UNIT 1: CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

What should we accomplish at the

end of the period?
PROCESSIONAL

Explain the postulates of the cell theory

Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells according to their distinguishing
features
Describe the structure and function of
major and sub-cellular organelles
TRUE OR FALSE
PROCESSIONAL

Prokaryotes contain
nucleus
TRUE OR FALSE
PROCESSIONAL

Nuclei are located in

the center of a cell
FILL IN THE BLANK

As a human being, I am
made up of _________
cells
(Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
FILL IN THE BLANK

___________ is the
powerhouse of the cell
FILL IN THE BLANK

Cells that come together

to form specific function
will be called ________
 ROBERT HOOKE
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1665 1674
Specimen: cork bark Specimen: rainwater, pondwater
resembles monastery rooms "Animalcules"
"Cellulae"
 CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

POSTULATE 1

All organisms are

composed of one or
more cells.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
THEODORE SCHWANN
 CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

Leptospira sp. Paramecium caudatum

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
THEODORE SCHWANN
 CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

POSTULATE 2
The cell is the
structural &
functional unit of
life.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
THEODORE SCHWANN
 CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
THEODORE SCHWANN
 What are these
little things that
makes you
whole?
 CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

POSTULATE 3

All cells come from

pre-existing cells

RUDOLF VIRCHOW
MODERN CELL THEORY

POSTULATE 4

DNA is passed between

cells during cell
division
MODERN CELL THEORY
POSTULATE 5

Cells of all organisms

within a similar species are
mostly the same, both
structurally and
chemically.
MODERN CELL THEORY
POSTULATE 6

Energy flow occurs

within cells
 "Manang - mana
ka sa
tatay/nanay mo"
COMMON PARTS OF THE CELL
Cell membrane is a thin coat of lipids that surrounds a cell. It
forms the physical boundary between the cell and its
environment.
Cytoplasm refers to all of the cellular material inside the cell
membrane, other than the nucleus. Cytoplasm is made up of a
watery substance called cytosol and contains other cell structures
such as ribosomes.
Ribosomes are structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are
made.
The cytoskeleton consists of filaments and tubules that crisscross
the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape.
DNA is a nucleic acid found in cells. It contains the genetic
instructions that cells need to make proteins.
 STRUCTURE
NUCLEUS
It is generally the most
exposed organelle in a
EUKARYOTIC CELL, this is
due to its size with an average
of 5 micrometers in diameter.

It is enclosed by a complex
nuclear envelope that
separates it from other
organelles in the cytoplasm of
the cell.
 FUNCTION
NUCLEUS
Control center of the cell
Information storage
Site of preparation for cell
division
 STRUCTURE

MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are about 1-10
micrometers long. It is
enclosed in an envelope of
two membranes: the smooth
out membrane and the
complicated inner membrane.
 FUNCTION

MITOCHONDRIA
Powerhouse of the cell
 FUNCTION
MITOCHONDRIA
Cellular Respiration is a
process that produces ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate) that
is the energy currency of the
cells.
 STRUCTURE
RIBOSOMES
Oftentimes, it is represented
in pictures as small dots.
It is composed of two
subunits, small and large
subunits.
There are two types of
Ribosomes:
Free Ribosomes (found in the
cytoplasm) and
Bound Ribosomes (attached
in the Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 FUNCTION
RIBOSOMES
PROTEIN FACTORY OF THE
CELL
 FUNCTION

RIBOSOMES
PROTEIN FACTORY OF THE
CELL as creation and
synthesis of proteins happens
here.
 STRUCTURE
RIBOSOMES
Free Ribosomes functions to
produce most proteins found
in the cytoplasm, examples of
these proteins are enzymes
that catalyse metabolic
processes in the cytoplasm
Bound Ribosomes make
proteins that are destined for
insertion into membranes or
to be exported outside of the
cell.
 STRUCTURE
ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETUCULUM
Endoplasmic means “within
the cytoplasm” and Reticulum
is derived from a Latin term
which means “network”
It looks like a labyrinth or a
maze, but what makes it
“rough” are the ribosomes
attached to it.
 FUNCTION
ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
The Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum, having Ribosomes
attached to it, receives
proteins and its main function
is to modify these proteins,
and produce secretory
proteins.
 STRUCTURE

SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETUCULUM
It looks like a labyrinth or a
maze, but what makes it
“smooth” is the absence of
ribosomes.
 FUNCTION
SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETUCULUM
Metabolic processes such as :
Synthesis of lipids which in
turn will produce steroids.
Carbohydrate Metabolism to
help liver breakdown a big
sugar chain (glycogen) into
smaller parts (glucose)
The Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum also aids to
detoxify drugs and poisons,
especially in liver cells.
 STRUCTURE
GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi Apparatus looks
like a stack of flattened sacs.
It has a “cis face” or the
receiving door of the Golgi
Apparatus, which receives
products sent by the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
It also has a “trans face”
which is the shipping or exit
door of the products that will
be sent out through transport
vesicles to other destinations.
 FUNCTION
GOLGI APPARATUS
The function of the Golgi
Apparatus in simple terms are
manufacturing, warehousing,
sorting, and shipping.
The products from the
Endoplasmic Reticulum are
modified and stored and will
be sent to other destinations
 STRUCTURE

LYSOSOME
It is a sac loaded with
enzymes.
 FUNCTION

LYSOSOME
“DIGESTIVE BAG OF THE
CELL”
 FUNCTION
LYSOSOME
Lysosome also functions to
process Autophagy
(consuming its own) wherein it
consumes damaged
organelles to digest.
 FUNCTION

VACUOLE
Food Vacuoles – Due to
Phagocytosis (when the cell
engulfs large particulate
substance), Food vacuoles
were made. These food
vacuoles stores engulfed large
particulate substance and
then attaches to lysosomes so
it may digest its contents.
 FUNCTION
VACUOLE
Contractile Vacuoles – It
functions to pump excess
water out of the cell.
ORGANELLES are similar to ‘organs’
Campbell et al. (1999) stated that organelles means little
organs which are mostly membrane-bound (surrounded
by a membrane).
Nucleus is the MOST VISIBLE organelle in a cell.
Due to its size of 5 micrometers, the nucleus is the most
exposed and most visible organelle of the cell. Campbell
et al. (1999) supported this and stated that “…most
organelles are too small to be resolved by the light
microscope.”
Nucleus is NOT ALWAYS situated in the middle.
Because of its term “Control Center” many are
perceiving that nuclei are always situated in the middle of
a cell – this is a misconception. Nuclei can also be
situated anywhere inside the cell. Control Center means
it is the site where commands are made. You may also
call it the ‘Command Center’ because the genetic
material inside directs the activities of the cell.
Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Mitchell, L. G. (1999). Biology. California: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments 6th Edition. United States of America:
John Wiley &Sons, Inc.

National Geographic Society. (2022). Cell Theory. Accessed through

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/cell-theory

National Geographic Society. (2022). History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell. Accessed through
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/history-cell-discovering-cell

Reece, J. & Campbell, N. (2011). Campbell Biology 9th Edition. Benjamin Cummings.

Seeley, R., Stephens, T., Tate, P. (2005). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill.