CE 5

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is defined as the means of collecting, transporting and disposing
Drainage of surface water originating in or near the right of way, or flowing
in stream crossings or bordering the right of way.
only one among the many problems to be considered in estab-
Surface drainage
lishing the location and construction of roads
1. Hydraulic design deals with estimating the highest rate of run-off to be handled.
deals with the selection of the kinds and sizes of the drainage
2. Hydraulic Design facilities that is most economical to accommodate the estimated
water flow.
is to ascertain the design will not create erosion or other unac-
3. Erosion Control
ceptable environmental conditions.
is that branch of physical geography that deals with water of the
Hydrology
earth
1. Hydraulic design that deals with estimating the highest rate of
run-off to be handled. 2. Hydraulic Design deals with the selection
of the kinds and sizes of the drainage facilities that is most
Surface drainage problems follow three basic considerations
economical to accommodate the estimated water flow. 3. Erosion
Control is to ascertain the design will not create erosion or other
unacceptable environmental conditions.
Concomitant any methods of predicting may be subject to substantial error
simply mean; finding the solution to a problem that is cheapest in
economy in drainage system
the long run under the following conditions:
Junction Box structure is measured for payment as a manhole
is to determine the cross section of the canal that will accommo-
CHANNEL
date water flow smoothly and cheapest to construct and maintain.
1. Water flowing down a mild slope in an open canal is in Sub-crit- The condition to various channel problems rest on the following
ical flow. 2. Water flowing on steep slope is in Super critical flow. distinctions
exists when the depth of water in the channel is greater than the
Sub critical flow
critical depth.
Super critical flow exists when the depth is less than the critical level.
Critical depth occurs when the velocity head is one half the average depth.
is the cross-sectional area of the flow divided by its width at the
Average depth or Mean depth
liquid surface.
culvert includes closed conduits with standard designs repeatedly used.
is loaded vertically by the wheel load of vehicles; the earth fill
Culvert covering the culvert; and the horizontal passive or active earth
pressure.
Corrugated metal pipes are more flexible that could tolerate greater deformations.
Conduits are laid on bedding or footing
pipes are the bell and spigot type, tongue and groove, or other
RIGID CONDUIT
types that may be specified.
Backfilling follows after the laying installation of conduit pipes
shall be permeable meeting the requirements of AASHIO M-6
specifications except that soundness tests will not be required and
Granular backfill filter materials
minor variations in grading and content of deleterious substances
may be approved by the engineer.
Trench for underdrain outlets are excavated to the depth and width
Underdrain Outlet as planned. Pipes are laid in the trench with all ends firmly joined
and backfilled after inspection and approval of the pipe installation
Trenches for blind drains are excavated to the width and depth
Blind Drain as shown on plans. The trench is then filled with granular backfill
material to the required depth.

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is legally responsible for any damage tcr private property affected
Highway agency by the changes it makes in natura! drainage pattern within the limit
that water must flow.
is the tendency of water to seek its own level as if in an open
channel flow through the pores and fine channels of the soil. It
Capillarity
is the force pulling free water through the voids of the soil in all
directions.
is common in soils whose fines consist mainly of flat and flaky par-
Elasticity ticles. This kind of soil has rubberized characteristic that rebound
under heavy loads.
An existing earth slope that have been stable can experience
SLOPE FAILURE OR LANDSLIDE
significant movement
refers to the occurrence where the moving mass is defined and
Slide separated from the underlying and adjacent earth by plane, com-
prising a number of adjacent planes were seepage result
represents the continuous surface where the maximum shear
seepage plane strength of the earth material has been reached with the result
that large displacement occurs.
1. Rational slide 2. Translational Slide 3. Block or wedge failure 4.
Slide is classified into four
Flows and Spread
associated with natural slopes and constructed embankment of
l. Rotational slide.
homogeneous materials possessing cohesion
associated with slope of layered materials where the mechanism
2. Translational slide of slippage occurs along a weak plane that possesses a down-
ward dip and in cohesionless soil slopes where seepage occurs
refers to the displacement of an intact mass of soil due to the
3. Block or wedge failure.
action of an adjacent zone of earth.
is the most complex type of soil mass movement. Flow involves
lateral movement of soil having a characteristic of viscous fluid,
4. Flows and spread
although the actual consistency of the moving mass may vary from
very wet to dry.
refers to the occurrence of multi-directional lateral movement by
Spread a fractured soil mass. Earthquake is a typical cause of lateral
spreads.
Used where tension valve of interlock is cellular construction Piling
Straight Sections ordered with required inter- lock strength specified and type of
structure indicated
High ratio of beam strength to weight means maximum economy
Z Sections in steel sheet piling. Used primarily in filled bulkheads or other
walls requiring high beam strength.
Designed for applications where a combination of beam strength
Archweb Sections and interlock tighness is required. Used generally in light bulk-
heads internally braced single wall cofferdams, cut-off walls.
js placed starting from the bottom to the top of the surface and
Cement grout
then swept with stiff broom
is categorized under ltem 505 of the DPWH standard specifica-
Masonry stone tions. This item consists of stone masonry in minor structures, in
headwalls for culverts and rataining walls at the toes of the slope
All walls and abutments should be provided with weep holes
Weeping Holes placed at the lowest point where free outlets for water can be
obtained and spaced not more than 2 meters center distance
Timber sheet pile may consist of any species that will satisfactorily stand driving
Concrete reinforcement and manufacture of concrete sheet piles
Concrete Sheet Piles
should conform to the requirements of ltem 400 - Piling.

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Steel Sheet
Gabion
Straw Curing
Impervious Membrane Method
White Polyethylene Sheet
Crowbars
The grade
Placing of concrete
Roadway Major Structural Parts
1. The Sub grade or Sub base
The Sub grade or Sub base
2. The Base Course
3. The Pavement
Types of Base Course
1. The granular base course
granular base course
2. Treated Base Coarse
Excavation
Roadway Excavation Classifications
Unclassified Excavation
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Piles -should be of the type, weight and section modulus indicated
on the plans or special provisions and conform to the require-
ments of item 400- piling.
is a wire mish supplied in various width and length that is in
multiple of 2,3, or 4 times its width.
When straw is used for curing, the pavement is cured initially with
burlap or cotton mats until after the final set of concrete or in any
case 12 hours after placing the concrete
The entire surface of the pavement is sprayed uniformly with
white-pigmented curing compound, immediately after the finishing
of the surface and before the setting of concrete has taken place
The top surface and sides of the pavement is entirely covered with
are used in removing forms, pulling out nails and pins but care
should be exercised not to break the pavement edges
After the grade or base have been placed and compacted to the
required density, the areas to support the paving machine is cut
to proper elevation by means of properly design machine. The
base on where the pavement is to be constructed is brought-up
to proper profile.
Concrete is deposited inside the form using an approved
Slip-Form Paver designed to spread, consolidate. screed and float
finish the freshly placed concrete ln one complete pass of the
machine. in such a manner that minimum hand finish is obtained,
yet provide a dense and homogeneous pavement in conformity
with the specifications
Sub grade/Sub base, Base Course, Pavement
earth beneath the road, properly arranged and graded, compact-
ed and stabilized.
Supporting Structure on which the pavement surface and its spe-
cial under-courses rest.
materials laid on top of the sub-grade consisting of crushed stone
or gravel, sometimes mixed with asphalt binders.
material laid over the base coarse consisting of Asphalt Concrete
or Portland Cement Concrete.
Granular Base Course, Treated Base Course
untreated soil mixture and also known as Gravel road
Consist largely of stone pebbles or crushed rock particles com-
bined with either, clay, lime, iron oxide or other fine materials
sufficient enough to serve as binder of the coarse particles.
sometimes treated with either Asphalt, Lime, Portland Cement or
other Materials as binders mixed with the aggregate base coarse.
/Asphalt or bituminous treatment is employed to waterproof and
bind the granular aggregate to the sand and clay. /Sand and
Asphalt base Couse is composed of either, loose beach, sand
dune pit or river sand cemented with asphalt materials. /These
should be clean and strong to resist displacement under load.
/Fine Grain Asphalt Base has controlled plastic index od 6 to 10
respectively.
Process of loosening and removing earth or rock from its original
position and transporting it to fill or waste deposit.
Unclassified Excavation, Rock Excavation, Common excavation,
Muck Excavation, Borrow Excavation
excavation and disposal of all materials regardless of its nature,
or does not belong in the Bill od Quantities under pay items.
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consists of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that
Rock Excavation cannot be excavated w/o blasting or the use of rippers and all
detached stones having V=1 cubic m.
are those that are included in the Bill of Quotations under rock
Common Excavations
excavation or other pay items.
removal of deposits of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils
Muck Excavations
and organic matter not suitable for foundation materials.
utilization of Approved Materials for the construction of embank-
Borrow Excavation ment or for other portions of the work from approved sources in
accordance w/ the ff.:
Borrow Case 1 : Materials obtained from sources designated on the plans.
Borrow Case 2 : Materials obtained from sources provided by the contractor
Embankment, Sub grade, Shoulders, Slope, Bedding, Backfill for
The Use of Excavated Materials
structures
areas excavated shall be moistened to the full depth from the
Pre Watering
surface to the bottom of excavation.
Has to be supplemented where necessary by truck watering unit
Pre Watering to ensure that the embankment materials contain the proper
moisture at the time of compaction.
drilling and blasting procedure that may be employed to control
Pre Splitting over break and to give a uniform face to the back slope or rock
cuts.
1. Drilling holes at uniform intervals along the slope line 2. Loading
Pre Splitting is Performed by and stemming the holes with appropriate explosives and stem-
ming materials. 3. Detonating the holes simultaneously
the specified distance wherein an excavated materials will be
Free Haul Distance
hauled w/o additional cost. Free haul distance is 600 meters.
Overhaul authorized hauling in excess of the free haul distance.
attained by spreading the materials into a thin layer then compact-
Stable Embankment
ed at a moisture content closer to optimum.
Removal and Replacement Method applicable where the unstable material is shallow or thin.
imported materials are carefully placed along the advancing slope
Displacement Method
allowed to flow under the dense muck to displace it.
The Relief Method is also employed after the fill materials are dumped in place.
applied on low fill over shallow muck up to 30- or 40-centimeters
Submerging Method
depth.
The Vertical Sand Drain Method provides rapid consolidation of deep layer muck.
The Fabric Reinforcement Method covering the much w/ permeable fabrics.
installing a block of Styrofoam over the much to reduce the weight
Weight Reduction Method
of the fill.
materials acceptable that could be compacted in accordance with
Suitable Materials
the contract as specified.
categorized under item 105 of the DPW standard specifications.
Sub Grade Preparation Prepared for support of overlying structural layers extended to the
full width of the roadway.
aggregates for sub-base shall consist of hard, durable particles of
fragments or crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural
Item 200 Material Requirements
gravel and filler or natural crushed sand or other firmly divided
mineral matter
Preparation of the Soil Aggregate CaseI. For New Soil Aggregate, Case 2 Salvage Soil Aggregate
Item 204 Portland Cement Stabilized Road Mix Base Course

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This item consists of a foundation for surface course composed of
soil aggregate, Portland cement and water, proper proportions of
road-mixed placed on a prepared sub-grade or subbase.
l. The amount of cement added to the aggregate shall be 6 to 10
mass percent of the dry aggregate. 2. Construction requirement
Proportioning Mixture
and procedures is the same as that of Item-203 wherein the world
lime is deleted and replaced with Portland cement.
The salvage or new aggregate is pulverized until at least 80 mass
Travel Plant Mixing Method percent of all the materials other than stone or gravel passes a
4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
The plant is equipped with feeding and metering devices that
will introduce the cement aggregate and water into the mixer in
Central Plant Mixing Method
quantities specified. Mixing continue until after a uniform mixture
is attained.
Not more than 60 minutes should elapse from the start of mixing
to compaction of the laid mixture. After spreading, the mixture is
Spreading, Compacting and Finishing
compacted and finished in accordance with the procedures as
enumerated for lime stabilized road mix base course item 2-3
is categorized under ltem-100 of the DPWH standard specifica-
tions. It consists of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing
Clearing and Grubbing of all vegetable matter and debris except those objects that are
designated to remain in place or are to be removed in consonance
with other provisions of the specifications.
It also includes preservation from injury or defacement of all
Clearing and Grubbing
objects designated to remain.
Area Basis by hectare and fractions thereof acceptably cleared and grubbed.
Lump Sum Basis No measurement of area will be made for this item.
The diameter of trees will be measured at a height of 1.4 meters
Individual Unit Basis (selective clearing) above the ground. Trees less s than 15 cm. diameter will not be
measured for payment.
a) Materials containing detrimental quantities of organic sub-
stances like grass, roots and sewage b) Highly organic soils like
Unstable Materials are materials other than suitable materials
peat and muck. c) Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and or plastic
such as:
index exceeding 55. d) Soils with natural water content exceeding
I00yo e) Soils with very low natural density of 800 kg./^t or lower
Diameter at height 1.4 meters - Pay item designated. Over 15 cm. The unit basis will be designated and measured in accordance
to 90 cm. - Small Over 90 cm - Large with the following schedule of sizes
Except solid rocks, the top and bottom of all slopes including the
slopes of drainage, ditches, are rounded as planned. A layer of
Rounding
earth overlapping rock is rounded above as was done in earth
slope
Adjustment in slopes are made to avoid injury to standing trees
Warping or marring of weather head rock or to harmonize with, existing
landscape features adjusting to the gradual slope.
is categorized under ltem 105 of the DPW standard specifications.
Sub grade preparation The sub-grade is prepared for the support of overlying structural
layers extended to the full width of the roadway.
is stable. It is capable of developing fairly good strength and has
compacted silt
little tendency for volume change.
has very low permeability, an advantage where movement of
Compacted clay water needs to be restricted, but clay soils cannot be compacted
properly when wet.
l. The Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers. 2. The drum type roller with
Equipment for Compaction projecting feet or logs called the sheep's foot roller. 3. Vibratory
compactors. 4. Smooth drum rollers

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can be used effectively on all types of soils. It compacts by knead-
The pneumatic Tire Roller
ing available as self-propelled unit or as towed units
20 tons of this type can compact 6 inches thick layer with few
Light rollers passes. The 40 to 50 tons roller can compact 12 inches thick layer
with 3 to 4 passes.
is limited to cohesive soils. Its pressure varies from 700 kN/m^2
The Sheep's Foot Roller
to 4,200 kN/m^2
1. Vibrating drum type. 2. Vibrating pneumatic tire. 3. Vibrating The Vibratory Compactor is the most effective compactor on non-
plate equipment cohesive soils available as:
has limited depth of compaction' This is not suited for compacting
The Smooth Drum Roller
earthfill due to the size of the drum and the large soil contact
can be used on earth moving projects to seal the surface of the
The Smooth Drum Roller fill at the end of each workday providing smooth surface for the
water to rapidly run-off from the work area.
should be capable of obtaining compaction requirements without
Compaction equipment
detrimentally affecting the compacted materials.
l. Pneumatic Tire Roller must have smooth thread tires of equal
size that will provide uniform compacting pressure for the full
width of the roller and capable of exerting ground pressure of at
least 550 kN ( psi). 2. Sheepfoot Tamping as grid roller should
be capable of exerting a force of 45 Newton per millimeter (250
Minimum Requirements for Road Roller
psi) of length of roller. 3. Vibratory Steel Wheel Roller must have
a minimum mass of 6 tons. The compactor is equipped with
amplitude and frequency controls. 4. Steel Wheel Roller. Other
than vibratory, should be capable of exerting a force not less than
45 Newton per milli meter of width of the compression roll or rolls.

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