay bills,
errors may occur when handling cash by hands, need the assistance to search some goods
and so on.
So far these reasons, the researcher also asked a few questions regarding how to avoid
these prevailing issues using an IoT based solution. The majority of them agreed with that
they would like to have a smart solution that can reduce the existing issues. Accordingly,
the researcher recommended an IoT based self-checkout smart cart that can overcome

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current issues with less human involvement. A smart cart framework can be implement,
with sensor based self-checkout facilities that can search items as per the requirement of
the customer, weigh the goods automatically and calculate the total amount by facilitating
the consumers directly pay by itself based on the literature found. So, as per the feedback
given to the IoT solutions, majority of the participants have given positive feedback for
the proposed IoT solution. Accordingly, the researcher was able to address the current
issues of the traditional cart system this way using IoT. As conclusion we can say that IoT
concept based self-checkout smart cart can be used to eliminate the existing issues of a
supermarket.
5.2 The effectiveness of research methods applied for meeting objectives of the
computing research project
Mainly this research used descriptive analysis to analyze the data collected by the
selected sample. The structured questioner with closed ended questionnaire is used as
the main data collection technique. Because it helped to collect wide range of
information from a large number of sample size in considerably short time period. And
used google form to create the questionnaire and it was easy to share the link with the
selected sample and get the data. Since google form is support to the mobile phone also,
it was easy to collect information Further, in Google forms we were able to get the
responses directly to the excel form and it was easy to analyze data. The questionnaire
method was a very easy approach for both sender and respondent communicate and to
gather information in less time and zero cost. When comparing to the other data
collection methods such as interviews, field observations and etc this is far easy.
However, when preparing questionnaire, I used few rules such as mainly divided the
questionnaire in to three partitions, first few questionnaires mainly focused on
demographics, second questionnaire set was arranging to identify the potential issues
faced in the current cart system and later part of the questionnaire was arranged to assess
the feedback to the IOT based cart solution. Further, in questioner used simple language
and make it very simple and short. And also, make sure to not to collect the unnecessary
and sensitive data from the participants. Further, I used qualitative data to gained the
knowledge of IOT and IOT solution to the Cart scenario. I think it was greatly helped to
gained the required information to the research. In the research there was three
objectives to be achieved, first one to identify the issues in traditional cart system, then
the second one to identify the IOT solution suitable for the for the cart scenario, third
one was to assess the user satisfaction. In the research to assess the first and third
objectives used questionnaire and quantitative approach. For the second objective used
qualitative approach which was based on the previous research work. I think those are
the best suitable approach to collect data for a research for academic purposes.

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5.3 Demonstrate reflection and engagement in the resource process leading to

recommended actions for future improvement.
Primary sources and secondary sources are used in this project in-order to collect data.
The primary resource are first hand data sources which can be identified as raw data. For
an examples interviews, questionnaire survey and etc. These secondary data can be
identified as data which are directly in line with the primary objectives of the research, in
this research researcher used question are to collect information and also interview to
collect primary data. The given questionnaire was structured questionnaires and
unstructured interview. Mainly collected qualitative data by conducting unstructured
interview and collected quantitative data by distributing a structured questionnaire. Those
data directly relevant to the research objectives, to identify the existing issues in the cart
system and also to assess the feedback to the given IOT solution.
The secondary data sources can be identified as published data or process data which are
available. Those data already used for previous research works or any other purposes.
Secondary sources can be identified as books, webpages, scholar articles, journals,
conference proceeding and etc. In this research also used secondary data sources, to gain
knowledge about the IOT concepts and also to identify the appropriate IOT solutions to
the smart cart scenario. I this research mainly used research papers, web pages and
journal article to gain knowledge on IOT. Researcher was able to gained good knowledge
on IOT and was able to come-up with a proper smart cart solution by analyzing previous
research works.
Basically used both primary data and secondary data to achieve the objectives of the
research. Then the research data analysis was conducted based on the collected data and
came up with following recommendations.
5.3.1 Recommendations
Researcher can mainly provide these recommendations;

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 IoT based self-checkout smart carts are very effective than traditional cart system.
 Using smart cart mechanism customers can easily purchse the goods they want.
 According to feedback forms, lots of customers face many difficulties with the
current system so the proposed IoT solution, the self-checkout smart cart, should
be offered as a solution to existing system.
 All the hypothesis became true so the IoT based smart carts should facilitate both
customers and supermarket management.
 Need to develop the system fully user friendly
 The smart cart solution needs to satisfy user requirements
 When develop the system it must consider about user feedbacks
 Proposed IoT solution (self-checkout smart cart) should include an automatic

system to do payments.
 Customers must be able to find the shelf of the required item through the self-
checkout smart cart.
 The customer should have an option for weighing their items through the smart-
cart itself.
 A proper monitoring method should be implemented that can manage the

functions.
 Do the research in a broad area

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 Do the research and analyze it in many methods not only descriptive method
In above chapters, the learner has stated collected data analysis regarding the issues in
existing system of the supermarket and tried to apply IoT technology for traditional cart
system of supermarket referring the literature review as it can address the issues through
an automated and sensor based self-checkout smart cart.
5.3.2 The merits, limitations and pitfalls of approaches to data collection and
analysis
When conducting this research project named ‘User satisfaction on Self-checkout smart
cart for a supermarket using IoT’, learner had to face several limitations and issue.
Following are the limitations that learner faced;
 Data collection methods

In the current research, researcher has used both qualitative and quantitative data
collection methods. To collect primary data for the research, researcher has used
structured, closed ended questionnaire and structured interview. Mainly used
questionnaire to collect quantitative data, used interview to collect qualitative data.
Researcher has used primary data to identify the problems in the selected company and
to assess the feedback for the given IOT solution. There are many ways to collect data,
but due to the limited time spam we had to adhere to the above mentioned data
collection approaches. To gained knowledge of IOT and to determine suitable solution
to the scenario researcher has used secondary data. Basically used resources available in
the internet sources, such as journal articles, websites and etc.
Researcher mainly focused on quantitative data since it easy to analyze data and provide
recommendations. And also used questionnaire to collect data because we can collect
more information from huge amount of participant at the same time. Used google form
to collect data because we can get the response in excel format, and electronica data can

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be processed easily. Used google form since it’s easy to share with participants without
taking printed format. In the current pandemic situation, it’s hard to share hard copies.
And also most of the participants may reluctant to fill hard copies due to the Covid
pandemic. However, in data collection phase it’s better to collect information form
considerable amount of sample than using few heads to collect data. In the current
research used descriptive analysis using excel, but its good if we used SPSS tool and to
proper statistical analysis methods. Correlations, ANOVA test and etc.
 Limited people participated for the survey
When it comes to research questionnaire, learner only selected customers and

management of the supermarket who have some kind of IT literacy so that is a limitation.
 Only use descriptive analysis
Learner could only use descriptive analyze but learner wish she could able to do different
analysis to get more accurate data and different views of the data and feedback.
 Limited time span
It is better if the researcher could use another time frame instead of cross sectional time
horizon. Learner got only a limited time period so she could not able to research very
deeply and learner was not able to collect and research more.
 Allocated resources are limited

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Learner only allowed to use limited resources so she was unable to collect more
information; for an example, learner not allowed to get data from Wikipedia or paid
websites.
 Not implemented
Researcher could not able to implement the project because the researcher got only
limited time so the time is not enough to launch the actual system proposed by this
research so implementation part is not done.
5.4 Provide critical reflection and insight that results in recommended actions for
improvements and future research considerations.
5.4.1 Future Improvements
When conducting this research, there were less shortcomings that can be corrected in
future. So in future we can use the longitude method as the time frame instead of cross
sectional time horizon method. Because of when we use the longitude time horizon, we
have long time period for collect the information about under the research topic. In the
future we can also use the different type of data collection methods and techniques for
collecting data. As the examples, we can use some reports, presentations and conduct
interviews with experts. If we use different data collection methods, we can collect more
data. And, the researcher has utilized descriptive analysis but it is better to use statics
analysis in future. Therefore, when analyze the data we can use the IBM SPSS tool, etc.
When we use that software, we can analyze that data in standard form.

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In this research project, we had to select a limited sample of participants. So, in the
researcher can select a large sample. As the learner had only a limited time period to
conduct this research, the implementation part was not done so this proposed IoT based
smart cart solution can implement in future without limiting to the selected supermarket
and for other supermarkets as well.
So when going to do the next research researcher must consider those things.
5.4.2 Alternative research methodologies and lessons learnt view
When consider about the research methodologies used in this research, the researcher
used positivism, deductive, survey and cross-sectional time horizon, mixed mode to
conduct the research. The primary data collection method was a questionnaire and
distributed the google form with the selected sample of participants. There are various
alternative methods to collect data such as, interviews, experiments, observing and expert
opinion and so on. If we used some qualitative approach it will be more beneficial to get
more technical things related to the topic. But it will take more time to conduct the
interview and collect data. Since we had very limited time to do the assignment, we had
to use cross sectional time horizon. If we used longitudinal way, we can get accurate
outcome. Researcher will be able to collect the information in-prior to implement the
IOT solution and post implementing the IOT solution, in that scenario researcher will be
able to gained more effective and reliable feedback regarding the IOT solution. However,
in the current research due to time limitation as well as technical gaps, researcher was
unable to do it properly. And also, if we collect data from more users, we can generate
more accurate analysis and generate more accurate outcome. In here researcher used
simple random sampling but there are more methods to get a proper sample. In data
analysis section, we did only descriptive analysis mainly including column charts and pie-
charts. But there are various analytic statistical approaches to analyses data correlations,
Anova test which are more effective than descriptive statistic If we use above mentioned
methodologies, we can build more effective recommendations and conclusions.

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5.5 Personnel Reflection

5.5.1 Benefits for the researcher
The researcher gained many benefits from this research study. As a student, the learner
has to gather details from various resources. And the learner had to refer more websites
and more recent studies about supermarket industry based IoT researches. So, the learner
could gain much knowledge regarding IoT based smart solutions.
The researcher (learner) learned a lot through this IoT based smart cart system research
and through it learner could improve herself. The learner was able to get more knowledge
about IoT, what are the advantages of IoT and how can we apply it to a real world
scenario through literature review. So, the learner could experience on how to conduct a
research successfully, how to write research proposal successfully and get approval,
learner learned to analyze user feedback form, how handle the research process, about
analytical tools like SPSS and how to analyze using it, learned about research onion etc.
Those are the main things learner learned through conducting this research.
Also, the researcher could gain lot of experience about various sectors such as how to
work with company management (direct interviews , online discussions with staff) and
many things. And also, the learner could expand her leadership skills, critical thinking,
brainstorming skills and time management skills while working with this research.

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5.5.2 Benefits for the Industry/organization
As mentioned earlier, the learner has selected the research topic under the title of ‘User
satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT’. So, the learner
chose this as the topic for this research project because of the time consuming and other
issues, which are faced nowadays by customers in the field of supermarket. In addition,
the researcher has identified many shortcomings in the existing traditional cart system of
the supermarket. Those issues have been identified through the questionnaire. They are;
customers have to wait in long queues to pay bills, to weigh goods, and they need the
assistance of another person to find out goods, errors may occur when handling cash by
hands etc. So, application of IoT is the best solution to overcome all these problems that
have identified. Accordingly, the researcher has recommended a self-checkout smart cart
which has less human involvement by referring to previous researcher’s articles. The use
of such a mechanism has many benefits for supermarkets. That is, the benefits are not
limited to the selected supermarket but can be extended to other supermarkets as well.
Following are the benefits of using IoT based self-checkout smart carts for supermarkets.
 Increase comfort and convenience for both customers and management.
 Ability to manage all functions by a single system.
 Flexibility for new devices and appliances.
 Minimize the human errors.
 Remote control of functions.
 Increased energy efficiency.
 Improved appliance functionality.
 Supermarket management insights.
So these are the benefits that the particular industry can gain through this IoT based smart
cart solution that the learner recommends which can contribute to overcome the issues
related to the supermarket field identified above.

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Referencing
Reference List
Abhilash c b, A. K. H. K., 2018. ResearchGate. [Online]

Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324271203_An_IOT_Based_Smart_Shopping
_Cart_for_Smart_Shopping
[Accessed 23 September 2021].
Alturki, R., 2021. Scientific Programming for Smart Internet of Things. Research Onion
for Smart IoT-Enabled Mobile Applications, 27 Septemberr, pp. 1-9.
Bonderud, D., 2020. BizTech. [Online]
Available at: https://biztechmagazine.com/article/2020/04/smart-supermarkets-how-iot-
shaping-future-retail-perfcon
Available at: https://biztechmagazine.com/article/2020/04/smart-supermarkets-how-iot-
shaping-future-retail-perfcon
[Accessed 17 November 2021].
David, J., 2021. Differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research.
[Online]
Available at: https://howandwhat.net/differences-deductive-inductive/
[Accessed 04 February 2022].
Debter, L., 2021. Forbes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurendebter/2021/01/19/kroger-is-testing-a-
new-smart-cart-that-lets-shoppers-skip-the-checkout-line/?sh=49bbdae96339
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurendebter/2021/01/19/kroger-is-testing-a-
new-smart-cart-that-lets-shoppers-skip-the-checkout-line/?sh=49bbdae96339
Edmiston, J., 2019. FINANCIAL POST. [Online]
Available at: https://financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/sobeys-tests-smart-

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grocery-cart-a-self-checkout-on-wheels-that-gets-smarter-as-you-shop
Gaille, L., 2020. 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research. [Online]
Available at: https://vittana.org/20-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-survey-research
[Accessed 27 January 2022].
Gillis, A. S., 2022. TechTarget-What is internet of things (IoT)?. [Online]
Available at: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-
Things-IoT
[Accessed 21 December 2021].
Hayes, A., 2021. Simple Random Sample. [Online]
Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/simple-random-sample.asp
Hsin-Han Chiang, W.-T. Y. S.-H. L. W.-C. S. Y.-T. L. J.-S. L. a. Y.-L. C., 2016.
ResearchGate. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306927656_Development_of_smart_shopping
_carts_with_customer-oriented_service
Melo, S., 2018. DataScope. [Online]
Available at: https://datascope.io/en/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-google-
forms/
oracle.com, 2021. ORACLE. [Online]
Available at: https://www.oracle.com/internet-of-things/what-is-iot/
oracle.com, 2021. ORACLE. [Online]
Available at: https://www.oracle.com/internet-of-things/what-is-iot/

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Rafael, C., 2016. researchClue.com. [Online]

Available at: https://nairaproject.com/blog/understanding-the-research-onion-
methodology.html
techopedia.com, 2020. techopedia. [Online]
Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/30318/data-collection
tourismteacher.com, 2021. [Online]
Available at: https://tourismteacher.com/research-onion-beginners/
ukessays.com, 2021. UKEssays. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/explanation-of-the-concept-
of-research-onion-psychology-essay.php

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Annexures A: Feedback Form / Question

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Annexures B: Sample Feedback sheets

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Higher Nationals
Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)
INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
Programme title BTEC HND in Computing
Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna

Assessor Internal
Verifier
Unit(s)
Final Research Project Proposal
Assignment title
Student’s name
List which assessment Pass Merit Distinction
criteria the Assessor has
awarded.
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST
Do the assessment criteria awarded match

those shown in the assignment brief? Y/N
Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded
justified by the assessor’s comments on the Y/N
student work?
Has the work been assessed
Y/N
accurately?
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:
• Constructive? Y/N
• Linked to relevant assessment Y/N
criteria? Y/N
• Identifying opportunities for
improved performance? Y/N
• Agreeing actions?
Does the assessment decision need
Y/ N
amending?
Assessor signature
Internal Verifier signature

Programme Leader signature (if
required) Date
Confirm action completed

Remedial action taken
Give details:
Assessor signature Date

Internal
Verifier Date

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signature
Programme Leader
signature (if Date
required)

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Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
Student Name/ID

Unit Title
Assignment Number 13 Assessor Mrs. Gagani
Thilakarathna
7/13/2021 Date 7/13/2021
Submission Date Received 1st
submission
Date Received 2nd
Re-submission Date submission
Assessor Feedback:
LO1 Examine appropriate research methodologies and approaches as part of the research
process
Pass, Merit & Distinction P1 P2 M1 D1
Descripts
Resubmission Feedback:
Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Signature & Date:
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and
grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.

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Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student
Action Plan
Summative feedback
Feedback: Student to Assessor
Assessor Date
signature
8/13/2021
Student kltx000006@esoft.acade Date
signature my

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Pearson
Higher Nationals in
Computing
Project Proposal
General Guidelines

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1. A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use
previous page as your cover sheet and be sure to fill the details correctly.
2. This entire brief should be attached in first before you start answering.
3. All the assignments should prepare using word processing software.
4. All the assignments should print in A4 sized paper, and make sure to only use one side printing.
5. Allow 1” margin on each side of the paper. But on the left side you will need to leave room for
binging.
Word Processing Rules
6. Use a font type that will make easy for your examiner to read. The font size should be 12
point, and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
7. Use 1.5 line spacing. Left justify all paragraphs.
8. Ensure that all the headings are consistent in terms of the font size and font style.
9. Use footer function in the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No,
and Page Number on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any
reason.
10. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help editing
your assignment.
Important Points:
1. Check carefully the hand in date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late
submissions will not be accepted.
2. Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.
3. Don’t leave things such as printing to the last minute – excuses of this nature will not be
accepted for failure to hand in the work on time.
4. You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.
5. If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness,
you may apply (in writing) for an extension.
6. Failure to achieve at least a PASS grade will result in a REFERRAL grade being given.
7. Non-submission of work without valid reasons will lead to an automatic REFERRAL. You will
then be asked to complete an alternative assignment.

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8. Take great care that if you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, you properly
reference them, using the HARVARD referencing system, in you text and any bibliography,
otherwise you may be guilty of plagiarism.
9. If you are caught plagiarising you could have your grade reduced to A REFERRAL or at worst
you could be excluded from the course.

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Student Declaration
I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present
it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct form. I further understand what it
means to copy another’s work.
7. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

8. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of Edexcel UK.
9. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiarise or copy another’s work in any of the
assignments for this program.
10. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspect of my program, will be my
own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct
way.
11. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding
agreement between myself and Pearson , UK.
12. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not
attached to the assignment.
Student’s Signature: Date:

(kltx000006@esoft.academy) (8/13/2021)

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Higher National Diploma in Computing

Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
Unit Number and Title Unit 13 – Computing Research Project
Academic Year 2020/21
Unit Tutor Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna
Assignment Title Final Research Project Proposal
Issue Date 4/11/2021
Submission Date 7/13/2021
IV Name & Date Indika Sandanuwan / 8/20/2021
Submission format
Research Project Proposal

 This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font
size 12.
 You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate,
and all work must be supported with research
 Reference using the Harvard referencing system.
 Please provide a referencing list using the Harvard referencing system.
The recommended word limit is minimum 2000 words.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1. Examine appropriate research methodologies and approaches as part of the research
process.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:

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Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the term which refers to the ever-growing network of physical
objects with embedded sensors which can connect together via the internet allowing
communication to occur between these objects and many other Internet-enabled devices and
systems.
The IoT is quickly becoming a necessary aspect of people’s daily lives. Physical items can now
sense and collect data which can be controlled through digital and smart technology. The IoT
extends internet connectivity beyond traditional devices like desktop and laptop computers,
smartphones and tablets to a diverse range of devices that can utilise embedded technology
such as security systems, thermostats, cars, electronic appliances, lights, medical equipment
etc. These devices, often called "connected" or "smart" devices, can talk to other related
devices (machine-to-machine (M2M) communication) and act on the information they get
from one another. Along with the many benefits there is also considerable concern over the
IoT which must be overcome in order to harness the power of this free flow of information.
This unit will enable students to explore the benefits of the IoT, the potential future
developments, the most pressing challenges and how to overcome them.
Research objective/question
Students are allowed to choose their own research topic for this unit. Strong research projects
are those with clear, well focused and defined objectives. A central skill in selecting a research
objective is the ability to select a suitable and focused research objective. One of the best
ways to do this is to put it in the form of a question.
Students should be encouraged by tutors to discuss a variety of topics related to the theme to
generate ideas for a good research objective.
The range of topics discussed could cover the following:

 Underpinning security and privacy issues and resolutions: data mining, data processing
(e.g., GDPR), encryption (e.g., blockchain)

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 Smart homes, smart buildings, and smart cities etc. and their impact on individuals and
society.
 The future of IoT e.g., automate manufacturing, medicine and healthcare, virtual world,
AI, machine learning etc.
 The IT infrastructure required to support IoT e.g., 5G, proliferation of sensors,
interoperability.
Consider that the development of a methodical and valid research proposal as the foundation
for the project. Choose a topic of personal interest in a specialism and the topic chosen
should allow a sufficient and suitable degree of research through the existence of adequate
background materials.
The Learner requires to produce a research proposal that clearly defines a research question
or hypothesis, supported by a literature review (Use the project proposal and ethical
consideration form template formats)
Project Proposal should cover following areas.

1. Definition of research problem or question. (This can be stated as a research question,
objectives or hypothesis)
2. Provide a literature review giving the background and conceptualization of the proposed
area of study. (This would provide existing knowledge and benchmarks by which the data
can be judged)
3. Critically evaluate research process /different research methodologies by demonstrating

an understanding of the pitfalls, ethical issues, and limitations. choose a suitable research
methodology and Justify the selection.
4. Draw points (1–3, above) together into a research proposal by getting agreement with
your tutor.

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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback
LO1 Examine appropriate research methodologies and

approaches as part of the research process.
P1 Produce a research proposal that clearly defines a research

question or hypothesis, supported by a literature review
P2 Examine appropriate research methods and conduct primary

and secondary research.
M1 Evaluate different research approaches and methodology

and make justifications for the choice of methods selected
based on philosophical/ theoretical frameworks.
D1 Critically evaluate research methodologies and processes in

application to a computing research project to justify chosen
research methods and analysis.

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Research Proposal Form

Student Name
Student number
Centre Name Kalutara

Unit Unit 13: Computing Research Project
Tutor Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna
Proposed title
User satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT
Section One: Title, objective, responsibilities
Title or working title of research project (in the form of a question, objective or hypothesis):
Research project objectives (e.g. what is the question you want to answer? What do you want to
learn how to do? What do you want to find out?): Introduction, Objective, Sub Objective(s),
Research Questions and/or Hypothesis
Title
User satisfaction on Self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT.
Background of the research -
At the present, IoT has become one of the most significant technologies with the
advancement of technology. When consider about the rising supermarket industry, the
learner has noticed that there are several issues faced by both the customers and
management side of supermarkets which are occurred due to the existing traditional cart
system. In this research, IoT is utilized to address such identified specific
issues/problems of a selected supermarket. They are;
 Have to wait in long queues so time consuming for bill payments.

 Search for items requires the assistance of another person.
 Have to spend an extra time to scale the relevant items separately in another
queue.
 Mistakes occur when handling cash by hands etc.
Therefore, this research is conducted to show that an IoT-based smart solution can
answer the common problems faced by customers and management in the existing
traditional cart system of a selected supermarket.

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Questions:
Q1- What are the existing issues in the current traditional cart
system ?
Q2- What are the eligible IoT based solutions for a smart cart
system ?
Q3- Is the user satisfied regarding the IoT based solution ?
Objectives:
1. To identify the issues in the current traditional cart system.
2. Research on what are the eligible IoT based solutions for a
smart cart system.
3. To assess user satisfaction regarding the provided IoT based
solution.
Hypothesis:
To identify the issues in the current traditional cart system
H1: There are significant number of issue in traditional cart
solution.
H2: There are no significant number of issue in traditional cart
solutions.
Research on what are the eligible IoT based solutions for traditional
cart system.
H1: There are IoT based solutions for traditional cart system.
H2: There are no IoT based solutions for traditional cart system.
To assess user satisfaction regarding the provided IoT based

solution
H1: User satisfied regarding the given solution
H2: User dissatisfied regarding the given solution
Section Two: Reasons for choosing this research project

Reasons for choosing the project (e.g. links to other subjects you are
studying, personal interest, future plans, knowledge/skills you want to
improve, why the topic is important): Motivation, Research gap

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Motivation
IoT is a new emerging technology, and the learner is eager to learn
about new technologies. The main reason of choosing this research
project under the topic of “user satisfaction on self-checkout smart
cart for a supermarket using IoT”, is researcher’s personal interest.
As a customer, learner has faced so many difficulties throughout

her shopping experience in supermarkets. This made her to find out
a better solution for such issues. Also, the learner has noticed that
this is a common problem faced by both the employees and
customers of supermarkets. So, the learner’s intend is to identify
the current issues and research on user satisfaction regarding the
eligible IoT based smart solutions to replace the traditional cart
system such as, through a self-checkout smart cart solution, which
can effectively contribute to the elimination of existing problems.
So, the researcher believes that by choosing this field as her
research, she will be able to discover and learn more new things
about IoT, which has the potential to open up a new avenue in the
super market industry like in developed countries. This made the
learner motivated to conduct this research.
Research
When it comes to Sri Lanka, the usage of IoT sensor based self-
checkout smart carts in a physical platform, is almost non-existent
at present except the online platforms. Therefore, by implementing
such smart cart solution will be benefited as people are integrated
with modern technology.
Grocery carts also play a role in smart retail rollouts. By reducing

the interaction between staff and customers, stores can improve
safety and increase customer volume simultaneously. So, the
learner believes that with the Internet of Things technique, it can be
lessen the common existing issues faced by both customers and
supermarket management and boost the efficiency of sales more

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than they are able to perform with human engagement.
By addressing the issues which the researcher mentioned under the

background of this research, the below mentioned benefits can be
obtained through this research.
 Facilitate customers
 Increase the effectiveness of money handling as no cash
exchanges by hands.
 No need to wait in queues so customers can simply pick
items from shelves and scan barcode to pay
 To provide an accurate solution by reducing the human
involvement
 Increase the effectiveness of money handling as no cash
exchanges by hands.
So, there are a number of benefits to conducting this research, as it

can effectively address current issues in supermarkets through an
IoT-based smart solution
Section Three: Literature sources searched

Use of key literature sources to support your objective, Sub Objective,
research question and/or hypothesis: Can include the Conceptual
Framework
IoT is essentially a platform where embedded devices are connected

to the internet, so they can collect and exchange data with each other.
It enables devices to interact, collaborate and, learn from each other’s
experiences just like humans do. The internet of things helps people
live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their
lives and to offering smart devices to automate their day to day
works. Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using
IoT to operate more efficiently, better understand customers to
deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and
increase the value of the business [CITATION Ale22 \l 1033 ].

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With reference to the oracle.com definition; IoT refers the objects

that are embedded with sensors, software or other technologies for
the intention of connecting and swapping data with other systems
and devices through the internet. When it comes to industrial IoT, it
is an essential thing to be concern as IT has become one of the most
significant technologies and more widespread in the marketplace of
the 21st century [ CITATION ora211 \l 1033 ].
In learner’s selected research area which is, ‘user satisfaction on self-

checkout smart cart for a supermarket using IoT’, she may identify
the existing issues that have been occurred due to traditional cart
system in the selected supermarket and try to provide an IoT based
smart solution. For an instance, at present, one of a major problem
customers facing in supermarket, is waste of time due to long
queues. But using Internet of Things (IoT) we can solve such
problems as it has become a major interest with the gradual
technology development and industry revolution. Therefore,
application of IoT has been widely implemented to supermarkets in
other counties in the world as well. The learner was able to find
several studies that have been developed to illustrate the ability to
use an IoT-based smart cart solution to address the existing issues in
supermarket.
Therefore, in this research, IoT is utilized to address identified

specific problems of a selected supermarket. Based on BizTech
magazine by Doug Bonderud, the Internet of Things (IoT) dispenses
the framework for ‘smart supermarkets’ that can improve customer
satisfaction by various ways [ CITATION Dou201 \l 1033 ].
Accordingly, ‘Smart Carts’ denotes the use of technical systems,

automated processes and connected, remote-controlled devices
specially in supermarkets. The main objective of the functions is to
improve the quality of services they offer and convenience the
customers. Other goals are automate billing process, minimize

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human errors, time saving in a more efficient way and so on.
As Forbes website [ CITATION Lau211 \l 1033 ] illustrates,

“KroGo” which is a similar shopping cart we are going to execute,
has introduced to its largest supermarket chain with a high-
technology that lets customers to scan items as they go and leave the
supermarket without waiting in a checkout line and limited contact
with store employees in its latest push to bring more automation into
its stores. Additionally, they have mentioned that shoppers should
scan their loyalty card and then they can scan each item before
placing it in the cart.
As per the facts in financialpost.com, [ CITATION Jak191 \l 1033 ]

self-checkout smart cart has a built-in scale that weighs produce
placed inside, as well a scanner, a screen that shows the total bill and
a card reader for payments so the customer simply needs to click
what they’re buying, puts it in the cart, pays and leaves. Actually,
this is great illustration we can use too in this research.
Conceptual Framework

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The topic the researcher selected for this research is ‘user satisfaction on self-checkout
smart cart for a supermarket using IoT". One of the most dynamic and exciting
developments in information and communications technology is the advent of the Internet
of Things (IoT). So, what the learner doing here is coming up with a solution through IoT
to the current issues in supermarket traditional cart system. For an example; nowadays
one of a major problem every customer facing is time consuming as they have to wait in
long queues. This unnecessary time wastage happens at peak times in all shops therefore,
it is imperative for society today to address these kind of matters. Therefore, it is very
important to complete this research successfully and in order to do so, the factors
mentioned in the above image must be achieved. That is, we need to identify what are the
issues in current traditional cart system. The researcher has already identified it. And then
the researcher should identify how IoT can be used eliminate issues and what are the
eligible solutions. After that researcher should identify the effectiveness of the IoT
solution. That means how far the user satisfied with the given solution. If these points are
properly emphasized, the researcher can conduct a successful research by achieving the
objectives mentioned above.
Hence, the learner has illustrated the usage of key literature sources to support her
research objectives, research question and/or hypothesis along with the Conceptual
Framework.
Section Four: Activities and timescales

Activities to be carried out during the research project (e.g. research, development, analysis of
ideas, writing, data collection, numerical analysis, tutor meetings, production of final outcome,
evaluation, writing the report) and How long this will take:
Milestone Propose completion data
Finalize the project title 24/31st of October 2021
Get the permission for the proposal 14th of November 2021
Finalized introduction chapter in final project document 28th of November 2021
Finalized methodology and literature 12th of December 2021
Data collection and analysis 26th of December 2021
Finalize the final project report 09th of January 2022
Submission 23rd of January 2022

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Gantt Chart
Section Five: Research approach and methodologies

Type of research approach and methodologies you are likely to use, and
reasons for your choice: What your areas of research will cover: Research
Onion; Sample Strategy/Method; Sample Size
There are numerous research methodologies and frameworks, and

each has its own advantages and disadvantages. One of the most
common and comprehensive research frameworks is “The research
onion” which is used widely in research. The learner is also likely to
use this method for her research.
Research Onion
Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill proposed the research onion model

in their book; ‘Research Methods for Business Students’.
This model seeks to clarify many stages of dissertation writing in
order to assist students in developing a more organized technique.
Below image symbolically depicts the various aspects of the research
that might be explored in order to construct the ultimate research
design according to the research onion method.

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Merging the research onion framework with an advanced Internet of

Things (IoT) enabled smart cart solution within the real world is the
foundation of this research.
Research Philosophy: Positivism
There are two main positions considered here, known as positivism
and interpretivism, which are philosophical perspectives that
commonly utilized in academic research [ CITATION tou21 \l
1033 ]. Positivist researcher takes the view that knowledge exists
outside of what is being studied. In other words, what is being
analyzed can only be done critically, and it cannot contain personal
views or viewpoints the researcher only observes, not interprets. So,
in the positivist’s view, knowledge can only be acquired through
empirical research, which is based on measurement and observation
rather than human reasoning. It states that there is only one reality
and that all meaning is consistent between subjects.
Research Approach: Deductive
After the learner has chosen a suitable technique, the research onion
proposes that the student to select an acceptable research approach.

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The deductive method begins with the introduction of a specific

hypothesis based on the researcher's observations of the literature
review, and gradually tries to test this hypothesis and check if it
holds in specific contexts. This deductive approach proceeds from
the broadest to the narrowest level of abstraction. The inductive
approach, on the other hand, begins with observations that the
researcher uses to develop a new theory. So, for this study, the
learner is using the deductive approach, which is a logical method.
Research Strategy: Survey and Case study

Then, the student is supposed to decide the suitable study strategy.
The strategy is chosen based on the data needed for the research and
the study's purpose. Action research, experimental research,
interviews, surveys, case study research, or a comprehensive
literature review are some of the tactics suggested by the research
onion. The approach is determined by the data needed for the
research as well as the study's goal. The researcher is using survey
method and case study method for this research.
Survey
Researcher can gather rich and reliable data through this process as
surveys tend to be used in quantitative research projects, and
involves sampling a representative proportion of the population.
Surveys are most commonly used to examine causative variables
between different types of data. When it comes to survey, I did some
survey methods to collect information such as In-Person Interviews,
Telephone interviews, Mailed Questionnaires, Online
Questionnaires.
Case study
A case study is a comprehensive analysis of a single topic, such as an
individual, a community, or an organization, or an event,
phenomenon, or issue. This form of study inspects a topic in order to
gain a comprehensive understanding of problems in a real-world

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environment. The aim here is to gain a thorough understanding of the

study's context, not to generalize the findings. So, this research can
also be considered as a case study as it is based on a selected
organization, the IMAKRO Supermarket, which is located in
Bandaragama city.
Apart from that, the questionnaires will be distributed among the

selected group of participants of that particular Supermarket.
Choice: Mixed method

The research onion suggests mono-method, mixed method and multi-
method as possible
choices for conducting research. The mixed method is based on the
use of two or more methods of research and commonly refers to the
use of qualitative and quantitative methodology depending on the
employment [ CITATION tou21 \l 1033 ]. Since these methods can
each answer different questions on their own, combining them can
produce more in-depth results. Quantitative data, on the whole, is
best at answering questions like ‘What is the impact of smart carts?
And qualitative data will demonstrate how and why you arrived at
these conclusions.
Time Horizon: Cross-sectional method

This study has been given a short time span. As a result, the cross
sectional approach has been chosen since the researcher only had a
limited amount of time to collect all of the data.
It refers to the time frame of the research. Generally, observations

can be of two types based on time horizons, namely cross-sectional
and longitudinal. The cross-sectional data is used when all
observations are for a single point of time such as in most surveys
[ CITATION tou21 \l 1033 ]. Longitudinal data, in contrast, implies
the observations for a particular variable that are available for several
years, quarters, months or days.

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Research Techniques: Data collection and data analysis

This is the final layer of the research onion and consists of the
techniques and procedures used. It is used to clearly explain the ways
and purposes of the research conducted. This also goes over the data
source, test design, sample, sample size, sample ethics, sample
limitations, research reliability, and validity. At this stage, the student
is expected to choose between the primary and secondary data and
between qualitative and quantitative data collected from different
sources. Data is considered as the central piece in the research onion
framework. The term ‘primary data’ refers to information that has
been obtained directly from a source. ‘Secondary data’ is indirect
data, which is the exact opposite to primary data.
So, it is needed to analyze the gathered data during Person

Interviews, Telephone interviews, Mailed Questionnaires, Online
Questionnaires, Google form, literature review, Observations and
Focus Groups.
Each layer of this framework covers one specific aspect of the study,
demonstrating the strategies and choices that researcher use
throughout this investigation. It displays all of the important areas
that necessary to be taken into consideration during my research
project.
Thus, according to the above explanation, the justification of
researcher’s selected methodology has been provided.
Reference List

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References
Abhilash c b, A. K. H. K., 2018. ResearchGate. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324271203_An_IOT_Based_Smart_Shopping
_Cart_for_Smart_Shopping
Alturki, R., 2021. Scientific Programming for Smart Internet of Things. Research Onion for
Smart IoT-Enabled Mobile Applications, 27 Septemberr, pp. 1-9.
Available at: https://biztechmagazine.com/article/2020/04/smart-supermarkets-how-
iot-shaping-future-retail-perfcon
Available at: https://biztechmagazine.com/article/2020/04/smart-supermarkets-how-
iot-shaping-future-retail-perfcon
David, J., 2021. Differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research.
[Online]
Available at: https://howandwhat.net/differences-deductive-inductive/
[Accessed 04 February 2022].
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurendebter/2021/01/19/kroger-is-testing-
a-new-smart-cart-that-lets-shoppers-skip-the-checkout-line/?sh=49bbdae96339
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurendebter/2021/01/19/kroger-is-testing-
a-new-smart-cart-that-lets-shoppers-skip-the-checkout-line/?sh=49bbdae96339
Gaille, L., 2020. 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research. [Online]
Available at: https://vittana.org/20-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-survey-research
Gillis, A. S., 2022. TechTarget-What is internet of things (IoT)?. [Online]
Available at: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-
Things-IoT
Hayes, A., 2021. Simple Random Sample. [Online]
Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/simple-random-sample.asp

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Comments and agreement from tutor

Comments (optional):
I confirm that the project is not work which has been or will be submitted for another
qualification and is appropriate.
Agreed Yes ☒ No ☐ Name Gagani Thiilakarathna Date 8/13/2021
Comments and agreement from project proposal checker (if applicable)

Comments (optional):
I confirm that the project is appropriate.
Agreed Yes ☒ No ☐ Name Gagani Thiilakarathna Date 8/13/2021
Research Ethics Approval Form
All students conducting research activity that involves human participants or the use of
data collected from human participants are required to gain ethical approval before
commencing their research. Please answer all relevant questions and note that your
form may be returned if incomplete.
Section 1: Basic Details
Project title: User satisfaction on self-checkout smart cart for a supermarket

using IoT
Student name:
Student ID number:
Programme: BTEC HND in Computing
School: Esoft Metro Campus Kalutara

Intended research start date: 24th of October 2021
Intended research end date: 23rd of January 2022
Section 2: Project Summary
Please select all research methods that you plan to use as part of your project
 Interviews: ☒
 Questionnaires: ☒
 Observations: ☒
 Use of Personal Records: ☐
 Data Analysis: ☒
 Action Research: ☐
 Focus Groups: ☒
 Other (please specify): ☐ ............................................................

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Section 3: Participants
Please answer the following questions, giving full details where necessary.
Will your research involve human participants?

Yes
Who are the participants? Tick all that apply:

Age 12-16 ☐ Young People aged 17–18 ☒ Adults ☒
How will participants be recruited (identified and approached)?

The researcher is selecting customers and staff members who are having a somewhat
computer literacy interested in IoT of IMAKRO Supermarket for this research. The
reason is that it is easy to get information from them. Because they have a constant
experience on current issues in the traditional cart system of that supermarket as daily
users.
Describe the processes you will use to inform participants about what you are doing:
Below are some processes that the researcher will use to inform the selected sample of
participants about what she is going to do;
 Google form - A google form will be created and send to the participants so they
can identify what question they need to answer also we describe in the form
description what is the reason we are doing the project.
 Onsite meeting - A presentation will also be conducted in an arranged meeting to
explain what going to do and how we are going to do also what is the questions
going to ask.
 Formal letter or Email - In order to inform to the high-level business people, we
will write formal letter and it includes what are we going to do and how to do it.
Studies involving questionnaires:
Will participants be given the option of omitting questions they do not wish to answer?
Yes ☐ No ☒
If “NO” please explain why below and ensure that you cover any ethical issues arising

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from this.
When asked the omitting questions users can skip the question so we cannot get proper
idea and may miss some important questions and answers. Not only that when
implement omitting questions, data analysis will also very difficult.
Studies involving observation:
Confirm whether participants will be asked for their informed consent to be observed.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Will you debrief participants at the end of their participation (i.e. give them a brief
explanation of the study)?
Yes ☒ No ☐
Will participants be given information about the findings of your study? (This could be a
brief summary of your findings in general)
Yes ☒ No ☐
Section 4: Data Storage and Security
Confirm that all personal data will be stored and processed in compliance with the Data
Protection Act (1998)
Yes ☒ No ☐
Who will have access to the data and personal information?

We do not collect personal information of participants as personal information are not
required to our research and if we collect such personal information, it may reduce their
privacy or confidentiality. So only the other data can be accessed to the researcher but
no any personal information. Apart from that, the accessor and verifier of this
assignment can view data for marking and evaluation purposes.
During the research:
Where will the data be stored?

I will store the data in my own drive during the research.
Will mobile devices such as USB storage and laptops be used?

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Yes ☒ No ☐
If “YES”, please provide further details:

The learner will use mobile devices such as USB storage and laptops to do this project.
But we are following high security policies that no one can interrupt those policies. For
an instance, no one can bring their personal devices and plug it into the research data
laptop or device. When research data laptop turns on, user need to insert valid security
code (password) and fingerprint. Therefore, to do this research project, mobile devices
are using with high restriction policies.
After the research:
Where will the data be stored?

The researcher will store the data in her own drive after the research too. And this
research will be uploaded to the Esoft E-learning management system. So, this will be
stored there too.
How long will the data and records be kept for and in what format?
The collected data records and required information can be stored securely in my
personal drive under the rules and conditions until the end of this research in excel
format. After that, data can be encrypted as a secure document for a considerable time
period like 1-2 years.
Will data be kept for use by other researchers?

Yes ☐ No ☒
If “YES”, please provide further details:
Section 5: Ethical Issues

Are there any particular features of your proposed work which may raise ethical concerns? If so,
please outline how you will deal with these:
It is important that you demonstrate your awareness of potential risks that may arise as a result
of your research. Please consider/address all issues that may apply. Ethical concerns may include,
but are not limited to the following:
 Informed consent.
 Potentially vulnerable participants.

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 Sensitive topics.
 Risks to participants and/or researchers.
 Confidentiality/anonymity.
 Disclosures/limits to confidentiality.
 Data storage and security, both during and after the research (including transfer, sharing,
encryption, protection).
 Reporting.
 Dissemination and use of your findings.
Section 6: Declaration
I have read, understood and will abide by the institution’s Research and Ethics Policy:
Yes ☒ No ☐
I have discussed the ethical issues relating to my research with my Unit Tutor:
Yes ☒ No ☐
I confirm that to the best of my knowledge:

The above information is correct and that this is a full description of the ethics issues
that may arise in the course of my research.
Name:
Date:
Please submit your completed form to: ESOFT Learning Management System (ELMS)

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HND In Computing (ESOFT Metro Campus)

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Higher National Diploma in Computing

Unit Number and Title Unit 13 – Computing Research Project

 The submission is in the form of an individual written report.

 The submission is in the form of an individual written report.

 referenced using the Harvard referencing system.

 Please provide a referencing list using the Harvard referencing system.

 The recommended word limit is minimum 4,500 words

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Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback

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Name of research Tutor: Mrs. Gagani Thilakarathna