Harsh dimple Chinmay Aatmaja Onkar

Lets start with a General discussion about pumps:

A pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action.
A generalized structure of any type of pump includes 3 basic parts;
1. INLET
2. CASING
3. OUTLET
INLET
During operation the fluid enters through the inlet which is also known as the suction side of
the pump, in this area the pressure of liquid is lowest.

CASING
The main purpose of the casing is hold up the fluid inside the pump during the operation.
Also, it holds up all the internal parts of the pump.
OUTLET
Liquid leaves through the outlet which is also know as the discharge side, in this area the
pressure of liquid is highest.

Inside the pump there is a component that physically moves the liquid through the pump, the
type of component used determines the type of pump. Pumps work by creating a vacuum
which is used to push or pull liquids or gasses. Different types of pumps have different ways
of working; however, what remains common is creating a difference in pressure points which
creates suction. The liquid or the gas will always move from high to low pressure.

Considering some major types of pumps:

Basically the pumps can be grouped into two general categories, positive displacement pump
and dynamic pump.

+ve Displacement pump

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move, by trapping a fixed amount of the fluid &
forcing or displacing that trapped volume of fluid into a discharge pipe or system. While…

Dynamic pumps
Dynamic pumps impart velocity and pressure to the fluids as it moves past or through the
pump impeller and, subsequently, converts some of that velocity into additional pressure.
(Also called as kinetic pump.)

Based on the above mentioned types we have listed some types of pump that we might have
seen in our labs, or might have heard about so lets go with the sub-types of pumps;
 1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

Centrifugal pumps are a class of Dynamic pumps. The working principle of a centrifugal pump
involves transferring energy to the fluid utilizing a centrifugal force induced by the rotation of an
impeller that has multiple blades or vanes.

These pumps use centrifugal force to move fluid through a piping system.
Anyone can guess the applications of this pump?
Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large-scale applications such as irrigation or water
treatment where fluid volume is very high.

2. GEAR PUMPS:

A gear pump works on the basic principle of positive displacement. It works in the
following way: At the start-up stage, the gear pump starts working when the energy is
supplied to the drive shaft then the driver or power gear begins to revolve by utilizing the
power of the prime mover.
The transfer of fluids in gear pump takes place with the help of gears. As the gear rotates the
separation of fluid takes place at the inlet port of the pump, which also helps in creating voids
and suction which gets filled by working fluid.
Gears are widely used for transmitting motion, and the same is the case with gear pumps as
they move fluid by meshing the teeth of two gears together. Gear pumps are rotating positive
dislocation pumps that are commonly used in industrial applications to push thick liquids like
fuel and oils.

3. Rotary Vane Pump:

Rotary vane vacuum pump works on a positive-displacement pumping principle. The

design consists of a rotor, which is mounted eccentrically inside a cylindrical housing or
stator. Blades, mounted inside the rotor, move in and out due to centrifugal force following
the internal surface of the housing.
This has a cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the
vanes trap fluids between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.
They are used in the oil and gas industry, handling fluids with high viscosity.
It has been widely used in metallurgy, machinery, military industry, electronics, chemical
industry, light industry, petroleum, medicine and other production and scientific research
departments.

4. PISTON PUMPS:

A positive dislocation pump uses a piston to move fluid by reciprocating motion. Piston
pumps are commonly used in industrial and agricultural applications like water irrigation,
where high and reliable pressure systems are needed.

• Power is supplied to the crankshaft; it turns on and delivers its rotary motion to the
connecting rod. The connecting rod transforms it into the reciprocating motion, and sends
 it to the piston. During the motion the piston creates a vacuum inside the pump cylinder.
the inlet valve opens, and fluid starts entering into the cylinder.

• During the piston’s upward motion, the cylinder inner area starts decreasing due to that
fluid compresses.
• During the compression process, the pressure and temperature of the fluid become very
high.
• As the fluid pressure becomes equal to the desired pressure, the discharge valve opens,
and fluid is transferred to the desired place.
• After this first stroke of the piston, the crank again forces the piston to move downward,
and the whole process repeats.

5. Screw Pump

The screw pump is a positive displacement pump. This indicates that the liquid is moved by
consistently displacing the space occupied by the liquid.
As the screws starts rotating, Due to their movement, a minimal vacuum starts producing at
the inlet section, which the fluid sucks inside the pump from the inlet valve. As the fluid
enters into the pump, it traps in between the gap of the “screws.” This trapped fluid also
moves with the rotation of the screws. Due to the movement of the screws, the volume of the
trapped fluid reduces, and the pressure of the fluid increase.

When the pressure of the fluid increases according to the desired pressure then it discharges
from the outlet valve and transfer to the desired location.

Selection of pump:
How to select the best pump according to our need of operation.
The best practice to select a pump is to discuss your requirements in detail and enlist pumps
that support them. Some points to consider before selection would be:
1. Type of fluid you want to transfer

Fluid Properties The properties of the fluids being pumped can significantly affect the
choice of pump. Key considerations include:

• Chemical composition.
• Operating temperature.
 • Solids concentrations/particle sizes.
• Viscosity

As a general rule, the more viscous the media, the more difficult the flow through your
pumping system.

2. Amount of fluid to transfer

• Flow rate
• Other factors Include:
• Pressure drops
• Delivery Head
• Suction Head
• Geometrical Height
• Residual Pressure
• Total water pressure head in metres

3. Distance of height of fluid transfer

4. Pump capacity and efficiency

• Various pump types require design compromises for their intended application, such
as large flow passages to handle large solids,
• Trimming or reducing the impeller diameter will reduce the efficiency of almost all
centrifugal pumps.
• Surface roughness (see May 2008 column) has a definite impact on pump efficiency.
• Polishing or coating the outside of the impeller shrouds will, however, also reduce the
developed head of the impeller, since these outer surfaces contribute (somewhat) to
the head generation.

5. Impeller tip speed

This measurement becomes more important as the amount of solids increases in the
fluid, but it is also an issue with regard to inertia (WR2), since slower pumps require
larger-diameter impellers to develop the required head.

6. Piping size.
While not as important on the discharge side of the pump, it can be the difference
between success and failure on the suction side.
Industrial application:
Conclusion: