- Types of pollutants: primary
and secondary.
- Primary pollutants: emitted
directly.
- Secondary pollutants: form
from primary pollutants.
- Common primary pollutants:
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide.
- Sources: vehicles, industrial
processes, power plants.
- Criteria pollutants:
monitored by EPA for air
quality standards.
- Greenhouse gases: trap
heat in atmosphere.
- Examples: carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide.
- Sources: burning fossil
fuels, deforestation,
agriculture.
- Impacts: climate change, air
pollution-related health
issues.
- Wetlands: vital ecosystems.
- Mangroves: coastal
wetlands with unique trees.
- Human impacts:
degradation, loss.
- Agriculture: draining
wetlands.
- Urbanization: wetland
destruction.
- Pollution: chemicals harm
wetlands.
- Development: encroaches
on wetlands.
- Mangrove destruction: for
shrimp farming.
- Climate change: threatens
wetlands.
- Conservation efforts: crucial
for wetland survival.
- Biodiversity loss affects
ecosystem stability.
- Habitat destruction leads to
species decline.
- Invasive species disrupt
native ecosystems.
- Pollution harms air, water,
and soil quality.
- Deforestation contributes to
climate change.
- Overfishing depletes marine
resources.
- Urbanization alters natural
landscapes.
- Climate change impacts
ecosystems globally.
- Resource depletion
threatens sustainability.
- Conservation efforts aim to
mitigate human impacts.
Eutrophication: Nutrient
overload in water causes
excessive algae growth
depleting oxygen and
harming aquatic life.
- Causes algae blooms.
- Oxygen depletion in water.
- Dead zones: low oxygen
levels.
- Nutrient sources:
agriculture, sewage.
- Phosphorus, nitrogen key
nutrients.
- Fertilizer runoff: major
contributor.
- Urban runoff: adds
pollutants.
- Harmful effects on aquatic
life.
- Mitigation: nutrient
management.
- Endocrine disruptors:
interfere with hormonal
systems.
- Industrial water pollutants:
chemicals, heavy metals.
- Effects: reproductive issues,
developmental abnormalities.
- Sources: factories,
wastewater.
- Bioaccumulation: pollutants
concentrate in organisms.
- Biomagnification: higher
concentrations in higher
trophic levels.
- Persistent organic pollutants
(POPs): resist degradation.
- Treatment methods:
filtration, chemical
treatments.
- Regulation: laws like Clean
Water Act.
- Awareness: educate public
on risks.
- Thermal pollution: heat
added to water bodies.
- Industrial discharge: raises
water temperature.
- Reduces dissolved oxygen.
- Affects aquatic organisms.
- Alters ecosystems.
- Impacts fish migration.
- Increases metabolic rates.
- Lowers reproductive rates.
- Can cause mass mortality
events.
- Regulation needed to
mitigate.
-POPS: Precistant, Organic,
pollutants
- Examples: DDT, PCB,
PBDE, BPA, Dioxines exct
-In pestides and Medication
-Fat soluble meaning they
accumulate
- Waste hierarchy: reduce,
reuse, recycle.
- Source reduction: minimize
waste at the beginning.
- Composting: organic waste
decomposition. Reduces
landfill more beautiful soil
- Recycling: materials
reprocessed into new
products.
- Landfills: disposal of
non-recyclable waste.
- Waste-to-energy: burning
waste for electricity.
- E-waste: electronic waste
management.
- Hazardous waste: special
handling and disposal.
-Exposure: Water, Physical
Touch
-Biomagnification: Absorbtion
and accumulation of
compounds
-Common in fat soluble things
-Water Treatment Process:
Primary Treatment,
Secondary Treatment,
Tertiary Treatment and
disinfectant
-Primary: physical removal of
debri
-Secondary: Bio. Breakdown
of org. Matter
-Tertiary: Chemical Treatment
- Disininfectant: UV or
Chlorine to kill bacteria
- Pathogens: microorganisms
causing diseases.
- Types: bacteria, viruses,
fungi, parasites.
- Transmission: direct,
indirect, vectors.
- Factors: hygiene, sanitation,
- Soil waste disposal impacts
land quality.
- Landfills leach contaminants
into soil.
- Composting reduces
organic waste in soil.
- Landfills compact soil,
affecting water infiltration.
- Soil erosion worsens with
improper waste disposal.
- Industrial waste
contaminates soil with toxins.
- Landfills emit methane, a
potent greenhouse gas.
- Recycling reduces need for
landfill space.
- Soil contamination affects
food safety.
- Waste incineration releases
pollutants into soil.
- LD50: Lethal dose for 50%
of test subjects.
- Dose-response curve:
Graphs response to varying
doses.
- Threshold dose: Minimum
dose for effect.
- Slope: Indicates toxicity
severity.
- Variability: Individuals
respond differently.
population density.
- Waterborne diseases:
cholera, typhoid.
- Airborne diseases:
tuberculosis, influenza.
- Vector-borne diseases:
malaria, dengue fever.
- Zoonotic diseases:
transmitted from animals.
- Disease prevention:
vaccines, sanitation,
quarantine.
- Global health impact:
pandemics, outbreaks.
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8.14
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