Advance Design America (ADA)

TUTORIAL 4

Composite Beams
Static Analysis
&Steel Design

2015

 Graitec Inc 1995-2015

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Introduction and Basic Principles

Project Configuration
If composite beams are not shored during construction, you must define
construction stages on the Composite Beam tab of Project Configuration
dialog box if you own the Steel Design module. If not, composite beams will
be considered as shored.
Creating a Slab
Create a Composite slab in the Composite Slabs spreadsheet (Structure
menu).
Defining a Composite Beam
Open the Member Characteristics dialog box. On the Member tab, activate
design criteria, select the Composite Beam option in the "Composition" field and
specify the construction stage where the steel member is effective (usually,
stage 1).
Then, select the Composite Beam tab. Select the composite slab, effective
and current widths and others. You must indicate the construction stage where
the composite member is effective.
If you want to get stresses on other points on the steel beam, click the "Extra
Calculation – Stresses" button and indicate the location of these points in the
specific dialog box. Results are available the in Results / Load Combinations
/ Stresses – Composite Beams menu when the design is completed.
Load Cases
Define one load case per construction stage. Add other load cases if necessary.
Load Combinations
Define a load combination per construction stage in the Load Combination
Definition spreadsheet and indicate the stage number in the appropriate cell.
These load combinations must have an appropriate status such as Service.
Use the Load Combination Generator to create required load combinations
according to selected code.
If you want to obtain graphic results for load combinations other than
construction stages, select a Service status or ULS no 1 status (CAN/CSA-S6-
06) for these.
Results
Graphic Results for Composite Beams (Beams Not Shored)
When the steel design is completed, select Results / Load Combinations /
Stresses – Composite Beams.

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Stresses in Composite Beams (Shored)

The spreadsheet Variation of Stresses in Member, which is available in menu
Results / Envelope, is only valid for composite beams with no construction
stages. Stresses are calculated for the steel shape only, none for the slab.

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Composite Beam Design

A composite beam of 20 meters long will be designed according to code
CAN/CSA-S6-06. This beam is not shored during construction so
construction stages will be defined. Load cases are: Concrete slab, bitumen and
new jerseys. 2D moving loads are also applied. This simple model looks like
this:

Project Configuration
Click icon to open a new project and select Project Configuration in the
File menu, then go to Composite beam tab.

Select construction stages that apply to the project.

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Stage 1 represents the dead load of the steel beam. Stage 2, the casting of the
slab; Stage 6, the dead load of wearing surface; and stage7, the dead load of
new jerseys.
This composite beam is part of a bridge and we keep the default values entered
in section Bridge Design – Fatigue in Studs . Therefore, Fatigue load
combinations will be generated, as you will see further on.
Click OK to save data and exit the dialog box.

Moving Load Cases

For the purpose of this example, we only considered two moving load cases
(one for ultimate limits states and the other for fatigue). They represent the
same moving load case except that the lane overload in not considered for
fatigue, in accordance with CAN/CSA-S6-01 Standard. The moving load
envelope Lm02 is assigned to the fatigue moving load case. This spreadsheet is
accessible through Loads / Moving Load Cases / Definition.

2D Axle Factors
Go to Loads/DLA Factors (2D)… and add a row to the spread sheets of both
span and support. 2D axle factors for span and support have been fixed to 1.0.

NOTES:

2D axle factors for spans are assigned to beams through the Member
Characteristics dialog box, as you will see further on.
2D axle factors for supports are assigned to supports through the Supports
tab of Node Characteristics dialog box

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Modeling
Nodes
Activate the Structure mode ( ) and the Node icon ( ). Open the Nodes
spreadsheet through the Structure menu. Add two rows, enter nodes
coordinates and select the Support option as type of nodes.

Member
To create the member, activate the Member icon and the Add mode .
Click the first node (i) and the end node (j). The Member Characteristics
dialog box will appear on screen.

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Go to Member tab and select a preliminary steel shape and a steel grade. The
member end conditions are hinged. Activate design criteria and select the
Composite Beam option in the "Composition" field.
In the Advanced tab, the construction stage where the member is considered
as effective must be selected in the "Effective at stage" field.
In the "Moving Load Analysis" section, assign "Axis 1" to the member and
select 2D axle factors to be applied to this span.
Click OK.
Note: To learn more about moving load analysis and 2D axle factors, refer to
Booklet 14.
Activate the Restricted Window selection mode to exit the Add mode.
Supports
Activate the Support icon ( ). Select the supports and click the Properties
icon to open the Node Characteristics dialog box. Go to support tab and
define the support restraints then select 2D axle factors for supports.

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Click OK.

Composite Slab
Select Structure / Slab-Steel decks…, insert a row and enter the direction
and thickness. The rebar and concrete materials are required. This slab will be
selected when defining the composite beam.

• Right click on the spreadsheet and select Details to input the parameters visually.

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Press the control key F1 when a spreadsheet is open. It will open the Online Help
right at this topic. It is useful to look at the definition of parameters included in
spreadsheets.

Defining the Composite Beam

Activate the member icon ( ) and double click the beam. Select the
Composite Beam tab.

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Select the composite slab and choose a stud among the drop-down list. Enter
the slab effective and actual widths. By default, the shear connectors located
between the point of maximum and zero bending moments are 100% effective.
Activate the "Use composite properties for analysis" option for considering the
transformed-section properties during analysis.
Select the construction stage where composite effects are effective.
Close the dialog box.

Options:
Add the slab self-weight: Do not select this option when construction stages are
defined.
Consider Reinforcement for Mfx- or Mfx+: This option considers the slab
reinforcement in the zone of negative or positive bending moment for the
calculation of neutral axis.

Extra Calculations – Stresses

This function opens a tool that allows defining other points on the steel beam,
to obtain stress at these points.

Design Criteria and Specifications

Steel Specifications
Select Structure / Specifications / Steel. Insert a row, enter a name to the
specification and select the S6-06-Design steel specification. Select a W shape
and the USA section group and corresponding material.

Steel Design tab

Go back to the Member Characteristics dialog box (double click the beam)
and select the Steel tab. Select specification S6-06-Design among the drop-down
list. Specify a continuous lateral support at the top of the section.

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Click OK to save data and exit the dialog box.

Load Cases
Select Loads / Load Cases / Definition.
Insert 3 rows and enter a name to load cases.
Double-click the "Type" column and select a load case types according to the
S6-00/06 standard.
The "Stage" column is completed when the analysis is complete to inform the
engineer about the stage number where the load case was applied.

Press OK.

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Applying Loads
Activate the Load case mode ( ) and apply load cases to the beam. (Refer to
the previous tutorials)
Slab: -11.28 kN/m
Bitumen: -6.0 kN/m
New jersey: -2.5 kN/m.

Load Combinations
Construction Stages
Select Loads / Load Combinations / Definition.
Insert four rows; each one representing a construction stage.
Select a Construction Stage status and select the stage number in the "Stage"
drop-down list.

Select the Load Factors tab.

Highlight a load combination in the left part of the dialog box and insert a row
in the right part. Select the appropriate load case in the "Load Case" column.
The load factor must be equal to 1.0 (service loads).
Do the same for each construction stage load combination.

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Press OK.
S6-00/06 Load Combinations
We use the Load Combination Generator to generate load combinations in
accordance with the S6-00/06 code.
Select Loads / Load Combinations / Generator.

Select S6-00/06 code in the drop-down list and select the Add generated load
combinations to existing ones option to keep construction stage load combinations.
Click "Next".

On the Specific Options page, include the moving load envelopes in the
generation by checking the box Moving load Envelope (Lm).

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Click the Moving Load Envelopes button to open the Moving Load Envelopes
spreadsheet.
Click a cell, right click to open the context menu and select the Select a Code
function.

Select the S6-00/06 code and click the "Reinitialize" button to obtain the
required load combinations and envelopes for this code.

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The spreadsheet appears again with required load combinations and 2D axle
factors to use.

Select the moving load envelopes Lm01 and Lm02 in the "To analyze" column
and click OK to exit the spreadsheet.
The Specific Options page is still open. Click the Next button. The Selection
page shows the load combinations that will be generated when the Finish
button will be clicked.

Click Finish to generate load combinations.

The Load Combinations spreadsheet is displayed on screen.

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Graphic results are available for Construction Stage, SLS 1 (Serviceability Limit
States) and Fatigue load combinations statuses.

Special Load Combinations

Construction Stages in " Design" mode

Steel design results (spreadsheet and design brief) are available for each
construction stage if an "Ultimate" status is selected along with a construction
stage number.
The Duplicate function (context menu) is used to simultaneously copy data
included in all tabs. Duplicated rows are inserted at the end of the spreadsheet.

Procedure
Select row 1, right click to open the context menu and select the Duplicate
function.

The new load combination is copied at row 12.

Change the name and select an ultimate status.
Follow the same procedure for other construction stage load combinations.

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Analysis and Results

Open the Analysis and Design dialog box by clicking the icon on Tools
toolbar. Launch the steel design by pressing the "Analyse" button. When the
design is completed, close the dialog box.
The Design Results icon is automatically on when the design results are
available.
Click the arrow on Activation toolbar to open the Title selection box, which
includes a list of available steel design results.
The "Standard" steel design results are those considering ultimate limits states
load combinations. Other titles correspond to "ultimate" construction stage
load combinations.

Steel Design Results Spreadsheet

Standard Results
Select the Standard steel design results on activation toolbar.
Double click on the beam to open the Steel Design Results spreadsheet or
select Results / Structure Design / Steel. The W1000x222 shape was
selected.

Note: Results correspond to the most critical load combination, which

controlled the design for this member. In the Shear/Torsion tab and far right
of the spreadsheet, you will find the required number of studs in the positive
bending zone.

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Construction Stage Results

Select an "ultimate" construction stage load combination on Activation
toolbar and look at the design load in the steel design results spreadsheet.

Properties of the Transformed-section

The specified ratios "n" (where n = Es/Ec), on the Composite Beam tab of
Project Configuration, are used for calculating short-term and long-term
deformations. Default values are n=1 for short-term and n=3 for long-term.
The transformed-section properties for short-term and long-term are supplied
in the Members spreadsheet in the Structure activation mode.
(Structure/Members)
Short-term

Long-term

Graphical Results (Stresses) for Composite Beams

Graphic results provided stresses at the top and bottom of the section and
slab, among others.

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Click the beam and select Results / Load Combinations / Stresses –

Composite Beams.
Select a serviceability load combination (construction stage or SLS).

Select a diagram among the drop-down list.

Note: Available diagrams at "Other points" are the stresses obtained at other
points on the steel beam. This tool is accessible through the "Extra
calculation – Stress" button on the Composite Beam tab of the Member
Characteristics dialog box. The tool is described further on.

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Stresses - Load Combination SLS_1_6:

Curves must be located within the allowable limits for maximum tension and
compression stresses, which are around +/- 300 MPa.
Calculated Stress:
Sigma C t = Stress at the top of concrete slab
Sigma C b = Stress at the bottom of concrete slab
Sigma S t = Stress at the top of the section
Sigma S b = Stress at the bottom of the section
The maximum stress (Sigma Sb) occurs at the bottom flange of W1000x222.
Place your pointer on the curve and right click to display coordinates. The
maximum stress is 272.3 MPa.

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Stresses due to fatigue:

N. B. At least one "fatigue" envelope or two "fatigue" load combinations are
required to obtain such results.

Spacing of Studs

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Stresses at Other Locations on the Beam

Advance Design America has a tool to calculate the stresses anywhere on the
steel shape. Up to four points can be defined by the user. We are going to use
this tool, which is available on the Composite Beam tab of Member
Characteristics dialog box. First activate the structure mode by clicking on
( ) icon, then click the ( ) and ( ) icons consequently to enter the
member selection mode. Now double click the beam member to open the
Member characteristics dialog box. Go to Composite beam tab and click
the Extra Calculations-Stresses… button.

Positions must be defined with respect to the direction of arrows.

Procedure:
Before activating this tool, we have to take not of the shape dimensions.
Select Common / Shapes / I Shapes.
Locate the W1000x222 shape in the spreadsheet. Click in a cell, right click to
open the contextual menu and choose the Detail function to open the Shape
Properties dialog box.

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Take note of dimensions d, b, t, and w (970 mm, 300 mm, 21.10 mm, and 16
mm). Close the dialog box and spreadsheet.
We want to get stress results at these points on the beam:

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Select the Composite Beam tab of Member Characteristics dialog box and
click the "Extra Calculations – Stresses" button.
The following dialog box appears on screen. Select faces on the beam and
specify the distance to each point with respect to the convention shown in the
right part of the dialog box.

Click OK to save data and exit the dialog box.

Launch the design again by clicking ( )

Click the member and select Results / Load Combinations / Stresses –
Composite Beams.
Select the Stresses in Composite Beam (Other Points) diagram.

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Close the dialog box.

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